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Distance Protection Algorithm for Three Terminal Transmission Lines Using

Local Measurements

Article in International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) · October 2012

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 International Review on Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 5, N. 5
ISSN 1974-9821 October 2012

Distance Protection Algorithm for Three Terminal Transmission Lines

Using Local Measurements

A. Esmaeilian, P. Jambor Salamati, M. Salay Naderi

Abstract – Distance protection is commonly a preferred way to protect transmission lines.

However, tapped transmission lines are usually used to supply small communities or facilities in
sparsely populated and isolated rural areas. Also, tapped lines are difficult to be protected by
distance relays due to the effect of infeed/outfeed current from third terminal as well as reactance
effect. To deal with mentioned problems a novel distance algorithm is introduced, which applies
generalized models of fault loop voltage and current to formulate the distance relay algorithm.
The derived algorithm has a very simple first-order formula and does not require knowledge of
data from other two terminals. By calculating the current distribution factor and estimating the
current from two other ends, the algorithm measures the exact impedance from distance relay to
fault point. EMTDC/PSCAD simulator is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed
distance relay algorithm. The result of simulation verifies the high accuracy of the method with
regard to various equivalent source impedances, fault resistances and locations as well as fault
types. Finally, the algorithm is expanded to multi-tapped lines and accuracy and robustness of the
proposed distance protection algorithm is evaluated. Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.
- All rights reserved.

Keywords: Distance Relay, Three Terminal Transmission line, Current Distribution Factor,
Multi-Tapped Line, Infeed/Outfeed Current

Nomenclature Owing to economic advantages, in many cases multi-

terminal lines draw more attention on the matter of
I A1 , I A2 , I A0 Positive/negative/zero sequence power transmission between generation and load zones
currents [2]. Due to presence of a T-connection on the three
VA1 , VA 2 , VA0 Positive/negative/zero sequence terminal lines, protection of such lines is not as simple as
voltages what shall be done for the two terminal ones.
a0 , a1 , a2 Share coefficients Applying conventional protection algorithms for the
C1 ,C2 , C0 Current weighting coefficients purpose of protecting three terminal lines can drastically
Line impedances affect the performance of a distance relay as a
Z LA , Z LB , Z LC
consequence of the intermediate infeed/outfeed current
Z SA , Z SB , Z SC Source impedances from the third terminal, infinite variety of tap locations
kf Current distribution factor and line impedances. Regarding these restrictions,
traditional distance relay may meet severe underreach
d1 , d2 , d3 Distance to fault
and overreach problems. In conventional distance relays
usually the first zone is set to cover 80-90% of the line
length to the nearest remote terminal to avoid relay
I. Introduction overreach under all operating conditions. On account of
Distance protection relays are widely used as the main infeed/outfeed current from third line, the distance relay,
protection scheme for transmission lines in power however, may not even extend beyond the tee point in
systems. some underreaching cases [3].
A digital distance relay operates based on the So far, different algorithms for protection of three-
measured impedance calculated from sampled voltage terminal transmission lines have been developed. Some
and current data from the relaying point. Setting of algorithms employ data from more than one terminal
distance relays’ operating zones is obtained from the line known as differential based algorithms. Villamagna and
impedance. Crossley [4] presented a current differential protection
During a fault, the apparent impedance trajectory falls scheme for high resistance faults, which is based on the
inside the operating zone and as a consequence the trip symmetrical component of current signals.
signal will be sent to the associated circuit breaker to In [5], authors present a differential based protection
disconnect the faulty line [1] algorithm which does not use the sampled values for

Manuscript received and revised September 2012, accepted October 2012 Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

comparison and therefore there is no need for current from the other two terminals and fault path
synchronization. Although, current differential schemes resistance. For the three-terminal transmission line as
are relatively faster in terms of fault clearance times, they shown in Fig. 1, it is supposed that the sampled data of
will become insensitive to low levels of fault current voltage and line current are available at terminal A, while
when high impedance faults occur. Furthermore, they the fault detection and classification procedure has
require very reliable communication links to avoid loss already done with appropriate algorithms.
of integrity caused by channel failure. Different Once this is confirmed, the algorithm described in this
directional comparison techniques for tapped paper utilizes the fundamental components of the voltage
transmission line, which compare the polarity of fault and current measured at bus A to protect the whole three
generated transient current signals are proposed by legs of a typical three-terminal transmission line with
different researchers [6]-[8]. However, proper operation high accuracy. Fault loop voltage and current measured
cannot be obtained without sophisticated communication at bus
channel and a very special type of equipment [9]. A can be expressed in terms of symmetrical
Several methods use fault transient signals to represent components by using the share coefficients a0, a1, a2 as
new protection schemes for tapped transmission lines. below equations:
The methods can be categorized as non-unit [10]-[13]
or unit [14], [15] protection scheme. Regardless of unit (1)
or non-unit scheme, these techniques are based on fault
generated high frequency signal detection and calculating
the actual fault point on the line by measuring the (2)
travelling time of the high frequency transient voltage or
current signals along that line. Although travelling wave where 0, 1 and 2 indicate the zero, positive and negative
based algorithms have swift response, the reflections sequences and φ=a,b,c indicate each three phases.On the
from the tee point impedance discontinuity significantly other hand, regardless of the fault type, the fault current
affect the distortion in the voltage and current waveforms can be expressed as:
detected at the line ends.
Some methods are based on distance measurement. A · · · (3)
distance approach based on adaptive relaying was
presented by Rockefeller [16]. Horowitz [17] defines where , and are the positive-, negative- and
adaptive relaying as a protection philosophy which
zero-sequence components of the fault current and ,
permits and seeks to make adjustments to various
and are the current weighting coefficients for positive-,
protection functions in order to make them more attuned
negative- and zero-sequence components.
to prevailing power system conditions. An adaptive
Table I demonstrates share coefficients used for
setting concept for two and three terminal lines, which
determining fault loop signals.
can respond to changes in the network conditions, was
proposed by Xia et al [3], [18]. Stedall in [19] also
proposed use of adaptive setting techniques for improved
distance back-up protection.
This paper presents a new distance-based protection
algorithm which utilizes local voltage and current
measurement. By using current distribution factor, the
algorithm is able to calculate infeed / outfeed current
from two other terminals as a function of line impedance,
equivalent source impedance and local current. This
method is also capable of eliminating the effects of fault
resistance, so the impedance trajectory defined by
algorithm moves along the line impedance as introduced
in next sections. To evaluate the proposed algorithm,
various simulation studies are performed using
PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The obtained results Fig. 1. A typical three-terminal transmission line
show that the proposed algorithm is capable to accurately
locate all types of faults independent of fault resistance, These coefficients can be determined by considering
source impedance, pre-fault loading condition, fault the boundary conditions for a particular fault type. When
inception angle and effect of transposition. the fault location is close to the remote ends of the
transmission line, the phase-angle of C0 would be too
large which affects the accuracy of the estimated fault
II. Proposed Distance Relay Algorithm distance.
The proposed algorithm in this study estimates the But there is some freedom in determination of fault
line-fault-impedance independent of the infeed/outfeed current weighting coefficients. In fact, it is possible to

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

eliminate the zero-sequence coefficient to avoid above where ∆ is the superimposed positive sequence current,
mentioned problem [20]. Table II shows the fault current is the negative sequence current and is the current
weighting coefficients. distribution factor which is identical to the positive and
After setting C0=0 (as in Table II) only the positive negative sequences.
and the negative sequence components of the total fault From Fig. 2, by applying two KVL to each sequence,
current shall be determined. after simplification the current distribution factor is
obtained as below:
TABLE I
SHARE COEFFICIENTS USED FOR DETERMINING FAULT LOOP SIGNALS
Fault type a1 a2 a0 ·
(6)
a-g 1 1 1
b-g α2 α 1
c-g α α 2
1
a-b, a-b-g, a-b-c, a-b-c-g 1- α2 1- α 0 where:
b-c, b-c-g α2-1 α - α2 0 . ,
c-a, c-a-g α-1 α2-1 0 .
α =exp(j2π/3)

TABLE II
.
FAULT CURRENT WEIGHTING COEFFICIENTS .
Fault type C1 C2 C0 .
a-g 3 0 0
b-g 3α2 0 0 Equation (6) indicates that the current distribution
c-g 3α 0 0
a-b 1- α2 0 0
factor is a function of an unknown distance to fault (d,
b-c α2- α 0 0 [p.u.]) as well as source impedances , and .
c-a α -1 0 0 However, it will be shown that it is not necessary to
a-b-g 1- α2 1- α 0 determine the value of .
b-c-g α2- α α - α2 0
c-a-g α -1 α2-1 0 From Eq. (5) the total fault current can be rewritten as:
a-b-c-g 1- α 2
0 0
α=exp(j2π/3) .∆ .
(7)
These coefficients will be used in next subsections to
calculate the current distribution factor for the purpose of In general, the current distribution factor is a complex
eliminating the effect of infeed/outfeed current as well as number and it may be presented as .
reactance effect on the algorithm.
However, as illustrated in simulation results, is close
For ease of description, the proposed algorithm is
to zero. Therefore, can be considered as real
derived based on and calculated from Eqs. (1)
coefficient.
and (2) whilst for each fault type the fault loop voltage
and current measured at bus A can be obtained by
substituting the proper share coefficients from Table I.
To establish the distance protection scheme, the
algorithm is divided into three subroutines each related to
one section. The next subsections describe each
subroutine.

II.1. Section A-T Subroutine

According to Fig. 1 the generalized fault loop voltage
measured at bus A where the distance relay is installed
for a fault occurred in section A-T is obtain from Eq. (4):

. . . . . 0 (4)

Unknown values and can be derived from

equivalent circuit diagrams for positive and negative
sequences shown in Fig. 2.
The equations resulting from the equivalent circuit
diagrams are as follows: Fig. 2. Positive and negative sequence diagram for fault in section A-T

∆ By inserting into equation (4) and dividing it by

, (5)
one can obtain:

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

According to simulation results indicated in next

. . 0 (8) section, neglecting the first term at the right hand side of
the Eq. (16) is permissible due to its inconsiderable
where: value. So, relation between and can be simplified
.∆ . as equation (17):
′

′ . . (17)
Resolving (8) into real and imaginary parts gives:

Equation (17) indicates a linear, constant relation

· · 0 (9)
between and . By substituting Equation (17) into
(14) and dividing it by , similar to previous
subroutine, one can obtain:
· · 0 (10)

· · 1 · 0 (18)
Elimination of the agent Rf / KF yields the following
formula for a sought distance to fault:
Resolving (18) into real and imaginary parts gives:
· ·
(11) · · 1
· ·
(19)
· 0
Equation (11) can be written down in a more compact
form:
.
(12) · 1 · 0 (20)
.

where is the conjugate of . Finally the fault Elimination of the agent Rf/KF and writing down in a
impedance from the relay to the fault point can be compact form yields the following equation:
expressed as:
. (13) .
(21)
. 1 .
Equation (13) indicates the impedance trajectory by
relay for different fault types that occurs in section A-T. Finally, fault impedance from relay to the fault point
can be expressed as:
II.2. Section T-B Subroutine
. 1 . (22)
Referring to Fig. 3, for a fault occurring at an arbitrary
distance from T point in the section T-B, the voltage
measured by the relay at bus A is respectively given by: Equation (22) indicates the impedance trajectory by
relay for different fault types that occurs at section T-B.
· · · 0 (14)
II.3. Section T-C Subroutine
Considering Fig. 3and Eq. (2), can be written as a
function of through below calculations: Referring to Fig. 4, for a fault occurring at an arbitrary
distance from T point in the section T-C, the voltage
′ ′ ′ measured by the relay at bus A is respectively given by:
′
′ ′ ′ ′
(15) · · ·
′ (23)
· 0
where: Like previous subsection can be written as a
, function of similar to Equation (17):

Then, the equation (15) can be rewritten as equation · · (24)

(16):
′
Considering Equations (8) and (23), the following
· ′ ′ · (16)
equation can be obtained:

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

. . 1 . 0 (25)

Resolving (25) into real and imaginary parts gives:

· 1 · 0 (26)

· 1 · 0 (27)

Elimination of the agent Rf/KF and writing down in a

compact form yields the following equation:

·
(28)
1 ·

Finally, fault impedance from relay to the fault point

can be expressed as:

1 · (29)

Equation (29) indicates the impedance trajectory by

relay for different fault types that occur at section T-C.

Fig. 4. Positive and negative sequence diagram for fault

in section T-C

III. Simulation Study

This section describes the results acquired by the
proposed algorithm and its performance when it is
subjected to different test conditions.

III.1. Simulated Model

In order to reach more accurate results, distributed
model of transmission line is used in simulations.
Simulated 400kV test network includes line sections–A-
T: 100 km, T-B: 80 km, T-C: 50 km, having the positive-
(negative-) and zero-sequence impedances as below:

0.034
+ 0.419 Ω/km , 0.291
1.157 Ω

Equivalent source impedances were also included as

below:

1.23 16.5 Ω , , 1.5

Pre-fault load flow in the simulated network is

controlled by the assumed phase shift of side B source
(i.e. 30° ) and side C source (i.e. 15° ), with respect to
Fig. 3. Positive and negative sequence diagram
for fault in section T-B the bus A source (0° ). In order to verify and evaluate the
proposed distance relay algorithm different scenarios are
taken into account. Four fault scenarios with different

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

types, resistance values and locations along the three legs 150 150

of the modeled transmission line are simulated.

100
In first case, a b-g fault at 15km from the relay point, 100

X (ohm)

X (ohm)
at section A-T, with 40Ω resistance is considered. Fig. 5 50 50
(a) shows the related resistance and reactance measured
by the algorithm. It is obvious from Fig. 5 that the 0 0
transients are rapidly damped. -50 0 50
-50 0 50
R (ohm)
Fig. 6 (a) also shows the fault-impedance trajectory (a)
R (ohm)
(b)
measured by proposed algorithm. The impedance
trajectory takes about 11.4 ms. to enter the characteristic 150

zone which indicates high speed of the algorithm. 150

100
100

X (ohm)

X (ohm)
15
1 50
R (ohm)

X (ohm)

50
10
0.5 0
5 0

0 0 -50 0 50 -50 0 50
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 R (ohm) R (ohm)
Time (Sec) Time (Sec) (c) (d)
(a)
Figs. 6. Fault Impedance trajectories for the proposed algorithm.
5 55 (a) Fault at section A-T, (b) Fault at section T-B,
(c) Fault at section T-C, (d) Fault behind bus B (external fault)
R (ohm)

X (ohm)

4.5 50

4 45
140
3.5 40 120
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (Sec) Time (Sec)
100
(b)
80
X (ohm)

7 75
60
R (ohm)

6
X (ohm)

70 40

5 65 20

4 60 0
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (Sec) Time (Sec) -20
(c) -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
R (ohm)

12 140
Fig. 7. Fault-impedance trajectory for the b-g fault 5 km
R (ohm)

X (ohm)

10 120 behind bus B with 100Ω resistance (external fault)

8
100 In fourth case, an a-g fault, 20km behind bus B, at
6
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 next transmission line, with 70Ω resistance is considered.
Time (Sec) Time (Sec)
(d) Fig. 6(d) shows that as expected, the impedance
trajectory does not enter the characteristic zone, because
Figs. 5. Resistance and reactance measured by the proposed of occurring fault on the next transmission line.
algorithm.(a) Fault at section A-T, (b) Fault at section T-B, (c) Fault at Fig. 7 shows calculated transient fault-impedance
section T-C, (d) Fault behind bus B (external fault)
trajectories corresponding to a b-g fault with 100Ω
In second case, an ac-g fault at 20km from the T point, resistance at 5km from bus Bat section T-C (behind 85%
at section T-C, with 50Ω resistance is considered. Fig. line length). It is expected the impedance trajectory not to
5(b) and Fig. 6(b) show the relative results. In this case enter the protected first zone of the relay at bus A.
also the time impedance trajectory to enter the However, the results show that transient fault-impedance
characteristic zone is about 12.7 ms. trajectory enters the characteristic zone of the distance
It is worth underlying that for the proposed algorithm, relay briefly, but then quickly gets out of it in less than
the estimated resistance and reactance are always 1.2ms. In practical applications, a proper delay time,
proportional to the line resistance and reactance, so the defined in the case of end of line faults, can be
real and imaginary parts always have the same relative considered. This is not tending to slow down the relay
errors and the impedance trajectory always move along operation.
the impedance line.
In third case, an abc-g fault at 50km from the T point, III.2. Effect of Current Distribution Factor
at section T-B, with 100Ω resistance is considered. Fig.
5(c) and Fig. 6(c) show the relative results. In this case, As mentioned in section 2, to make use of the
the impedance trajectory enters the characteristic zone at proposed distance relay algorithm, fault current
13.2ms. distribution factors for positive- and negative-sequence

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

current components must have real values. Thus, it can However, in the worst case, error caused by these
be eliminated from the calculations. changes on final fault-impedance trajectory does not
From Eq. (6), these factors are dependent on the exceed 1 %.
equivalent source and transmission-line impedances as 4
well as distance to fault. 3.5
When the fault location changes along the long 3
transmission line, the phase angle of the distribution

Current (p.u)
2.5
factors will also change in a certain range. Fig. 8 shows 2
the change of phase angle of distribution factor against 1.5
Real current
Estimated Current
the fault location in the simulated network. 1

0.5
1.4
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1.2 Time (Sec)
1 (a)
Arg(kf) (Degree)

0.8 4

3.5
0.6
3
0.4

Current (p.u)
2.5
0.2
2
0 Real current
1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Estimated Current
Fault distance (p.u) 1

0.5
Fig. 8. Phase angle of the distribution factor
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time (Sec)
As shown in Fig. 8, maximum change of phase angle (b)
of the positive- sequence current distribution factor is
about 1.25°, which occurs with a fault at the further end Figs. 9. (a) Real and estimated current of bus C,
(b) Effect of source impedance variation on current estimation
of the tapped line.
So, variation of the phase angle of the current
distribution factors is small enough to confirm the III.4. Effect of Line Transposition
acceptable accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
It has been assumed that the transmission lines are
perfectly transposed and three phases are therefore
III.3. Effect of Source Impedance symmetrical. If the lines are not transposed, the actual
This study demonstrates that despite the fact that the sequence impedances will depend on the line geometry,
algorithm utilizes the equivalent source impedance to and asymmetrical line will result in coupling between the
estimate the current from the other ends of transmission sequence components of the voltages and currents. It is
line the effect of equivalent source is small enough to be hoped that such an effect would be insignificant as far as
neglected. Fig. 9(a) and Fig. 9(b) show the estimation of the coupling parameters between the sequences may be
ignored on the basis that they are much smaller compared
using Eq. (17), when a single phase to ground fault
to the self-impedance of each sequence.
with fault resistance Rf = 10Ω located at d = 0.5p.u in
Figs. 10 show measured fault-impedance using the
section T-C occurred at t=0.2s. In Fig. 9(a), the
proposed algorithm for the same condition as described
equivalent source impedance of bus A and B are 1 p.u
for Fig. 9(a) As shown in Figs. 10, the measured
and the equivalent source impedance of bus C is 1.5p.u.
resistance and reactance using the proposed algorithm for
These are the values entered into the algorithm to
the untransposed and perfectly transposed line does not
estimate the current from other end. Estimated current in
show any significant differences.
Fig. 9(a) tracks the real measured current which means
that ignoring the first term in the right hand side of the
equation (16) is not causing a considerable error. III.5. Expanding the Algorithm to Multiple Tapped Line
In practice, the equivalent source impedance may
In real power network, it is possible to have more than
change during different seasons or as consequences of
one tap on transmission line, while variousintroduced
nearby transmission lines outage. In order to guarantee
algorithms in the literature neglected to report the effect
the accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm,
of multiple taps.
the equivalent source impedance of bus A and B are
In this section the proposed algorithm is examined for
changed to 1.5p.u and the equivalent source impedance
multiple tapped transmission lines. It is noted that two
of bus C is decreased to 1p.u, while the algorithm uses
and three similar tapped lines are considered as Figs.
the previous impedance data.
11(a) and (b). Obviously, new complicated
Fig. 9(b) shows the estimation after these changes.
configurations lead to new equations although the
The results indicate that the effect of source impedance procedure of calculation remains identical to single
changes is still negligible.

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

100
tapped lines. Fig. 12(a) shows the estimated impedance Proposed Algorithm
trajectories corresponding to an ac fault with 50Ω Traditional Algorithm
50
resistance at 20 km away point T1 at section T1-C.It is

X (ohm)
obvious that the proposed algorithm enters the 0
characteristic zone (14msec after fault occurrence), while
for single tapped line this is not the case. -50

4.3 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

R (ohm)
Transposed
4.2
Untarnsposed
(a)
4.1
100 Proposed Algorithm
R (ohm)

3.9 50

X (ohm)
3.8
0
3.7
-50 Traditional Algorithm
3.6
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (Sec) -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(a) R (ohm)
(b)
53

52 Transposed Figs. 12. (a) Fault Impedance trajectories for the proposed and
Untransposed traditional algorithm for ac-g fault with50Ω resistance occurred at
51
section T1-C due to Fig.11(a), (b) Fault Impedance trajectories for the
50 proposed and traditional algorithm for ac-g fault with 20Ω resistance
X (ohm)

49 occurred at section T2-D due to Fig. 11(b)

48

47
Fig. 12(b) shows estimated impedance trajectories
corresponding to the same fault condition at section T2-
46
D. In this case also the proposed algorithm exhibits an
45
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 accurate performance.
Time (Sec)
(b)

Figs. 10. Effect of transposition on fault impedance measuring. IV. Conclusion

(a) Measured resistance, (b) Measured reactance
This study proposes a new distance relay algorithm for
three terminal transmission lines which only utilizes local
voltage and current. Detailed impedance of the network
has to be provided as the input data of distance
algorithm. The algorithm considers the effect of fault
resistance as well as infeed/outfeed current by defining
current distribution factor and estimating current from
other ends. The algorithm is based on the symmetrical
components approach and thus is intended for application
to the transposed lines.However, results of the algorithm
for untransposed lines show acceptable performance.
Simulation studies have been carried out to
(a) corroborate performance of the proposed distance
algorithm when applied to three terminal transmission
lines.
Effect of different condition such as fault impedance,
fault inception angle, fault location, source impedance
and pre-fault load condition studied and reported. Then,
the algorithm was extended to multi-tapped transmission
lines and tested for several cases. High accuracy of the
algorithm in these cases distinguishes it as an outstanding
way of multi-terminal line protection.

(b)
References
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(a) Two tap, (b) Three tap Prevent Undesirable Distance Relay Tripping During Voltage
Collapse'. European Journal of Scientific Research, 2001, 31, (1),
pp. 59 – 71.

Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 5, N. 5

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 A. Esmaeilian, P. JamborSalamati, M. SalayNaderi

[2] Chen, C.Sh., Liu, C.W., and Jiang, J.: 'Three-Terminal [22] E. Eldin, “Fault Location for a Series Compensated Transmission
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[4] Villamagna, N., and Crossley, P.A.: ‘Design and evaluation of a
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