TRANSPORTATION

By Ishita Dang
Define Transportation

■ The life process which allows useful substances (oxygen, food, salts, carbon dioxide,
nitrogenous wastes and other substances) to move from one part of the body to
another part.
Transportation in Humans
Plasma

RBC
Blood
WBC

Platelets
Transportation in Humans

Human Circulatory
System Arteries

Blood Vessels Veins

Heart Capillaries

Lymphatic System Lymph

 Human Circulatory System
1. Blood
■ Blood is a red fluid connective tissue which helps to transport substances. It has 4 major components
■ Plasma
■ Plasma is a pale yellowish liquid of Blood. It contains:
i. 90% water
ii. Dissolved substances like digested food, CO2 waste, hormones, proteins etc.
■ Red Blood Cells/Corpuscles (Erythrocytes)
 RBC are oxygen-carrying circular, biconcave and disc-shaped cells of the blood which contain haemoglobin but lack nuclei.
 Each RBC lives for about 4 months because they don’t have nuclei.
 3 million RBCs die everyday but 4 times that number are made in the bone marrow.
 When we donate blood to save the life of a person, then the loss of blood from our body can be made up very quickly, within a day.
 They are present in most number in blood.
■ White Blood Cells/Corpuscles (Leucocytes) (Soldiers of the body)
■ WBC are large, nucleated, colourless, shape changing cells which produce antibodies (chemicals) to kill pathogen.
■ Platelets (Thrombocytes) (Cell fragments)
 Platelets are tiny fragments of special cells formed in bone marrow.
 Platelets don’t have nuclei.
 Platelets help in coagulation of blood (or clotting of blood) to prevent loss of blood.
•Blood Vessels
 Largest Artery – Aorta
Largest Vein – Vena Cava
Only artery which carries deoxygenated
blood – Pulmonary Artery
One vein which carries deoxygenated blood
– Pulmonary Vein
Heart
■ Things to learn in Heart:
i. What is Heart
ii. Chambers of Heart
iii. Valves
iv. Working of Heart
v. Double Circulation and Single Circulation
vi. Different types of circulatory systems in Vertebrates
vii. Heart Beat and Pulse
viii.Blood Pressure
What is Heart?
 Heart is the pumping organ of our body. It is made up of cardiac
muscles.
 It is as big as our clenched fist and located in the chest cavity.
 Pericardium (Sheath of tissue) protects our heart.
CHAMBERS
OF HEART
■ The chambers of heart (atria and ventricles) are separated by a
partition called Septum.
■ There are 4 chambers of Heart:
 Right Ventricle
 Right Atrium
 Left Ventricle
 Left Atrium
Remember – LORD

 Left ventricle and Left atrium – receives and throws Oxygenated blood
 Right ventricle and Right atrium – receives and throws Deoxygenated
blood
 Valves of Heart
■ Valves are present in veins to prevent the backflow of blood.
WORKING
OF HEART
1. Oxygen diffuses into RBC in the blood capillary near Alveoli. Blood capillaries are responsible for exchange of food,
oxygen and waste with the body cells.
2. When all 4 chambers are relaxed, then the oxygenated blood goes from lungs to the left atrium of the heart
through pulmonary vein.
3. When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle through the valve ‘Mitral
valve’
4. When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into aorta.
5. Aorta branches into arterioles which carry blood to body cells. Oxygen and other substances diffuses out of the
RBC in capillaries into the body cells. Therefore, the blood has been deoxygenated.
6. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses into RBC, taken through vena cava into the right atrium.
7. When the right atrium contracts, deoxygenated blood is pushed through valve ‘tricuspid valve’ into right ventricle.
8. When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pushed into lungs through pulmonary artery.
 DOUBLE
CIRCULATION
Double Circulation and Single
Circulation
 Double Circulation: A circulatory system in which blood travels TWICE through the heart in one complete cycle/circuit.
Double circulation happens in humans through 2 pathways:
i. Pulmonary Circulation: In the human circulatory system, the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart is called pulmonary circulation.
ii. Systematic Circulation: In the human circulatory system, the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and
back to the heart is called systematic circulation.

■ Single Circulation: A circulatory system in which blood travels ONCE through the heart in one complete cycle/circuit.
Different types of circulatory systems in
vertebrates
 Pisces (Fishes) Warm-blooded animals are those
which maintain a nearly constant
 Amphibians temperature like humans (37oC).

 Reptiles Cold-blooded animals are those

which aren’t able to maintain a
 Aves (Birds) nearly constant body temperature.
 Mammals
Exception: Crocodiles (Reptiles) have 4-chambered hearts and they are
cold blooded.

Incomplete double circulation: A circulatory system in which

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood gets mixed in heart.
Heart Beat and Pulse
 Heart beat: One complete contraction and relaxation of heart
is called a heart beat.
 Average heart beat of a person at rest = 70-72 per minute
 This increases after vigorous exercise because more energy
needs to be supplied to the body.
 Pulse: The expansion of artery each time the blood is forced
into it, is called pulse.
 Average pulse of a person at rest = 70-72 per minute
 The pulse (waves) is traditionally taken above the wrist.
 The heart beats all the time due to rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of heart.
Blood Pressure
 Blood Pressure: The pressure at which blood is pumped around the body by the heart is called blood pressure. It has 2 types:
i. Systolic Pressure: The maximum pressure at which the blood leaves the heart through aorta during contraction phase (systole) is
called Systolic Pressure.
ii. Diastolic Pressure: The minimum pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of heart is called Diastolic Pressure.
 The normal blood pressure values are:
i. Systolic Pressure: 120 mm Hg
ii. Diastolic Pressure: 80 mm Hg
■ This is usually written as 120/80
 Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer.

High blood pressure is also called hypertension.

Lymphatic System
■ Lymphatic system permeates the entire body and transports the liquid called lymph.
 1. Lymph
 Lymph is a light yellow-coloured liquid.
 It is formed when blood leaks out of the pores of blood capillaries as they have thin wall but high pressure. This
leaked fluid is called tissue fluid as it goes into tiny spaces between the various body cells into the tissues.
 After the tissue fluid carries food and oxygen to body cells, it picks up carbon dioxide back to the blood.
 So, most of the tissue fluid returns back to the blood capillaries.
 Remaining fluid enters lymph capillaries which is called lymph.
 Since lymph is derived from tissue fluid which remains outside the cells of the body, so it is also called extracellular
fluid.
1. Lymph

Lymph Lymphocytes (WBC)

Produce antibiotics in Lymph
Nodes

Contains large protein

Plasma molecules, digested fat germs
and fragments of dead cells
i. Lymph Capillaries
 Lymph capillaries is different from blood capillaries as they are close-ended and pores are bigger in size.
i. Lymph/Lymphatic Vessels
 The tissue fluid drains into lymph capillaries which join to form larger lymphatic vessels.
 These are large tubes, resembling veins with valves.
i. Lymph nodes (or glands)
 Lymph vessels have lymph nodes at their intervals.
 Lymphocytes accumulated in the lymph nodes where they produce antibodies and act as an important part of
bodies immune system.
Transportation in Plants
1. Xylem
 It helps in transportation of water and mineral salts.
 It is unidirectional.

2. Phloem
 It helps in transportation of food and other substances like hormones.
 It is bidirectional. It requires ATP to do active transport.
 Only about 1 to 2% of the water absorbed by the plant is used up by
Ascent of Sap the plant in photosynthesis. Rest goes up in air in the form of water
vapor through transpiration.
 Ascent of Sap is the upward movement of water and mineral salts from the
roots of the plant to the upper parts of the plant against gravity using xylem
tissue.
 This is possible because :
1. Transpiration/Suction Pull: The pressure at the top of xylem vessels in a plant
is reduced due to transpiration. Therefore, water travels from high pressure (in
roots) to low pressure (upper parts). It happens mostly in daytime.
2. Root Pressure: Root hairs provide a larger area for absorption of water and
mineral salts by osmosis. The xylem vessels of roots have high pressure of
water which go up to xylem vessels of stems which further branch into the
leaves of plants.
Parts of Xylem
Parts of Xylem
• Long tube made up of many hollow dead cells.
Xylem Vessels • Do not contain protoplasm
• Walls are made up of cellulose and lignin

• Long spindle shaped cells with pits in their cell walls.

Xylem Tracheids • Lignified walls

• Provides mechanical support

Xylem Fibres
• Stores food
Xylem Parenchyma
Parts of Xylem
■ In flowering plants, either only xylem vessels transport water or both
xylem vessels and tracheid transport water.
■ In non-flowering plants, tracheids are the only water-conducting
tissue.
Translocation
■ The transportation of
food from the leaves to
other parts of the plant
is called translocation.
Parts of Phloem
•Living cells which contain cytoplasm but no
Sieve Tubes nucleus
•Each sieve tube cell has companion cell next to it

•Companion cell has nucleus and other organelles

Companion Cells

•Provides mechanical support

Phloem Fibres

Phloem •Stores food

Parenchyma