COMPULSORY SUBJECT

ENGLISH (801)
Aims (English Language) • use the English language for the purpose of study
To develop the ability to: and social and cultural interaction.

• derive, infer and critically assess information • speak and write clearly and to the purpose, using
through listening. appropriate grammar, vocabulary and idiom.
Aims (Prescribed Texts)
• express oneself by speaking individually, or in a
discussion. • To enjoy and appreciate literature through a
critical study of selected literary works.
• read with comprehension, drawing information
directly or by inference from the text, through an • Through the study of literature:
understanding of grammar and structure, − approach an understanding of humanity.
vocabulary and idiom.
− develop an interest in the thought and culture
• employ a variety of skills in writing within a of the peoples of the world.
framework using argument or imagination or − develop the power of expression and a sense
summarizing. of aesthetic values.

CLASSES XI & XII

The subject English has two components, English Language and Literature in English. Each of these
components will consist of a Theory Paper of 80 Marks and Project Work of 20 Marks.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
There will be two papers in English Language:
Paper I: Theory (3 hours): 80 Marks
Paper II: Project Work: 20 Marks
PAPER I: THEORY - 80 Marks
All questions will be compulsory.

Question One: Question Three:

A composition on one of a number of subjects. Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and
usage
Question Two:
(a) Directed writing. Question Four:
(b) Proposal Writing based on a given situation. Comprehension.

1
Question One (b) Proposal Writing
Candidates will be required to select one composition Candidates will be required to write a proposal
topic from a choice of six. The choice will normally based on a given situation.
include narrative, descriptive, reflective, The proposal should include (i) An Introduction
argumentative, discursive topics and original short (ii) Objectives (iii) List of measures to be taken.
story. A concluding statement is necessary.
The required length of the composition is 400 – 450 The format prescribed by the CISCE must be
words. followed. The candidates will also be marked on
linguistic ability.
The main criteria by which the compositions will be
marked are as follows: Question Three
(a) The quality of the language employed, the range All the items in this question are compulsory and
and appropriateness of vocabulary and sentence their number and type / pattern may vary from year to
structure, syntax, the correctness of grammatical year. They will consist of transformation of
constructions, punctuation and spelling. sentences, phrasal verbs, and verbs/tenses, which will
test the candidates’ knowledge of the essentials of
(b) The degree to which candidates have been
functional English grammar and structure.
successful in organising the content of the
composition as a whole and in individual Question Four
paragraphs.
A passage of about 700 words will be provided.
Question Two
Questions based on the passage will be as follows:
There are two parts in this question and both parts are
compulsory. • Questions that test the candidates’ analytical
skills, knowledge of vocabulary, ability to
(a) Directed Writing
understand the content, infer information and
The piece of directed writing must be based on meanings from the text.
the information and all the points provided. The • A question that elicits the main ideas of all or
required length is 250-300 words. The range of part of the passage, where the candidate will be
subjects includes feature article, book review, required to frame a summary (keeping to a word
speech writing, newspaper report and statement limit), in a coherent manner. Marks will be
of purpose. awarded for expression and the candidate’s
ability to summarise clearly in complete
Skills such as amplifying, describing and sentences. Marks will be deducted for linguistic
re-stating are involved. The candidates’ ability in errors.
the above skills, including format, will be taken
NOTE: This part must be done in the grid
into account as well as their ability to handle
form. Use of abbreviations and contractions
language appropriately in the context of the given will not be accepted.
situation.

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 PAPER II: PROJECT WORK - 20 Marks
In addition to the syllabus prescribed above for Classes XI and XII, candidates are also required to be assessed
in Project Work.
PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XI
Project Work in Class XI consists of assessment of Some of the themes which may be addressed are:
candidates in Listening and Speaking Skills which
1. Narrating an experience
are to be assessed internally, by the school, during
English course work and shown in the student’s 2. Giving directions or instructions on how to make
report and school record. or operate something
Candidates are to be assessed in two projects, one on 3. Providing a description
Listening Skills and one on Speaking Skills. 4. Giving a report
Details of assignments for Project Work on Listening 5. Expressing an opinion or a theme-based
and Speaking Skills are given below: conversation
Listening Skills Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (20 Marks):
An unseen passage of about 500 words is to be read
Assessment Description Marks
aloud, twice, the first time at normal reading speed
Criteria
(about 110 words a minute) and the next time at a
slower speed. The passage may be taken from any Listening Response to questions 10
novel, newspaper, magazine article, journal and so on Skills (Aural) based on listening
but not from an ICSE or ISC textbook. Students comprehension
may make brief notes during the readings followed
Speaking - Content 2
by answering objective type questions based on the
Skills (Oral)
passage, on the paper provided. - Fluency 2
Speaking Skills - Vocabulary 2
Students are to be assessed through an - Sentence structure 2
individual presentation of about three minutes
- Confidence 2
followed by a discussion with the
subject teacher, for another two or three minutes. TOTAL 20

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XII

Project Work in Class XII consists of assessment of Listening Skills (to be internally assessed by the
candidates in three projects, one each on Listening, subject teacher)
Speaking and Writing skills.
An unseen passage of about 500 words may be read
Listening and Speaking skills are to be assessed aloud, twice, the first time at normal reading speed
internally, by the School, during English course (about 110 words a minute) and the next time at a
work in Class XII. slower speed. The passage may be taken from any
novel, newspaper, magazine article, journal and so on
Writing Skills are to be assessed externally by the
but not from an ICSE or ISC textbook. Students
Visiting Examiner, appointed locally and approved
may make brief notes during the readings followed
by CISCE.
by answering objective type questions based on the
Details of assignments for Project Work are given passage, on the paper provided.
below:

3
Speaking Skills (to be internally assessed by the * Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (10 Marks):
subject teacher)
Assessment Description Marks
Students are to be assessed through an individual
Criteria
presentation of about three minutes followed by a
discussion with the subject teacher, for another two Listening Response to questions 5
or three minutes. Skills (Aural) based on listening
Some of the themes which may be addressed are: comprehension
1. Narrating an experience Speaking - Content 1
2. Giving directions or instructions on how to make Skills (Oral)
- Fluency 1
or operate something
3. Providing a description - Vocabulary 1
4. Giving a report - Sentence structure 1
5. Expressing an opinion or a theme-based - Confidence 1
conversation
TOTAL 10
Writing Skills (to be externally assessed by the
Visiting Examiner)
A piece of written work of about 500 words must be **Criteria for Evaluation by the Visiting
produced. Examiner (10 Marks):
List of suggested assignments for Project Work: Assessment Description Marks
1. The text of a brochure Criteria
2. A product description 1. Presentation Overall formatting 2
3. A process description (e.g. instruction to operate (headings, sub-headings,
a device, a recipe, a scientific experiment) paragraphing) within a
word limit of 500 words
4. Description of a sporting event and a separate title page.
5. An autobiographical experience
2. Originality No plagiarism 2
6. Review of a television serial
3. Use of Use of suitable 2
EVALUATION appropriate terminology, vocabulary
language and illustrations for the
Marks (out of a total of 20) should be distributed specific task chosen.
as given below:
4. Structure Must read as a unified 2
1. Internal Evaluation by Teacher* whole.
• Listening Skills (Aural) 5 Marks 5. Style Lucid style, which 2
5 Marks communicates the
• Speaking Skills (Oral)
message effectively
2. Evaluation by Visiting Examiner of 10 Marks
TOTAL 10
Writing Skills**
TOTAL 20 Marks

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 LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (PRESCRIBED TEXTS)
There will be two papers in Literature in English:
Paper I: Theory (3 hours): 80 Marks
Paper II: Project Work: 20 Marks
PAPER I: THEORY – 80 Marks

Candidates will be required to answer questions Poetry

based on the prescribed textbooks, which include Questions on a poem or a group of poems will be set
Drama, Prose (Short Stories) and Poetry. to test the candidates’ response. The questions will
focus on the content, understanding and the personal
Drama and Prose (Short Stories)
response of candidates to the entire poem.
Questions set will be central to the text. Candidates
Candidates’ ability to appreciate content, stylistic and
will be required to show that they have understood
literary features of the poem(s) in question will also
the questions asked and are able to clearly respond in
be tested.
their own words. Questions will test understanding,
appreciation and ability to analyse and synthesise.

SYLLABUS TO BE COVERED

Class XI Class XII

I. DRAMA: Macbeth - William Shakespeare I. DRAMA: Macbeth: William Shakespeare

(Acts I & II) (Acts III, IV & V)

II. PRISM: A Collection of ISC Short Stories II. PRISM: A Collection of ISC Short Stories
(Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi) (Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi)
1. A Living God – Lafcadio Hearn 1. Atithi / Guest – Rabindranath Tagore
2. Advice to Youth – Mark Twain 2. The Cookie Lady – Philip K. Dick
3. The Paper Menagerie – Ken Liu 3. There Will Come Soft Rains – Ray Bradbury
4. The Great Automatic Grammatizator – Roald 4. Indigo – Satyajit Ray
Dahl 5. The Medicine Bag – Virginia Driving Hawk
5. Thank You, Ma’am – Langston Hughes Sneve

III. RHAPSODY: A Collection of ISC Poems III. RHAPSODY: A Collection of ISC Poems
(Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New (Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi)
Delhi)
1. Telephone Conversation – Wole Soyinka
1. Abhisara: The Tryst – Rabindranath Tagore 2. Tithonus – Alfred, Lord Tennyson
2. Why I Like the Hospital – Tony Hoagland 3. Beethoven – Shane Koyczan
3. Sonnet 116 – William Shakespeare 4. Small Towns and the River – Mamang Dai
4. Death of a Naturalist – Seamus Heaney 5. Death be not Proud – John Donne
5. Strange Meeting – Wilfred Owen
NOTE: The ISC (Class XII) Examination paper will
NOTE: The Class XI Examination is to be
be set ONLY on the portion of the syllabus that is
conducted on the portion of the syllabus that is
prescribed for Class XII.
prescribed for Class XI

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 PAPER II: PROJECT WORK - 20 Marks
In addition to the syllabus prescribed above for Classes XI and XII, candidates are also required to be assessed
in Project Work. Project Work consists of assessment of Writing Skills in Classes XI and XII. The objective is
to produce original, creative and insightful perspectives on the drama/short stories/poems.

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XI

Project Work in Class XI consists of assessment of Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (20 Marks):
Writing Skills (only from the syllabus to be covered
Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks
in Class XI) which are to be assessed internally by
be able to:
the School.
1. Process - Identify the topic. 6
Candidates will be required to undertake one written
assignment of 1000-1500 words, which should be - Plan a detailed
structured as given below: written assignment.
A. The written assignment must be given a title in - Produce a written
the form of a question which should allow the outline.
candidate to explore the drama or the chosen 2. Understanding, Use a range of 8
short stories/poems in depth. Application of literary aspects such
B. The written assignment must follow the structure Knowledge and as plot, setting,
characters, action,
given below: Analysis
style and ideas in
• Introduction: order to present an
organized and well-
- Explanation of the question that has structured complete
been framed assignment.
- Reason for choosing the text 3. Presentation Prepare the document 6
- Brief explanation of how the candidate (overall format:
intends to interpret the chosen text and headings, sub-
literary materials used in the process headings,
paragraphing) writing
• Main Body – organised and well-structured within a word limit of
treatment of the question using appropriate 1000-1500 words and
sub-headings. provide a separate
title page.
• Conclusion – comprehensive summary of the
points made in the main body. TOTAL 20

6
List of suggested assignments for Project Work: 6. Identifying with a character in the chosen text
and presenting his/her personal perspective.
1. Analysis of a theme from any short story/ poem
in the prescribed texts. 7. Imagining an alternate outcome or ending or
extension of the chosen text and its impact on the
2. Analysis of a character from the drama or any
plot/setting/characters/mood and tone.
short story/poem in the prescribed texts.
8. Comparing and contrasting two
3. Background – historical, cultural, literary context
characters/themes from different short
and relevance of the writer/poet chosen.
stories/poems of the prescribed texts.
4. Summary / paraphrase of the chosen text.
5. Appreciation of literary qualities of the chosen
text.

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XII

Project Work in Class XII consists of assessment of EVALUATION

Writing Skills which are to be assessed internally
Marks (out of a total of 20) should be distributed
by the subject teacher and externally by the
as given below:
Visiting Examiner appointed locally and approved
by CISCE. 1. Internal Evaluation by Teacher* 10 marks
Candidates will be required to undertake one written 2. Evaluation by Visiting Examiner** 10 marks
assignment of 1000-1500 words, which should be TOTAL 20 marks
structured as given below:
* Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (10 Marks):
A. The written assignment must be given a title in
the form of a question which should allow the Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks
candidate to explore the drama or the chosen be able to:
short stories/poems in depth. 1. Process Identify the topic. 3
Plan a detailed
B. The written assignment must follow the structure written assignment.
given below: Produce a written
• Introduction: outline.
2. Understanding, Use a range of 4
- Explanation of the question that has been literary aspects such
Application of
framed as plot, setting,
Knowledge and
- Reason for choosing the text Analysis characters, action,
style and ideas in
- Brief explanation of how the candidate order to present an
intends to interpret the chosen text and organized and well-
literary materials used in the process structured complete
• Main Body – organised and well-structured assignment.
treatment of the question using appropriate 3. Presentation Prepare the document 3
sub-headings. (overall format:
headings, sub-
• Conclusion – comprehensive summary of the headings,
points made in the main body. paragraphing) writing
within a word limit of
1000-1500 words and
Note: The text/texts analysed in the Class XI provide a separate
Project Work must not be repeated in Class XII. title page.
TOTAL 10

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 **Criteria for Evaluation by the Visiting List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
Examiner (10 Marks) 1. Analysis of a theme from any short story/poem in
Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks the prescribed texts.
be able to: 2. Analysis of a character from the drama or any
1. Presentation Prepare the document 4 short story/poem in the prescribed texts.
(overall format: 3. Background – historical, cultural, literary context
headings, sub- and relevance of the writer/poet chosen.
headings,
paragraphing) writing 4. Summary / paraphrase of the chosen text.
within a word limit of 5. Appreciation of literary qualities of the chosen
1000-1500 words and text.
provide a separate
title page. 6. Identifying with a character in the chosen text
and presenting his/her personal perspective.
2. Understanding, Use a range of 6
Application of literary aspects such 7. Imagining an alternate outcome or ending or
Knowledge and as plot, setting, extension of the chosen text and its impact on the
Analysis characters, action, plot/setting/characters/mood and tone.
style and ideas in
order to present an 8. A script for dramatization, based on the short
organized and well- story/poem chosen.
structured complete 9. Writing a short story based on a poem.
assignment.
10. Comparing and contrasting two
TOTAL 10 characters/themes from different short
stories/poems of the prescribed texts.

Note: No Question Paper for Project Work will be set by CISCE.

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 PHYSICS (861)

CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics
14 Marks
2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves 2 Marks

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

7 Marks

8. Atoms and Nuclei 6 Marks

9. Electronic Devices 7 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 1

 
PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks field E experiences an electric
 
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units force FE = qE . Intensity due to a
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as
continuous distribution of charge i.e.
for answering questions.
linear, surface and volume.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when
(c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
they are introduced along with their units and
to visualize the electric field; properties
dimensions.
of lines of force; examples of the lines of
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics force due to (i) an isolated point charge
except where they are specifically excluded or where (+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
only qualitative treatment is required. similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
uniform field between two oppositely
1. Electrostatics charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields (d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;

Electric charges; conservation and derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; axis (end on position) (2) on the
superposition principle and continuous perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
charge distribution. broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field: electric field due to a point for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, uniform electric field; net force zero,
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a torque on an electric dipole:
dipole in uniform electric field.   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
Electrostatics and its applications to find  
field due to infinitely long straight wire, field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and 
A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
uniformly charged thin spherical shell.   
field E , electric flux φE = EA for E A
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of   
charge; permittivity of free space and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
and of dielectric medium.  
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field φE = ∫dφ =∫ E.dA . Special
(two types); repulsion and cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
attraction; simple atomic structure - theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
electrons and ions; conductors or φE = where φE is for
and insulators; quantization and
conservation of electric charge; a closed surface; q is the net charge
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
coordinates r1, r2 not necessary). space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
Comparison with Newton’s law of surface.
gravitation; Superposition principle 
    Applications: Obtain expression for E
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
   spherical shell.
E = F / qo (q0 is a test charge); E for a
group of charges (superposition
principle); a point charge q in an electric

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 2

 (ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and capacitance for capacitors in series and
Capacitance parallel combinations. Expression for
Electric potential, potential difference, 1 2
energy stored (U = CV
electric potential due to a point charge, a 2
dipole and system of charges; equipotential 1 1 Q2
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a = QV = ) and energy density.
system of two point charges and of electric 2 2 C
dipole in an electrostatic field. (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
Conductors and insulators, free charges and called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
bound charges inside a conductor. elementary ideas of polarization of matter
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, in a uniform electric field qualitative
capacitors and capacitance, combination discussion; induced surface charges
of capacitors in series and in parallel. weaken the original field; results in

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
formulae only). V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
K
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference the Capacitor is kept connected with the
and potential energy. Equipotential source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
surface and its properties. Obtain an Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
expression for electric potential at a CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
point due to a point charge; graphical capacitor with a dielectric in between,
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0;
C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B
∈0 A
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for d 
 ∈ 
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a  r 

collection of charges V = algebraic sum partially filled dielectric, capacitance,

of the potentials due to each charge; C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
potential due to a dipole on its axial line
and equatorial line; also at any point for 2. Current Electricity
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.

a point charge (q) in an electric field E , Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
placed at a point P where potential is V, electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . resistance and resistivity and their relation to
The electrostatic potential energy of a drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
system of two charges = work done (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system Temperature dependence of resistance and
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 resistivity.
1 q1 q 2 q1 q3 q 2 q3 Internal resistance of a cell, potential
= ( + + ) . For a
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23 difference and emf of a cell, combination of
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
an expression of the electric potential and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
  metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ applications to measure potential difference, to
=00, 900 and 1800. compare emf of two cells; to measure internal
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; resistance of a cell.
obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3

 (a) Free electron theory of conduction; terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
law, current density J = I/A; experimental through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
resistivity and resistance of conductors and necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A; unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
 
J=σ E. Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law
ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
E = (V R ) t
2
= I2Rt. Potential difference Potential gradient and sensitivity of
potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed compare emfs of two cells, to determine
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; internal resistance of a cell.
electricity consumption and billing.
3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical, (i) Moving charges and magnetism
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
source is defined as the work done per unit experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
charge to force them to go to the higher point application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve applications to infinitely long straight wire,
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but straight solenoids (only qualitative
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total treatment). Force on a moving charge in
work done to the work done across the uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
external resistor R plus the work done across on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; magnetic field, force between two parallel
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε current-carrying conductors-definition of
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. in uniform magnetic field; moving coil
Derivation of formulae for combination for galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed galvanometer into an ammeter and a
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells voltmeter.
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells (ii) Magnetism and Matter
of unequal emf.
A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
laws with simple examples. The first is a moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
law of conservation of energy. Note change magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line
in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when (Qualitative only) torque on a magnetic
we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.
we go up against the current across the Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and
resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 4
 ferromagnetic substances, with examples. (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
Electromagnets and factors affecting their B is now defined by the equation
strengths, permanent magnets.  
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 

(a) Only historical introduction through terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s  
note the distinction of B from E is that
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart 
law and its vector form; application; B forms closed loops as there are no

derive the expression for B (i) at the magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
centre of a circular loop carrying start from +ve charge and end on -ve
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
Current carrying loop as a magnetic magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: field in end-on and broadside-on
statement and brief explanation. Apply it positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
  
to obtain B near a long wire carrying φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
current and for a solenoid. Only formula  
 B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
of B due to a finitely long conductor.  
For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the flux
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in
  density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)];
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special but note that this is not correct as a

cases, modify this equation substituting defining equation as B is vector and φ

dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F = and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
  
I dl × B for the force acting on a current equal to 10-4 gauss. For non-uniform B
 
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA .
field. Derive the expression for force
between two long and parallel wires (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
carrying current, hence, define ampere and ferromagnetic substances; their
(the base SI unit of current) and hence, susceptibility and relative permeability.
coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force. It is better to explain the main
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a distinction, the cause of magnetization
current carrying loop placed in a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
     (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
uniform B , using F = I l × B and τ = for dia, >0 but very small for para and
  
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ > 0 and large for ferromagnetic
   materials; few examples; placed in
= m × B , where the dipole moment m = 
 external B , very small (induced)
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying magnetization in a direction opposite to
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of 
  B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
current and B and m using right hand 
rule only; no other rule necessary. B for para, and large magnetization

Mention orbital magnetic moment of an parallel to B for ferromagnetic

electron in Bohr model of H atom. materials; this leads to lines of B
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving becoming less dense, more dense and
coil galvanometer; construction, much more dense in dia, para and ferro,
principle, working, theory I= k φ , respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for
current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt. dia, weak attraction for para and strong
Conversion of galvanometer into attraction for ferro magnetic material.
ammeter and voltmeter of given range. Also, a small bar suspended in the
horizontal plane becomes perpendicular
 
to the B field for dia and parallel to B

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 5

 for para and ferro. Defining equation H Mutual induction and mutual inductance
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties, (M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as dφ2 dI
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
dt dt
very small, but very large for ferro;
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) ε2 or M = φ 2
M = . SI unit
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very dI 1 I1
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s dt
law) for para, independent of henry. Expression for coefficient of
temperature (T) for dia and depends on mutual inductance of two coaxial
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on solenoids.
heating ferro becomes para at Curie µ0 N1 N 2 A
temperature. Electromagnet: its =M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
l
definition, properties and factors emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
affecting the strength of electromagnet; eddy currents.
selection of magnetic material for
temporary and permanent magnets and Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
core of the transformer on the basis of working and uses; step up and step
retentivity and coercive force [B-H loop down; efficiency and applications
and its significance, retentivity and including transmission of power, energy
coercive force (Qualitative only)]. losses and their minimisation.
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating (c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
Currents for the output from an ac
generator; time period, frequency and
(i) Electromagnetic Induction phase changes; obtain mean values of
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; current and voltage, obtain relation
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction between RMS value of V and I with peak
and mutual induction. Transformer. values in sinusoidal cases only.
(ii) Alternating Current (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of
an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
alternating current/voltage; their relation in
representation), phase lag and phase
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance;
lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only),
obtain simple differential equation (SHM
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC
type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin
circuits, wattless current. AC generator.
ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
flux, change in flux, rate of change of Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws. showing voltage and current and phase
Lenz's law, conservation of energy; lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and
(Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative); capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC).
(b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self- Graph of XL and XC vs f.
inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ; (e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor
dI dt diagram method to obtain expression for
henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and
for coefficient of self-inductance of a the net phase lag/lead; use the results of
µ0 N 2 A 4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V
=
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l . leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are
l

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6

 in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all Concept of displacement current, qualitative
three; hence draw phase diagram, descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
the max. values are related by features of the common classification (gamma
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd=current x microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance or reactance, we get production (source), detection and other
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 and properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-Xc)/R at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m =Vm/Z
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits. 6. Optics
[May use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the
differential equation] Graph of Z vs f and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
I vs f. Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and Q factor (no derivation); surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
maker's formula, magnification, power of
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 =
a lens, combination of thin lenses in
1/ LC ). Average power consumed contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor prism.
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L Optical instruments: Microscopes and
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence refracting) and their magnifying powers.
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power
Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for
delivered to circuit by the source is
spherical mirrors. Magnification.
maximum, resonant frequency
1 (b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
f0 = . Snell's law; total internal reflection and
2π LC critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
description, theory, working and use. application to triangular prisms with
Variation in current and voltage with angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
between a.c. and d.c. through a combination of
1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 =
5. Electromagnetic Waves and apparent depth. Simple applications.
Basic idea of displacement current. (c) Refraction through a prism, minimum
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their deviation and derivation of
transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). relation between n, A and δmin. Include
Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say)
radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted
electromagnetic waves and their uses. ray inside the prism is parallel to the
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 7

 Dispersion; Angular dispersion; diffraction due to a single slit, width of
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram central maximum.
(no derivation). Simple explanation. (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
detailed discussion of one case only - of reflection and refraction using
convex towards rarer medium, for Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
spherical surface and real image. Derive prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. theory not required].
Refraction through thin lenses: derive (b) Interference of light, interference of
lens maker's formula and lens formula; monochromatic light by double slit.
derivation of combined focal length of Phase of wave motion; superposition of
two thin lenses in contact. Combination identical waves at a point, path
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens difference and phase difference; coherent
excluded) and magnification for lens, and incoherent sources; interference:
derivation for biconvex lens only; extend constructive and destructive, conditions
the results to biconcave lens, plano for sustained interference of light waves
convex lens and lens immersed in a [mathematical deduction of interference
liquid; power of a lens P=1/f with SI from the equations of two progressive
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= waves with a phase difference is not
1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. Lens formula, required]. Young's double slit
formation of image with combination of experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
thin lenses and mirrors. deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
[Any one sign convention may be used in between waves from the two slits; using
solving numericals]. ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D
magnifying power of a simple as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ
microscope with image at D (least and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of
distance of distinct vision) and infinity; distribution of intensity with angular
Ray diagram and derivation of distance.
magnifying power of a compound
(c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction
microscope with image at D. Only
(elementary explanation, qualitative
expression for magnifying power of
treatment only). Diffraction at a single
compound microscope for final image at
slit: experimental setup, diagram,
infinity.
diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
Ray diagrams of refracting telescope position of minima, a sinθn= nλ, where n
with image at infinity as well as at D; = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary
simple explanation; derivation of maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ.; distribution
magnifying power; Ray diagram of of intensity with angular distance;
reflecting telescope with image at angular width of central bright fringe.
infinity. Advantages, disadvantages and
uses. Resolving power of compound 7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
microscope. Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect,
(ii) Wave Optics Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof photoelectric equation - particle nature of light.
of laws of reflection and refraction using Matter waves - wave nature of particles,
Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's de-Broglie relation; conclusion from Davisson-
double slit experiment and expression for Germer experiment (Qualitative only).
fringe width(β), coherent sources and (a) Photo electric effect, quantization of
sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer radiation; Einstein's equation

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 8

 Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work energy, potential energy, radius of orbit and
function; experimental facts of Hertz and total energy of electron. Energy level
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and
Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for wavelength of different lines of emission
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be spectra; agreement with experimentally
explained only assuming quantum (particle) observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit
nature of radiation. Determination of ofλ].
Planck’s constant (from the graph of
(ii) Nuclei
stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of
the incident light). Momentum of photon Composition and size of nucleus. Mass-
p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ. energy relation, mass defect; binding
energy per nucleon and its variation with
(b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of
mass number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear
electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave
fission and nuclear fusion.
nature of radiation is exhibited in
interference, diffraction and polarisation; (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density;
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones –
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle definitions with examples of each.
nature common in that it possesses Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u,
momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The 1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom =
wave nature of matter was proposed by 1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus;
Louis de Broglie, λ=h/p= h/mv. Davisson mass defect and binding energy, BE=
and Germer experiment; qualitative (∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus
description of the experiment and mass number A, special features - less
conclusion. BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
elements. Middle order more stable [see
8. Atoms and Nuclei
fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
(i) Atoms E=mc2. Calculations related to this
equation; mass defect/binding energy,
Alpha-particle scattering experiment;
mutual annihilation and pair production
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic
as examples.
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
(b) Nuclear Energy
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded), Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on exothermic (with release of energy)
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α and in splitting heavy nucleus to form
particle to the change in electrostatic middle order (lower mass number)
potential energy ∆U of the system nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE
per nucleon versus mass number graph.
[ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic Also calculate the disintegration energy
4πε 0 r0
structure; only general qualitative ideas, Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with
including atomic number Z, Neutron number BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into
N and mass number A. A brief account of two equal halves with A=120 each and
historical background leading to Bohr’s BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for Nuclear fission: Any one equation of
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, fission reaction. Chain reaction-
Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant. controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear
Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1); reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of
expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic a nuclear reactor including their
functions - fuel elements, moderator,

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 9

 control rods, coolant, casing; criticality; intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-
utilization of energy output - all type; donor and acceptor impurities.
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example (b) Junction diode and its symbol;
of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction depletion region and potential barrier;
equation; requires very high temperature forward and reverse biasing, V-I
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; characteristics and numericals; half wave
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy and a full wave rectifier. Simple circuit
production in the sun and stars. [Details diagrams and graphs, function of each
of chain reaction not required]. component in the electric circuits, qualitative
9. Electronic Devices only. [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
included]; elementary ideas on solar cell,
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in semi conducting diodes. Importance of
conductors, semiconductors and insulators LED’s as they save energy without causing
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and atmospheric pollution and global warming.
extrinsic semiconductors. P and n type, p-n Zener diode, V-I characteristics, circuit
junction. diagram and working of Zener diode as a
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in voltage regulator.
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; PAPER II
Special types of junction diodes: LED,
photodiode and solar cell and Zener diode PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
and its characteristics, Zener diode as a The experiments for laboratory work and practical
voltage regular. examinations are mostly from two groups:
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band (i) experiments based on ray optics and
diagrams for distinction between conductors, (ii) experiments based on current electricity.
insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
and extrinsic; electrons and holes in parallax between a needle and the real image of
semiconductors. another needle.
Elementary ideas about electrical conduction In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and
in metals [crystal structure not included]. making connections strictly following the given
Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should
copper; these split, eventually forming be taken care of.
‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid A graph is a convenient and effective way of
copper made up of a large number of representing results of measurement. It is an
isolated atoms, brought together to form a important part of the experiment.
lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of There will be one graph in the Practical question
closely spaced energy levels separated by paper.
band gaps called forbidden bands. An Candidates are advised to read the question paper
idealized representation of the energy bands carefully and do the work according to the
for a conductor, insulator and instructions given in the question paper. Generally
semiconductor; characteristics, differences; they are not expected to write the procedure of the
distinction between conductors, insulators experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
and semiconductors on the basis of energy figures, circuit diagrams, etc.
bands, with examples; qualitative discussion Observations should be recorded in a tabular form.
only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances
(carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties Record of observations
of semiconductors. Majority and minority • All observations recorded should be consistent
charge carriers - electrons and holes; with the least count of the instrument used (e.g.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 10

 focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but significant figures as specified in the question
10 cm is a wrong record.) paper.
• All observations should be recorded with correct (ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto
units. proper decimal place or significant figures, as
specified in the question papers.
Graph work
NOTE:
Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting
all important steps such as: Short answer type questions may be set from each
(i) Title experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
of steps involved.
(ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two
coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5; Given below is a list of required experiments.
Kink is not accepted). Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the
general pattern of questions asked in the annual
(i) The axes should be labelled according to the
examinations.
question
(ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken Students are required to have completed all
and the units given along each axis (one small experiments from the given list (excluding
division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be demonstration experiments):
taken) 1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u-
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of v method (no parallax method)
the graph paper along both the axes) should Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales
be used. and two pins, obtain the positions of the images
(iv) Points should be plotted with great care, for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f,
marking the points plotted with (should be a and u>2f.
circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a Draw the following set of graphs using data from
misplot. the experiments -
(v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The
(i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
best fit line does not necessarily have to pass
through all the plotted points and the origin.  v
While drawing the best fit line, all (ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a
 u
experimental points must be kept on the line
straight line and to find focal length by
or symmetrically placed on the left and right
intercept.
side of the line. The line should be continuous,
thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme (iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a
plots. straight line and find f by intercepts.
(vi) The intercepts must be read carefully. 2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement
Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0. method.
Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x
when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read, 3. To determine the focal length of a given convex
origin should be at (0, 0). lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens.

Deductions 4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens,

using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and
(i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found plotting appropriate graph.
taking two distant points (using more than 50%
of the line drawn), which are not the plotted 5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by
using two pins (by u-v method).
y − y1 ∆y
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must 6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by
x2 − x1 ∆x
using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
be calculated upto proper decimal place or

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 11

7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE –
using convex lens.
15 marks
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its Project Work – 10 marks
length and radius and hence, calculate the The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
specific resistance of the material.Verify Ohm’s Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
law for the given unknown resistance (a 60 cm Council.
constantan wire), plotting a graph of potential
difference versus current. Also calculate the All candidates will be required to do one project
resistance per cm of the wire from the slope of involving some physics related topic/s under the
the graph and the length of the wire. guidance and regular supervision of the Physics
9. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a teacher.
potentiometer.
Candidates should undertake any one of the
10. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in following types of projects:
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a
constantan wire, through which a steady current • Theoretical project
is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length
• Working Model
(l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire
and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why • Investigatory project (by performing an
is the current kept constant in this experiment? experiment under supervision of a teacher)
Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
above results and measure the emf of a cell? title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
11. To verify the laws of combination of resistances experimental setup, observations with tables of data
(series and parallel) using metre bridge. collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and
discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The
Demonstration Experiments (The following teacher should approve the draft, before it is
experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher): finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat
1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may
ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of choose any one project of their choice.
range 4V.
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based
2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor Projects:
diode in forward and reverse bias.
 Title of the Project
3. To determine refractive index of a glass slab
using a traveling microscope.  Introduction
 Contents
4. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
items. pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
 Originality of work (the work should be the
5. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp candidates’ original work,)
type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow  Conclusion/comments
of current in case of diode and an LED,
(iv) check whether a given electronic component
(e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order.
6. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 12

Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based Practical File – 5 marks
Projects:
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
 Title of the Project candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
 Model construction maintained by them during the academic year.
 Concise Project report
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
Projects:
 Title of the Project
 Theory/principle involved
 Experimental setup
 Observations calculations/deduction and graph
work
 Result/ Conclusions

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 13

 CHEMISTRY (862)

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) - 70 Marks

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Solutions
Physical Chemistry
2. Electrochemistry
25 Marks
3. Chemical Kinetics

4. d -and f -Block Elements Inorganic Chemistry

5. Coordination Compounds 14 Marks

6. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Organic Chemistry
8. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
31 Marks
9. Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
10. Biomolecules
Total 70 Marks

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 1

 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks van’t Hoff- Boyle’s Law, van’t Hoff –
Charles’ Law, van’t Hoff - Avogadro’s
1. Solutions
law.
Study of concentration of solutions of solids in
(e) Abnormal molecular mass: Dissociation
liquids, liquid in liquid, solubility of gases in
and Association with suitable examples
liquids, solid solutions, Colligative properties -
Raoult's law of relative lowering (f) van’t Hoff factor for the electrolytes
of vapour pressure (1st & 2nd), elevation of which dissociate and the molecules
which associate in solution.
boiling point, depression of freezing
Modification of the formula of colligative
point, osmotic pressure. Use of colligative properties based on van’t Hoff factor.
properties in determining molecular masses of Simple problems. Calculation of degree
solutes, abnormal molecular mass association and of dissociation and association.
dissociation, van't Hoff factor. Experimental details not required.
Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction, Numerical problems based on all the above
ppm, as measures of concentration. Definition of methods. Experimental details not required.
the above with examples. Simple problems based
on the above. 2. Electrochemistry
(i) Solubility of gases in liquids – Henry’s Law, Electrolytic and electrochemical cells. Redox
simple numericals based on the above. reactions in electrochemical cells.
(ii) Raoult’s Law for volatile solutes and non- Electromotive Force (emf) of a cell, standard
volatile solutes, ideal solution, non-ideal electrode potential, Nernst equation and its
solution. Azeotropic mixtures – definition, application to chemical cells. Relation between
types, graphical representation, fractional Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell.
distillation with examples. Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific,
(iii) Colligative properties – definition and equivalent and molar conductivity, variations of
examples, and its use in determination of conductivity with concentration, graphs;
molecular mass. Kohlrausch's Law of electrolysis and Faraday’s
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure: Laws of electrolysis. Dry cell and lead
Definition and mathematical expression accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.
of Raoult’s Law. Determination of (i) Electrochemical cells: introduction, redox
relative molecular mass by measurement reactions (principle of oxidation and
of lowering of vapour pressure.
reduction in a cell).
(b) Depression in freezing point: molal
depression constant (cryoscopic (ii) Galvanic cells - introduction;
constant) – definition and mathematical representation, principle – oxidation
expression (derivation included). reduction. Mechanism of production of
(c) Elevation in boiling point method: molal electric current in a galvanic cell.
elevation constant (ebullioscopic (iii) Measurement of potential. Single electrode
constant) definition and mathematical potentials.
expression (derivation included). Standard hydrogen electrode (Eo) -
(d) Osmotic pressure: definition and definition, preparation, application and
explanation. Natural and chemical limitations.
semipermeable membranes, reverse
osmosis, isotonic, hypotonic and Standard electrode potential - Measurement
hypertonic solutions. Comparison of standard electrode potential of Zn ++ / Zn,
between diffusion and osmosis. Cu ++ / Cu, half cell (using standard
Application of osmotic pressure in the hydrogen electrode).
determination of relative molecular Cell notation – representation.
mass.
Factors affecting electrode potential with
explanation - main emphasis on the

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 2

 temperature, concentration and nature of the (ix) Corrosion: Concept, mechanism of
electrode. electrochemical reaction, factors affecting it
(iv) Electrochemical series. Its explanation on and its prevention.
the basis of standard reduction potential. 3. Chemical Kinetics
Prediction of the feasibility of a reaction. Meaning of Chemical Kinetics – slow and fast
(v) Nernst equation and correlation with the free reactions. Rate of a reaction - average and
energy of the reaction with suitable instantaneous rate (graphical representation).
examples. Factors affecting rate of reaction: surface area,
Prediction of spontaneity of a reaction based nature of reactants, concentration, temperature,
on the cell emf. catalyst and radiation. Order and molecularity
of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant.
Numericals on standard electrode potential Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for
of half-cells, cell emf, relationship between zero and first order reactions), concept of
free energy and equilibrium constant, collision theory (elementary idea, no
standard electrode potential and free energy. mathematical treatment). Concept of threshold
(vi) Comparison of metallic conductance and and activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
electrolytic conductance. Relationship (i) Meaning of chemical kinetics, Scope and
between conductance and resistance. Specific importance of Kinetics of the reaction, slow
resistance and specific conductance. and fast reactions – explanation in terms of
Cell constant: Calculation of cell constant. bonds.
Meaning of equivalent conductance. (ii) Rate of Reaction: definition, representation
Meaning of molar conductance. General of rate of reaction in terms of reactants and
relationship between specific conductance, products, determination of rate of reactions
molar conductance and equivalent graphically, instantaneous and average rate
conductance (units and graphs). of reaction. Factors affecting rate of
Units, numericals. reaction.
Molar conductance of a weak electrolyte at a (iii) Law of mass Action: statement and meaning
given concentration and at infinite dilution. of active mass. Explanation with an example
Kohlrausch’s Law – definition, applications – general reactions.
and numericals. (iv) Effect of concentration of reactants on the
(vii) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis. rate of a reaction: Qualitative treatment,
based on the law of mass Action, statement of
Faraday’s First Law of electrolysis. rate law, General rate equation –
Statement, mathematical form. Simple Rate = k(concentration of the reactant)n,
problems. where k is rate constant and n is the order of
Faraday’s Second Law of electrolysis: the reaction, relationship between the rate of
Statement, mathematical form. Simple the reaction with rate constant with respect
problems. to various reactants.
Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s (v) Order of a reaction: meaning, relation
number and charge on an electron. F = N A e between order and stoichiometric coefficients
should be given (no details of Millikan’s in balanced equations, order as an
experiment are required). experimental quantity, rate equation for zero
order reaction and its unit, mathematical
(viii) Batteries: Primary and Secondary Cells:
derivation of rate equation for first order
Leclanche cell, mercury cell, Lead storage
reaction, characteristics of first order
battery and fuel cell – structure, reactions
reaction – rate constant is independent of the
and uses.
initial concentration, units to be derived,
definition of half-life period, derivation of

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3

 expression of half-life period from first order transition metals, general trends in properties of
rate equation. the 3d-series of transition metals - metallic
character, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states,
Problems based on first order rate equation
ionic radii, colour of ions, catalytic property,
and half-life period.
magnetic properties, interstitial compounds,
(vi) Molecularity of the reaction: Meaning – alloy formation, preparation and properties of
physical picture, Relation between order, K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4 .
molecularity and the rate of a reaction,
Lanthanoids and actinoids.
Differences between order and molecularity
of a reaction. (i) d-Block: 3d, 4d and 5d series
(vii) The concept of energy: Exothermic and Study in terms of metallic character, atomic
endothermic reactions, concept of energy and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy,
barrier, threshold and activation energy, oxidisation states, variable valency,
formation of activated complex, effect of formation of coloured compounds, formation
catalyst on activation energy and reaction of complexes, alloy formation.
rate.
(ii) f-Block: 4f and 5f series
(viii)Collision Theory: Condition for a chemical
Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic
change – close contact, particles should
radii, oxidisation states, formation of
collide. Collisions to be effective – optimum
coloured compounds, formation of
energy and proper orientation during
complexes, alloy formation. Lanthanoid
collision. Energy barrier built-up when the
contraction and its consequences. Chemical
collision is about to take place, Activated
reactivity – with oxygen, hydrogen, halogen,
complex formation, difference in energy of
sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and water.
the reactant and the product – exothermic
and endothermic reactions with proper Actinoids - oxidation states and comparison
graphs and labelling. with lanthanoids.
(ix)Mechanism of the reaction: meaning of (iii) Potassium permanganate: structure, shape,
elementary reaction, meaning of complex equation of extraction from pyrolusite ore, its
and overall reaction, explanation of the oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral
mechanism of the reaction, slowest step of medium, use in redox titration.
the reaction. Relationship between the rate Oxidising nature in acidic [FeSO 4 ,
expression, order of reactants and products (COOH) 2 .2H 2 O, KI], basic (KI) and neutral
at the rate-determining step, units of rate (H 2 S) mediums to be done.
constant – explanation with suitable
examples. (iv) Potassium dichromate: structure, shape,
equation of extraction from chromite ore and
(x) Effect of temperature on the rate constant of its use in titration. Oxidising nature in acidic,
a reaction: Arrhenius equation – K=Ae-Ea/RT, basic and neutral medium, use in redox
Meaning of the symbols of Arrhenius titration. Interconversion of chromate and
equation, related graph, evaluation of E a and dichromate ion (effect of pH).
A from the graph, meaning of slope of the
graph, conversion from exponential to log 5. Coordination Compounds
form of the equation, relationship between
the increase in temperature and the number Concept of complexes, definition of ligands,
of collisions. Numerical based on Arrhenius coordination number, oxidation number. IUPAC
equation. nomenclature of mononuclear coordination
compounds. Isomerism (structural and stereo).
4. d and f Block Elements Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT and CFT.
Position in the periodic table, occurrence, Colour, magnetic properties and shapes.
electronic configuration and characteristics of Importance of coordination compounds (in

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 4

 qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and - Alkene and hydrogen halide.
biological system).
- Alcohols with PX 3 , PCl 5 and SOCl 2 .
(i) Definition of coordination compounds /
- Halide exchange method (Finkelstein and
complex compounds, differences with a
Swarts)
double salt, study of ligands – mono-, bi-, tri-
, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and polydentate, - Silver salt of fatty acids (Hunsdiecker).
chelating ligands, definition of coordination Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling
number, its calculation for a complex point and solubility.
coordination sphere, study of oxidation state
of an element in a complex, its calculation, Chemical properties: nucleophilic substitution
IUPAC rules of nomenclature of reactions (S N 1, S N 2 mechanism in terms of
coordination compounds. primary, secondary and tertiary halides)
Reaction with: sodium hydroxide, water, sodium
(ii) Isomerism – structural, stereo types and iodide, ammonia, primary amine, secondary
examples. amine, potassium cyanide, silver cyanide,
(iii) Valence bond theory of coordination potassium nitrite, silver nitrite, silver salt of fatty
compounds – examples of formation of inner acid and lithium-aluminium hydride.
orbital and outer orbital complexes (high Elimination reaction (Saytzeff’s rule) / β
and low spin, octahedral, tetrahedral and
elimination.
square planar), prediction of magnetic
character. Reaction with metals: sodium and magnesium
(Wurtz’s reaction, Grignard’s reagent
(iv) Crystal field theory – crystal field splitting in
preparation).
tetra and octahedral systems. Explanation of
colour and magnetic character. Chloroform and iodoform: preparation and
properties.
(v) Stability of coordination compounds (explain
stability on the basis of magnitude of K) as Structure of freons.
mentioned above). Preparation of haloarenes by Sandmeyer’s and
(vi) Importance and uses. Gattermann’s reaction, by electrophilic
substitution.
6. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes. Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling
Haloalkanes: General formula, nomenclature point and solubility.
and classification. Nature of C–X bond, Chemical properties:
physical and chemical properties, mechanism
of substitution reactions, optical rotation. - Electrophilic substitution (chlorination
nitration and sulphonation) with mechanism.
Haloarenes: Basic idea, nature of C–X bond,
substitution reactions (directive influence of - Nucleophilic substitution (replacement of
halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). chlorine with -OH, -NH 2 ) with mechanism.
Uses and environmental effects of - - Reduction to benzene.
dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra- - Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
chloromethane, iodoform, freons and DDT.
- Fittig reaction.
Nature of C-X bond
- Addition reaction with magnesium
Naming the halogen derivatives of alkanes by (formation of Grignard reagent).
using common system and IUPAC system for
mono, di and tri-halo derivatives. - Structure of DDT.
Preparation of haloalkanes from:
- Alkane and halogen.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 5

7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Phenols: Classification and nomenclature.
Methods of preparation, physical and chemical
Alcohols: Classification, general formula,
properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic
structure and nomenclature. Methods of
substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
preparation, physical and chemical properties
(of primary alcohols only), identification of Preparation of phenol from diazonium salt,
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, chlorobenzene (Dow’s process) and from
mechanism of dehydration, uses with special benzene sulphonic acid.
reference to methanol and ethanol.
Manufacture from Cumene.
(i) Classification into monohydric, dihydric and
Physical properties: state and solubility.
polyhydric alcohols, general formulae,
structure and nomenclature of alcohols. Chemical properties:
Difference between primary, secondary and
- Acidic character of phenol.
tertiary alcohols in terms of structure,
physical properties and chemical properties. - Reaction with sodium hydroxide.
(ii) Methods of preparation: - Reaction with sodium.
- Hydration of Alkenes – direct hydration, - Reaction with zinc.
indirect hydration, hydroboration - Reaction with acetyl chloride and acetic
oxidation. anhydride.
- From Grignard’s reagent. - Reaction with phosphorus penta chloride.
- Hydrolysis of alkyl halides. - Bromination, nitration and sulphonation
- Reduction of carbonyl compounds. (Electrophilic substitution reactions).
- From primary amines. - Kolbe’s reaction (formation of salicylic
acid).
Manufacture of methanol by Bosch process
and ethanol by fermentation of - Reimer – Tiemann reaction
carbohydrates, chemical equations required - Test for phenol – FeCl 3 test, azo dye test.
(only outline of the method of manufacture,
detail not required). Aliphatic Ethers: General formula, structure and
nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical
Properties: and chemical properties, uses.
- Acidic nature of alcohols: Ethers: structure of ethereal group.
- Reaction with sodium. Preparation from alcohol (Williamson’s
- Esterification with mechanism. synthesis).
- Reaction with hydrogen halides. Physical properties: state, miscibility.
- Reaction with PCl 3, PCl 5 , and SOCl 2 . Chemical properties:
- Reaction with acid chlorides and acid - Reaction with chlorine.
anhydrides - Oxidation (peroxide formation).
- Oxidation. - Reaction with HI.
- Dehydration with mechanism. - Reaction with PCl 5 .
Uses of alcohols. Aryl ethers
(iii) Conversion of one alcohol into another. Physical properties – state and solubility.
(iv) Distinction between primary, secondary and Chemical properties – preparation of anisole
tertiary alcohols by Lucas’ Test. (Williamson’s synthesis), electrophilic

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6

 substitution (halogenation, nitration and Chemical properties:
Friedel-Crafts reaction.)
• Oxidation and reduction.
Uses of ether.
• Nucleophilic addition reaction (hydrogen
8. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids cyanide and sodium bisulphite).

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, • Reactions with ammonia and its derivatives
structure of methods of preparation of (hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and phenyl
aldehydes and ketones, physical and chemical hydrazine).
properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, • Reaction with phosphorus pentachloride.
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and
uses. • Cannizzaro reaction.
Preparation: • Benzoin condensation.
• From alcohol. • Perkin’s reaction.
• From alkenes (ozonolysis). • Electrophilic substitution - halogenation,
nitration and sulphonation.
• From alkynes (hydration).
Test: distinction between aromatic and aliphatic
• From acid chlorides (Rosenmund’s aldehydes.
reduction, reaction with dialkyl cadmium).
Uses of benzaldehyde.
• From calcium salt of carboxylic acids.
Carboxylic Acids: Classification, general
• From nitriles (Stephen reaction, Grignard’s formula and structure of carboxylic group.
reagent). Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of
• From esters. preparation, physical and chemical properties
and uses.
Physical properties – state and boiling point.
Classification of mono and di carboxylic acids
Chemical properties: with examples.
• Nucleophilic addition reactions with Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic
mechanism (ammonia and its derivatives, acid:
HCN, NaHSO 3 and Grignard’s reagent).
- From alcohols, aldehydes.
• Oxidation reactions, iodoform reaction.
- From nitriles.
• Reduction: reduction to alcohol and alkanes - From Grignard’s reagent.
(Clemmensen’s reduction, Wolff-Kishner
reduction, Red phosphorus and HI). Physical properties: state, boiling point and
solubility.
• Base catalysed reactions (with mechanism):
Aldol condensation, cross Aldol Chemical properties:
condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction. - Acidic character: (aliphatic, aromatic
Tests: difference between formaldehyde and carboxylic acids with the effect of
acetaldehyde; aldehydes and ketones. substituents on the acidic character – to be
dealt with in detail)
Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
- Reaction with active metals, alkalies,
Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde) carbonates and bicarbonates,
Lab preparation from toluene by oxidation with - Formation of acid derivatives.
chromyl chloride.
- Decarboxylation (chemical and Kolbe’s
Physical properties: state and stability. electrolytic reaction).

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 7

 - HVZ reactions. Aniline
- Substitution of benzene ring (meta directive Preparation reduction of nitrobenzene.
effect of carboxylic acid group) nitration and Physical properties – state, solubility and boiling
sulphonation. point.
Tests for acids: formic acid, acetic acid and Chemical properties:
benzoic acid. - Reaction with HCl and H 2 SO 4 .
Uses of formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid. - Acetylation, alkylation.
- Benzoylation.
9. Organic compounds containing Nitrogen
- Carbylamine reaction.
Aliphatic Amines: General formula and,
classification of amines. Structure of the amino - Diazotisation.
group, nomenclature. Methods of preparation, - Electrophilic substitution (bromination,
physical and chemical properties, uses, nitration and sulphonation).
identification of primary, secondary and tertiary Tests for aniline.
amines.
Uses of aniline.
• Amines
Cyanides and Isocyanides
Nomenclature, classification with examples, Methods of preparation:
structure, general formula.
Cyanides:
Methods of preparation:
- From alkyl halide.
- From alcohol. - From amide.
- From alkyl halide. Isocyanides:
- From cyanide. - From alkyl halide.
- From amide (Hofmann’s degradation). From primary amines
- From nitro compounds. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical
reactions and importance in synthetic organic
- Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis. chemistry.
Physical properties: comparison between Preparation from aniline;
primary, secondary and tertiary amines in Properties: Sandmeyer’s reaction, Gattermann
terms of – state, solubility, boiling point reaction and Balz – Scheimann reaction,
(hydrogen bonding), comparison with replacement of diazo group by – H, -OH, -NO 2 ,
alcohols. coupling reaction with phenol and aniline.
Chemical properties:
10. Biomolecules
- Basic character of amines – comparison
between primary, secondary and tertiary Carbohydrates – Definition, Classification
alkyl amines/ ammonia/ aniline. Effect of (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose
substituents on the basic strength of and fructose), D-L configuration
aniline oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose),
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen);
- Alkylation and acylation with Importance of carbohydrates.
mechanism.
Carbohydrates: definition, classification - mono
- Reaction with nitrous acid. (aldose, ketose), oligo (di, tri, tetra saccharides)
- Carbylamine reaction. and polysaccharides with examples: reducing
sugars and non-reducing sugars – examples and
Distinction between primary, secondary uses.
and tertiary amines (Hinsberg’s Test).

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 8

 Establishment of structures for glucose and The candidate may be required to determine the
fructose (open and cyclic) heating with HI, percentage purity of a compound and the number
reaction with hydroxylamine, bromine water, of molecules of water of crystallization in
acetic anhydride, nitric acid and phenyl hydrated salts. In such experiments sufficient
hydrazine. working details including recognition of the end
point will be given.
Test for glucose and fructose (bromine water test
with equation). Candidates will be required to calculate:
Disaccharides – structures of sucrose, maltose • Molarity
and lactose (glycosidic linkage). • Concentration in grams L-1 / molecular mass
Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, glycogen. • Number of molecules of water of
Proteins – structural units of proteins. Basic crystallisation/ percentage purity.
idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, NOTE: Molarity must be calculated upto 4
polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - decimal places at least, in order to avoid error.
primary, secondary, tertiary structure and
OBSERVATION TABLE
quaternary structures (qualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins. Enzymes, hormones - S. (A) (B) (B – A)
elementary idea only. No.
Proteins: Amino acids – general structure, Initial Final Difference
classification and zwitter ion formation. burette burette (ml)
Isoelectric point. reading reading
(ml) (ml)
Classification of proteins on the basis of 1
molecular shape; primary, secondary, tertiary 2
and quaternary, structures of proteins, 3
denaturation of proteins. (Definitions only.
Details and diagrams are not required). • Concordant reading is to be used for titre value.
Vitamins - Classification and functions. Concordant reading is two consecutive values
which are exactly the same. Average will not be
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K: classification accepted as titre value.
(fat soluble and water soluble), deficiency
diseases. (Chemical names and structures are not • The table is to be completed in ink only. Pencil is
required). not to be used.

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA. • Overwriting will not be accepted in the tabular
column.
Nucleic acids: basic unit – purine and Observations:
pyrimidine, DNA – structure (double helical),
RNA (No chemical structure required). • Pipette size (should be same for all the
Differences between DNA and RNA. candidates at the centre).
• Titre value (concordant value).
PAPER II
2. Study of the rate of reaction
PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks The candidates will be required, having been
Candidates are required to complete the following given full instructions, to carry out an experiment
experiments: on the rate of reaction, e.g. reaction between
sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
1. Titrations (using different concentrations for either),
Oxidation-reduction titrations: potassium magnesium and dil. sulphuric acid/ dil.
manganate (VII) / ammonium iron (II) sulphate; hydrochloric acid (using different
potassium manganate (VII) / oxalic acid. concentrations).

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 9

 • Graph of volume vs. time and its 7. Qualitative analysis
interpretation. Qualitative analysis: identification of single salt
• Relationship between concentration and rate, containing one anion and one cation:
volume and rate and time and rate.
Anions: CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -,
3. Identification of the following compounds and CH 3 COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, C 2 O 4 2-, PO 4 3-.
functional groups based on observations
Cations: NH 4 +, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+
• Alcoholic group - glycerol , Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+.
• Aldehyde group- formaldehyde
NOTE:
• Ketonic group – acetone
Chromyl chloride test not to be performed.
• Carboxylic group – benzoic acid
For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
• Amino group - aniline extract must be used (except for carbonate).
*Please Note: Carbylamine and acrolein tests (Insoluble salts such as lead sulphate, barium
should not be performed. sulphate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate
The student should learn to differentiate between will not be given).
colours, solution, ring and precipitate.
Anions: Dilute acid group – CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-,
4. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates and SO 3 2-
proteins
Concentrated Acid Group – NO 3 -, Cl-,
• Carbohydrates – glucose Br-, I-, CH 3 COO-.
• Proteins – powdered milk Special Group - SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, C 2 O 4 2-.
Identification should be of ‘Carbohydrate’ and
Cations: Group Zero: NH 4 +
‘Protein’ not of individual substances.
5. Experiments related to pH change using pH Group I: Pb2+
paper or universal indicator. Group II : Cu2+, Pb2+
• Determination of pH of some solutions Group III: Al3+, Fe3+
obtained from fruit juice, solutions of known Group IV: Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
and varied concentrations of acids, bases and
salts. Group V: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
• Comparison of pH of the solutions of strong Group VI: Mg2+
and weak acids of the same concentration. NOTE:
Use of universal indicator/pH paper must be • Formal analytical procedure is required for
taught to the students. Qualitative Analysis.
6. Electrochemistry
• Specific solvent for O.S. to be used;
Setting up a simple voltaic cell.
• Before adding Group III reagents to the
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu filtrate of Group II, H 2 S must be removed
with change in concentration of electrolyte followed by boiling with conc. Nitric acid.
(CuSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ) at room temperature.
• The right order for buffer (NH 4 Cl and
NH 4 OH) must be used.
• The flame test with the precipitate obtained
in Group V for Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ will also be
accepted as a confirmatory test.

For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate

extract must be used (except for carbonate).

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 10

 PATTERN OF CHEMISTRY Suggested Assignments:
PRACTICAL PAPER 1. Amino acids: Peptides, structure and
Questions in the practical paper will be set as classification, proteins structure and their role in
follows: the growth of living beings.
Question 1 Volumetric Analysis 2. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA – their structure.
Question 2 Any one or a combination of the Unique nature. Importance in evolution and their
following experiments: characteristic features.
• Study of the rate of reaction. 3. Carbohydrates and their metabolism, Blood -
• Identification of the organic haemoglobin and respiration.
compounds and functional groups 4. Vitamins and hormones
based on observations. 5. Simple idea of chemical evolution.
• Characteristic tests of carbohydrates
6. Natural polymers (any five) - structure,
and proteins.
characteristics, uses. Synthetic polymers (any
• Experiments related to pH
five) - method of preparation, structure,
determination using pH paper or
characteristics and uses.
universal indicator.
• Electrochemistry. 7. Types of Dyes - methods of preparation,
Question 3 Qualitative Analysis (single salt). characteristics and uses.
8. Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, antibiotics,
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE - antacids, etc. and their uses.
15 Marks 9. Preparation of soap, nail polish, boot polish,
Project Work – 10 Marks varnish, nail polish remover, shampoo and
The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting perfumes.
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the 10. Chemicals and chemical processes in forensic
Council. studies.
The candidate is to creatively execute one 11. Insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilisers.
project/assignment on an aspect of Chemistry. 12. Ancient Indian medicines and medicinal plants.
Teachers may assign or students may select a topic of
their choice. Following is only a suggestive list of 13. Organic Chemistry in Nutrition, Food Science
projects. and Biotechnology.
14. Effect of Green House Gases.
Suggested Evaluation criteria for Project Work:
15. How Plastics have changed the world, both
• Introduction / purpose socially and economically.
• Contents Practical File – 5 Marks
• Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, pie
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students
charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
on the basis of the Chemistry Practical file
• Presentation maintained by them during the academic year.
• Bibliography

NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the
groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA ….. VIIA, VIII, IB …… VIIB and
0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 11

 MATHEMATICS (860)

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks
PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks
The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 1

 SECTION A
1. Relations and Functions
sin-1 x ± = ( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2

(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, -1

cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
cos x ± = -1 -1 2 2
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, inverse of a function. x+ y
similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1
• Relations as: 1 − xy
- Relation on a set A -1 x− y
tan
= x − tan-1 y tan-1 , xy > −1
- Identity relation, empty relation, 1 + xy
universal relation. - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
3tan-1x etc. and application of these
- Types of Relations: reflexive, formulae.
symmetric, transitive and
equivalence relation. 2. Algebra
• Functions: Matrices and Determinants
- As special relations, concept of (i) Matrices
writing “y is a function of x” as y = Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
f(x). matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
onto. matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
and multiplication and multiplication with a
- Real Valued function. scalar. Simple properties of addition,
- Domain and range of a function. multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
commutativity of multiplication of matrices
- Conditions of invertibility. and existence of non-zero matrices whose
- Invertible functions (algebraic product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
functions only). matrices of order upto 3). Invertible matrices
and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions exists (here all matrices will have real
Definition, domain, range, principal value entries).
branch. Elementary properties of inverse
(ii) Determinants
trigonometric functions.
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
- Principal values.
matrices), properties of determinants,
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a
x triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 =
tan −1 .
1 − x2 matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
number of solutions of system of linear
1 π equations by examples, solving system of
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and
x 2 linear equations in two or three variables
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc. (having unique solution) using inverse of a
matrix.
- Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3),
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix.
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric.
- Operation – addition, subtraction,
multiplication of a matrix with scalar,

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 2

 multiplication of two matrices 3. Calculus
(the compatibility).
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and
1 1  Differentiation. Continuity and
1 2  differentiability, derivative of composite
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say ) but BA is
 2 2 functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
1 1  trigonometric functions, derivative of
not possible. implicit functions. Concept of exponential
and logarithmic functions.
- Singular and non-singular matrices.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
- Existence of two non-zero matrices
functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
whose product is a zero matrix.
derivative of functions expressed in
AdjA parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A −1 =
A • Continuity
- Continuity of a function at a point
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) x = a.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 - Continuity of a function in an
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 interval.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Algebra of continues function.
- Removable discontinuity.
 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x
• Differentiation
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
   
- Concept of continuity and
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  differentiability of x , [x], etc.

AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B - Derivatives of trigonometric
functions.
Problems based on above.
- Derivatives of exponential functions.
NOTE: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
equations in two and three variables, using
matrices, are to be covered. - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions - differentiation by means
• Determinants of substitution.
- Order. - Derivatives of implicit functions and
chain rule.
- Minors.
- Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Cofactors.
- Differentiation of a function with
- Expansion. respect to another function e.g.
- Applications of determinants in finding differentiation of sinx3 with respect
the area of triangle and collinearity. to x3.
- Properties of determinants. Problems - Logarithmic Differentiation -
x
based on properties of determinants. Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd
order.
NOTE: Derivatives of composite functions
using chain rule.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3

 (ii) Applications of Derivatives - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
Applications of derivatives: rate of change f ′( x)
.
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, f ( x)
tangents and normals, maxima and minima
- Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,
(first derivative test motivated
cosecx.
geometrically and second derivative test
given as a provable tool). Simple problems - Integration by parts.
(that illustrate basic principles and - Integration using partial fractions.
understanding of the subject as well as real- f ( x)
life situations). Expressions of the form when
g ( x)
• Equation of Tangent and Normal degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
• Rate measure. x+2 A B
E.g. = +
• Increasing and decreasing functions. ( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
• Maxima and minima. x+2 A B C
= + +
- Stationary/turning points. ( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x−2
- Absolute maxima/minima x +1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
- local maxima/minima ( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2

- First derivatives test and second When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x),
derivatives test x2 +1  3x + 1 
- Application problems based on e.g. 2
= 1−  2 
x + 3x + 2  x + 3x + 2 
maxima and minima.
(iii) Integrals • Integrals of the type:

Integration as inverse process of dx dx px + q px + q

∫ ,∫ ,∫ dx, ∫ dx
differentiation. Integration of a variety of 2
x ±a 2 2
x 2 ± a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
functions by substitution, by partial
fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx, ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx,
integrals of the following types and
problems based on them.
∫ ∫
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus integrations reducible to the above
(without proof). Basic properties of forms.
definite integrals and evaluation of definite
dx
integrals. ∫ a cos x + b sin x ,
• Indefinite integral dx dx dx
- Integration as the inverse of ∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c ,
differentiation.
(a cos x + b sin x)dx ,
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and ∫ c cos x + d sin x
functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x, dx
cosec2x etc . ∫ a cos 2
x + b sin 2 x + c
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x. 1 ± x2
- Integration of 1/x, ex. ∫ 1 + x 4 dx ,
- Integration by substitution. dx
∫ 1 + x 4 , ∫ tan xdx, ∫ cot xdx etc.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 4

 • Definite Integral - Differential equations, order and degree.
- Fundamental theorem of calculus - Formation of differential equation by
(without proof) eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
- Solution of differential equations.
- Properties of definite integrals.
- Variable separable.
- Problems based on the following
- Homogeneous equations.
properties of definite integrals are to
be covered. dy
- Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q
b b dx
are functions of x only. Similarly, for
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a a
dx/dy.
b a
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable
separable type are included.
∫ f ( x)dx = −∫ f ( x)dx
a b
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded.
b c b
4. Probability
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a a c Conditional probability, multiplication theorem
where a < c < b on probability, independent events, total
b b
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable
and its probability distribution, mean of r a n d o m
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
variable.

a a
- Independent and dependent events
conditional events.
∫ f (=
0
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 - Laws of Probability, addition theorem,
multiplication theorem, conditional
2a  a probability.
2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
∫ f ( x)dx =  0
0  0, - Theorem of Total Probability.
 f (2a − x) =− f ( x)
- Baye’s theorem.
 a
- Theoretical probability distribution,
∫
a
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
∫ f ( x)dx =  0

probability distribution function; mean of
−a
0,if f is an odd function random variable.

(iv) Differential Equations SECTION B
Definition, order and degree, general and 5. Vectors
particular solutions of a differential Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction
equation. Solution of differential equations of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
by method of separation of variables ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit,
solutions of homogeneous differential zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
equations of first order and first degree. vector of a point, negative of a vector,
Solutions of linear differential equation of components of a vector, addition of vectors,
dy multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
the type: +py= q, where p and q are
dx vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
dx given ratio. Definition, Geometrical
functions of x or constants. + px = q, Interpretation, properties and application of
dy
scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross)
where p and q are functions of y or
product of vectors.
constants.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 5

 - As directed line segments. - Distance of a point from a line.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. - Shortest distance between two lines.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero • Planes
vector. - Cartesian and vector equation of a
- Position vector. plane.
- Components of a vector. - Direction ratios of the normal to the
plane.
- Vectors in two and three dimensions.
- One point form.
- iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and the - Normal form.
z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the - Intercept form.
unit vectors.
- Distance of a point from a plane.
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
- Intersection of the line and plane.
scalar multiplication of a vector.
- Angle between two planes, a line and a
- Section formula.
plane.
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
7. Application of Integrals
geometrical significance.
- Cross product - its properties - area of a Application in finding the area bounded b y
triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
vectors. enclosed between two curves.
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by - Application of definite integrals - area
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
using Vector algebra are excluded.
is required to be covered.
6. Three - dimensional Geometry - Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/
ellipses, polynomial functions, modulus
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line function.
joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, SECTION C
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian
and vector equation of a plane. Angle between 8. Application of Calculus
(i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a Application of Calculus in Commerce and
plane. Distance of a point from a plane. Economics in the following:
- Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and - Cost function,
lines parallel to them.
- average cost,
- Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
- marginal cost and its interpretation
zx – plane.
- demand function,
- Direction cosines, direction ratios.
- Angle between two lines in terms of - revenue function,
direction cosines /direction ratios. - marginal revenue function and its
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/ interpretation,
parallel. - Profit function and breakeven point.
• Lines - Rough sketching of the following curves:
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line
mathematical interpretation using the concept
through one and two points.
of maxima & minima and increasing-
- Coplanar and skew lines. decreasing functions.
- Conditions for intersection of two lines. Self-explanatory

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6

 NOTE: Application involving differentiation, The project work will be assessed by the subject
increasing and decreasing function and teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally
maxima and minima to be covered. and approved by the Council.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
9. Linear Regression
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x. Overall format 1 mark
- Scatter diagrams Content 4 marks
- The method of least squares. Findings 2 marks
- Lines of best fit. Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x. Total 10 marks
- b xy × b yx = r 2 , 0 ≤ b xy × b yx ≤ 1 List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
- Identification of regression equations Section A
- Properties of regression lines. 1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is
- Estimation of the value of one variable using one-one but not onto.
the value of other variable from appropriate
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is
line of regression. invertible.
Self-explanatory
3. Construct a composition table using a binary
10. Linear Programming function addition/multiplication modulo upto 5
and verify the existence of the properties of
Introduction, related terminology such as binary operation.
constraints, objective function, optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.) 4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. trigonometric function), using the graph of
problems, graphical method of solution for y = sin x (or any other relevant trigonometric
problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible function). Demonstrate the concept of mirror line
regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and (about y = x) and find its domain and range.
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions 5. Explore the principal value of the function
(up to three non-trivial constraints). sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric
Introduction, definition of related terminology function) using a unit circle.
such as constraints, objective function, 6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order
optimization, advantages of linear programming; of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
limitations of linear programming; application
areas of linear programming; different types of 7. Verify the consistency of the system of three
linear programming (L.P.) problems, linear equations of two variables and verify the
mathematical formulation of L.P problems, same graphically. Give its geometrical
graphical method of solution for problems in two interpretation.
variables, feasible and infeasible regions, 8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum three linear equations of three variables, identify
feasible solution. infinite number of solutions.

PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks 9. For a given function, give the geometrical
interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain
Candidates will be expected to have completed two the significance of closed and open intervals for
projects, one from Section A and one from either continuity and differentiability properties of the
Section B or Section C. theorems.
10. Explain the concepts of increasing and
decreasing functions, using geometrical

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 7

 significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper 25. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
examples. oblique line.
11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of 26. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique
inflexion with examples and illustrate it using line.
graphs.
27. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an
12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) oblique line.
the concept of local maxima and local minima
28. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
using graph.
29. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
parabola.
the concept of absolute maxima and absolute
minima using graph. 30. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral (Any other pair of curves which are specified in
, expressing as the limit of a sum and the syllabus may also be taken.)
verify it by actual integration. Section C
15. Demonstrate application of differential equations 31. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost
to solve a given problem (example, population (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
increase or decrease, bacteria count in a culture,
Or
etc.).
Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem
Marginal Revenue (MR).
of total probability and the concept of Bayes’
theorem with suitable examples. Give their mathematical interpretation using the
concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
maxima-minima.
derive mean and variance of binomial probability
distribution for a given function. 32. For a given data, find regression equations by the
method of least squares. Also find angles
Section B
between regression lines.
18. Using Vector algebra, find the area of a
33. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it
parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area
to draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value
analytically and verify the same.
of Y when X is given and vice-versa.
19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.)
by applying the concept of Transportation
20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of problem.
compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B
35. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
+ Sin B Cos A, etc.
and maximum nutritional value by applying the
21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar concept of Diet problem.
triple product and for a given data, find the scalar
36. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
triple product.
the manufacturing problem by formulating a
22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given linear programming problem (LPP).
plane.
23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be
measured parallel to a given line. set by CISCE.
24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
parallel to a given plane.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 8

 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 9

 COMPUTER SCIENCE (868)
CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject: Verify the laws of Boolean algebra using
Paper I: Theory……….. 3 hours….70 marks truth tables. Inputs, outputs for circuits like
half and full adders, majority circuit etc.,
Paper II: Practical…….. 3 hours….30 marks
SOP and POS representation; Maxterms &
PAPER I –THEORY – 70 MARKS Minterms, Canonical and Cardinal
representation, reduction using Karnaugh
SECTION A
maps and Boolean algebra.
1. Boolean Algebra
(a) Propositional logic, well formed formulae, 2. Computer Hardware
truth values and interpretation of well formed (a) Elementary logic gates (NOT, AND, OR,
formulae (wff), truth tables, satisfiable, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) and their use in
unsatisfiable and valid formulae. Equivalence circuits.
laws and their use in simplifying wffs.
(b) Applications of Boolean algebra and logic
Propositional variables; the common logical gates to half adders, full adders, encoders,
connectives (~ (not)(negation), ∧ decoders, multiplexers, NAND, NOR as
(and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction), ⇒ universal gates.
(implication), ⇔ (biconditional); definition
of a well-formed formula (wff); Show the correspondence between Boolean
`representation of simple word problems as methods and the corresponding switching
wff (this can be used for motivation); the circuits or gates. Show that NAND and NOR
values true and false; interpretation of a wff; gates are universal by converting some circuits
truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and to purely NAND or NOR gates.
valid formulae.
Equivalence laws: commutativity of ∧, ∨; SECTION B
associativity of ∧, ∨; distributivity; De The programming element in the syllabus (Sections B
Morgan’s laws; law of implication (p ⇒ q ≡ and C) is aimed at algorithmic problem solving and
~p ∨ q); law of biconditional ((p ⇔ q) ≡ not merely rote learning of Java syntax. The Java
(p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)); identity (p ≡ p); law of version used should be 5.0 or later. For programming,
negation (~ (~p) ≡ p); law of excluded the students can use any text editor and the javac and
middle (p ∨~p ≡ true); law of contradiction java programs or any other development
(p∧~p ≡ false); tautology and contingency environment: for example, BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans
simplification rules for ∧, ∨. Converse, etc. BlueJ is strongly recommended for its simplicity,
inverse and contra positive. Chain rule, ease of use and because it is very well suited for an
Modus ponens. ‘objects first’ approach.
(b) Binary valued quantities; basic postulates 3. Implementation of algorithms to solve
of Boolean algebra; operations AND, OR and problems
NOT; truth tables. The students are required to do lab assignments
(c) Basic theorems of Boolean algebra in the computer lab concurrently with the
(e.g. duality, idempotence, commutativity, lectures. Programming assignments should be
associativity, distributivity, operations with 0 done such that each major topic is covered in at
and 1, complements, absorption, involution); least one assignment. Assignment problems
De Morgan’s theorem and its applications; should be designed so that they are sufficiently
reducing Boolean expressions to sum of challenging. Students must do algorithm design,
products and product of sums forms; address correctness issues, implement and
execute the algorithm in Java and debug where
Karnaugh maps (up to four variables).
necessary.

1
 Self explanatory. behaviour of primitive and object arguments.
Static method and variables. The this Operator.
Examples of algorithmic problem solving using
4. Programming in Java (Review of Class XI methods (number problems, finding roots of
Sections B and C) algebraic equations etc.).
Note that items 4 to 13 should be introduced 10. Arrays, Strings
almost simultaneously along with classes and
Structured data types – arrays (single and multi-
their definitions.
dimensional), address calculations, strings.
While reviewing, ensure that new higher order Example algorithms that use structured data types
problems are solved using these constructs. (e.g. searching, finding maximum/minimum,
sorting techniques, solving systems of linear
5. Objects
equations, substring, concatenation, length,
(a) Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour access to char in string, etc.).
(methods); object as an instance of a class.
Storing many data elements of the same type
Constructors.
requires structured data types – like arrays.
(b) Analysis of some real-world programming Access in arrays is constant time and does not
examples in terms of objects and classes. depend on the number of elements. Address
calculation (row major and column major),
(c) Basic input/output using Scanner and Printer
Sorting techniques (bubble, selection, insertion).
classes from JDK; input/output exceptions.
Structured data types can be defined by classes –
Tokens in an input stream, concept of
String. Introduce the Java library String class
whitespace, extracting tokens from an input
and the basic operations on strings (accessing
stream (String Tokenizer class).
individual characters, various substring
6. Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types and operations, concatenation, replacement, index of
casting operations). The class StringBuffer should be
introduced for those applications that involve
Primitive values and types: byte, int, short, long,
heavy manipulation of strings.
float, double, boolean, char. Corresponding
wrapper classes for each primitive type. Class as 1. Recursion
type of the object. Class as mechanism for user
Concept of recursion, simple recursive methods
defined types. Changing types through user
(e.g. factorial, GCD, binary search, conversion of
defined casting and automatic type coercion for
representations of numbers between different
some primitive types.
bases).
7. Variables, Expressions
Many problems can be solved very elegantly by
Variables as names for values; named constants observing that the solution can be composed of
(final), expressions (arithmetic and logical) and solutions to ‘smaller’ versions of the same
their evaluation (operators, associativity, problem with the base version having a known
precedence). Assignment operation; difference simple solution. Recursion can be initially
between left hand side and right hand side of motivated by using recursive equations to define
assignment. certain methods. These definitions are fairly
obvious and are easy to understand. The
8. Statements, Scope
definitions can be directly converted to a
Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, program. Emphasize that any recursion must
switch case, ternary operator), looping (for, have a base case. Otherwise, the computation
while, do while, continue, break); grouping can go into an infinite loop.
statements in blocks, scope and visibility of
The tower of Hanoi is a very good example of
variables.
how recursion gives a very simple and elegant
9. Methods solution where as non-recursive solutions are
quite complex.
Methods (as abstractions for complex user
defined operations on objects), formal arguments
and actual arguments in methods; different

2
 instructive to define them using the Java
interface construct).
(b) Single linked list (Algorithm and
programming), binary trees, tree traversals
SECTION C (Conceptual).
Inheritance, Interface, Polymorphism, Data The following should be covered for each
structures, Computational complexity data structure:
2. Inheritance, Interfaces and Polymorphism Linked List (single): insertion, deletion,
reversal, extracting an element or a sublist,
(a) Inheritance; super and derived classes; checking emptiness.
member access in derived classes;
redefinition of variables and methods in Binary trees: apart from the definition the
subclasses; abstract classes; class Object; following concepts should be covered: root,
protected visibility. Subclass polymorphism internal nodes, external nodes (leaves),
and dynamic binding. height (tree, node), depth (tree, node), level,
size, degree, siblings, sub tree,
Emphasize inheritance as a mechanism to completeness, balancing, traversals (pre,
reuse a class by extending it. Inheritance post and in-order).
should not normally be used just to reuse
some methods defined in a class but only 14. Complexity and Big O notation
when there is a genuine specialization (or Concrete computational complexity; concept of
subclass) relationship between objects of the input size; estimating complexity in terms of
super class and that of the derived class. methods; importance of dominant term;
(b) Interfaces in Java; implementing interfaces constants, best, average and worst case.
through a class; interfaces for user defined Big O notation for computational complexity;
implementation of behaviour. analysis of complexity of example algorithms
Motivation for interface: often when creating using the big O notation (e.g. Various searching
reusable classes some parts of the exact and sorting algorithms, algorithm for solution of
implementation can only be provided by the linear equations etc.).
final end user. For example, in a class that
sorts records of different types the exact PAPER II: PRACTICAL – 30 MARKS
comparison operation can only be provided This paper of three hours’ duration will be evaluated
by the end user. Since only he/she knows
by the Visiting Examiner appointed locally and
which field(s) will be used for doing the
comparison and whether sorting should be in approved by CISCE.
ascending or descending order be given by The paper shall consist of three programming
the user of the class. problems from which a candidate has to attempt any
Emphasize the difference between the Java one. The practical consists of the two parts:
language construct interface and the word 1. Planning Session
interface often used to describe the set of
method prototypes of a class. 2. Examination Session
13. Data structures The total time to be spent on the Planning session and
the Examination session is three hours.
(a) Basic data structures (stack, queue, circular A maximum of 90 minutes is permitted for the
queue, dequeue); implementation directly Planning session and 90 minutes for the Examination
through classes; definition through an session.
interface and multiple implementations by
implementing the interface. Conversion of Candidates are to be permitted to proceed to the
Infix to Prefix and Postfix notations. Examination Session only after the 90 minutes of
the Planning Session are over.
Basic algorithms and programs using the
Planning Session
above data structures.
Data structures should be defined as abstract
data types with a well-defined interface (it is

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The candidates will be required to prepare an standard scheme such as a pseudo code.
algorithm and a hand written Java program to solve
the problem. EQUIPMENT
There should be enough computers to provide for a
teaching schedule where at least three-fourths of the
Examination Session
time available is used for programming.
The program handed in at the end of the Planning
session shall be returned to the candidates. The Schools should have equipment/platforms such that
candidates will be required to key-in and execute the all the software required for practical work runs
Java program on seen and unseen inputs individually properly, i.e. it should run at acceptable speeds.
on the Computer and show execution to the Visiting
Since hardware and software evolve and change very
Examiner. A printout of the program listing including
rapidly, the schools may have to upgrade them as
output results should be attached to the answer script
containing the algorithm and handwritten program. required.
This should be returned to the examiner. The Following are the recommended specifications as of
program should be sufficiently documented so that now:
the algorithm, representation and development
process is clear from reading the program. Large The Facilities:
differences between the planned program and the • A lecture cum demonstration room with a
printout will result in loss of marks. MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR/ an LCD and
Teachers should maintain a record of all the O.H.P. attached to the computer.
assignments done as part of the practical work
through the year and give it due credit at the time of • A white board with white board markers should
cumulative evaluation at the end of the year. Students be available.
are expected to do a minimum of twenty-five • A fully equipped Computer Laboratory that
assignments for the year.
allows one computer per student.
EVALUATION: • Internet connection for accessing the World
Marks (out of a total of 30) should be distributed as Wide Web and email facility.
given below: • The computers should have a minimum of
Continuous Evaluation 1 GB RAM and a P IV or higher processor. The
Candidates will be required to submit a work file basic requirement is that it should run the
containing the practical work related to programming operating system and Java programming system
assignments done during the year. (Java compiler, Java runtime environment, Java
Programming assignments done 10 marks development environment) at acceptable speeds.
throughout the year (Internal • Good Quality printers.
Evaluation)
Programming assignments done 5 marks Software:
throughout the year (Visiting Examiner) • Any suitable Operating System can be used.
Terminal Evaluation
• JDK 6 or later.
Solution to programming problem on 15 Marks
the computer • Documentation for the JDK version being used.
• A suitable text editor. A development
Marks should be given for choice of algorithm and
environment with a debugger is preferred
implementation strategy, documentation, correct
(e.g. BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans). BlueJ is
output on known inputs mentioned in the question
recommended for its ease of use and simplicity.
paper, correct output for unknown inputs available
only to the examiner.
NOTE:
Algorithm should be expressed clearly using any

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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PRACTICAL WORK
Assessment of Assessment of the Practical Examination TOTAL MARKS
Practical File (To be evaluated by the Visiting Examiner only) (Total Marks are to
Unique be added and
Identification Internal Visiting Algorithm Java Program with Hard Output entered by the
S. No.
Number (Unique Evaluation Examiner internal Copy Visiting Examiner)
ID) of the candidate 10 Marks 5 Marks Documentation (printout)
3 Marks 7 Marks 2 Marks 3 Marks 30 Marks

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Name of the Visiting Examiner:_________________________________

Signature: _______________________________
Date:___________________________________