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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

The characteristics of good governance include “transparency, accountability,

participation, rule of law, justice, equality, and purposefulness” (UNDP, 2015). The phrase

“good governance” has become excessively used in discussions about governance due to the use

of numerous indicators, making it challenging to clearly define and attain (Vries, 2013). It is

associated with the word’s government and governance.

According to Ayson and Reyes (2000), a government is made up of organizations, teams,

and individuals that work in the fields of public works, international affairs, economic planning,

social services, and education while governance is the process through which public authority

uses its authority to carry out its duties as a service provider, upholding the rule of law,

safeguarding citizens, and guaranteeing the social and economic advancement of its citizens is

known as governance.

The “local government” as defined by Ishwor Thapa is an organization in charge of a

small region, town, city, county, or state. Only the particular area where a local government

operates is under its authority, and it cannot make or implement rules that will impact a larger

area (Thapa, 2020). The area of responsibility of a local government is smaller than the national

government and therefore, the local government can focus on programs and policies which

concern their respective area of jurisdiction.

Local government serves as the primary means to interact with the local citizens and is

directly responsible (Thapa, 2020). The local government unit (LGU) is a formal government
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organization created as under RA7610, or “Local Government Code of the Philippines” (Official

Gazette, 1991). Services including education, health, social welfare, infrastructure and public

works, environmental management, governance and response, and promotion of investment and

the economy are all required by the law. Along with producing competent and seasoned future

leaders, it also upholds the healthy development of political parties.

Moreover, governance encompasses more than just government, public administration,

and models or structures of governance. It is consistent with the notion of democracy and the

belief that citizens are essential to the operation of any successful form of government,

particularly at the local level where the government directly rules the people. Governance serves

as the main tenet for achieving local development objectives. It encourages the best practices in

public affairs management and establishes procedures and laws that enable citizens to express

their opinions, assert their rights, and take part in the development process.

Thus, the government and the public’s relationship is essential in fostering good

governance not just on the national scope but also in the local government. However, the

question is how good governance is assessed or measured?

In this study, researchers focus on the use of the “Seal of Good Local Governance for

Barangay (SGLGB)” under the “Memorandum Circular No. 2021-074” of the Department of

Interior and Local Government (DILG, 2023). According to DILG, the “Seal of Good Local

Governance for Barangay” is a recognition system that evaluates and rewards barangays that

excel in different aspects of governance. It also motivates barangays to keep improving in

providing effective, fair and high-quality public service. It emphasizes the importance of honesty

and excellence as the foundations of meaningful local independence and growth.

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The SGLGB is implemented by DILG to oversee the provision of capacity development

interventions for LGUs, facilitate institutionalization of standards, and develop performance

incentive mechanisms to promote excellence in local governance. It features “three (3) Core

Areas, namely: 1) Financial Administration and Sustainability; 2) Disaster Preparedness; and, 3)

Safety, Peace and Order; AND three Essential Areas, namely: 1) Social Protection and

Sensitivity; 2) Business-Friendliness and Competitiveness; and 3) Environmental Management. “

The Memorandum Circular No. 2021-074 otherwise known as the SGLGB is

implemented by DILG to oversee the provision of capacity development interventions for LGUs,

facilitate institutionalization of standards, and develop performance incentive mechanisms to

promote excellence in local governance (DILG, 2023). It features the three (3) Core Areas

featured in the SGLGB are: “1) Financial Administration and Sustainability; 2) Disaster

Preparedness; and, 3) Safety, Peace and Order; and three Essential Areas, namely: 1) Social

Protection and Sensitivity; 2) Business-Friendliness and Competitiveness; and 3) Environmental

Management.”

It is not easy to develop the ability for good local governance, because it requires the

participation of various groups that consist of the government itself, the business sector and the

general public (Leonard, 2007). Mutuality between these groups are required for good

governance to function; equality and respect must be sought, common goals must be established,

rights and obligations must be assigned, and cooperative mechanisms must be in place.

This study acknowledges the gap between the perspectives of the government and public

sector on the local governance. Thus, this study would also take into account the public’s

perception on the Sangguniang Barangay council whether the core and essential areas of good

local government are received, witnessed, and acknowledged at hand by the public
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Theoretical Framework

This research is grounded on the “Excellence Theory” developed by James E. Grunig.

According to this theory, promoting and maintaining good relationships requires public

participation and engagement from both the institution and the audience. This general theory of

public relations aims to explain "how public relations increases organizational effectiveness, how

it is structured and managed when it adds most to organizational effectiveness, and the

organizational and environmental conditions that lead to its increased effectiveness." It asserts

that an organization's relationship with the public determines how effective public relations is.

(Grunig, J., & Grunig, L. 2008). The theory further highlights the critical strategic role that

public relations play in organizational governance by demonstrating how an organization's

reputation is primarily a result of organizational behaviors and organization-public relationships.

This theory, if applied in a political setting is essential in helping the government achieve its goal

- gain trust from the people, encourage the participation, foster transparency, and develop open

and good communication, therefore achieving good governance.

Under this theory, Grunig also created the two-way symmetrical public relations

paradigm. In an effort to improve the interaction between the organization and the public, this

model employs interactive communication. The focal points of interactions are sincere

information exchanges, an attempt to understand different organizational publics, and helping the

public understand the organization.

The role of a public relations practitioner is to mediate and maintain connections

between the public and the organization. This concept proposes that public relations experts

assist organizational managers in making decisions by serving as advisors through relationship

management. This paradigm is a major proponent of social responsibility and places a lot of
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emphasis on ensuring that an institution or organization makes decisions that will benefit both

itself and its viewers. (Grunig, J. E., & Grunig, L. A., 2008

Grunig's symmetrical communication paradigm emphasizes mutual understanding and

negotiation between the organisation and its audience. It also highlights the need for good

communication to have consensus and come up with decisions, solutions, and actions agreeable

to both parties.

ORGANIZATION OPEN COMMUNICATION PUBLIC

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

To broaden up understanding on the topic under study, a conceptual framework provides

an illustration of its variables and key concepts as shown in Figure 2.0.

The organization that delivers services referred to in this study is the government while

the public which receives these services are the people. The government ang public relationship

is mediated through communication as supported by the Excellence Theory. There must be open

communication, mutual understanding, consensus-building, and a positive relationship between

the people and the government in order to provide services and carry out real governance

Challenges to good governance refer to the hurdles or difficulties encountered by both the

government and the public in the process of delivering services which affect the quality of

services and the overall state of good governance in a local government unit. These are dilemmas
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that arise when citizens are tasked with developing rules that uphold each person's fundamental

rights while allowing for more democratic decision-making (Vries, 2013) along the interaction

and communication process.

Lastly, good governance is the desired outcome in the interaction between the

government and the public. This study will utilize the assessment for the SGLGB based on its

established criteria. Figure 2.0 shows the Core Areas and Essential Areas of this assessment tool.

ORGANIZATION PUBLIC
COMMUNICATION
(GOVERNMENT) (PEOPLE)

CHALLENGES TO GOOD

GOVERNANCE

SEAL OF GOOD LOCAL

GOVERNANCE FOR

BARANGAY

CORE AREAS ESSENTIAL AREAS

a. Financial Administration and a. Social Protection and Sensitivity

Sustainability b. Business-Friendliness and

b. Disaster Preparedness Competitiveness

c. Safety, Peace and Order c. Environmental Management

Figure 2 Conceptual Framework

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Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to answer the following questions;

1. What barangays of Polanco being studied are “Seal of Good Local Governance” passers

and non-passers?

2. How does the SGLGB for Barangay affect the way the barangay councils identify their

vision, policy options, goals, objectives and priorities?

3. What are the challenges faced by the barangay councils that hinder the attainment of

good governance?

4. How do/can the barangay councils gain public trust and ensure good governance in their

administration?

Significance of the Study

Since good governance is the goal of every government, this study would be beneficial to

the following;

Community. Since government activities primarily take place in the community, this study

would help the community to develop and be more productive. This way, the community can

provide a safe and productive place for the people and for the government to coexist

harmoniously in the community by addressing each other's concerns.

People. The people are the main actors of the government and they are the ones who will be

assessing if their government is transparent and if they were able to communicate with the

government effectively. Through this study, they would know the measures or what questions to

ask to determine or conclude if their government is transparent. Moreover, through this research,
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they can ask themselves whether or not they have confidence and trust in their government and if

they have participated or were able to participate in government activities or programs.

Government. The government is a public institution that offers projects and programs to the

people and the ones who need to practice transparency and good communication to gain trust and

participation. Through this study, they can assess themselves if they are transparent or if

information for projects and public funding easily are accessible and available to the public. This

way, they can adjust their actions to try to fit into the principle of transparency so that people

will have confidence in themselves that they are doing their part in providing effective and

efficient services for the people.

Future Researchers. Future researchers may use this study and its results as consideration about

what constitutes good governance and how can it be measured. The findings can be utilized by

future researchers to support their claims or interpretations in their own study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research would assess the governance of five selected barangays in the municipality

of Polanco through the use of the assessment tools of the “Seal of Good Local Governance for

Barangay.” To gain perspective of the public regarding the governance and delivery of public

services of barangay councils, the researchers will also highlight the ideas and opinions of the

residents and those working on the Sangguniang Barangay or Barangay Council to have a

balanced view of both parties. The researchers are anticipating issues concerning the availability

of the sources of related studies and literature, and the willingness of the respondents to

participate in the data-gathering procedure.

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If no relevant sources are available for specific data sought by the researchers, they will

make use of the resources they have on hand and look for other data that would benefit the study

without compromising the quality of the study. In case, some individuals won’t participate in the

data collection, the researchers would have to look for another respondent who would be willing

to participate but still qualify as a research respondent of this study.

This paper does not intend to create a discrepancy of results. This study will be conducted

in coordination with the DILG of Polanco. Thus, researchers shall secure that the results of this

study with regards to the use of the SGLGB assessment tool will be validated first by the head of

DILG before this study is published.

Despite the anticipated issues, the researchers will make sure to provide quality and

accurate information to address the research questions and attain the research objectives.

Although these issues may cause delays or alterations in the research process, the researchers

will ensure to 1create a truthful, verified, and quality research conclusion.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in this research. These are defined operationally to better

explain the meaning of terms;

Government. A public institution that leads and caters to the needs and concerns of the people

through collective and transparent decision-making.

Governance: Governance is the procedure of formulating and implementing decisions for public

services, policies, or programs

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Local Government. Local government is the lower level of authority directly responsible for

ruling over the people under local jurisdiction.

Good Governance. Good governance refers to the procedure of using power to manage a

government effectively and efficiently. The use of resources for the benefit of all people and to

address issues and problems effectively.

Effectiveness. Effectiveness refers to the degree to which intended outcomes are achieved and

planned activities are carried out.

Participation. Participation refers to the change to take part in government activities and

programs. The people can be able to take part in the government process and allow themselves to

decide an action that is beneficial to them.

Trust. Trust refers to the peoples’ confidence in their government and leaders. The people

believe that the government is acting on the people’s will. It is the belief of the people that the

government is doing its part – to provide effective and efficient services and programs for the

people.

Transparency. Transparency is the quality of being transparent or the ability to be seen through.

It is associated with the people knowing what is going on in the government and having access to

information such as programs and findings.

People. The people are the main actors of the government. They would be the ones to participate

in government activities and programs. Also, they would be the ones to assess the transparency

of the government
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Good Communication. Good communication means both sides are open to suggestions. It is a

two-way process in which the government lets the people voice out and hear their opinions. In

the same manner, the people let the government voice out their offered programs and policies. It

enables both sides to come up with agreeable decisions that are favorable to everybody.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The research and literature that are relevant to the topic are presented in this chapter.

A. Concept of Government and Governance

In terms of societal control mechanisms, current political and policymaking processes,

and public problem-solving, the notions of government and governance have similar

connotations. It is considered an essential tool for guaranteeing quality management and

delivering high-quality services (Rahman,2016). People often use these words to mean the same

thing. In a simpler sense, ‘governance’ is what a ‘government’ does (UNODC, n.d.). In support

of this, Kettle (2002) characterizes government as the means by which the government carries

out its duties and defines it as the composition and operations of governmental institutions.

A government serves as an instrument for change and therefore needs to communicate to

the people in its jurisdiction to provide transparency and trust. This literature clarifies the

researchers’ confusion between the terms, government and governance. This will enable readers

and scholars to comprehend that a government’s ability to connect and communicate with its

constituents through the provision of effective and efficient policies, programs, and services

determines the level of governance that the government can give.

The study conducted by Graham et al (2002) entitled Principles for Good Governance in

the 21st Century, stated that “good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in

eradicating poverty and promoting development” especially at the local level where the

government is the most connected to the people. It can be learned that governance is not about
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government, however, it is about how governments and other social organizations interact, how

they relate to citizens, and how decisions are made in a complex world. Governance is therefore

a process whereby societies or organizations make their important decisions, determine whom

they involve in the process, and how they render account. This literature is beneficial for this

research since it discusses how decisions should be taken in the government process. Decisions

require a process of determining who is involved and who will be affected if such decisions are

adopted. Proper decision-making and coming up with the most suitable decision require

interaction and communication between the people and the government to be able to make a

consensus and come up with the most appropriate solution or action.

B. The Public and the Government

Moreover, it can be interpreted in J. Arthur Heise’s book entitled “Toward Closing the

Confidence Gap: An Alternative Approach to Communication Between Public and Government”

that the factor that affects the public's trust in an institution is how it communicates with them. If

the citizens engage in decision-making and have enough information about the decision, they

develop trust in the institution and its decision especially in the local level. With this, the key

towards achieving good governance and a high satisfaction level in the delivery of public

services does not solely rely on the people. Instead, this should be viewed as a two-way road

where the government and the people work together to achieve their common goal for the benefit

of the general.

Decision-making has always involved communication in one way or another. It is evident

true in the government process when decisions and actions the government takes directly impact
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the people involved. According to Garnett (1992), governments should interact with the public to

inform them on “policies, procedures, requirements and conditions”. "The success or failure of

government is frequently determined by communication. Governments have an imperative

responsibility to inform and educate their citizens as public servants. This is a two-way system

where both actors (government and the public) communicate with each other to have mutual

understanding and come up with a decision agreeable to both sides.

A capacity-building is a collaborative process between government and community with

each group acknowledging their roles and responsibilities in achieving good governance.

Communication between the people and the government is therefore essential. These above-

mentioned studies shed light on how important is participation and communication for capacity

building. Researchers are more enlightened with the notion that open communication breeds a

good relationship between the government and the public in achieving good governance.

C. Community Involvement in Public Service Delivery

Improving good governance makes it easier to encourage increased public involvement in

making decisions related to public administration. The development of good governance also

contributes to the promotion of increased public participation in the processes that determine

public management policies. Increased public involvement offers a beneficial chance for

different viewpoints and opinions to be expressed.. This means that the decisions made have

more credibility and are better at solving the problems faced by the community. The capacity for

sound decision-making is critical in many spheres of life, including the political, business, and

personal spheres (Canavesi and E. Minelli, 2022).

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Another work by Peter Humphreys stipulates various approaches that increase

understanding in improving the delivery of public services. The domains of public administration

that are typically covered by public services include local and central agencies, non-profit

organizations, health agencies, defense, and justice. But the question comes up of how well the

government provides high-quality public services that satisfy the public while operating

efficiently and effectively.

Public services usually cover these areas of public management: central and local

government, health authorities, education, defence, justice/home affairs, and non-profit semi-

state organizations. However, the issue of the quality of the public service that the government

delivers effectively and with high standards, which in turn, pleases the people, arises.

The paper also includes a discussion on the need for “public engagement. “It is clear that

governments are applying different strategic ways to try to involve in the improvement of public

service delivery systems with the general public through various ways. Whether the reform

approach is market-driven or more empowerment-focused, there is always a need to interact with

the people who utilize public services. For whatever purpose, through interacting with their

external clients, public bodies aim to increase the efficacy, efficiency, and, ideally, equity of the

services that they provide.

This research is related to the previous study because it highlights the significance of the

government’s role in offering public services and the necessity of public involvement to execute

the services to be given to the people. Public services can be beneficial in improving the quality

of life in a developing society. This study is examining the quality of the governance which
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involves providing public services. The researchers assume that the attainment of good

governance can be highlighted through the manner of delivering public services.

D. Impact of Good Governance

D.1 Effective Decision-Making

Ade Risna Sari’s paper entitled “The Impact of Good Governance on the Quality of

Public Management Decision-Making” elucidates that achieving good governance brings various

benefits, including increased transparency, strengthened public participation, increased

bureaucratic efficiency, improved quality of public services, encouraging economic growth,

positive impact on the quality of decision-making in public management, and creating social

peace and stability. Good governance typically prioritizes the assessment of long-term

implications and the sustainability of policies and initiatives. These decisions aim to mitigate the

adverse effects on the environment and society while striving to enhance the well-being of

present and future generations. Governments may effectively tackle pressing issues such as

climate change, environmental degradation, and the economic crisis by adhering to the principles

of good governance (Sari, 2023).

The quantitative study of Canavesi and E. Minelli (2021) entitled “Servant Leadership

and Employment Engagement” indicates that effective process of decision-making aids to help

people and organizations accomplish their goals more successfully and promote long-term

development. In public administration, accountability refers to the obligations of the elected

officials in their acts and choices. Communities feel more respected and in control when choices

are made fairly and collaboratively, and when public officials are held responsible for their
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actions. In order to best serve the goals and interests of the community, effective, efficient, and

responsible public administration works to deliver public services, manage public monies

responsibly, and enforce the law. Legislation affecting people’s lives, oversight of public funds

use, and public service delivery are within the purview of public management.

To accomplish the objectives of sustainable development and fairness among citizens,

public administration ought to be founded on previously discussed good governance principles.

With the information given above from this related study, effective decision-making procedures

and public management as a crucial tool in the process of attaining good governance. It increases

the researchers' knowledge of the factors to be considered in the pursuit of good governance for

it assists the organizations and people in achieving sustainable development and common

manageable objectives.

D.2. Transparency

The book of Al-Jurf Sala has highlighted that governments cannot engage in good

governance without upholding transparency. Transparency is adhered to when decisions are

made and implemented in a way that conforms to guidelines or frameworks. It also implies that

everyone who stands to gain from such decisions and their implementation can obtain

information readily and immediately. It guarantees that sufficient information is given in clearly

comprehensible formats as well as the media.

Enhancing transparency generally involves running government institutions based on

simple and open rules (i) that hold government officials and agencies responsible to the country’s

people and (ii) that offer members of the global community with the certainty and steadiness
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they require to operate effectively and successfully (Saladin, 1999). This shows how

transparency is crucial in the government process. People are most likely to develop trust and

participate in the government if relevant information such as policy implementation, project

proposals, expenditures, and financial transactions made by the government are available and

accessible.

Researchers press an importance on defining transparency for it has been normally

demanded by the public without concrete call to the viability of the government in exercising it.

It lost the gist of its definition and purpose. Greater transparency facilitates the application of

good governance. For this reason, this related study widens the researchers’ knowledge of what

constitutes transparency and understanding of the responsibility of drawing transparency as a

fundamental component of good governance in government institutions.

Local government is the most accessible level of government for the public and plays a

crucial role in assisting the community in taking action on sustainability-related local concerns,

according to the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. (ICLEI, 1997). The

local government has to encourage the people to participate in the government process.

However, Cuthill (2005) pointed out in his article on capacity-building that the problem with

citizen participation in local administration is that it requires different levels of authority from

those lacking it.

Similarly, the promotion of democratic values like accountability and transparency

through citizen participation in public administration has been highlighted by scholars and

practitioners as a way to work with the public (Kim and Lee, 2017) especially in the local level
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because, the local government is accountable to the people in the community since it serves them

directly (Thapa, 2020). It guarantees public involvement in the local government's governance

structure and attempts to empower the local populace (Thapa, 2020).

D.3 Public Trust and Satisfaction

In a study of University of Haifa on local government in Israeli government discovered

that performance management in the local government is associated with higher levels of citizen

satisfaction and trust, and that performance management influences citizen satisfaction and trust

in relation to the socioeconomic status of the community. The study revealed an intriguing

correlation between residents' happiness with local government and performance management,

which serves as a mediator between the two.

The quality of local services may have a greater influence on residents' trust than other

factors like the participation, representativeness, or co-production of actors in the national and

social spheres of contemporary democracies. When proper national intervention and turnaround

procedures were implemented, poor Israeli local administrations performed better. The study

recommends that research should look into other aspects that may affect how local governance,

public trust and public satisfaction are related in local authorities with medium and high

socioeconomic status. Based on a previous study, the researchers know how the local

government’s socio-economic status affects its governance quality. Thus, this study would also

consider the socio-economic status and other quantitative variables in investigating the level of

good governance of a government entity to be studied.

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E. Challenges to Good Governance

Michel de Vries’ Challenges to Good Governance also discusses the trade-offs and

dilemmas that arise when citizens are tasked with developing rules that uphold each person's

fundamental rights while allowing for more democratic decision-making. Without any

arguments, the impacts of good governance are a bit idealistic, but undeniably, these are the

things that every single person in the world would want to achieve. The challenge to good

governance is that it has become a concept that indicators are nearly impossible to attain.

Another challenge to good governance is that it relies on its resources and its capacity to

deliver the needed services to the public and therefore, is stuck on balancing interests between

making an effort to do the right thing and doing the things that are urgently needed (Vries, 2013).

In the end, good governance is the proper conduct of government. The solution to these

challenges lies in the hands of the government and the people on how they communicate

compromise and work together to overcome each step towards success. The actions taken by

politicians do not have as much of an impact on the efficiency of government as are limited to

using hollow promises to skew trust in institutions and the people. The government’s efficiency

is largely dependent on the abilities of the public sector to rebuild trust through actually

supplying the required services needed or demanded by the people. The assumed challenges are

essential in this study. They can be factors that may affect the process of governance. This

related study provided the researcher with a foundation for thinking about dilemmas.
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According to Johnston (2016), to attain good governance, the government needs to

maximize the institutions to develop programs and services for the people. The institutions are

essential in sustaining and restraining order and enable people to communicate, cooperate, and

work together in developing a society that will shape their destinies in an increasingly

interdependent world. In his study, Good Governance: Rule of Law, Transparency, and

Accountability, he also emphasized that improved governance needs an “integrated long-term

strategy” founded by cooperation between the government and citizens which involves both

participation and institutions.

Better governance can be accomplished if it is viewed as a long-term plan to bring the

state and society closer together to pursue justice and create a standard of living that enables

individuals and societies to reach their full potential, rather than as a set of specific policy goals

or an institutional "toolkit," The greatest enduring political support for the leaders who pursue

improvements to the rule of law, transparency, and accountability will come from their genuine

dedication to that long-term agenda. These improvements will also have the strongest popular

support. Thus, good governance demands an attentive consideration of the level of public

involvement or participation in the affairs of society as well as the resilience of institutions.

In connection with the theoretical framework of this study which is anchored in the

Excellence Theory, this related study poses high relevance and support to the intellectual

backbone of this research to be applied as an approach in lensing the variables under study.

Therefore, viewing this research on good governance in the case of the government and public is

vital and research-based.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research design that will be applied in this study is discussed in this chapter. The

method, research environment, respondents, instrument, validity of instrument, and data

gathering procedure, are presented respectively.

Research Method

This research is a qualitative research and an evaluative research will be utilized as a

research design for this study. The researchers will assess selected barangays in the municipality

of Polanco through adopting the Seal of Good Local Governance for Barangay, a local

government performance assessment issued by the Department of Interior and Local

Government through Memorandum Circular No. 2021-074 (DILG, 2023). The assessment tool

the DILG will be adopted in this study in determining whether a particular barangay passed as a

recipient of the SGLGB which denotes that it executes excellence in its local governance and

adherence to its governmental duties and requirements.

To further explore the local governance and the experiences and feedback of the

respondents, qualitative data in this study will be collected through in-depth interviews

anastructured questionnaire tailored by researchers. The structured interview will consist of

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open-ended questions that will enable participants to convey their opinions, experiences, and

perspectives.

Thematic analysis will be used in analysing the qualitative data from interviews. The

objective of this method is to find patterns or themes in the data. These elements will be utilized

to discuss the findings and answer the research questions (Maguire and Delahunt, 2017). A six-

phase guide by Braun & Clarke (2006) offers a helpful framework for carrying out this type of

analysis which is shown as follows:

1. Re-read the transcripts and familiarize the data

2. Generate initial codes. Coding means arranging the information in a methodical and

logical manner where the vast amount of data is reduced into smaller chunks of meaning.

3. Examine the codes and sort them according to themes that clearly fit themtogether.

4. Develop and modify the preliminary themes identified.

5. Identify the essence of the meaning of these themes.

6. Write-up analysis of data.

Research Environment

This study will particularly cover five selected barangay of the municipality of Polancoas

recommended by the head of DILG of Polanco. According to Philippine Atlas (2023), “Polanco

is a landlocked municipality in the coastal province of Zamboanga del Norte and isclassified as a

third-class municipality.” In the Philippines, municipalities are classified into different classes

based on their population and average annual income. A city of the third class is a city that has
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30,000 people or more living in it, but fewer than 65,000. Third-classis a city that has 30,000

people or more living in it, but fewer than 65,000. Third-class municipalities are those with

annual total income averages of at least 500,000 pesos but less than a million pesos.

The municipality makes up 2.3% of Zamboanga del Norte’s total area with 206.88 sq.

km. land area or 79.88 sq. m. (Philippine Atlas, 2020). As of 2020 Census, its population is

42,265. This represents 1.09% of the whole population of the Zamboanga Peninsula region or

4.04% of the entire population of Zamboanga del Norte province. The calculation for population

density based on these numbers is 529 people per square mile or 204 people per square

kilometer. Lastly, Polanco is comprised of 20 barangays.

The five selected barangays are namely: Sianib, Silawe, Guinles,Obay and Bethlehem.
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Research Respondents
Figure 1. Map of the Municipality of Polanco
The researchers will select 20 respondents from each barangay - 10 will be from the

Sangguniang Barangay and 10 from the residents of each barangay with a total of one hundred

(100) respondents overall. The 10 respondents from the Sangguniang Barangay will be

composed of the following: the elected Punong Barangay, the seven (7) SB Members and the

appointed barangay Secretary and Treasurer. Thus, no sampling method will be used for the

selection of the respondents from the Sangguniang Barangay.

The 10 respondents of which are citizens of every barangay will be selected based on the

following qualifications: (1) they must be a resident of their barangay for at least 3 years and (2)

must be a registered voter regardless of their gender or economic status in life. A list of voters

who qualifies such qualifications mentioned above will be collected with the consent of the

concerned office. The researchers use simple random sampling in selecting the respondents

given that those who are in the list qualifies the qualifications and those who are on the list are

given their assigned numbers. The researchers will then draw numbers randomly from a box or

through a computer program. The individuals assigned in these numbers will be chosen as

respondents.

Table 1.Distribution of Research Respondents

Barangay Number of Respondents

 26

Poblacion North 20

Guinles 20

Silawi 20

Sianib 20

Bethlehem 20

Total 100

Research Instrument

The researchers will use three (3) research instruments. The first instrument is adopted

from the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) called “The Seal of Good

Local Governance for Barangay.” This instrument consists of two (2) forms. The first form is a

documentary checklist which features the three core governance are namely; Financial

Administration and Sustainability, Disaster Preparedness, and Safety, Peace and Order. The

second form also features the three core governance areas featured in the first form however

unlike the first form, the second form features the three essential governance area namely; Social

Protection and Sensitivity, Business Friendliness and Competitiveness, and Environmental

Management which makes the scope of the latter larger than the former. These forms highlights

minimum requirements required by the Department of Interior and Local Government to be

 27

complied by the Sangguniang Barangay being assessed in order to recognize those barangays

who passed the assessment.

The second instrument is a structured interview guide questions and will be use for those

respondents from the Sangguniang Barangay and the third instrument is also a structured

interview guide questions which would be used for those 10 selected residents of each barangay.

These instruments contains questions regarding the governance of the local government unit

which will be answered by the respondents and will therefore be useful in collecting qualitative

data from the barangay officials and the residents of each barangay who represents the public

which accounts their experiences and perceptions in the local governance of their corresponding

barangay.

Reliability and Validity of InstrumentsT

The research instrument used in this study is adopted from the Department of Interior and

Local Government with their consent and is therefore fully verified by the Municipal SGLGB

Assessor. The structured interview guide questions will be checked by the research adviser and

the panel to ensure the reliability and validity of the instrument before it will be distributed to the

respondents. The data and information to be collected will be verified to guarantee authenticity

and reliability. The researchers will be responsible for all the information gathered throughout

the research process.

Data Gathering Procedure

Once the questionnaire has been verified, scrutinized, and assessed, the researchers will

seek the research adviser’s approval before distributing it to the target respondents.
 28

The head of DILG Polanco will be consulted by the researchers regarding the timeline of

the data gathering procedure and adjustment shall be made when deemed necessary. Before the

actual assessment, the researchers together with the research adviser shall meet with the DILG

head and the barangay captains of the five selected barangy to inform them of the schedule of

assessment. Separate sessions with the barangay officials and the public respondents shall be

conducted in which they will be interviewed using a structured guide questions tailored by the

researchers.

Table 2. Gantt Chart

Data Gathering January February March April May June

Procedures

1. Preparing

Research

Instruments and

Data Questionnaire

2.Announcement of

Assessment/ Start

of Preparation of

the Barangay

Councils

3. Conduct

Interview for
 29

Barangay Councils

and Public

Respondents

4.Tallying and

Cleaning of Data

4. Analyzing and

Interpreting the

Data with the

Statistician

5. Drafting

Research

Manuscript

Ethical Consideration

The researchers will send a letter to the respondents asking for permission and approval to

be part of the study. The responders' identities would not be published. It will not be used for

other purposes outside this research and will not be given away for intents beyond indicated

usage. Privacy and confidentiality would be maintained in keeping the responses and results.

The researcher shall adhere with ethical considerations to ensure the integrity and

authenticity of this study while gathering its data and even after the whole research process. The

researcher shall give a clear explanation or instruction on the nature, purpose,

 30

significance, process, and ethical considerations of this study so they will be aware of their

involvement, their rights, and their responsibilities. Respondents should

voluntarily participate on the basis of informed consent.

Trustworthiness of the Researcher

This study will be submitted to the panel to verify the instruments, resources, and

methods utilized by the researchers and to guarantee a high degree of accuracy, quality, and

credibility.
 31

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DDLGN/Documents/LGA-SDC%20CapEx-28-02-2011.pdf

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A Qualitative Study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 34, 413-435.

doi:doi:10.1007/s10672-021-09389-9

Department of Interior and Local Government. (2023). 2023 Seal of Good Local Governance for

Barangay Memorandum Circular No. 2023-10. Retrieved from

https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/issuances/memo_circulars/dilg-memocircular-

202381_f0d331f6e1.pdf
 32

Department of the Interior and Local Government. (n.d.). Accountable, Transparent,

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https://ncr.dilg.gov.ph/accountable-transparent-participative-and-effective-local-

governance/

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_fall03_capstone.pdf

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Publisher.

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communication between public and government. 9(2), 196-217. Retrieved from

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mmunication

Humphreys, P. C. (1998). Improving public service delivery. Institute of Public Administration.

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PublicService_Delivery.pdf

Idra, & Mithulina, C. (2016). Local Governance Mapping in Albania. Institute for Development,

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%20Governance%20Mapping%20in%20Albania.pdf
 33

Johnston. (2016). Good Governance: Rule of Law, Transparency, and Accountability.

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9831c04a5929/download

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Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. Dundalk Institute of Technology.

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Sudan. Rubkona County, Unity State and Rumbek. Retrieved from

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Philippine Atlas. (2020). Polanco Province of Zamboanga del Norte. Retrieved from

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%20Norte's%20total%20area.

Saladin, A.-J. (1999). Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems. 1(9), 193.
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Sari, D. (2023). The Impact of Good Governance on the Quality of Public Management Decision

Making. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management, 1(2), 39-46.

Sida. (2002). Good Governance. Stockholm Sweden: Swedish International Development

Cooperation Agency. Retrieved from https://www.sida.se/contentassets/51f962f6acf0489

f90fab393d807bd6d/goodgovernance_762.pdf

Thapa, I. (2020, July 12). Local Government: Concept, Roles and Importance for Contemporary

Society. Retrieved from https://tunjung.umy.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/LocalGov

ernment_ConceptRolesandImportanceforContemporarySociety.pdf

Tripathi, D. R. (2017). Good governance: origin, importance and development in India.

International Journal of Development Research, 7(11), 16968-16970. Retrieved from

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https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti-corruption/module-2/key-issues/what-is

governance.html#:~:text=Having%20the%20same%20linguistic%20root,between

%20governors%20and%20the%20governed.

Wilde, et. al. (2008). A Users’ Guide to Measuring Local Governance. United Nations

Development Programme Oslo Governance Center.

 35

Appendix A

Letter to the Adviser

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Dipolog Campus, Dipolog City
Republic of the Philippines

November 20, 2023

DR. JOBIEN S. DAYAO

Instructor
Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Dipolog City

Sir:

Salutations!

We, Shaira Mae Yecpot, Elde Jean Paglinawan, and Neserie Mira, would like to respectfully
request your appointment as our research adviser. We firmly believe believe that your
proficiency in the subject of research will be extremely beneficial to us as we complete our
undergraduate thesis entitled, “Unveiling Good Governance: A Study Utilizing the Seal of
Good Local Governance for Barangay in Selected Barangays of Polanco”.
Thank you so much for your time and consideration.

Sincerely yours,

SHAIRA MAE YECPOT ELDE JEAN PAGLINAWAN NESERIE MIRA

Researcher 1 Researcher 2 Researcher 3

Approved:

DR. JOBIEN S. DAYAO

Adviser
 36

Appendix B
Letter to the Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte

Date: ___________
Dear Respondents,

PHILOSOPHY
We would like to invite you to participate in a survey that aims
Jose Rizal
to gather valuable insights regarding the capacity, experiences,
Memorial State
University adheres to the and governance of the barangay councils through interviewing
principles of dynamism its barangay officials and residents.
and cultural diversity in
building a just and humane
society. Participation in the survey is entirely voluntary. The responses
and findings will be handled with the utmost confidentially and
used solely for study. We sincerely hope that you will assist us
MISSION
fully and cooperate with us on this.
Jose Rizal
Memorial State
University pledges itself to Shaira Mae Yecpot ______________
deliver effective and Elde Jean Paglinawan ______________
efficient services along
Neserie Mira ______________
instruction, research,
extension, and production.
Noted by:
It commits itself to
provide quality
professional, technical and JOBIEN S. DAYAO, Ph.D.
technological training with
Adviser
the aim of producing
skilled, self-renewed and
globally competitive
individuals.

VISION

A dynamic and
diverse internationally
recognized university.
 37

Appendix C

Letter to the Municipal Local Government Operations Officer of Polanco

 38

Appendix D

Assessment Forms and Interview Questionnaire

Note: Assessment Forms are saved in an Excel format.

 39

Interview Questions for Barangay Officials

THESIS TITLE: “UNVEILING GOOD GOVERNANCE: A STUDY UTILIZING THE SEAL

OF GOOD LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN SELECTED BARANGAYS OF POLANCO”

Name (optional) : ________________________________________________

Years of Residency: ________________

How does the SGLGB for Barangay affect the way the barangay councils identify their

vision, policy options, goals, objectives and priorities?

3. What are the challenges faced by the barangay councils that hinder the attainment of good

governance?

4. How do/can the barangay councils gain public trust and ensure good governance in their

administration?

1. How do you define good governance?

2. Are you aware of the DILG’s program, “Seal of Good Local Governance for Barangay?”

3. How does the Seal of Good Local Governance for Barangay affect the way the barangay

councils identify their vision, policy options, goals, objectives and priorities?

4. What is your view on your barangay council’s performance based on the criteria of

SGLGB as follows:
 40

a. Financial Administration and Sustainability;

b. Disaster Preparedness;

c. Safety, Peace and Order;

d. Social Protection and Sensitivity;

e. Business-Friendliness and Competitiveness; and

f. Environmental Management (DILG, 2023)?

5. What is the major problem or issue in your barangay and how do you address it?

6. What are the challenges that your barangay council experienced that hindered your pursuit of

good governance?

7. In what specific ways do you ensure that good governance is attained in your barangay

council? Do you have concrete solutions, programs, or activities for it?

8. How does your barangay council address the needs or demands of the citizens?

9. Do you believe that public trust and good governance are present in your barangay? Why or

why not?

10. What are your comments or suggestions to improve your local governance?
 41

Interview Questions for Public Respondents

THESIS TITLE: “UNVEILING GOOD GOVERNANCE: A STUDY UTILIZING THE SEAL

OF GOOD LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN SELECTED BARANGAYS OF POLANCO”

Name (optional) : ________________________________________________

Years of Residency: ________________

1. How do you define good governance?

2. Are you aware of the DILG’s program, “Seal of Good Local Governance for Barangay?”

(Introduce briefly if, the respondent is not aware)

3. What is your view of this assessment and recognition system of the Department of Interior and

Local Government?

4. What is your view on your barangay council’s performance based on the criteria of the

SGLGB as follows:

a. Financial Administration and Sustainability;

 42

b. Disaster Preparedness;

c. Safety, Peace and Order;

d. Social Protection and Sensitivity;

e. Business-Friendliness and Competitiveness; and

f. Environmental Management (DILG, 2023)?

5. What is the major problem or issue in your barangay and how does your barangay council

address it? What are the actions you have rendered to address them?

6. What do you think are the challenges that your barangay council has experienced that hindered

its pursuit of good governance?

7. What specific ways taken by your barangay council have you observed that aim to ensure that

good governance is attained in your barangay council? Does your barangay council have

concrete solutions, programs, or activities for it?

8. As a barangay resident, how do you communicate your needs or demands to the barangay

council?

9. Do you believe that public trust and good governance are present in your barangay? Why or

why not?

10. What are any suggestions you have to improve the governance of your barangay council?
 43

JRMSU DIP CAS-006

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte
[email protected]
065-212-2124

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Core Values
April 8, 2024
 Humane Trust
 Innovative Excellence
 Transformational
Communication DAYLINDA LUZ R. LAPUT, Ph. D
Vision
Professor VI
A dynamic and diverse internationally
recognized university
A dynamic, inclusive, and regionally- We hope this message finds you well. We are third-year political
diverse University in Southern Philippines
science student from Jose Rizal Memorial State University-
Mission Dipolog Campus. Currently, we are conducting research entitled
Jose Rizal Memorial State University “Unveiling Good Governance: A Study Utilizing the Seal of
pledges to deliver effective and efficient Good Local Governance for Barangay in Selected Barangay of
services along research, instruction,
production and extension. Polanco”
It commits to provide advanced
professional, technical and As part of this study, we have developed a questionnaire to gather
technopreneurial training with the aim of
producing highly competent, innovative valuable insights regarding the Seal of Good Local Governance for
and self-renewed individuals. Barangay. Given the significance of your expertise in this field, we
humbly request your permission to validate the self-made
Goals
G - lobally competitive educational questionnaire. Your suggestions and recommendations are highly
institution valued as they will significantly refine the study's methodology and
R - esilient to internal and external risks
and hazards enhance its credibility.
I – nnovative processes and solutions in
research translated to extension
engagement Your expertise and insights would be invaluable in ensuring the
P - artnerships and collaboration with validity and reliability of the questionnaire, thereby strengthening
private enterprise, other HEIs,
government agencies, and alumni

S - ound Financial Management and

Participatory Governance
 44

the overall quality of the research findings. We hope your input

will help address any potential shortcomings and improve the
effectiveness of the study.
JRMSU DIP CAS-006
Thank you in advance for considering our request.
Quality Policy Statement

Respectfully yours,

Shaira Mae D. Yecpot

Elde Jean N. Paglinawan
Neserie E. Mira

Noted by:

Dr. Jobien S. Dayao

Adviser
Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte
[email protected]
065-212-2124

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Core Values CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

 Humane Trust
 Innovative Excellence
 Transformational
Communication
Vision
This is to certify that the study entitled “Unveiling Good
A dynamic and diverse internationally Governance: A Study Utilizing the Seal of Good Local Governance
recognized university
A dynamic, inclusive, and regionally- for Barangay in Selected Barangay of Polanco” was validated by
diverse University in Southern Philippines
the undersigned as to its content and technicality.
Mission

Jose Rizal Memorial State University The review was limited to editing for the validity and
pledges to deliver effective and efficient
services along research, instruction, reliability of the rubric.
production and extension.

It commits to provide advanced

professional, technical and
technopreneurial training with the aim of Validated by:
producing highly competent, innovative
and self-renewed individuals.

Goals
_____________________________
Professor
G - lobally competitive educational
institution
R - esilient to internal and external risks
and hazards
I – nnovative processes and solutions in
research translated to extension
engagement

P - artnerships and collaboration with

private enterprise, other HEIs,
government agencies, and alumni

S - ound Financial Management and

 45

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte
[email protected] JRMSU DIP CAS-006
065-212-2124

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Core Values CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

 Humane Trust
 Innovative Excellence
 Transformational
Communication
Vision
This is to certify that the study entitled “Unveiling Good
A dynamic and diverse internationally Governance: A Study Utilizing the Seal of Good Local Governance
recognized university
A dynamic, inclusive, and regionally- for Barangay in Selected Barangay of Polanco” was validated by
diverse University in Southern Philippines
the undersigned as to its content and technicality.
Mission

Jose Rizal Memorial State University The review was limited to editing for the validity and
pledges to deliver effective and efficient
services along research, instruction, reliability of the rubric.
production and extension.

It commits to provide advanced

professional, technical and
technopreneurial training with the aim of Validated by:
producing highly competent, innovative
and self-renewed individuals.

Goals
_____________________________
Professor
G - lobally competitive educational
institution
R - esilient to internal and external risks
and hazards
I – nnovative processes and solutions in
research translated to extension
engagement

P - artnerships and collaboration with

private enterprise, other HEIs,
government agencies, and alumni

S - ound Financial Management and

Participatory Governance

Quality Policy Statement

Jose Rizal Memorial State

University, a believer of holistic human
development, excellence, and quality
service, provides quality training and
development to students. It shall commit to
provide adequate, suitable, and relevant
resources and services with continuing
quality management system for clients and
customers’ satisfaction thru an efficient and
effective quality system which conforms
with national and international statutory and
regulatory requirements.
 46

Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY JRMSU DIP CAS-006
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Turno, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte
[email protected]
065-212-2124

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Core Values CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

 Humane Trust
 Innovative Excellence
 Transformational
Communication
Vision
This is to certify that the study entitled “Unveiling Good
A dynamic and diverse internationally Governance: A Study Utilizing the Seal of Good Local Governance
recognized university
A dynamic, inclusive, and regionally- for Barangay in Selected Barangay of Polanco” was validated by
diverse University in Southern Philippines
the undersigned as to its content and technicality.
Mission

Jose Rizal Memorial State University The review was limited to editing for the validity and
pledges to deliver effective and efficient
services along research, instruction, reliability of the rubric.
production and extension.

It commits to provide advanced

professional, technical and
technopreneurial training with the aim of Validated by:
producing highly competent, innovative
and self-renewed individuals.

Goals
_____________________________
Professor
G - lobally competitive educational
institution
R - esilient to internal and external risks
and hazards
I – nnovative processes and solutions in
research translated to extension
engagement

P - artnerships and collaboration with

private enterprise, other HEIs,
government agencies, and alumni

S - ound Financial Management and

Participatory Governance

Quality Policy Statement

Jose Rizal Memorial State

University, a believer of holistic human
development, excellence, and quality
service, provides quality training and
development to students. It shall commit to
provide adequate, suitable, and relevant
resources and services with continuing
quality management system for clients and
customers’ satisfaction thru an efficient and
effective quality system which conforms
with national and international statutory and
regulatory requirements.
 47

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Shaira Mae D. Yecpot

Nickname : Shaira

Birth Date : September 16, 2003

Birth Place : Dipolog City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Address : Quezon Avenue St., Barra, Dipolog City

Father’s Name : Felix G. Yecpot Jr.

Mother’s Name : Elyn C. Dael

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Level School Attended Year Completed

Elementary : Barra Elementary School 2014-2015

Junior High School : Dipolog City National High School 2018 – 2019

Senior High School : Dipolog City National High School (Barra) 2020 - 2021

College : JRMSU – Dipolog 2021 – present

 48

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Elde Jean N. Paglinawan

Nickname : Elde

Birth Date : January 19, 2002

Birth Place : Gatas, Kalawit ZN

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Christian

Address : Padre Ramon St. Ext. Estaka Dipolog City

Father’s Name : Romesio B. Paglinawan

Mother’s Name : Rostillada N. Paglinawan

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Level School Attended Year Completed

Elementary : Estaka Central School 2014-2015

Junior High School : Dipolog City National High School (Barra) 2018-2019

Senior High School : Zamboanga del Norte National High School 2020 - 2021

College : JRMSU – Dipolog 2021 – present

 49

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Neserie E. Mira

Nickname : Nes

Birth Date : December 11, 2002

Birth Place : Dipolog City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Address : Minaog, Dipolog City

Father’s Name : Romarico A. Mira

Mother’s Name : Teresita E. Mira

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Level : School Attended Year Completed

Elementary : Sto. Nino Elementary School 2014-2015

Junior High School : Dipolog City National High School (Barra) 2018-2019

Senior High School : Dipolog City National High School (Barra) 2020 - 2021

College : JRMSU – Dipolog 2021 – present