 Object and Class

 C# Object
 In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavior. Here, state means
data and behavior means functionality.
 Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime.
 Object is an instance of a class. All the members of the class can be accessed
through object.
 Let's see an example to create object using new keyword.
 Student s1 = new Student();//creating an object of Student
 In this example, Student is the type and s1 is the reference variable that refers to
the instance of Student class. The new keyword allocates memory at runtime.

 C# Class
 class is a group of similar objects. It is a template from which objects are created.
It can have fields, methods, constructors etc.
 Let's see an example of C# class that has two fields only.

Ex: public class Student

{
int id;
String name;
}

public class Student

{
int id;
String name;
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Student s1 = new Student();
s1.id = 101;
s1.name = "Sonoo Jaiswal";
Console.WriteLine(s1.id);
Console.WriteLine(s1.name);
}
}
  Namespace

 Namespaces are used to organize the classes.

 It helps to control the scope of methods and classes in larger .
Net programming projects.
 A namespace is a section of code that is identified with a specific
name.
Defining
namespace Namespace-Name
{
//Body of namespace
}
For example:
namespace MyNamespace
{
class MyClass
{
public void MyMethod()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Creating my namespace");
}
}
}
Accessing Members
The members of a namespace can be accessed using the dot(.) operator. The syntax for
accessing the member of namespace is,
 Namespace-Name.Member-Name

 global namespace is the root namespace. The global::System
will always refer to the namespace "System" of . Net Framework
using System;
using First;
using Second;

namespace First
{
public class Hello
{
public void sayHello() { Console.WriteLine("Hello Namespace"); }
}
}
namespace Second
{
public class Welcome
{
public void sayWelcome() { Console.WriteLine("Welcome Namespace"); }
}
}
public class Test Namespace
{
public static void Main()
{
Hello h1 = new Hello();
Welcome w1 = new Welcome();
h1.sayHello();
w1.sayWelcome();
}
}

Output: Hello Namespace

Welcome Namespace
 Assembly

 It is a collection of code files that are compiled into an executable or

a Dynamic Link Library (DLL).
 An Assembly is a basic building block of .Net Framework applications
 A .NET program may contain one or more assemblies.
 An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler upon
successful compilation of every .NET application.
 Assembly files are the result of the C# compiler reading in human
readable C# source files
 .NET assemblies are files which have either a .exe or a .dll extension.
 The first type is a file that is executable, like we just saw above.
 Dll files are a little bit different. A dll file means it is what is known as a
dynamic link library.
 Dll files are not executed like an exe file, but they can be loaded by
other programs and run the code contained in them.
 The .NET assemblies are part of the Global Assembly Cache on a
Windows computer.
 The assemblies stored in the GAC can be used by any .NET applications
running on the computer.
 GAC:
 GAC stands for Global Assembly Cache. - It is an area of
memory reserved to store the assemblies of all . NET
applications that are running on a certain machine.

 TYPES

 Private Assemblies:

 An Assembly that is solely used by one application is referred to as a Private

Assembly.

 It is typically found in the directory for the application or a subdirectory of the

directory for the programme.
 Private Assemblies are not intended to be shared with other applications. They
are used to store application-specific code and resources.

 Shared Assemblies:

 An assembly that is used by several programmes is referred to as a shared

assembly.

 It is typically found in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC) or a common directory.

 Multiple applications are supposed to share a shared assembly.

 They are used to store resources and code that are shared by various
applications.

 Shared Assemblies are created using the strong name tool (sn.exe).

 Satellite Assemblies:

 An assembly used to store regional resources is referred to as a Satellite

Assembly.

 It is typically found in a subdirectory of the directory for the application or a

subdirectory of the directory for the Shared Assembly.

 Localized resources like strings, pictures, and audio files are kept in satellite
assemblies.

 Satellite Assemblies are created using the resgen.exe tool.

 The resgen.exe tool is used to create a resource file (.resx) from a text file.

 Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs):

 A Dynamic Link Library (DLL) is a type of assembly that contains code that can
be used by multiple applications.
 DLLs are created with the intention of being used by numerous
applications. DLLs, however, differ from shared assemblies in that they do not
have a distinctive name.

 DLLs are kept in the directory of the application or a subdirectory of the directory
of the application.

 They can be used by multiple applications by simply copying the DLL to the
application's directory.

 DLLs are created using the same tools that are used to create shared assemblies.

 However, DLLs do not require a strong name. They can be signed with a digital
signature, but this is optional.

 Web Server
 Web server is a computer where the web content is stored.
 web server is used to host the web sites but there exists other web servers also such as
gaming, storage, FTP, email etc.
 Web site is collection of web pages whileweb server is a software that respond to the request
for web resources.

 Web Server Working

 Web server respond to the client request in either of the following two ways:
 Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
 Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with database
 When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the requested page if
requested page is found then it will send it to client with an HTTP response.
 If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP
response:Error 404 Not found.
 If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will contact to the
application server and data store to construct the HTTP response.

 Architecture
 Web Server Architecture follows the following two approaches:
1. Concurrent Approach
 Concurrent approach allows the web server to handle multiple client requests at the same
time. It can be achieved by following methods:
 Multi-processing
 In this a single process (parent process) initiates several single-threaded child processes
and distribute incoming requests to these child processes. Each of the child processes are
responsible for handling single request.
 It is the responsibility of parent process to monitor the load and decide if processes
should be killed or forked.
 Multi-threaded
 it creates multiple single-threaded process.
 Hybrid
 It is combination of above two approaches.

 Web Based Application

 A web application is application software that is accessed
using a web browser.
 Web applications are delivered on the World Wide Web to
users with an active network connection.
 A web-based application is any program that is accessed
over a network connection using HTTP, rather than existing
within a device's memory.
 Web applications do not need to be downloaded since they
are accessed through a network.
 Users can access a web application through a web browser,
such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox or Safari.
 it's also called browser based applications. a web-based software offers an interactive user
interface.
 The client-side script deals with user interface functionality
like buttons and drop-down boxes. When the end user clicks
on the web app link, the web browser loads the client-side
script and renders the graphic elements and text for user
interaction.
 The server-side script deals with data processing. The web
application server processes the client requests and sends
back a response. The requests are usually for more data or
to edit or save new data.
 Window Based Application
 A program that is written to run under the Microsoft Windows operating
system, also called a "Windows app.
 " All 32-bit Windows applications run in the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of
Windows.
 All 64-bit applications require 64-bit Windows, which is the standard on
new Windows computers and tablets.
 Windows application is easy to build. Windows-based applications data
validation is carried out through code
 Windows-based applications data validation is carried out through code
 Windows application have better authorization and administrators have more
control, making them more secure.
 Windows applications are faster in speed
 Ex. VLC Media player running on Windows OS will not run on MacOS and Linux.
 Windows applications typically have a native user interface
 HTML Controls

 HTML server controls are HTML elements that contain attributes to

accessible at server side.
 We can convert an HTML element to server control by adding
a runat="server" and an id attribute to the component.
 Ex. <input id="UserName" type="text" size="50"runat="server" />
 <!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server"> <title></title> </head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<input id="Text1" type="text" runat="server"/>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick="Button1_Click"/>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

 ASP .NET Control

 ASP.NET provides web forms controls that are used to create HTML components.
 ASP.NET CheckBox

 It is used to get multiple inputs from the user. It allows user to select choices
from the set of choices.
 It takes user input in yes or no format. It is useful when we want multiple choices
from the user.

 To create CheckBox we can drag it from the toolbox in visual studio.

 This is a server side control and ASP.NET provides own tag to create it. The
example is given below.

< asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox2" runat="server" Text="J2EE"/>

 Server renders it as the HTML control and produces the following code to the
browser.

< input id="CheckBox2" type="checkbox" name="CheckBox2" /><label for="CheckBox2">J2EE</label>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<h2>Select Courses</h2>
<asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox1" runat="server" Text="J2SE" />
<asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox2" runat="server" Text="J2EE" />
<asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox3" runat="server" Text="Spring" />
</div>
<p>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick="Button1_Click" /
>
</p>
</form>
<p>
Courses Selected: <asp:Label runat="server" ID="ShowCourses"></asp:Label>
</p>
</body>
</html>
 ASP.NET ListBox

 The ListBox Control provides us a user interface that will display the List of the
items.
 The list box is like a set of radio buttons except that the list box is scrollable
and can contain more items than a set of Radio Buttons.
 The number of entries added to the list box can also be at the run time.
 The list box is a web server control.
 It allows the selection of single and multiple items in the list

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server">
<title> An example of ASP.Net ListBox</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<h2>Choose a color:</h2>
<asp: ListBox ID ='ListBox1’ runat = 'server'>
<asp: ListItem> Dark Grey </asp: ListItem>
<asp: ListItem> Red </asp: ListItem>
<asp: ListItem> Green </asp: ListItem>
<asp: ListItem> Blue </asp:ListItem>
<asp: ListItem> Yellow </asp: ListItem>
<asp: ListItem> Black </asp: ListItem>
</asp: ListBox>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
  Rich Control
1.FileUpload control
 FileUpload control is used to browse and upload files. After the file is
uploaded, you can store the file on any drive or database. FileUpload
control is the combination of a browse button and a text box for entering
the filename.

The FileUpload control supports the following important properties.

 FileBytes: It returns the contents of uploaded file as a byte array
 FileContent: You can get the uploaded file contents as a stream.
 FileName: Provides the name of uploaded file.
 HasFile: It is a Boolean property that checks whether particular file is
available or not.
 PostedFile: Gets the uploaded file wrapped in the HttpPostedFile object.

2.Calendar control
 Calendar control provides you lots of property and events. By using these
properties and events you can perform the following task with calendar
control.

 Select date.
 Selecting a day, a week or a month.
 Customize the calendar's appearance.

3.AdRotator control
 AdRotator control is used to display different advertisements randomly in
a page.
 The list of advertisements is stored in either an XML file or in a database
table. Lots of websites uses AdRotator control to display the
advertisements on the web page.

4.MultiView control
 MultiView control can be used when you want to create a tabbed page.
 In many situations, a web form may be very long, and then you can
divide a long form into multiple sub forms.
 MultiView control is made up of multiple view controls. You can put
multiple ASP.NET controls inside view controls.
 Common Properties ASP .Net

 Bin Directory
 ASP.NET projects used to compile all the source files into an assembly and put them into
a folder called "Bin"
 it used to compile all files into a DLL and copy them to the special folder called "Bin".
 The bin folder holds binary files, which are the actual executable code for your
application or library.

 Virtual Directory
 A virtual directory represents a web application and it points to a physical folder in
your computer.
 A web application is accessed using a virtual directory name instead of a physical
folder name
 A virtual directory is a user-defined directory name that is configured in Internet Information
Services (IIS) and linked to a physical directory on the local server's storage
 How to create a virtual directory by using IIS Manager

 In IIS Manager, expand the local computer and the Web site to which you want to add a virtual
directory.

 Right-click the site or folder in which you want to create the virtual directory, click New, and
then click Virtual Directory.

 In the Add Virtual Directory dialog box, at a minimum enter information in the Alias and
Physical path and then click OK.