Discrete Mathematics

and its Applications

Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Logic

(Introduction)
‘‘The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and
become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in
mathematical language... without which means it is humanly
impossible to comprehend a single word"
Logic is the bridge netween the language the universe is written in and
mathematics.
In this lecture we shall learn the basic entities of logic:

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Logic

(Introduction)
‘‘The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and
become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in
mathematical language... without which means it is humanly
impossible to comprehend a single word"
Logic is the bridge netween the language the universe is written in and
mathematics.
In this lecture we shall learn the basic entities of logic:
1 Propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Logic

(Introduction)
‘‘The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and
become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in
mathematical language... without which means it is humanly
impossible to comprehend a single word"
Logic is the bridge netween the language the universe is written in and
mathematics.
In this lecture we shall learn the basic entities of logic:
1 Propositions
2 Boolean Variables

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Logic

(Introduction)
‘‘The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and
become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in
mathematical language... without which means it is humanly
impossible to comprehend a single word"
Logic is the bridge netween the language the universe is written in and
mathematics.
In this lecture we shall learn the basic entities of logic:
1 Propositions
2 Boolean Variables
3 Logical (boolean) opertaors.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Logic

(Introduction)
‘‘The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and
become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in
mathematical language... without which means it is humanly
impossible to comprehend a single word"
Logic is the bridge netween the language the universe is written in and
mathematics.
In this lecture we shall learn the basic entities of logic:
1 Propositions
2 Boolean Variables
3 Logical (boolean) opertaors.
4 Truth tables.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 1 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday
2 It is raining today.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday
2 It is raining today.
3 if n is an integer then (2n + 1)2 mod 8 = 1.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday
2 It is raining today.
3 if n is an integer then (2n + 1)2 mod 8 = 1.
4 if n is an odd prime number then 2n−1 mod n = 1

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday
2 It is raining today.
3 if n is an integer then (2n + 1)2 mod 8 = 1.
4 if n is an odd prime number then 2n−1 mod n = 1
5 There are no positive integers x, y, z satisfying the equality
x 5 + y 5 = z5

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Propositions

Definition
A Proposition is a statement of a fact which is either true or false but
not both.

Example
1 Today is Saturday
2 It is raining today.
3 if n is an integer then (2n + 1)2 mod 8 = 1.
4 if n is an odd prime number then 2n−1 mod n = 1
5 There are no positive integers x, y, z satisfying the equality
x 5 + y 5 = z5
6 There are infinitely many prime numbers q such that q = 4p + 1
where p is prime.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 2 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2
4 Hoang lives in Hanoi. He owns a xe may. Hoang fixes all xe mays
in Hanoi belonging to people that do not fix their own xe may.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2
4 Hoang lives in Hanoi. He owns a xe may. Hoang fixes all xe mays
in Hanoi belonging to people that do not fix their own xe may.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2
4 Hoang lives in Hanoi. He owns a xe may. Hoang fixes all xe mays
in Hanoi belonging to people that do not fix their own xe may.

1 and 2 are not propositions as they do not state a fact.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2
4 Hoang lives in Hanoi. He owns a xe may. Hoang fixes all xe mays
in Hanoi belonging to people that do not fix their own xe may.

1 and 2 are not propositions as they do not state a fact.

3 can be both true and false, depending on the values of a, b, c

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Non-propositions
Here are some examples of sentences which are not propositions.
Example
1 Do not drive over the speed limit.
2 Do not use your cell phone while driving.
3 a2 + b 2 = c 2
4 Hoang lives in Hanoi. He owns a xe may. Hoang fixes all xe mays
in Hanoi belonging to people that do not fix their own xe may.

1 and 2 are not propositions as they do not state a fact.

3 can be both true and false, depending on the values of a, b, c
4 is a bit more intricate. Hoang cannot fix his own xe may since he
fixes only those belonging to people that do not fix their own xe
may but if he does not fix his own xe may then he is fixing it.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 3 / 16

Logic operation

Logic operations and compound propositions were introduced by the

English mathematician George Boole in 1848. This lay the foundation
of developing the digital computer 100 years later.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 4 / 16

Logic operation

Logic operations and compound propositions were introduced by the

English mathematician George Boole in 1848. This lay the foundation
of developing the digital computer 100 years later.

We shall denote propositions by letters: p, q, r , s, . . ..

Definition
A Boolean Variable is a variable whose domain is propositions and
range just two values, commonly denoted by TRUE, FALSE.
Sometimes we also use {1, 2}.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 4 / 16

Logic operation

Logic operations and compound propositions were introduced by the

English mathematician George Boole in 1848. This lay the foundation
of developing the digital computer 100 years later.

We shall denote propositions by letters: p, q, r , s, . . ..

Definition
A Boolean Variable is a variable whose domain is propositions and
range just two values, commonly denoted by TRUE, FALSE.
Sometimes we also use {1, 2}.

Comment
Almost all programming languages include boolean variables.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 4 / 16

Logic operations

Question
What can be done with a single boolean variable that has only two
values?

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 5 / 16

Logic operations

Question
What can be done with a single boolean variable that has only two
values?

Answer
Not much more than a light switch, it can be off or on. But combining
an array of boolean variables, like 32 in common processors yields 232
different patterns, That is more than 4, 000, 000, 000 patterns!

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 5 / 16

Logic operations

Question
What can be done with a single boolean variable that has only two
values?

Answer
Not much more than a light switch, it can be off or on. But combining
an array of boolean variables, like 32 in common processors yields 232
different patterns, That is more than 4, 000, 000, 000 patterns!

Combining boolean variable is done with logic or boolean operators.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 5 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

Discussion
Each proposition is composed of one or more propositions connected
by key words:

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

Discussion
Each proposition is composed of one or more propositions connected
by key words:
1 not: number 1 has one proposition.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

Discussion
Each proposition is composed of one or more propositions connected
by key words:
1 not: number 1 has one proposition.
2 and: number 2 has two propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

Discussion
Each proposition is composed of one or more propositions connected
by key words:
1 not: number 1 has one proposition.
2 and: number 2 has two propositions
3 or: number 4 has 3 propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

Example (Compound Propositions)
1 Phuong’s PC does not run UNIX.
2 The speed limit in Hanoi for xe may is 40 km/hour and for trucks
30 km/hour.
3 If n is prime then if a < n then an−1 mod n = 1
4 if n is prime or n = p k , p prime then there is a finite field of order
n.

Discussion
Each proposition is composed of one or more propositions connected
by key words:
1 not: number 1 has one proposition.
2 and: number 2 has two propositions
3 or: number 4 has 3 propositions
4 if then number 3 has 3 propositions.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 6 / 16

1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

 1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

Truth tables are used to describe these and also the truth values of
compound propositions.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

 1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

Truth tables are used to describe these and also the truth values of
compound propositions.

1 All these operators can be physically implemented electronically.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

 1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

Truth tables are used to describe these and also the truth values of
compound propositions.

1 All these operators can be physically implemented electronically.

2 These are the building blocks of micro-processors and many other
systems.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

 1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

Truth tables are used to describe these and also the truth values of
compound propositions.

1 All these operators can be physically implemented electronically.

2 These are the building blocks of micro-processors and many other
systems.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16

 1 not is a unary operator, ¬p inverts the truth value of p.
2 and is a binary operator, p ∧ q is true only when both p and q are
true.
3 or is a binary operator, p ∨ q is false only when both are false.
4 implies (if then) is a binary operator p → q is false only when p is
true and q is false.

Truth tables are used to describe these and also the truth values of
compound propositions.

1 All these operators can be physically implemented electronically.

2 These are the building blocks of micro-processors and many other
systems.
There are other binary operators. Truth tables will help us understand
how to construct them.
() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 7 / 16
Truth Tables

Truth table for the unary operator not:

p ¬p
T F
F T

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 8 / 16

Truth Tables

Truth table for the unary operator not:

p ¬p
T F
F T

Truth tables for the binary operators ∧ ∨ →:

p q p∧q p∨q p→q

T T T T T
F T F T T
T F F T F
F F F F T

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 8 / 16

Evaluating compound propositions with truth tables

Example
We wish to build the truth table for the compound proposition:
(p → q) ∧ (¬p → q)

p q p→q ¬p → q (p → q) ∧ (¬p → q)
T T T T T
F T T T T
T F F T F
F F T F F

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 9 / 16

Question

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.
3 xor (exclusive or) p ⊕ q is true only when they are different (one is
true and the other is false).

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16

Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.
3 xor (exclusive or) p ⊕ q is true only when they are different (one is
true and the other is false).
4 implies p → q is false only when p = true and q = false.
() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16
Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.
3 xor (exclusive or) p ⊕ q is true only when they are different (one is
true and the other is false).
4 implies p → q is false only when p = true and q = false.
5 Biconditional
() p ↔ Discrete
q is true only ifitsboth
Mathematicsand are equal.
Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16
Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.
3 xor (exclusive or) p ⊕ q is true only when they are different (one is
true and the other is false).
4 implies p → q is false only when p = true and q = false.
5 Biconditional
() p ↔ Discrete
q is true only ifitsboth
Mathematicsand are equal.
Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16
Question
1 How many possible binary operators are there?
2 How many non-trivial binary operators are there?
3 How many rows will be needed in the truth table of a compound
proposition with 5 different boolean variables?

Comment
Here is a list of commonly used binary operators, their names and
description:
1 nor, the reverse of or, p ↓ q is true only when both p and q are
false.
2 nand, the reverse of and. p | q is false only when both p and q are
true.
3 xor (exclusive or) p ⊕ q is true only when they are different (one is
true and the other is false).
4 implies p → q is false only when p = true and q = false.
5 Biconditional
() p ↔ Discrete
q is true only ifitsboth
Mathematicsand are equal.
Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 10 / 16
Logic calculations

Applying multiple logic operations is similar to using arithmetic

operations. We need precedence rules. To understand why consider
the expressions p ∨ q ∧ s.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 11 / 16

Logic calculations

Applying multiple logic operations is similar to using arithmetic

operations. We need precedence rules. To understand why consider
the expressions p ∨ q ∧ s.
Now suppose both p and q are true and s is false. The truth value of
this expression will be true if we first evaluate p ∧ s. But if we first
calculate p ∨ q the result is false. So we need precedences. Here they
are:

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 11 / 16

Logic calculations

Applying multiple logic operations is similar to using arithmetic

operations. We need precedence rules. To understand why consider
the expressions p ∨ q ∧ s.
Now suppose both p and q are true and s is false. The truth value of
this expression will be true if we first evaluate p ∧ s. But if we first
calculate p ∨ q the result is false. So we need precedences. Here they
are:

Operator Precedence
¬ 1
∧ 2
∨ 3
→ 4

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 11 / 16

Logic Computations Rules

Equivalence Name
p ∨ F ≡ p; p ∧ T ≡ p Identity
p ∨ T ≡ T; p ∧ F ≡ F Domination
p ∨ p ≡ p; p ∧ p ≡ p Idempotent
p ∨ q ≡ q ∨ p; p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p commutative
p ∨ (q ∨ r ) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∨ r
p ∧ (q ∧ r ) ≡ (p ∧ (q ∧ r ) Associative
p ∨ (q ∧ r ) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r )
p ∧ (q ∨ r ) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r Distributive
¬(p ∧ q) ≡ ¬p ∨ ¬q
¬(p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q De Morgan
Bảng: Basic computation laws

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 12 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions
3 logical operators

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions
3 logical operators
4 truth tables

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions
3 logical operators
4 truth tables
5 computation rules

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions
3 logical operators
4 truth tables
5 computation rules
6 we learned how to use truth tables to evaluate compound
propositions

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

summary

In this lecture we studied:

1 propositions
2 compound propositions
3 logical operators
4 truth tables
5 computation rules
6 we learned how to use truth tables to evaluate compound
propositions
7 we conclude with two entertaining puzzles.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 13 / 16

A simple puzzle

Trung, Hóa and Tuán had the same Pho for lunch at the same
restaurant. They asked Hà to guess what they ate and where. To
challenge Há they decided that each will tell Há two facts and at least
one of the fcat will be true..

Trung: We ate Pho bò tái at Pho-24

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 14 / 16

A simple puzzle

Trung, Hóa and Tuán had the same Pho for lunch at the same
restaurant. They asked Hà to guess what they ate and where. To
challenge Há they decided that each will tell Há two facts and at least
one of the fcat will be true..

Trung: We ate Pho bò tái at Pho-24

Hóa: We ate Pho gà at Quàn ăn Ngon.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 14 / 16

A simple puzzle

Trung, Hóa and Tuán had the same Pho for lunch at the same
restaurant. They asked Hà to guess what they ate and where. To
challenge Há they decided that each will tell Há two facts and at least
one of the fcat will be true..

Trung: We ate Pho bò tái at Pho-24

Hóa: We ate Pho gà at Quàn ăn Ngon.
Tuán: We ate at Cha Cá but definitely not Pho bò tái

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 14 / 16

A simple puzzle

Trung, Hóa and Tuán had the same Pho for lunch at the same
restaurant. They asked Hà to guess what they ate and where. To
challenge Há they decided that each will tell Há two facts and at least
one of the fcat will be true..

Trung: We ate Pho bò tái at Pho-24

Hóa: We ate Pho gà at Quàn ăn Ngon.
Tuán: We ate at Cha Cá but definitely not Pho bò tái

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 14 / 16

A simple puzzle

Trung, Hóa and Tuán had the same Pho for lunch at the same
restaurant. They asked Hà to guess what they ate and where. To
challenge Há they decided that each will tell Há two facts and at least
one of the fcat will be true..

Trung: We ate Pho bò tái at Pho-24

Hóa: We ate Pho gà at Quàn ăn Ngon.
Tuán: We ate at Cha Cá but definitely not Pho bò tái
What did they eat and where?

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 14 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon
e: they ate at Cha Cá

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon
e: they ate at Cha Cá

The compound proposition describing their three claims is:

(a ∨ b) ∧ (c ∨ d) ∧ (¬a ∨ e) = true which when expanded yields:
(a ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨
(b ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ e) = true.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon
e: they ate at Cha Cá

The compound proposition describing their three claims is:

(a ∨ b) ∧ (c ∨ d) ∧ (¬a ∨ e) = true which when expanded yields:
(a ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨
(b ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ e) = true.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon
e: they ate at Cha Cá

The compound proposition describing their three claims is:

(a ∨ b) ∧ (c ∨ d) ∧ (¬a ∨ e) = true which when expanded yields:
(a ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨
(b ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ e) = true.
Among the eight triples there must be at least one which is true. For
instance, (b ∧ c ∧ e) would mean that they ate at two different
restaurants which is false.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16

To solve this puzzle we introduce five propositions:
a: they ate Pho bò tái
b: they ate at Pho-24
c: they ate Pho gà
d: they ate at Quàn ăn Ngon
e: they ate at Cha Cá

The compound proposition describing their three claims is:

(a ∨ b) ∧ (c ∨ d) ∧ (¬a ∨ e) = true which when expanded yields:
(a ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (a ∧ d ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ c ∧ ¬a) ∨
(b ∧ c ∧ e) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ ¬a) ∨ (b ∧ d ∧ e) = true.
Among the eight triples there must be at least one which is true. For
instance, (b ∧ c ∧ e) would mean that they ate at two different
restaurants which is false.
The only triple which is true is (b ∧ c ∧ ¬a) which says that they ate
Pho gà at Pho-24.
() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 15 / 16
A classic logic puzzle

A logician is lost in a jungle in Africa. This jungle has two tribes of

cannibals. One tribe always answer every question truthfully while the
other tribe always lies.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 16 / 16

A classic logic puzzle

A logician is lost in a jungle in Africa. This jungle has two tribes of

cannibals. One tribe always answer every question truthfully while the
other tribe always lies.

The logician meets a cannibal in the jungle. The cannibal grants our
logician his final wish: to ask him one question. If as a result of the
answer the logician can determine to which tribe the cannibal belongs
his life will be spared.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 16 / 16

A classic logic puzzle

A logician is lost in a jungle in Africa. This jungle has two tribes of

cannibals. One tribe always answer every question truthfully while the
other tribe always lies.

The logician meets a cannibal in the jungle. The cannibal grants our
logician his final wish: to ask him one question. If as a result of the
answer the logician can determine to which tribe the cannibal belongs
his life will be spared.

Design a question that will guarantee to save the logician’s life.

() Discrete Mathematicsand its Applications Ngày 12 tháng 9 năm 2011 16 / 16