03-Apr-24

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(MED) – U.E.T. TAXILA
DR. M. MANSOOR ASHRAF
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DC MACHINES
The broad classification of DC machines include DC
generator and DC motor.
DC Generator is rotary DC machine which converts the
rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy.
DC Motor is rotary DC machine which converts electrical
energy into rotational mechanical energy.
There are four types of DC machines w.r.t. construction;
Shunt Machine Separately Excited Machine
Series Machine Compound Machine

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DC MOTOR
The current carrying
conductors placed in the
magnetic field experience
force.
The DC voltage is applied
by connecting a DC source.
The field may be
established either by
permanent magnets or
electromagnets.

DC MOTOR - CEMF
Counter Electromotive Force
(cemf)
Consider a DC machine
initially at rest, is supplied
by a DC source Es.
The current will flow
through all the armature
conductors.
The individual armature
conductors will be
subjected to force.

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DC MOTOR - CEMF
The force on armature
conductors will be applied
because these are placed
within magnetic field.
These forces add up to
produce a powerful torque,
causing the armature to
rotate.
As armature rotates, the
voltage Eo is induced in the
armature conductors.

DC MOTOR - CEMF
In case of motor, the
induced voltage Eo is called
Counter-Electromotive force
(cemf) because its polarity
is always acts against the
source voltage Es.
So the net/resultant acting
voltage will be equal to
(Es-Eo) volts.

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ACCELERATION OF DC MOTOR
The net voltage in the armature circuit is (Es-Eo) volts.
The resulting armature current flowing will be:

When the motor is at rest, the induced voltage is Eo=0,

and starting current will be:

The starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than

nominal full load current of the motor.

ACCELERATION OF DC MOTOR
As the speed increases, the counter-emf Eo increases,
with the result that the value of (Es-Eo) decreases. Thus
the armature current drops progressively as the speed
increases.
At no-load, the counter-emf Eo is slightly less than the
source voltage Es.
At load, there is a difference between counter-emf and
source voltage.
The speed of motor becomes constant when developed
torque is equal to load torque.

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PROBLEMS
The armature of a permanent magnet DC generator
has a resistance of 1 Ω and generates a voltage of 50
V when the speed is 500 r/min. If the armature is
connected to a source of 150 V, calculate the following:
The starting current.
The counter-emf when the motor runs at 1000 r/min
and 1460 r/min.
The armature current at 1000 r/min and 1460 r/min.
(150 A, 100 V, 146 V, 50 A, 4 A)

MECHANICAL POWER AND TORQUE

The counter-emf induced in armature is given by:

Electrical power supplied by source is given by:

Source voltage is sum of induced voltage and drop:

Putting value;

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MECHANICAL POWER AND TORQUE

The I2R term represents the loss in terms of heat
dissipated in the armature.
The mechanical power of motor is therefore exactly
equal to product of cemf and armature current.

The mechanical torque and power relationship of motor

is given in 3.5 (Chapter 3).

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MECHANICAL POWER AND TORQUE

Equating both power equations:

Thus T is the torque developed by the motor.

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SPEED OF ROTATION
When a DC motor drives a load between no-load and
full-load, the IR drop due to armature resistance is
always small compared to the supply voltage Es. This
means that counter-emf is very nearly equal to Es.

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SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Speed of rotation of armature is given by:

Speed of rotation is directly proportional to the source

voltage and inversely proportional to the magnetic flux
of the poles.
There are two well-known speed control methods:
armature speed control method and field speed control
method.

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ARMATURE SPEED CONTROL METHOD

In this method, a rheostat is
placed in series with
armature of motor.
By adjusting rheostat, Es
voltage can be varied
accordingly.

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FIELD SPEED CONTROL METHOD

In this method, speed of
motor is varied by varying
field flux with help of
rheostat connected in series
with field winding.
The flux is inversely
proportional to speed.

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LOAD BEHAVIOR OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

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PROBLEMS
A shunt motor rotating at 1500 r/min is fed by a 120 V
source. The line current is 51 A and shunt field resistance
is 120 Ω. If armature resistance is 0.1 Ω, calculate;
Armature current.
Counter emf.
Mechanical power developed by motor.
(50 A, 115 V, 5750 W (7.7 hp))

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DC SERIES MOTOR
A series motor is identical in construction to a shunt
motor except for the field.
The series field is connected in series with armature
winding.
The series field is composed of a few turns of wire
having large cross sectional area.
In series motor, the value of field flux depends upon the
armature current.
When the current is large, the flux is large and vice
versa.

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DC SERIES MOTOR

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DC SERIES MOTOR
When series motor starts up, the armature current is
higher than normal, field flux is higher.
At this time, the starting torque will also be higher than
shunt motor.
On the other hand, if the motor operates at less than
full-load, the armature current and field flux is smaller
than normal.
The weaker flux causes the speed of motor to rise as
shunt motor.

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DC SERIES MOTOR
If the load is small, the
speed may rise to
dangerously high values.
For the reason we never
permit a series to operate
at no-load.
DC series motors are mostly
used for high torque
applications.

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DC COMPOUND MOTOR
The schematic diagram of
DC compound motor is
shown in figure.
A compound DC motor
carries both series field
and shunt field.
In cumulative compound
motor, the series and shunt
fields support each other
and add up.

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DC COMPOUND MOTOR
When motor runs at no-
load, the armature current
is low and series field is
weak.
The shunt field of motor is
fully excited by exciting
current.
As the load on the motor
increases, the series field
becomes stronger.

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DC COMPOUND MOTOR
And the shunt field remains
constant.
The total field of motor thus
increases than before.
This causes the motor speed
to decrease according to
following.

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DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND MOTOR

If the series field is connected so that it opposes the
shunt field, a differential compound motor is obtained.
In such motor, the total field decreases with increasing
load, thus speed of motor rises according to following.

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LOAD BEHAVIORS OF DC MOTORS

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REVERSING DIRECTION OF ROTATION

To reverse the direction of
rotation of a DC compound
motor:
Either the armature
connections are reversed.
Or both shunt and series
field connections are
reversed.

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REVERSING DIRECTION OF ROTATION

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REVERSING DIRECTION OF ROTATION

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STARTING DC SHUNT MOTOR

If full voltage is applied to stationary shunt motor, the
starting current in the armature will be very high and
following risks are highlighted.
Burning out the armature
Damaging the commutator and brushes
Overloading of motor
All DC motors must, therefore, be provided with means
to limit the starting current to reasonable values.
The resistance is gradually reduced as the motor
accelerates and is eventually eliminated entirely at full
speed.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

The schematic diagram of manual face-plate starter is
shown below.
Bare copper contacts are connected to current limiting
resistors.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

Conducting arm 1 sweeps across the contacts when it is
pulled to the right by means of insulated handle 2.
The conducting arm 1 is at dead contact M, and motor
circuit is open.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

As handle is moved to right, the conducting arm 1 first
touches fixed contact N.
The supply voltage immediately causes the full field
current Ix to flow but armature current I is limited.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

The motor begins to turns and cemf Eo builds up which
reduces the armature current.
When the motor speed rises to some extent, the arm is
pulled to next contact and so on.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

At last contact, the arm is held at this position by a small
electromagnet 4 which is in series with shunt field.

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FACE PLATE STARTER

If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or field is
accidently cut, the electromagnet releases the arm,
allowing it to return to its dead position, under pull of
spring 3. This is safety of motor.

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REFERENCES
Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems
(5th Edition)
Theodore Wildi

Chapter 05 – DC Motors
(5.1 – 5.8, 5.10 – 5.14)

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