COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 149

Statistical Annex
150 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022
 Country classifications COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 151

Data sources, country classifications and

aggregation methodology
The statistical annex contains a set of data that the World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP)
employs to delineate trends in various dimensions of the world economy.

Data sources
The annex was prepared by the Economic Analysis and Policy Division (EAPD) of the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN DESA). It is based on information
obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN DESA, as well as from the
five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat and national sources. Estimates for 2021 and
forecasts for 2022 and 2023 were made by EAPD in consultation with the regional commissions and
UNCTAD, partly guided by the World Economic Forecasting Model (WEFM) of EAPD.1 Longer-term
projections are based on a technical model-based extension of the WEFM. Data presented in the WESP
may differ from those published by other organizations for several reasons, including differences
in timing, sample composition and aggregation methods. Historical data may differ from those in
previous editions of the WESP because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual
countries.

Country classifications
For analytical purposes, the WESP classifies all countries of the world into one of three broad categories:
developed economies, economies in transition and developing economies.2 The composition of these
analytical groupings, specified in tables A, B and C, is intended to reflect basic economic country
conditions, and are not strictly aligned with the regional classifications defined by the Statistics
Division of UN DESA known as M49.3 Table A.4 reports estimates for regional GDP growth according to
the M49 definitions for comparison. Several countries (in particular the economies in transition) have
characteristics that could place them in more than one category; however, for purposes of analysis,
the groupings have been made mutually exclusive. Within each broad category, some subgroups are
defined based either on geographical location or on ad hoc criteria, such as the subgroup of “major
developed economies”, which is based on the membership of the Group of Seven.

In parts of the analysis, a distinction is made between fuel exporters and fuel importers. An economy
is classified as a fuel exporter if the share of fuel exports in its total merchandise exports is greater

1 See Altshuler et al. (2016).

2 These analytical groupings are not strictly aligned with geographic groupings of Developed Regions and Developing
Regions designated by the Statistics Division of UN DESA.
3 Full details of the M49 standard can be found on the Statistics Division website.
152 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

than 20 per cent and the level of fuel exports is at least 20 per cent higher than that of the country’s
fuel imports (table D). This criterion is drawn from the share of fuel exports in the total value of world
merchandise trade. Fuels include coal, oil and natural gas.

For other parts of the analysis, countries have been classified by their level of development as measured
by per capita gross national income (GNI). Accordingly, countries have been grouped as high-income,
upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income (table E). To maintain compatibility with
similar classifications used elsewhere, the threshold levels of GNI per capita are those established by
the World Bank. Countries with less than $1,046 GNI per capita are classified as low-income countries,
those with between $1,046 and $4095 as lower-middle-income countries, those with between $4096
and $12,695 as upper-middle-income countries, and those with incomes of more than $12,695 as high-
income countries. GNI per capita in dollar terms is estimated using the World Bank Atlas method,4 and
the classification in table E is based on data for 2020.

The list of the least developed countries (LDCs) is determined by the United Nations Economic and
Social Council and, ultimately, by the General Assembly, on the basis of recommendations made by
the Committee for Development Policy. The basic criteria for inclusion require that certain thresholds
be met with regard to per capita GNI, a human assets index and an economic and environmental
vulnerability index.5 As of February 2021, there were 46 LDCs (table F).

The WESP also makes reference to the group of heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs), which
are considered by the World Bank and IMF as part of their debt-relief initiative (the Enhanced HIPC
Initiative).6 In March 2020, there were 39 HIPCs (table G).

Aggregation methodology
Aggregate data are either sums or weighted averages of individual country data. Unless otherwise
indicated, multi-year averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual percentage rates
of change. The convention followed is to omit the base year in a multi-year growth rate. For example,
the 10-year average growth rate for the decade of the 2000s would be identified as the average annual
growth rate for the period from 2001 to 2010.

The WESP utilizes market exchange rate conversions of national data in order to aggregate output of
individual countries into regional and global totals. The growth of output in each group of countries is
calculated from the sum of gross domestic product (GDP) of individual countries measured at 2015
prices and exchange rates. This method supplies a reasonable set of aggregate growth rates for a
period of about 15 years, centered on 2015.

4 See http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications.
5 Handbook on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures, 4th ed.
(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.22.II.A.1).
6 International Monetary Fund, Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative.
 COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 153
prices and exchange rates. This method supplies a reasonable set of aggregate growth rates for a
period of about 15 years, centered on 2015.

The exchange rate-based aggregation method differs from the one mainly applied by the IMF for their
estimates of world and regional economic growth, which is based on purchasing power parity (PPP)
weights. Over the past two decades, the growth of world gross product (WGP) on the basis of the
exchange rate-based approach has been below that based on PPP weights. This is because developing
countries, in the aggregate, have seen significantly higher economic growth than the rest of the world
in the 1990s and 2000s and the share in WGP of these countries is larger under PPP measurements
than under market exchange rates. Table I.1 in Chapter I reports world output growth with PPP weights
as a comparator.

Table A
Developed economies
a Member of euro area.
Europe b Used in reference to the 13
Major developed
Northern America European Union Other Europe economies (G7) countries that joined the EU
since 2004.
Canada EU-15 Iceland Canada c The United Kingdom withdrew
United States Austriaa Norway France from the EU on 31 January
Belgiuma Switzerland Germany 2020 and is therefore excluded
Denmarka United Kingdomc Italy from all EU aggregations.
Finlanda Japan
Francea United Kingdom
Germanya United States
Greecea
Irelanda
Italya
Luxembourga
Netherlandsa
Portugala
Spaina
Sweden

Developed Asia EU-13b

and Pacific Bulgaria
Croatia
Australia Cyprusa
Japan Czechia
New Zealand Estoniaa
Hungary
Latviaa
Lithuaniaa
Maltaa
Poland
Romania
Slovakiaa
Sloveniaa
a Georgia officially left the
Commonwealth of Independent
Table B States on 18 August 2009.
Economies in transition However, its performance is
discussed in the context of
South-Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgiaa this group of countries for
reasons of geographic proximity
Albania Armenia Republic of Moldova and similarities in economic
Bosnia and Herzegovina Azerbaijan Russian Federation structure.
Montenegro Belarus Tajikistan b Starting in 2010, data for the
North Macedonia Georgiaa Turkmenistan Ukraine excludes the temporarily
Kazakhstan Ukraineb occupied territory of the
Serbia
Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan
and Sevastopol.
154 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table C
Developing economies by regiona
Latin America
Africa Asia and the Caribbean
North Africa Southern Africa East Asiab Caribbean
Algeria Angola Brunei Darussalam Bahamas
Egypt Botswana Cambodia Barbados
Libya Eswatini China Belize
Mauritania Lesotho Democratic People’s Guyana
Republic of Korea
Morocco Malawi Fiji Jamaica
Sudan Mauritius Hong Kong SARc Suriname
Tunisia Mozambique Indonesia Trinidad and Tobago
Namibia Kiribati
Central Africa Mexico and Central
South Africa Lao People’s Democratic America
Cameroon Zambia Republic
Central African Malaysia Costa Rica
Zimbabwe
Republic Mongolia Cuba
Chad West Africa Myanmar Dominican Republic
Congo Papua New Guinea El Salvador
Benin Philippines
Equatorial Guinea Burkina Faso Guatemala
Republic of Korea
Gabon Cabo Verde Haiti
Samoa
Sao Tome and Côte d’Ivoire Singapore Honduras
Prinicipe Mexico
Gambia Solomon Islands
East Africa Taiwan Province of China Nicaragua
Ghana
Thailand Panama
Burundi Guinea
Timor-Leste
Comoros Guinea-Bissau South America
Vanuatu
Democratic Liberia Viet Nam Argentina
Republic of the Mali
Congo South Asia Bolivia (Plurinational
Niger State of)
Djibouti
Nigeria Afghanistan Brazil
Eritrea
Senegal Bangladesh Chile
Ethiopia Bhutan
Sierra Leone Colombia
Kenya India
Togo Ecuador
Madagascar Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Maldives Paraguay
Rwanda
Nepal Peru
Somalia
Pakistan Uruguay
South Sudan
Sri Lanka Venezuela (Bolivarian
Uganda Republic of)
United Republic Western Asia
of Tanzania
Bahrain
Iraq
a Economies systematically Israel
monitored for the World Jordan
Economic Situation and Kuwait
Prospects report. These Lebanon
analytical groupings differ Oman
from the geographical
Qatar
aggregations defined
according to M49. Saudi Arabia
b Throughout the report the term State of Palestine
‘East Asia’ is used in reference to Syrian Arab Republic
this set of developing countries, Turkey
and excludes Japan. United Arab Emirates
c Special Administrative Yemen
Region of China.
 COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 155

Table D
Fuel-exporting countries

Developing countries

Latin America
Developed Economies and the
countries in transition Caribbean Africa East Asia Western Asia

Norway Azerbaijan Bolivia Algeria Brunei Bahrain

Kazakhstan (Plurinational Angola Darussalam Iraq
State of) Indonesia
Russian Cameroon Kuwait
Federation Colombia Mongolia
Chad Oman
Turkmenistan Ecuador Papua New
Congo Qatar
Trinidad and Guinea
Tobago Equatorial Saudi Arabia
Guinea United Arab
Venezuela
(Bolivarian Gabon Emirates
Republic of) Ghana Yemen
South Asia
Libya
Iran (Islamic
Mozambique
Republic of)
Nigeria
Source: UN DESA, based on data
from UNCTAD.
156 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table E
Economies by per capita GNI as of 1 July 2021a

High-income Upper-middle-income Lower-middle-income

Australia Latvia Albania Jordan Algeria Lesotho

Austria Lithuania Argentina Kazakhstan Angola Mauritania
Bahamas Luxembourg Armenia Lebanon Bangladesh Mongolia
Bahrain Malta Azerbaijan Libya Belizeb Morocco
Barbados Netherlands Belarus Malaysia Benin Myanmar
Belgium New Zealand Bosnia and Maldives Bhutan Nepal
Brunei Norway Herzegovina Mauritiusb Bolivia Nicaragua
Darussalam Oman Botswana Mexico (Plurinational Nigeria
Canada Poland Brazil Montenegro State of) Pakistan
Chile Portugal Bulgaria Namibia Cabo Verde Papua New Guinea
Croatia Qatar China North Macedonia Cambodia Philippines
Cyprus Republic of Korea Colombia Panamab Cameroon Samoab
Czechia Saudi Arabia Costa Rica Paraguay Comoros Sao Tome and
Denmark Singapore Cuba Peru Congo Principe
Estonia Slovakia Dominican Republic Republic of Moldova Côte d’Ivoire Senegal
Finland Slovenia Ecuador Romaniab Djibouti Solomon Islands
France Spain Equatorial Guinea Russian Federation Egypt Sri Lanka
Germany Sweden Fiji Serbia El Salvador State of Palestine
Greece Switzerland Gabon South Africa Eswatini Tajikistanc
Hong Kong SARd Taiwan Province of Georgia Suriname Ghana Timor-Leste
Hungary China Guatemala Thailand Haitic Tunisia
Iceland Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Turkey Honduras Ukraine
Ireland United Arab Emirates Iraq Turkmenistan India United Republic of
Israel United Kingdom Jamaica Indonesiab Tanzania
Italy United States Iran (Islamic Uzbekistan
Japan Uruguay Republic of)b Vanuatu
Kuwait Kenya Viet Nam
Kiribati Zambia
Kyrgyzstan Zimbabwe
Lao People’s
Democratic
Republic

Low-income

Afghanistan Democratic Republic Madagascar Sudan

Burkina Faso of the Congo Malawi Syrian Arab
Burundi Eritrea Mali Republic
Central African Ethiopia Mozambique Togo
Republic Gambia Niger Uganda
Chad Guinea Rwanda Yemen
Democratic People’s Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone
Republic of Korea Liberia Somalia
South Sudan

Source: World Bank, Country classification by income (https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519).

Note: Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) has been temporarily unclassified in July 2021 pending release of revised national accounts statistics.
a Economies systematically monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report, based on World Bank country classifications by income.
b Indicates the country has been shifted downward by one category from previous year’s classification.
c Indicates the country has been shifted upward by one category from previous year’s classification.
d Special Administrative Region of China.
 COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 157

Table F
Least developed countries (24 November 2021)

Latin America
Africa East Asia South Asia Western Asia and the Caribbean

Angola Malawi Cambodia Afghanistan Yemen Haiti

Benin Mali Kiribati Bangladesh
Burkina Faso Mauritania Lao People’s Bhutan
Burundi Mozambique Democratic Nepal
Republic
Developed country
Central African Republic Niger
Chad Rwanda Myanmar central banks
Comoros Sao Tome and Principe Solomon massively expanded
Democratic Republic of Senegal Islands their balance sheets
the Congo Sierra Leone Timor Leste
Djibouti Somalia Tuvalua
Eritrea South Sudan
Ethiopia Sudan
Gambia Togo
Guinea Uganda
Guinea-Bissau United Republic
Lesotho of Tanzania
Liberia Zambia
Madagascar
Source: UN DESA (https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf).
a Economies not systematically monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report.

Table G
Heavily indebted poor countries (as of March 2020)

Post-completion point HIPCsa Pre-decision point HIPCsb

Afghanistan Haiti Eritrea

Benin Honduras Sudan
Bolivia Liberia
Burkina Faso Madagascar
Burundi Malawi
Cameroon Mali
Central African Republic Mauritania
Chad Mozambique
Comoros Nicaragua
Congo Niger
Côte D’Ivoire Rwanda
Democratic Republic of the Congo Sao Tome and Principe
Ethiopia Senegal
Gambia Sierra Leone
Ghana Somalia
Guinea Togo
Guinea-Bissau Uganda
Guyana United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Source: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/debt/brief/hipc).
a Countries that have qualified for irrevocable debt relief under the HIPC Initiative.
b Countries that are potentially eligible and may wish to avail themselves of the HIPC Initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
158 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table H
Small island developing States

Non-UN members/Associate members

United Nations members of the Regional Commissionsa

Antigua and Barbudaa Marshall Islandsa American Samoa

Bahamas Mauritius Anguilla
Bahrain Naurua Aruba
Barbados Palaua Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Belize Papua New Guinea
Cayman Islands
Cabo Verde Saint Kitts and Nevisa
Commonwealth of
Comoros Saint Luciaa Northern Marianas
Cuba Saint Vincent and Cook Islands
Dominicaa the Grenadinesa
Curaçao
Dominican Republic Samoa French Polynesia
Federated States Sao Tome and Príncipe Guadeloupe
of Micronesiaa Seychellesa Guam
Fiji Singapore Martinique
Grenadaa Solomon Islands Montserrat
Guinea-Bissau Suriname New Caledonia
Source: UN DESA (https:// Guyana Timor-Leste Niue
sustainabledevelopment. Haiti Tongaa Puerto Rico
un.org/topics/sids/list). Sint Maarten
a Economies not systematically
Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
monitored for the World Kiribati Tuvalua
Economic Situation and U.S. Virgin Islands
Prospects report.
Maldives Vanuatu

Table I
Landlocked developing countries

Landlocked developing countries

Afghanistan Ethiopia North Macedonia

Armenia Kazakhstan Paraguay
Azerbaijan Kyrgystan Republic of Moldova
Bhutan Lao People’s Democratic Rwanda
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Republic South Sudan
Botswana Lesotho Tajikistan
Burkina Faso Malawi Turkmenistan
Burundi Mali Uganda
Central African Republic Mongolia Uzbekistan
Chad Nepal Zambia
Source: UN-OHRLLS (http://
unohrlls.org/about-lldcs/ Eswatini Niger Zimbabwe
country-profiles/).
 COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS 159

Table J
International Organization for Standardization of Country Codes

ISO ISO ISO ISO

Code Country Code Country Code Country Code Country

AFG Afghanistan DZA Algeria LBN Lebanon ROU Romania

AGO Angola ECU Ecuador LBR Liberia RUS Russian Federation
AIA Anguilla EGY Egypt LBY Libya RWA Rwanda
ALB Albania ERI Eritrea LCA Saint Lucia SAU Saudi Arabia
AND Andorra ESP Spain LIE Liechtenstein SDN Sudan
ARE United Arab Emirates EST Estonia LKA Sri Lanka SEN Senegal
ARG Argentina ETH Ethiopia LSO Lesotho SGP Singapore
ARM Armenia FIN Finland LTU Lithuania SLB Solomon Islands
ATG Antigua and Barbuda FJI Fiji LUX Luxembourg SLE Sierra Leone
AUS Australia FRA France LVA Latvia SLV El Salvador
AUT Austria FSM Micronesia MAR Morocco SMR San Marino
AZE Azerbaijan (Federated States MCO Monaco SOM Somalia
BDI Burundi of) MDA Republic of Moldova SRB Serbia
BEL Belgium GAB Gabon MDG Madagascar SSD South Sudan
BEN Benin GBR United Kingdom of MDV Maldives STP Sao Tome and
BFA Burkina Faso Great Britain and MEX Mexico Principe
BGD Bangladesh Northern Ireland MHL Marshall Islands SUR Suriname
BGR Bulgaria GEO Georgia MKD North Macedonia SVK Slovakia
BHR Bahrain GHA Ghana MLI Mali SVN Slovenia
BHS Bahamas GIN Guinea MLT Malta SWE Sweden
BIH Bosnia and GMB Gambia MMR Myanmar SWZ Eswatini
Herzegovina GNB Guinea-Bissau MNE Montenegro SYC Seychelles
BLR Belarus GNQ Equatorial Guinea MNG Mongolia SYR Syrian Arab Republic
BLZ Belize GRC Greece MOZ Mozambique TCD Chad
BOL Bolivia (Plurinational GRD Grenada MRT Mauritania TGO Togo
State of) GTM Guatemala MSR Montserrat THA Thailand
BRA Brazil GUY Guyana MUS Mauritius TJK Tajikistan
BRB Barbados HND Honduras MWI Malawi TKM Turkmenistan
BRN Brunei Darussalam HRV Croatia MYS Malaysia TLS Timor-Leste
BTN Bhutan HTI Haiti NAM Namibia TON Tonga
BWA Botswana HUN Hungary NER Niger TTO Trinidad and Tobago
CAF Central African IDN Indonesia NGA Nigeria TUN Tunisia
Republic IND India NIC Nicaragua TUR Turkey
CAN Canada IRL Ireland NLD Netherlands TUV Tuvalu
CHE Switzerland IRN Iran (Islamic NOR Norway TZA United Republic of
CHL Chile Republic of) NPL Nepal Tanzania
CHN China IRQ Iraq NRU Nauru UGA Uganda
CIV Côte D’Ivoire ISL Iceland NZL New Zealand UKR Ukraine
CMR Cameroon ISR Israel OMN Oman URY Uruguay
COD Democratic Republic ITA Italy PAK Pakistan USA United States of
of the Congo JAM Jamaica PAN Panama America
COG Congo JOR Jordan PER Peru UZB Uzbekistan
COL Colombia JPN Japan PHL Philippines VCT Saint Vincent and the
COM Comoros KAZ Kazakhstan PLW Palau Grenadines
CPV Cabo Verde KEN Kenya PNG Papua New Guinea VEN Venezuela (Bolivarian
CRI Costa Rica KGZ Kyrgyzstan POL Poland Republic of)
CUB Cuba KHM Cambodia PRK Democratic People’s VNM Viet Nam
CYP Cyprus KIR Kiribati Republic of Korea VUT Vanuatu
CZE Czechia KNA Saint Kitts and Nevis PRT Portugal WSM Samoa
DEU Germany KOR Republic of Korea PRY Paraguay YEM Yemen
DJI Djibouti KWT Kuwait PSE State of Palestine ZAF South Africa
DMA Dominica LAO Lao People’s QAT Qatar ZMB Zambia
DNK Denmark Democratic ZWE Zimbabwe
DOM Dominican Republic Republic
Annex tables
 ANNEX TABLES 163

Table A.1
Developed economies: rates of growth of real GDP
Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Developed economies 1.8 1.9 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.3 1.8 -4.8 4.8 3.7 2.5
United States 2.1 2.3 2.7 1.7 2.3 2.9 2.3 -3.4 5.5 3.5 2.4
Canada 2.4 2.9 0.7 1.0 3.0 2.4 1.9 -5.3 5.1 3.9 2.7
Japan 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.8 1.7 0.6 0.0 -4.6 2.2 3.3 2.7
Australia 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.9 1.9 -2.5 3.1 4.2 3.0
New Zealand 2.8 3.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.3 3.0 -1.2 4.3 3.3 3.3
European Union 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.1 1.8 -6.0 4.7 3.9 2.6
Austria 1.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.4 -6.3 4.5 4.0 2.0
Belgium 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 -6.3 5.2 3.2 1.8
Bulgaria 2.9 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.7 -4.2 4.3 4.0 3.5
Croatia 1.6 -0.3 2.4 3.5 3.4 2.8 2.9 -8.0 7.8 4.3 3.3
Cyprus 2.3 -1.8 3.2 6.4 5.2 5.2 3.1 -5.1 3.1 3.5 3.5
Czechia 2.5 2.3 5.4 2.5 5.2 3.2 3.0 -5.8 3.6 3.5 2.9
Denmark 1.1 1.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 2.0 2.1 -2.1 3.5 3.3 2.9
Estonia 3.7 3.0 1.9 3.2 5.8 4.1 4.1 -3.0 6.8 3.5 3.5
Finland 1.9 -0.4 0.5 2.8 3.2 1.1 1.3 -2.9 3.2 2.5 2.5
France 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.9 1.8 -7.9 6.0 3.6 2.5
Germany 1.2 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.7 1.1 1.1 -4.9 2.5 3.9 2.1
Greece 0.2 0.7 -0.4 -0.5 1.3 1.6 1.9 -8.2 8.0 5.0 3.9
Hungary 2.1 4.2 3.8 2.1 4.3 5.4 4.6 -5.0 6.8 4.3 4.2
Ireland 3.3 8.7 25.2 2.0 8.9 9.0 4.9 5.9 12.0 5.2 4.0
Italy 0.3 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.3 -8.9 6.0 4.2 2.6
Latvia 3.9 1.1 4.0 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.0 -3.6 4.3 4.4 4.5
Lithuania 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.3 3.9 4.3 -0.9 4.2 3.5 3.8
Luxembourg 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.6 1.8 3.1 2.3 -1.3 5.0 2.9 2.0
Malta 2.8 7.6 9.6 3.8 11.0 6.1 5.7 -7.8 5.2 5.2 3.0
Netherlands 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.0 -3.8 3.9 3.0 2.0
Poland 3.7 3.4 4.2 3.1 4.8 5.4 4.7 -2.7 5.0 4.0 4.5
Portugal 0.5 0.8 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.8 2.5 -7.6 4.2 4.8 3.1
Romania 3.5 3.6 3.0 4.7 7.3 4.5 4.1 -3.9 7.1 4.2 3.9
Slovakia 3.7 2.6 4.8 2.1 3.0 3.7 2.5 -4.8 4.5 3.5 3.8
Slovenia 2.2 2.8 2.2 3.2 4.8 4.4 3.3 -4.2 5.6 4.0 3.9
Spain 1.7 1.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.0 -10.8 4.5 5.2 3.0
Sweden 2.3 2.7 4.5 2.1 2.6 2.0 2.0 -2.8 4.2 3.0 2.0
Other Europe 1.9 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 -7.7 5.4 4.0 2.1
Iceland 2.9 1.7 4.4 6.3 4.2 4.9 2.4 -6.5 3.5 4.5 3.6
Norway 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.1 2.3 1.1 0.9 -0.8 3.0 3.0 2.6
Switzerland 2.0 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 2.9 1.2 -2.4 3.6 2.7 2.3
United Kingdomd 1.8 2.9 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.4 -9.8 6.2 4.5 2.0
Memorandum items:
Northern America 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.9 2.3 -3.6 5.5 3.5 2.4
Developed Asia and the Pacific 1.3 0.9 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.2 0.5 -4.0 2.5 3.5 2.8
Europe 1.5 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.1 1.7 -5.7 4.6 3.8 2.6
Major developed economies 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.1 1.7 -4.9 4.9 3.7 2.4
Euro area 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.6 1.9 1.5 -6.5 4.7 4.0 2.5

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and individual national sources.
Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2015 prices and exchange rates.
a Average percentage change.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d The United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020 and is therefore excluded from all EU aggregations.
164 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.2
Economies in transition: rates of growth of real GDP

Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Economies in transition 5.2 1.2 -1.2 0.8 2.4 3.2 2.7 -2.6 4.4 3.2 2.9
South-Eastern Europe 3.4 0.2 2.4 3.2 2.6 4.1 3.5 -3.1 6.2 4.0 3.6
Albania 5.3 1.8 2.2 3.3 3.8 4.1 2.2 -3.3 6.8 5.0 3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5 1.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.7 2.8 -4.3 5.6 3.3 3.7
Montenegro 2.8 1.8 3.4 2.9 4.7 5.1 4.1 -15.3 10.3 5.2 3.8
North Macedonia 2.9 3.6 3.9 2.8 1.1 2.9 3.2 -4.5 4.4 3.9 3.5
Serbia 3.1 -1.6 1.8 3.3 2.1 4.5 4.2 -1.0 6.4 4.0 3.5
Commonwealth of Independent States
and Georgiad 5.3 1.2 -1.4 0.7 2.4 3.2 2.6 -2.6 4.3 3.2 2.8
Commonwealth of Independent States
and Georgia –
net fuel exporters 5.3 1.4 -1.3 0.3 2.2 3.0 2.4 -2.7 4.2 3.0 2.7
Azerbaijan 11.4 2.8 1.0 -3.1 0.2 1.5 2.2 -4.3 4.9 4.0 4.1
Kazakhstan 7.5 4.2 1.2 1.1 4.1 4.1 4.5 -2.6 3.6 4.0 4.0
Russian Federation 4.9 0.7 -2.0 0.2 1.8 2.8 2.0 -3.0 4.2 2.7 2.3
Turkmenistan 9.0 10.3 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 3.0 5.9 6.1 5.7 6.0
Commonwealth of Independent States
and Georgia –
net fuel importers 5.0 0.4 -1.8 2.7 3.8 4.3 4.0 -1.8 4.7 4.2 3.6
Armenia 7.0 3.6 3.2 0.2 7.5 5.2 7.6 -7.6 5.2 4.4 4.0
Belarus 6.1 1.7 -3.8 -2.5 2.5 3.2 1.2 -0.9 2.9 1.8 2.1
Georgiad 5.6 4.4 3.0 2.9 4.8 4.8 5.1 -6.2 9.5 4.4 4.0
Kyrgyzstan 4.4 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.7 3.8 4.5 -8.6 1.5 3.5 4.0
Republic of Moldova 4.3 5.0 -0.3 4.4 4.7 4.3 3.5 -7.0 6.5 4.0 3.5
Tajikistan 7.3 6.7 6.0 6.9 12.7 7.1 7.5 4.5 6.0 4.0 3.4
Ukraine e 3.4 -6.6 -9.8 2.4 2.5 3.4 3.2 -4.0 3.2 4.0 3.8
Uzbekistan 6.7 7.2 7.4 6.1 4.5 5.4 5.6 1.6 6.2 5.6 4.0

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and individual national sources.
Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2015 prices and exchange rates.
a Average percentage change.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on the UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 18 August 2009. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries
for reasons of geographic proximity and similarities in economic structure.
e Data for the Ukraine excludes the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
 ANNEX TABLES 165

Table A.3
Developing economies: rates of growth of real GDP

Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Developing countriesd 5.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.5 -1.6 6.4 4.5 4.7
Africa 4.6 3.3 2.8 1.7 3.3 3.4 2.8 -3.0 4.7 4.0 3.7
North Africa 3.5 -0.9 2.0 2.9 4.8 4.2 2.9 -4.6 7.6 4.9 3.1
Algeria 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 1.3 1.2 0.8 -5.1 3.8 4.7 3.3
Egypte 4.5 2.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 5.3 5.1 2.5 3.3 5.9 3.9
Libya -2.0 -50.1 -45.5 -16.1 64.0 17.9 9.9 -62.1 198.0 8.8 9.2
Mauritania 3.4 4.3 5.4 1.3 3.5 2.1 5.9 -2.9 3.1 3.8 5.2
Morocco 4.7 2.7 4.5 1.1 4.2 3.1 2.6 -6.3 6.1 3.5 3.1
Sudane 6.2 7.0 4.0 3.6 4.7 2.8 -2.2 -1.1 0.7 2.5 3.8
Tunisia 3.8 2.9 1.2 1.2 1.9 2.7 1.0 -8.8 3.8 6.2 3.2
East Africa 5.5 7.8 6.5 5.5 5.7 6.6 6.6 1.3 4.0 4.8 5.7
Burundi 2.9 4.2 -0.4 3.2 3.8 5.3 4.5 -0.3 2.9 3.5 3.2
Comoros 2.4 3.9 2.0 2.8 5.6 3.8 2.0 0.2 2.0 3.5 3.6
Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.8 9.5 6.9 2.4 3.7 5.8 4.4 0.8 3.5 4.5 5.9
Djibouti 7.1 7.1 7.7 6.7 5.4 8.4 6.6 1.2 5.1 5.9 6.5
Eritrea 0.9 30.9 -20.6 7.4 -10.0 13.0 3.8 -1.8 1.5 2.5 2.1
Ethiopia 8.8 10.3 9.0 8.5 8.2 7.6 8.9 3.5 3.5 4.9 7.0
Kenya 4.2 5.4 5.7 5.9 4.8 6.3 5.4 -0.3 4.7 5.0 4.8
Madagascar 2.8 3.3 3.1 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.4 -4.2 3.4 4.4 4.6
Rwanda 8.2 6.2 8.9 6.0 4.0 8.6 9.4 -3.4 4.5 6.2 6.5
Somalia 2.9 3.7 2.7 2.9 1.4 2.8 2.9 -0.7 1.1 2.0 3.6
South Sudan 1.8 30.3 7.9 -7.0 -3.7 3.8 0.9 -7.2 2.0 2.2 8.9
Uganda 6.9 4.5 5.7 2.6 7.1 5.7 7.7 -0.8 3.9 4.7 4.6
United Republic of Tanzania 6.3 6.7 6.2 6.9 6.8 7.0 7.0 4.8 4.5 4.8 5.4
Central Africa 4.7 4.2 1.3 -1.0 -0.2 0.6 1.9 -2.4 2.0 3.3 3.5
Cameroon 4.1 5.9 5.7 4.6 3.5 4.1 3.9 -1.5 3.4 4.1 4.6
Central African Republic -0.8 0.1 4.3 4.8 4.5 3.8 3.0 1.0 0.0 4.1 4.7
Chad 8.1 3.8 4.6 -2.7 -2.4 2.3 3.0 -0.9 1.5 3.6 3.8
Congo 4.6 6.0 -3.2 -10.2 -4.6 -6.2 -0.9 -7.5 -1.6 3.3 3.0
Equatorial Guinea 13.0 0.4 -9.1 -8.8 -5.7 -6.4 -5.6 -4.9 1.9 -0.6 -0.7
Gabon 1.1 4.3 3.9 2.1 0.5 1.2 3.6 -1.7 1.5 3.7 3.5
Sao Tome and Principe 4.5 6.5 3.9 4.2 3.8 2.9 1.3 2.9 2.5 3.6 3.8
West Africa 6.2 6.5 3.7 0.4 2.6 3.3 3.4 -0.8 3.2 3.7 4.0
Benin 5.5 13.1 13.0 3.3 5.7 6.7 6.9 3.8 3.9 5.1 5.5
Burkina Faso 5.7 4.3 3.9 6.0 6.2 6.7 5.7 1.9 5.0 5.5 5.3
Cabo Verde 5.1 0.6 1.0 4.7 3.7 4.5 5.7 -14.8 3.8 5.0 5.1
Côte D’Ivoire 3.2 14.8 14.9 7.2 7.4 6.9 6.2 2.0 6.2 6.7 6.6
Gambia 3.2 -1.4 4.1 1.9 4.8 7.7 6.1 -0.2 4.8 5.3 5.8
Ghana 6.4 2.9 2.2 3.4 8.1 6.3 6.5 0.4 4.2 4.8 4.3
Guinea 3.5 3.7 3.8 10.8 10.3 6.2 5.6 7.1 5.2 6.4 6.0
Guinea-Bissau 3.1 1.0 6.1 6.3 5.9 3.4 4.5 -1.4 2.6 3.6 4.4
Liberia 7.8 5.2 9.3 -0.5 2.5 1.2 -2.3 -3.0 2.9 4.1 4.5
Mali 9.0 7.8 7.5 8.9 6.7 6.8 6.6 -1.6 3.0 4.3 4.2
Niger 4.4 7.5 4.3 5.7 5.0 7.0 5.8 3.6 4.6 7.1 9.9
Nigeria 6.7 6.3 2.7 -1.6 0.8 1.9 2.2 -1.8 2.5 2.8 3.0
Senegal 4.0 4.1 6.4 6.4 7.4 6.4 5.2 1.5 4.8 6.0 9.6
166 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.3
Developing economies: rates of growth of real GDP (continued)
Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Sierra Leone 8.3 4.6 -20.5 6.3 3.8 3.4 5.5 -2.2 2.9 4.4 4.1
Togo 3.9 11.3 11.1 10.9 4.3 4.9 5.3 1.8 4.3 5.0 5.4
Southern Africa 4.3 3.0 1.5 0.2 1.4 0.8 -0.2 -6.2 2.9 2.6 2.9
Angola 7.3 4.8 0.9 -2.6 -0.1 -2.0 -1.5 -4.0 0.0 2.4 3.3
Botswana 4.9 4.1 -1.7 4.3 2.9 4.5 3.0 -7.9 5.7 4.5 4.8
Eswatini 3.2 0.9 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 -2.3 1.4 2.7 5.0
Lesotho 4.1 1.7 3.1 3.6 -3.2 -1.2 -0.4 -9.5 3.6 4.6 6.8
Malawi 4.1 6.2 3.3 2.7 5.2 3.9 5.2 0.8 2.5 4.0 4.3
Mauritius 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.0 -14.9 3.8 6.7 5.1
Mozambique 7.6 7.4 6.7 3.8 3.7 3.4 2.3 -1.3 2.1 3.8 5.1
Namibia 4.6 6.1 4.3 0.0 -1.0 1.1 -0.6 -8.0 2.1 2.9 3.7
South Africa 3.3 1.8 1.2 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.2 -7.0 3.8 2.3 2.1
Zambia 6.7 4.7 2.9 3.8 3.5 4.0 1.4 -3.0 1.5 0.9 4.5
Zimbabwe 3.3 2.4 1.8 0.8 4.7 4.8 -8.1 -8.0 6.3 4.1 4.2
Africa - net fuel exporters 4.9 1.4 0.9 -0.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 -4.5 5.0 3.5 3.5
Africa - net fuel importers 4.4 4.6 4.2 3.4 4.1 4.3 3.4 -2.1 4.5 4.4 3.8
East and South Asia 7.4 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.7 4.9 0.0 6.8 5.0 5.4
East Asia 7.8 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.2 1.0 6.7 4.9 5.4
Brunei Darussalam 1.5 -2.5 -0.4 -2.5 1.3 0.1 3.9 1.1 0.0 3.5 5.0
Cambodia 8.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.5 7.1 -3.1 1.9 5.5 6.2
China 9.8 7.4 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.0 2.3 7.8 5.2 5.5
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 1.4 1.0 -1.1 3.9 -3.5 -4.1 0.4 -5.5 2.8 1.5 1.4
Fiji 2.1 27.5 4.7 2.5 5.4 3.5 0.5 -15.7 -4.1 6.2 5.0
Hong Kong SAR f 4.0 2.8 2.4 2.2 3.8 2.8 -1.7 -6.1 6.7 3.0 3.4
Indonesia 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 -2.1 3.4 4.9 6.0
Kiribati 1.4 -0.6 10.3 1.1 4.9 2.3 2.3 0.6 0.3 2.3 3.0
Lao People's Democratic Republic 7.3 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 3.3 2.1 4.2 7.2
Malaysia 5.1 6.0 5.1 4.4 5.8 4.8 4.4 -5.6 3.5 5.6 5.7
Mongolia 7.3 7.9 2.4 2.0 5.4 7.0 4.9 -5.4 4.6 6.0 6.8
Myanmare 11.0 7.5 6.4 5.8 6.4 6.8 2.9 -3.3 -18.1 -0.8 7.3
Papua New Guinea 3.1 13.5 6.6 5.5 3.5 -0.3 5.9 -3.8 1.0 5.7 4.3
Philippines 4.8 6.1 6.1 6.9 6.7 6.2 6.1 -9.6 4.9 5.5 7.7
Republic of Korea 5.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.2 -0.9 4.3 3.0 4.5
Samoa 2.5 2.6 6.7 3.7 -0.6 0.7 2.3 -2.7 -7.8 3.0 2.6
Singapore 5.9 3.9 3.0 3.2 4.3 3.4 1.3 -5.4 6.9 3.8 4.0
Solomon Islands 3.1 1.0 1.4 5.9 5.3 3.9 1.2 -4.5 1.0 4.1 5.4
Taiwan, Province of China 4.2 4.7 1.5 2.2 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.1 6.0 3.1 5.1
Thailand 4.4 1.0 3.1 3.4 4.0 4.2 2.3 -6.1 1.1 4.0 3.5
Timor-Leste 1.6 4.5 2.9 3.4 -4.1 -1.1 18.7 -8.5 2.2 4.0 -0.2
Vanuatu 2.9 2.3 0.2 3.5 4.4 2.9 2.8 -2.3 4.0 4.5 2.9
Viet Nam 6.4 6.0 6.7 6.2 6.8 7.1 7.0 2.9 2.5 6.8 5.4
South Asia 5.6 6.3 6.3 8.0 6.6 4.7 3.1 -4.7 7.4 5.9 5.6
Afghanistane 7.8 3.1 -1.4 1.7 2.7 1.6 2.0 -8.9 -5.8 4.8 5.6
Bangladeshe 5.8 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.3 7.9 8.2 3.5 5.5 5.8 6.4
Bhutan 7.9 4.0 6.6 8.1 4.7 3.0 3.8 -0.8 -2.3 4.5 4.8
Indiae 6.5 7.4 8.0 8.3 6.8 6.5 4.0 -10.6 8.4 6.5 5.9
 ANNEX TABLES 167

Table A.3
Developing economies: rates of growth of real GDP (continued)
Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
e
3.1 4.6 -1.3 13.4 3.8 -5.4 -6.5 -5.7 2.9 3.1 2.6
Maldives 5.1 7.3 2.9 6.3 7.2 8.1 7.0 -31.5 17.9 16.5 9.5
Nepale 4.2 6.0 3.3 0.6 8.2 6.7 7.0 -8.5 -1.7 5.5 3.9
Pakistane 4.1 4.7 5.5 5.6 5.8 1.1 -0.9 4.7 0.8 4.2 3.8
Sri Lanka 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.6 3.3 2.3 -3.6 3.4 2.6 3.5
East and South Asia –
net fuel exporters 4.3 4.6 3.3 6.5 5.2 2.3 1.7 -0.6 3.2 4.4 5.2
East and South Asia –
net fuel importers 7.7 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.1 0.1 7.1 5.1 5.5
Western Asia 4.4 3.4 3.8 3.3 2.5 2.4 1.4 -3.4 4.7 4.8 3.5
Western Asia – net fuel exporters 4.5 2.7 3.2 3.3 -0.4 1.7 1.4 -5.7 2.5 5.6 3.8
Bahrain 5.2 4.4 2.9 3.6 3.9 1.8 1.8 -5.5 2.6 3.4 3.2
Iraq 4.8 0.2 4.7 13.8 -3.8 0.9 4.4 -11.2 2.4 6.2 4.2
Kuwait 4.4 0.5 0.6 2.9 -4.7 2.4 -0.6 -8.9 2.0 5.8 3.9
Oman 3.6 1.5 4.6 5.1 0.3 0.9 -0.8 -3.2 2.2 4.5 3.5
Qatar 10.9 4.0 3.7 2.1 1.6 1.5 -0.2 -3.9 2.3 4.2 3.3
Saudi Arabia 3.5 3.7 4.1 1.7 -0.7 2.4 0.3 -4.1 2.4 6.0 3.5
United Arab Emirates 4.8 4.3 5.1 3.1 2.4 1.2 3.4 -6.1 3.0 5.9 4.2
Yemen 3.1 -10.6 -30.5 -14.6 -10.0 -1.3 2.1 -5.2 1.1 2.5 3.2
Western Asia – net fuel importers 4.2 4.3 4.6 3.4 6.2 3.1 1.5 -0.9 7.0 3.9 3.3
Israel 3.8 4.4 2.1 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.7 -2.1 6.8 4.3 4.0
Jordan 5.2 3.4 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.0 -1.6 2.1 2.8 2.8
Lebanon 4.3 2.5 0.6 1.6 0.8 -1.7 -7.2 -37.1 -16.2 10.1 6.7
State of Palestine 4.3 -0.2 3.7 8.9 1.4 1.2 1.4 -12.3 7.1 2.4 2.0
Syrian Arab Republic -0.7 -10.3 -3.2 -5.6 -0.7 1.5 3.7 -11.7 2.1 2.2 5.0
Turkey 4.5 4.9 6.1 3.3 7.5 3.0 0.9 1.8 8.1 3.7 3.0
Latin America and the Caribbean g 3.0 1.0 0.1 -1.2 1.0 0.7 -0.6 -7.4 6.5 2.2 2.5
South America 3.2 0.2 -1.3 -3.0 0.3 -0.1 -1.1 -7.0 6.7 1.6 2.4
Argentina 2.5 -2.5 2.7 -2.1 2.7 -2.5 -2.2 -9.9 9.8 2.2 2.6
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 3.9 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.2 2.2 -8.0 5.2 3.2 3.0
Brazil 3.3 0.5 -3.5 -3.3 1.3 1.8 1.4 -4.1 4.7 0.5 1.9
Chile 4.0 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.2 3.9 0.9 -5.8 11.8 1.9 2.6
Colombia 3.6 4.5 3.0 2.1 1.4 2.5 3.3 -6.8 9.5 3.7 3.3
Ecuador 3.7 3.8 0.1 -1.2 2.4 1.3 0.1 -7.8 3.1 2.6 2.0
Paraguay 4.1 4.9 3.1 4.3 5.0 3.4 0.2 -0.6 4.6 3.8 3.7
Peru 5.2 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.5 4.0 2.2 -11.0 13.5 3.0 2.9
Uruguay 2.6 3.2 0.4 1.7 2.6 1.6 0.2 -5.9 3.9 3.1 2.3
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 2.6 -3.9 -6.2 -17.0 -15.7 -19.6 -35.0 -30.0 -3.0 3.0 6.5
Mexico and Central America 2.5 3.0 3.6 3.1 2.5 2.5 0.5 -8.2 6.1 3.4 2.7
Costa Rica 4.1 3.5 3.6 4.2 3.9 2.7 2.1 -4.1 5.5 3.7 3.3
Cuba 4.8 1.0 4.4 0.5 1.8 2.2 2.0 -10.8 0.5 3.5 4.5
Dominican Republic 4.8 7.1 6.9 6.7 4.7 7.0 5.1 -6.8 10.4 5.5 5.2
El Salvador 2.0 1.4 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.4 -7.9 10.0 3.8 2.6
Guatemala 3.5 4.4 4.1 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.8 -1.5 5.4 4.3 3.6
Haitie 1.1 2.8 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 -1.7 -3.3 -1.4 2.0 1.6
Honduras 3.7 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.8 3.7 2.7 -9.0 9.0 4.5 3.4
168 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.3
Developing economies: rates of growth of real GDP (continued)
Annual percentage change

1999–2013a 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Mexico 2.1 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.1 2.1 -0.3 -8.3 5.8 2.9 2.2
Nicaragua 3.9 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.6 -4.0 -3.9 -2.0 7.4 3.0 2.5
Panama 6.2 5.1 5.7 5.0 5.6 3.6 3.0 -17.9 12.4 7.3 4.5
Caribbean 2.8 0.2 0.8 -1.5 0.2 1.5 0.4 -7.2 3.2 11.5 3.7
Bahamas 1.3 1.1 0.2 1.4 3.1 3.0 1.2 -14.5 2.3 8.5 4.0
Barbados 0.6 -0.1 2.4 2.5 0.5 -0.6 -0.1 -18.0 1.5 7.5 3.3
Belize 4.3 3.6 2.8 0.1 1.9 2.1 0.3 -14.0 2.7 6.2 2.8
Guyana 6.1 1.7 0.7 3.8 3.7 4.4 5.4 43.0 18.5 46.0 8.7
Jamaica 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.9 0.9 -10.2 4.0 5.7 2.7
Suriname 4.0 0.3 -3.4 -5.6 1.8 2.6 0.3 -15.9 -1.0 1.5 1.7
Trinidad and Tobago 5.2 -0.9 1.5 -5.6 -3.0 0.1 -1.2 -7.8 -1.0 5.7 1.9
Latin America and the Caribbean – net 3.2 0.2 -1.6 -7.0 -5.3 -5.5 -8.9 -12.1 5.6 3.4 3.5
fuel exporters
Latin America and the Caribbean – net 3.0 1.1 0.4 -0.2 2.0 1.7 0.6 -6.7 6.6 2.1 2.4
fuel importers
Memorandum items:
Least developed countries 6.0 5.7 3.7 4.0 4.9 5.2 4.5 0.8 1.4 4.0 5.7
Africa (excluding Libya) 5.0 4.9 3.5 1.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 -2.2 3.8 4.0 3.6
North Africa (excluding Libya) 4.3 3.9 4.2 3.3 3.7 3.8 2.7 -2.4 4.8 4.8 2.8
East Asia (excluding China) 4.9 4.1 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.2 -2.4 3.8 4.0 5.0
South Asia (excluding India) 4.2 4.7 3.3 7.5 5.3 0.8 -0.2 0.8 3.9 4.1 4.4
Western Asia 4.4 2.5 3.0 3.2 -0.3 1.7 1.3 -6.6 2.2 5.6 3.8
(excluding Israel and Turkey)
Arab States h 4.1 1.5 2.7 3.1 1.2 2.5 1.8 -6.0 4.0 5.4 3.5
Landlocked developing economies 6.6 5.6 3.8 3.3 4.7 4.9 4.4 -1.6 4.1 4.4 4.8
Small island developing States 4.9 3.9 3.5 2.9 3.5 3.3 2.1 -6.8 5.5 4.9 4.2

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and individual national sources.
Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2015 prices and exchange rates.
a Average percentage change.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on the UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d Covering countries that account for 98 per cent of the population of all developing countries.
e Fiscal year basis.
f Special Administrative Region of China.
g Figures for Latin America and the Caribbean for 2021–2022 were provided by UN ECLAC.
h Currently includes data for Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
 ANNEX TABLES 169

Table A.4
Growth of world output and gross domestic product by SDG regions
Annual percentage change

2019 2020 2021a 2022b 2023b

World 2.5 -3.4 5.5 4.0 3.5
Africa 2.8 -3.0 4.7 4.0 3.7
North Africa 2.9 -4.6 7.7 4.9 3.0
East Africa 5.4 0.1 3.9 4.6 5.4
Middle Africa 0.8 -2.5 1.4 3.1 3.9
Southern Africa 0.3 -7.0 3.8 2.5 2.4
West Africa 3.4 -0.8 3.2 3.7 4.0
Americas 1.7 -4.3 5.7 3.3 2.4
Northern America 2.3 -3.6 5.5 3.5 2.4
Latin America and the Caribbean -0.6 -7.4 6.5 2.2 2.5
Caribbean 2.5 -9.1 4.4 4.8 4.3
Central America 0.2 -8.2 6.1 3.2 2.4
South America -1.1 -6.9 6.7 1.7 2.5
Asia 3.8 -1.1 6.0 4.8 4.9
Central Asia 4.7 -0.4 4.7 4.7 4.2
East Asia 4.2 0.4 6.4 4.6 4.9
South Asia 3.1 -4.7 7.4 5.9 5.6
South-east Asia 4.4 -3.9 2.8 4.8 5.5
Western Asia 1.5 -3.5 4.7 4.8 3.6
Europe 1.7 -6.1 4.8 3.9 2.5
Eastern Europe 3.0 -3.4 4.6 3.3 3.1
Northern Europe 1.8 -6.2 5.8 4.1 2.4
Southern Europe 1.2 -9.2 5.5 4.6 2.9
Western Europe 1.5 -5.6 4.0 3.6 2.2
Oceania 2.1 -2.4 3.2 4.1 3.0

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and UN DESA forecasts.
Notes: Regional aggregates in this table follow geographic regions defined under the Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (known as M49) and are
not strictly comparable to those in the WESP. Full details on the M49 standard can be found at the United Nations Statistics Division. Calculated at 2015 prices and
exchange rates. Figures are based on the countries actively monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report.
a Partly estimated.
b Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
170 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.5
Developed economies: consumer price inflation

Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Developed economies 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.0 1.5 0.8 3.2 2.6 2.0
United States 1.5 1.6 0.1 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.2 4.6 3.6 2.5
Canada 0.9 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.9 0.7 3.5 3.1 2.5
Japan 0.3 2.8 0.8 -0.1 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.1
Australia 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.6 0.8 3.2 2.7 2.2
New Zealand 1.1 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 3.9 2.8 2.5
European Union 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.5 1.8 1.4 0.5 2.5 2.0 1.5
Austria 2.1 1.5 0.8 1.0 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 2.7 2.3 2.0
Belgium 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.2 0.4 2.4 1.6 1.5
Bulgaria 0.4 -1.6 -1.1 -1.3 1.2 2.6 2.4 1.2 3.0 1.9 1.9
Croatia 2.3 0.2 -0.3 -0.6 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
Cyprus 0.4 -0.3 -1.5 -1.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 -1.1 1.5 1.5 1.5
Czechia 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.7 2.4 1.9 2.6 3.3 3.8 2.5 2.5
Denmark 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.0 1.3
Estonia 3.2 0.5 0.1 0.8 3.7 3.4 2.3 -0.6 3.1 2.5 2.1
Finland 2.2 1.2 -0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.4 2.0 1.7 1.7
France 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 1.2 2.1 1.3 0.5 1.9 2.0 1.5
Germany 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.9 1.4 0.4 2.9 1.9 1.5
Greece -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 0.0 1.1 0.8 0.5 -1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5
Hungary 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.4 4.8 3.8 3.0
Ireland 0.5 0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.3 0.7 0.9 -0.5 2.7 2.0 1.5
Italy 1.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1 1.4 1.2 0.7 -0.2 1.9 1.9 1.2
Latvia 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 0.1 2.9 1.5 2.0
Lithuania 1.2 0.2 -0.7 0.7 3.7 2.5 2.2 1.1 3.5 2.5 2.3
Luxembourg 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.1 2.0 1.7 0.0 3.1 1.6 1.2
Malta 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.5 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5
Netherlands 2.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.6 2.7 1.1 2.3 2.1 1.7
Poland 0.8 0.1 -0.7 -0.2 1.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 5.1 3.4 3.0
Portugal 0.4 -0.2 0.5 0.6 1.6 1.2 0.3 -0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Romania 3.2 1.4 -0.4 -1.1 1.1 4.1 3.9 2.3 4.4 3.5 2.1
Slovakia 1.5 -0.1 -0.3 -0.5 1.4 2.5 2.8 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.3
Slovenia 1.9 0.4 -0.8 -0.1 1.6 1.9 1.7 -0.3 2.5 2.0 2.0
Spain 1.5 -0.2 -0.6 -0.3 2.0 1.7 0.8 -0.3 2.7 1.9 1.3
Sweden 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.7 0.7 1.9 1.5 1.3
Other European countries 2.0 1.3 0.1 0.8 2.2 2.2 1.6 0.7 2.4 2.1 2.2
Iceland 4.1 1.0 0.3 0.8 -1.6 0.7 2.0 2.9 4.5 2.7 2.3
Norway 2.0 1.9 2.0 3.9 1.8 3.0 2.3 1.2 3.5 2.5 0.1
Switzerland 0.1 0.0 -0.8 -0.5 0.6 0.9 0.4 -0.8 0.5 1.1 1.2
United Kingdomd 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.7 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.0 2.7 2.2 2.7
Memorandum items:
Northern America 1.4 1.6 0.2 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.2 4.5 3.5 2.5
Developed Asia and the Pacific 0.8 2.7 0.9 0.2 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.4 1.4
Europe 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.5 2.4 2.0 1.5
Major developed economies 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.1 1.5 0.8 3.3 2.7 2.1
Euro area 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 0.3 2.4 1.9 1.5

Source: UN DESA, based on OECD Main Economic Indicators, Eurostat and individual national sources.
a Data for country groups are weighted averages, where weights for each year are based on 2015 GDP in United States dollars.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d The United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020 and is therefore excluded from all EU aggregations.
 ANNEX TABLES 171

Table A.6
Economies in transition: consumer price inflation

Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Economies in transition 6.6 7.7 14.6 8.0 5.4 4.4 5.0 4.1 6.7 4.0 3.5
South-Eastern Europe 4.5 1.1 1.1 0.3 2.5 2.0 1.3 1.0 3.0 2.5 2.4
Albania 1.9 1.6 3.5 -0.4 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.6 3.3 3.2 2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina -0.1 -0.9 -1.0 -1.6 0.8 1.4 0.6 -1.1 1.7 1.5 1.9
Montenegro 2.2 -0.7 1.5 -0.3 2.4 2.6 0.4 -0.3 2.8 1.7 0.9
North Macedonia 2.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.3 0.7 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.6
Serbia 7.7 2.3 1.5 1.3 3.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 3.4 2.9 3.0
Commonwealth of Independent States
and Georgiad 6.7 8.0 15.2 8.3 5.5 4.5 5.1 4.3 6.9 4.0 3.5
Commonwealth of Independent States 6.5 7.4 13.9 8.0 4.5 3.5 4.5 3.9 6.4 3.5 3.4
and Georgia – net fuel exporters
Azerbaijan 2.4 1.4 4.0 12.4 12.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 4.5 3.8 3.1
Kazakhstan 5.8 6.7 6.7 14.5 7.4 6.0 5.2 6.7 6.4 5.0 4.5
Russian Federation 6.8 7.8 15.5 7.0 3.7 2.9 4.5 3.4 6.4 3.2 3.2
Turkmenistan 6.8 6.0 7.4 3.6 8.0 13.3 5.1 7.6 10.5 6.1 4.8
Commonwealth of Independent States 7.7 11.1 22.2 10.0 10.9 10.2 8.7 6.7 9.4 7.1 4.5
and Georgia – net fuel importers
Armenia 5.8 3.0 3.7 -1.4 1.0 2.5 1.4 1.2 7.6 4.1 3.8
Belarus 18.3 18.1 13.5 11.8 6.0 4.9 5.6 5.5 8.4 5.3 4.8
Georgia d -0.5 3.1 4.0 2.1 6.0 2.6 4.9 5.2 8.9 4.6 2.6
Kyrgyzstan 6.6 7.5 6.5 0.4 3.2 1.5 1.1 6.3 10.7 6.1 5.4
Republic of Moldova 4.6 5.1 9.7 6.4 6.6 3.0 4.8 3.8 4.4 12.0 5.0
Tajikistan 5.0 6.1 5.7 6.0 7.3 3.8 7.8 8.6 10.0 8.8 8.0
Ukraine e -0.2 12.1 48.7 13.9 14.4 11.0 7.9 2.7 9.0 6.8 5.6
Uzbekistan 11.7 9.1 8.5 8.8 13.9 17.5 14.5 12.9 11.1 9.0 3.0

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and individual national sources.
Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2015 prices and exchange rates.
a Average percentage change.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on the UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 18 August 2009. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries
for reasons of geographic proximity and similarities in economic structure.
e Starting in 2010, data for the Ukraine excludes the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
172 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.7
Developing economies: consumer price inflation
Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Developing countries by regiond 4.8 4.2 3.8 4.7 4.2 3.6 5.2 5.5 8.1 5.5 4.6
Africa 7.5 7.3 7.3 11.8 14.4 10.9 10.8 17.2 22.0 12.4 9.2
North Africa 9.5 9.5 8.2 10.6 18.9 15.1 10.3 19.2 43.2 18.5 10.9
Algeria 3.3 2.9 4.8 6.4 5.6 4.3 2.0 2.4 5.1 5.0 3.4
Egypt 9.5 10.1 10.4 13.8 29.5 14.4 9.2 5.0 5.6 7.4 8.1
Libya 2.6 2.4 9.9 25.9 25.8 13.6 -2.1 1.5 3.1 3.5 4.0
Mauritania 4.1 3.5 3.2 1.5 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.4 3.5 4.2 4.8
Morocco 1.9 0.4 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.8 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0
Sudan 36.5 36.9 16.9 17.8 32.4 63.3 51.0 150.3 368.1 126.6 54.2
Tunisia 5.3 4.6 4.4 3.6 5.3 7.3 6.7 5.6 5.5 5.8 6.5
East Africa 5.6 5.2 7.3 14.3 15.8 11.5 8.9 9.9 8.5 6.9 6.9
Burundi 7.9 4.4 5.5 5.6 16.1 -2.0 -0.8 7.3 5.0 5.1 5.1
Comoros -4.3 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.1 1.7 3.7 0.9 1.7 2.3 2.4
Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.8 1.2 0.7 2.9 35.8 29.3 4.7 11.3 9.4 6.4 6.6
Djibouti 2.7 1.3 -0.8 2.7 0.6 0.1 3.3 1.8 3.4 3.4 3.3
Eritrea 5.9 10.0 28.5 -5.6 -13.3 -14.4 -16.4 4.9 2.9 4.4 4.4
Ethiopia 7.5 6.9 9.6 6.6 10.7 13.8 15.8 20.4 14.9 11.9 11.4
Kenya 5.7 6.9 6.6 6.3 8.0 4.7 5.2 5.4 6.5 4.5 4.6
Madagascar 5.8 6.1 7.4 6.0 8.6 8.6 5.6 4.2 5.6 5.8 6.1
Rwanda 5.9 2.4 2.5 7.2 8.3 -0.3 3.3 9.9 6.9 5.1 4.4
Somalia -3.2 -5.6 -5.6 0.5 3.9 1.6 1.5 0.7 1.7 1.4 1.4
South Sudan -0.1 1.7 52.8 380.0 187.9 83.5 87.2 29.7 33.0 29.1 25.2
Uganda 4.9 3.1 5.4 5.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.8 4.2
United Republic of Tanzania 7.9 6.1 5.6 5.2 5.3 3.5 3.5 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.7
Central Africa 2.2 2.8 2.3 1.4 0.8 2.2 1.8 2.7 2.0 2.5 2.5
Cameroon 2.1 1.8 2.7 0.9 0.6 1.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0
Central African Republic 7.0 14.9 1.4 4.9 4.2 1.6 2.7 2.3 3.7 2.6 2.5
Chad 0.2 1.7 4.4 -0.8 -1.5 4.3 -1.0 3.5 2.2 2.8 3.0
Congo 4.6 0.9 3.2 3.2 0.5 1.2 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.8 3.0
Equatorial Guinea 2.9 4.3 1.7 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.2 4.8 0.5 3.1 3.1
Gabon 0.5 4.7 -0.3 2.1 2.7 4.7 2.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0
Sao Tome and Principe 8.1 7.0 5.3 5.4 5.7 7.9 7.7 9.8 8.3 7.8 5.8
West Africa 7.5 7.2 8.2 13.0 13.4 9.3 9.0 11.1 13.8 11.0 9.8
Benin 0.4 -0.5 0.2 -0.8 1.8 0.6 -0.7 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0
Burkina Faso 0.5 -0.3 0.7 0.4 1.5 2.0 -3.2 1.9 3.0 2.6 2.5
Cabo Verde 1.5 -0.2 0.1 -1.4 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.6 1.7
Côte D’Ivoire 2.6 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.4 -1.1 2.4 3.0 2.5 2.2
Gambia 5.7 5.9 6.8 7.2 8.0 6.5 7.1 5.9 7.0 6.3 6.1
Ghana 11.7 15.5 17.1 17.5 11.7 0.4 7.2 10.0 9.3 8.8 8.0
Guinea 11.9 7.1 10.8 8.2 8.9 9.8 9.5 10.6 11.6 9.9 8.0
Guinea-Bissau 1.2 -1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 0.4 0.2 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.0
Liberia 7.6 9.9 7.7 8.8 12.4 23.6 27.0 17.0 5.9 11.8 9.6
Mali -0.6 0.9 1.5 -1.8 1.8 0.3 -1.7 0.4 3.0 2.0 2.0
Niger 2.3 -0.9 -0.6 1.7 2.8 3.0 -2.5 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.0
Nigeria 8.5 8.1 9.0 15.7 16.5 12.1 11.4 13.2 17.0 13.3 11.8
Senegal 0.7 -1.1 0.1 0.8 1.3 0.5 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.5
Sierra Leone 5.5 4.6 6.7 10.9 18.2 16.0 14.8 13.4 11.3 13.3 11.4
 ANNEX TABLES 173

Table A.7
Developing economies: consumer price inflation (continued)
Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Togo 1.8 0.2 2.6 1.3 -1.0 0.9 0.7 1.8 2.7 2.5 2.2
Southern Africa 6.5 6.2 5.5 12.2 10.7 8.1 16.3 28.3 13.2 10.0 8.5
Angola 8.8 7.3 9.2 30.7 29.8 19.6 17.1 22.3 25.9 22.3 17.3
Botswana 5.9 4.4 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.8 1.9 6.8 2.6 3.8
Lesotho 5.6 5.7 5.0 7.8 6.2 4.8 2.6 3.9 4.7 5.0 5.5
Malawi 4.9 5.4 3.2 6.6 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.3
Mauritius 27.3 23.8 21.9 21.7 11.5 12.4 9.4 8.6 7.9 6.0 4.9
Mozambique 3.5 3.2 1.3 1.0 3.7 3.2 0.4 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.6
Namibia 4.3 2.6 3.6 17.4 15.1 3.9 2.8 3.1 8.4 8.3 7.6
South Africa 5.6 5.4 3.4 6.7 6.1 4.3 3.7 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.2
Eswatini 5.8 6.1 4.5 6.6 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.2 5.1 5.3 5.6
Zambia 7.0 7.8 10.1 17.9 6.6 7.5 9.2 15.7 19.9 8.3 6.3
Zimbabwe 1.6 -0.2 -2.4 -1.5 0.9 10.6 255.3 557.2 84.9 29.9 17.9
Africa – net fuel exporters 7.0 6.8 8.0 15.0 14.8 10.1 9.0 11.0 13.9 11.5 9.8
Africa – net fuel importers 7.8 7.6 6.7 9.6 14.1 11.5 12.1 21.5 27.6 12.9 8.9
East and South Asia 4.4 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.8 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4
East Asia 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.6
Brunei Darussalam 0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.3 -1.3 1.0 -0.4 1.9 1.5 0.7 2.5
Cambodia 2.9 3.9 1.2 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 1.6
Democratic People’s Republic 2.6 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.9 2.4 1.3 1.9 2.6
of Korea
China 1.6 3.7 3.1 -0.6 7.2 2.3 -4.6 -2.1 2.5 3.4 3.6
Fiji 2.9 0.5 1.4 3.9 3.3 4.1 1.8 -2.6 1.0 3.0 0.5
Hong Kong SARe -0.3 0.8 2.0 2.0 4.3 0.6 2.3 0.3 1.5 2.1 3.3
Indonesia 6.4 6.4 6.4 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.0 1.9 1.6 2.8 2.6
Kiribati -1.5 2.1 0.6 1.9 0.4 0.6 -1.9 2.5 1.1 1.5 2.2
Lao People's Democratic Republic 6.4 4.1 1.3 1.6 0.8 2.0 3.3 5.1 3.7 4.0 3.5
Malaysia 2.1 3.1 2.1 2.1 3.9 0.9 0.7 -1.1 2.5 2.3 1.4
Mongolia 10.5 12.3 5.7 0.7 4.3 6.8 7.3 3.7 7.0 8.5 9.2
Myanmar 5.6 5.0 9.5 6.9 4.6 6.9 8.8 5.7 6.2 4.0 4.3
Papua New Guinea 5.0 5.2 6.0 6.7 5.4 4.4 2.7 5.1 4.5 4.0 3.5
Philippines 2.6 3.6 0.7 1.3 2.9 5.2 2.5 2.6 4.8 3.9 3.4
Republic of Korea 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.5 2.1 1.5 2.4
Samoa 0.6 -0.4 0.7 1.3 1.7 4.2 1.0 -1.6 -3.0 2.7 2.7
Singapore 1.7 0.4 1.0 2.1 6.6 0.6 2.8 -0.2 1.7 1.5 2.5
Solomon Islands 5.4 5.2 -0.6 0.5 0.5 3.5 1.6 3.0 2.5 3.5 2.1
Taiwan, Province of China 0.8 1.2 -0.3 1.4 0.6 1.4 0.6 -0.2 1.7 1.0 2.3
Thailand 2.2 1.9 -0.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.7 -0.8 1.1 1.0 1.6
Timor-Leste 11.0 0.8 0.6 -1.5 0.5 2.3 1.0 0.5 1.6 2.2 2.4
Vanuatu 1.5 0.8 2.5 0.8 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.9 4.1 3.6 2.5
Viet Nam 6.6 4.1 0.6 2.7 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.2 2.0 2.5 4.0
South Asia 13.5 7.7 6.4 5.2 3.7 6.5 11.7 9.9 10.4 8.4 7.5
Afghanistan 7.4 4.7 -0.7 4.4 5.0 0.6 2.3 5.6 5.9 4.7 3.9
Bangladesh 7.5 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3
Bhutan 7.0 8.3 4.5 3.2 5.0 2.7 2.7 5.6 6.8 6.5 5.2
India 10.9 6.4 5.9 4.9 2.5 4.9 7.7 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.3
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 36.6 16.6 12.5 7.2 8.0 18.0 39.9 36.5 40.0 26.2 21.7
174 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.7
Developing economies: consumer price inflation (continued)
Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Maldives 3.8 2.1 1.0 0.5 2.8 -0.1 0.2 -1.4 1.4 2.3 2.2
Nepal 9.0 8.4 7.9 8.8 3.6 4.1 5.6 5.1 4.5 5.5 5.4
Pakistan 7.7 7.2 2.5 3.8 4.1 5.1 10.6 9.7 8.6 8.3 6.1
Sri Lanka 6.9 3.2 3.8 4.0 7.7 2.1 3.5 6.2 5.5 5.9 5.2
East and South Asia – 15.5 9.5 8.1 4.6 5.1 7.7 14.2 12.5 13.3 9.9 8.5
net fuel exporters
East and South Asia – 3.6 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.5 3.0
net fuel importers
Western Asia 4.3 4.3 3.8 3.8 4.1 6.5 4.2 6.4 9.7 6.5 3.9
Net fuel exporters 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 0.9 2.4 -1.1 1.3 2.7 2.3 1.8
Bahrain 3.3 2.6 1.8 2.8 1.4 2.1 1.0 -2.3 -0.4 1.0 2.1
Iraq 1.9 2.2 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0.6 5.8 3.6 3.0
Kuwait 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.2 0.5 1.1 2.1 3.1 2.7 2.5
Oman 1.0 1.0 0.1 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.1 -0.9 1.6 2.4 2.8
Qatar 3.2 3.3 1.8 2.7 0.4 0.3 -0.7 -2.5 1.9 2.2 2.6
Saudi Arabia 3.5 2.2 1.2 2.1 -0.8 2.5 -2.1 3.4 3.2 2.1 0.7
United Arab Emirates 1.1 2.3 4.1 1.6 2.0 3.1 -1.9 -2.1 0.3 1.0 1.7
Yemen 11.0 8.1 22.0 21.3 30.4 27.6 10.0 26.2 12.0 15.4 15.0
Net fuel importers 6.2 6.6 5.5 5.7 8.1 11.5 10.8 12.8 18.3 11.7 6.4
Israel 1.6 0.5 -0.6 -0.5 0.2 0.8 0.8 -0.6 1.7 1.8 1.8
Jordan 4.8 2.9 -0.9 -0.8 3.3 4.5 0.8 0.3 1.5 1.9 2.2
Lebanon 4.8 1.9 -3.7 -0.8 4.3 6.1 3.0 84.9 128.0 64.9 8.5
State of Palestine 1.7 1.7 1.4 -0.2 0.2 -0.2 1.6 -0.7 1.4 1.9 2.1
Syrian Arab Republic 27.8 20.1 38.2 47.7 19.4 0.9 13.4 84.7 33.7 19.6 15.7
Turkey 7.5 8.9 7.7 7.7 11.1 16.3 15.2 12.3 18.4 12.4 7.8
Latin America and the Caribbeand 5.3 7.0 7.6 10.1 6.8 7.5 8.4 8.1 11.5 10.5 7.4
South Americad 6.1 8.5 10.1 13.7 7.6 9.1 10.9 10.5 14.6 13.6 9.2
Argentina 10.6 21.4 21.5 40.5 25.7 34.2 41.0 42.6 48.2 46.5 33.0
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 5.8 5.8 4.1 3.6 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.0 0.5 1.7 1.9
Brazil 6.2 6.3 9.0 8.7 3.4 3.7 4.4 3.2 8.4 6.9 3.8
Chile 1.9 4.7 4.3 3.8 2.2 2.4 2.3 3.0 4.5 4.6 2.8
Colombia 2.0 2.9 5.0 7.5 4.3 3.2 3.5 2.5 3.4 4.1 3.7
Ecuador 2.7 3.6 4.0 1.7 0.4 -0.2 0.0 -0.3 0.1 1.2 1.0
Paraguay 2.7 5.0 3.1 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.2 1.8 4.3 4.1 3.2
Peru 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.6 2.8 1.3 2.1 1.8 4.1 4.2 2.9
Uruguay 8.6 8.9 8.7 9.6 6.2 7.6 7.6 9.8 7.7 7.0 6.7
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 40.6 62.2 121.7 254.9 438.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico and Central America 3.8 3.8 2.6 2.5 5.0 4.4 3.5 3.5 9.0 5.6 4.0
Costa Rica 5.2 4.5 0.9 0.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 0.7 1.6 2.4 2.1
Cuba 0.6 1.1 4.9 -0.5 -1.1 1.9 5.6 9.9 71.0 29.8 7.0
Dominican Republic 4.8 3.0 0.8 1.6 3.3 3.6 1.8 3.8 7.7 4.6 4.4
El Salvador 0.8 1.1 -0.7 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.7 -0.4 3.4 2.5 2.2
Guatemala 4.3 3.4 2.4 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.3 3.2 4.5 4.0 4.1
Haiti 5.9 4.6 9.0 13.8 14.7 14.0 16.9 20.3 23.8 24.8 23.6
Honduras 5.2 6.1 3.2 2.7 3.9 4.3 4.2 3.5 4.6 4.2 4.1
 ANNEX TABLES 175

Table A.7
Developing economies: consumer price inflation (continued)
Annual percentage change a

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Mexico 3.8 4.0 2.8 2.8 6.0 4.9 3.6 3.4 5.5 4.2 3.8
Nicaragua 7.1 6.0 3.9 3.4 4.0 4.8 4.4 3.7 4.6 4.3 4.0
Panama 4.0 2.6 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.4 -1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4
Caribbean 4.4 4.5 3.2 5.6 4.0 2.4 2.4 4.3 6.6 6.2 4.5
Bahamas 0.3 1.2 1.9 -0.3 1.5 2.3 2.5 0.0 1.7 2.4 1.9
Barbados 1.8 1.9 -1.1 1.1 4.7 3.7 4.1 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.2
Belize 0.5 1.0 -0.7 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.2 2.5 2.2
Guyana 2.1 0.6 -1.0 0.8 1.9 1.2 2.4 3.2 3.3 5.9 3.1
Jamaica 9.4 8.3 3.7 2.3 4.4 3.7 4.2 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.6
Suriname 1.9 3.4 6.9 53.0 21.5 6.9 4.4 34.9 58.0 47.9 27.0
Trinidad and Tobago 5.2 5.7 4.6 3.1 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.5 1.7 2.1
Latin America and the Caribbean – 2.6 3.4 4.7 5.7 3.2 2.3 2.5 1.7 2.4 3.2 2.9
net fuel exporters
Latin America and the Caribbean – 5.6 7.3 8.0 10.6 7.1 1.4 8.3 8.9 21.9 11.8 7.9
net fuel importers
Memorandum items:
Least developed countries 9.0 8.2 7.9 12.8 14.1 14.3 11.7 21.7 39.6 18.3 11.5
East Asia (excluding China) 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.8 2.8 2.0 1.6 0.8 2.1 2.0 2.5
South Asia (excluding India) 19.0 10.5 7.4 5.6 6.3 9.9 20.2 18.9 19.9 14.4 12.0
Western Asia
(excluding Israel and Turkey) 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.6 1.3 2.5 -0.8 4.7 6.7 4.3 2.2
Arab Statesf 5.1 4.7 4.3 5.0 6.7 6.3 2.6 9.1 17.8 8.6 4.9
Landlocked developing economies 6.1 5.7 6.2 11.3 8.8 7.7 13.3 21.9 9.6 6.7 5.2
Small island developing States 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.4 4.5 1.8 3.1 2.6 72.8 6.8 3.9
Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division, individual national sources and UN DESA forecasts.
a Data for country groups are weighted averages, where weights for each year are based on 2015 GDP in United States dollars.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d Regional aggregates exclude Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).
e Special Administrative Region of China.
f Includes data for Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,
Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
176 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.8
Selected economies: real effective exchange rates, broad measurementa, b
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021c
Developed economies
Australia 100.0 94.9 90.2 81.0 81.6 84.0 80.9 77.0 75.6 80.1
Austria 100.0 101.7 103.2 101.1 102.5 103.3 104.3 103.4 105.0 105.4
Belgium 100.0 101.2 101.3 97.5 100.0 101.2 102.9 101.4 102.2 102.6
Bulgaria 100.0 99.9 99.6 96.9 96.8 96.5 100.2 100.0 102.6 104.0
Canada 100.0 96.5 90.3 81.3 79.3 80.4 79.8 79.0 77.9 82.1
Croatia 100.0 100.7 100.4 98.6 99.6 99.6 101.3 100.0 98.5 99.0
Czechia 100.0 97.4 92.3 91.4 93.8 96.8 100.8 101.0 101.5 105.2
Denmark 100.0 100.7 101.6 97.3 98.2 98.3 99.3 97.5 98.7 97.3
Finland 100.0 102.3 104.9 101.9 103.1 102.0 104.1 102.7 104.1 103.6
France 100.0 101.2 101.3 96.3 97.4 97.6 99.2 97.7 98.7 98.7
Germany 100.0 102.0 102.7 98.3 99.7 100.3 102.2 100.6 101.6 102.2
Greece 100.0 99.3 98.0 92.0 93.0 92.5 90.6 88.2 87.5 86.9
Hungary 100.0 98.4 95.1 92.6 93.2 94.3 93.6 92.6 88.8 92.0
Ireland 100.0 101.5 100.5 92.7 93.9 94.0 94.9 92.2 92.1 92.8
Italy 100.0 101.6 101.8 97.0 97.9 98.1 98.8 96.5 96.8 96.9
Japan 100.0 80.3 75.5 70.1 78.7 74.6 74.3 76.1 76.7 70.8
Netherlands 100.0 102.9 102.9 98.4 99.5 99.4 100.6 100.5 102.4 102.7
New Zealand 100.0 103.7 108.4 102.1 104.6 107.6 101.8 100.9 102.2 108.5
Norway 100.0 97.9 92.7 84.9 86.1 86.7 87.4 85.4 79.6 83.8
Poland 100.0 100.0 101.1 98.4 94.8 96.7 97.3 96.2 96.9 97.5
Portugal 100.0 100.0 99.3 96.9 98.3 97.4 96.1 95.1 96.6 95.8
Romania 100.0 103.7 105.1 102.5 101.3 99.0 101.1 100.6 101.5 101.1
Slovakia 100.0 101.1 101.9 99.8 100.0 99.0 100.4 101.0 103.5 103.5
Spain 100.0 101.7 101.0 95.8 96.3 97.0 96.2 94.7 95.2 96.0
Sweden 100.0 101.3 96.3 91.1 91.7 90.6 86.3 83.2 85.2 88.3
Switzerland 100.0 98.6 99.4 104.9 102.8 100.5 97.5 98.2 101.9 98.4
United Kingdom 100.0 98.8 105.6 110.3 98.4 93.3 94.9 94.4 94.6 98.8
United States 100.0 100.2 102.1 112.9 116.5 114.3 109.2 113.3 115.7 113.1
Economies in transition
Azerbaijan 100.0 99.8 103.5 95.5 70.1 71.0 72.6 75.4 77.8 77.0
Belarus 100.0 107.8 119.6 110.1 101.4 98.9 97.1 99.3 93.0 89.7
Kazakhstan 100.0 100.6 93.3 93.2 70.9 76.7 75.8 72.4 71.8 70.6
Russian Federation 100.0 100.2 90.0 74.4 74.3 86.1 78.7 79.9 73.2 71.5
Ukrained 100.0 96.4 73.9 69.9 70.2 73.5 78.0 89.3 88.1 89.1
Developing economies
Algeria 100.0 98.0 99.9 95.3 94.5 95.3 91.9 93.7 90.3 84.3
Argentina 100.0 90.9 74.4 87.5 75.8 78.9 52.7 38.4 38.8 37.1
Bangladesh 100.0 110.9 118.8 135.5 143.0 143.7 141.3 148.8 154.9 154.1
Brazil 100.0 94.6 92.5 75.5 78.8 84.9 67.7 61.1 45.0 42.2
Chile 100.0 99.0 89.7 87.1 87.9 90.5 88.9 81.4 73.2 75.0
China 100.0 104.5 107.8 115.7 109.9 105.5 105.4 104.1 106.1 109.9
Colombia 100.0 96.3 91.5 74.0 70.4 71.2 58.2 45.5 37.1 32.3
Dominican Republic 100.0 96.8 94.8 96.2 95.1 90.9 80.0 72.4 64.5 59.3
 ANNEX TABLES 177

Table A.8
Selected economies: real effective exchange rates, broad measurementa, b (continued)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021c
Egypt 100.0 94.3 101.2 112.1 98.5 69.5 78.3 91.9 101.6 95.6
Ethiopia 100.0 99.9 99.8 108.3 109.8 106.9 108.8 121.0 118.5 117.8
Guatemala 100.0 102.0 106.5 114.5 121.1 127.1 122.5 119.8 120.4 114.8
Hong Kong SARe 100.0 97.5 97.0 102.5 106.7 109.1 105.4 108.8 108.3 103.0
India 100.0 99.6 101.5 107.8 108.4 111.3 105.9 108.4 106.1 105.7
Indonesia 100.0 95.3 89.4 89.9 93.7 94.2 88.7 92.1 90.5 89.1
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 100.0 88.6 72.7 76.6 78.1 77.2 72.5 99.4 135.7 166.3
Israel 100.0 106.5 107.7 106.3 108.2 112.7 111.2 113.6 116.1 120.0
Korea, Republic of 100.0 103.5 109.0 107.8 106.4 109.0 110.2 104.6 102.6 103.3
Kuwait 100.0 100.7 102.0 104.8 108.0 107.8 105.8 106.6 105.6 104.2
Malaysia 100.0 99.6 99.1 89.9 86.2 83.7 87.4 85.5 82.8 82.3
Mexico 100.0 105.6 104.4 92.4 79.9 81.2 59.5 57.9 52.3 55.2
Morocco 100.0 101.6 102.1 101.9 104.0 102.7 103.2 103.8 105.4 105.8
Nigeria 100.0 106.8 114.0 110.4 98.0 91.5 99.5 111.1 107.2 107.5
Pakistan 100.0 97.3 103.8 109.6 112.9 114.3 100.9 91.2 91.7 93.3
Peru 100.0 98.8 96.8 95.1 93.7 96.2 91.7 90.6 86.7 74.6
Philippines 100.0 102.3 101.4 105.4 101.9 96.4 94.3 98.4 104.3 105.1
Qatar 100.0 103.7 106.4 115.6 118.3 116.4 113.1 113.1 108.6 104.8
Saudi Arabia 100.0 103.0 104.5 112.2 114.6 111.2 111.1 109.5 111.8 108.9
Singapore 100.0 101.3 100.4 99.7 101.3 105.6 104.8 107.1 104.6 104.2
South Africa 100.0 88.9 83.8 81.1 76.6 85.6 86.8 81.1 69.3 74.9
Sri Lanka 100.0 104.5 105.8 110.5 107.6 107.1 98.9 91.3 91.8 85.2
Taiwan, Province of China 100.0 100.5 99.4 99.6 99.4 103.9 103.3 101.4 105.0 106.4
Thailand 100.0 104.0 100.4 100.3 97.1 99.5 103.0 108.2 105.4 100.2
Turkey 100.0 98.9 94.6 92.4 91.1 80.9 68.6 67.5 60.0 58.1
United Arab Erirates 100.0 101.1 103.7 113.4 115.3 115.1 117.0 113.0 106.9 100.8
Uruguay 100.0 106.9 103.4 104.5 103.6 106.5 88.5 72.0 61.9 54.6
Viet Nam 100.0 105.1 107.8 112.2 114.6 113.3 112.8 114.7 116.8 112.5

Sources: UN DESA, Bank for International Settlements, IMF International Financial Statistics.
a 2012=100.
b CPI-based indices. The real effective exchange rate gauges the effect on international price competitiveness of currency changes and inflation differentials. A rise in
the index implies a fall in competitiveness and vice versa.
c Average for the first ten months.
d Data for Ukraine excludes the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
e Special Administrative Region of China.
178 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.9
Free market commodity price indices

Index: Year 2015 = 100

Non-fuel commodities

Vegetable
Tropical oilseeds and Agricultural Minerals and All groups
Food beverages oils raw materials metals All groups excluding fuels Fuels
2012 127 112 152 143 153 177 145 197
2013 120 90 136 131 138 170 131 194
2014 118 111 123 115 121 157 119 180
2015 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2016 104 97 107 100 105 91 104 83
2017 103 94 106 105 116 106 110 104
2018 96 86 100 103 118 123 109 133
2019 98 81 93 99 125 114 112 116
2020 102 85 106 97 145 96 124 79
2018
I 100 90 107 105 124 120 114 124
II 100 90 106 105 121 126 112 135
III 92 80 95 102 113 126 104 140
IV 94 82 92 100 114 121 105 131
2019
I 96 79 94 101 120 115 109 119
II 97 79 89 101 123 117 110 121
III 98 80 92 97 130 112 114 110
IV 102 87 98 97 127 113 114 112
2020
I 103 87 99 97 129 101 116 91
II 99 83 92 91 134 82 116 61
III 100 86 104 96 155 98 130 78
IV 104 85 127 105 160 105 137 85
2021
I 113 91 150 110 170 128 147 115
II 122 99 163 110 184 140 158 128
III 123 111 159 110 180 149 157 145

Sources: UNCTAD, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin; UN DESA.

 ANNEX TABLES 179

Table A.10
World oil supply and demand

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021a

World oil supplyb,c
(millions of barrels per day) 89.3 91.7 94.3 94.7 95.5 98.2 97.1 94.1 92.5
Developed economies 18.1 20.1 21.4 21.0 22.0 24.7 26.5 25.6 25.8
Economies in transition 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.7 15.0 13.5 13.8
Developing economies 55.1 55.3 56.6 57.1 56.8 56.5 53.3 52.6 50.6
OPEC 37.7 37.7 39.1 39.6 39.5 39.5 36.7 32.6 30.9
Non-OPEC 17.4 17.6 17.6 17.5 17.2 16.9 16.5 20.1 19.7
Processing gains d 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
Global biofuels e 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8
World total demandf 92.0 93.2 95.0 96.1 97.9 99.2 100.5 92.1 97.4
Oil prices (dollars per barrel)
OPEC basketg 105.9 96.3 49.5 40.8 52.4 69.8 64.1 41.5 69.4
Brent oil 108.9 98.9 52.3 43.7 54.2 71.2 64.3 41.7 71.6

Sources: UN DESA, International Energy Agency; U.S. Energy Information Administration; and OPEC.
a Partly estimated.
b Including global biofuels, crude oil, condensates, natural gas liquids (NGLs), oil from non-conventional sources and other sources of supply.
c Totals may not add up because of rounding.
d Net volumetric gains and losses in the refining process and marine transportation losses.
e Global biofuels comprise all world biofuel production including fuel ethanol from Brazil and the United States.
f Measured as deliveries from refineries and primary stocks, comprises inland deliveries, international marine bunkers, refinery fuel, crude for direct burning,
oil from non-conventional sources and other sources of supply. Includes Biofuels.
g As of 6 March 2020: The basket price excludes the Ecuadorean crude "Oriente".
180 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.11
World tradea: Changes in value and volume of exports and imports, by major country group
Annual percentage change

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Dollar value of exports
World 2.6 1.5 -11.1 -1.7 10.7 9.0 -1.6 -11.4 22.2 7.4 4.7
Developed economies 3.1 3.1 -9.6 0.4 8.8 8.9 -1.4 -10.6 18.9 8.2 4.4
Northern America 2.7 3.6 -6.3 -1.8 7.0 6.5 -0.5 -15.5 16.1 9.7 5.0
Europe 5.0 3.0 -10.8 1.5 9.6 9.9 -1.9 -8.0 19.8 7.7 4.2
Developed Asia and the Pacific -6.6 1.8 -11.7 3.4 10.5 7.3 -1.2 -12.2 21.1 6.2 5.0
Economies in transition -0.5 -5.7 -28.7 -11.7 21.2 21.0 -2.0 -18.5 35.1 8.2 3.1
South-Eastern Europe 15.5 4.1 -10.0 9.3 15.1 16.4 1.2 -9.5 27.7 6.8 3.2
Commonwealth of Independent States and
Georgiad -1.1 -6.1 -29.5 -12.8 21.6 21.3 -2.2 -19.1 35.7 8.3 3.1
Developing economies 2.3 0.2 -11.3 -3.7 12.5 8.2 -1.8 -11.9 25.7 6.3 5.2
Latin America and the Caribbean -0.2 -4.0 -12.7 -0.8 20.0 -3.8 1.0 -14.6 21.2 5.2 5.1
Africa -10.3 -3.5 -27.9 -7.6 17.0 14.6 -3.3 -19.7 33.9 5.3 6.8
East Asia 5.1 3.0 -5.9 -3.9 10.4 8.9 -1.6 -9.2 27.1 6.9 4.9
South Asia 3.2 -4.3 -9.1 2.3 13.4 6.9 -4.9 -6.6 20.0 6.4 5.3
Western Asia 0.8 -2.9 -24.1 -6.8 13.2 15.1 -2.7 -20.8 23.1 4.4 5.7
Dollar value of imports
World 2.7 2.0 -9.8 -2.2 14.2 10.1 412.3 -35.5 6.7 10.1 5.6
Developed economies 1.6 3.0 -9.9 -0.4 8.7 9.5 -0.8 -10.4 23.4 5.9 3.4
Northern America -0.1 3.6 -4.2 -2.2 6.8 6.9 -0.5 -11.2 21.4 3.9 4.0
Europe 3.6 2.7 -11.5 1.6 10.2 10.7 -0.8 -8.7 24.0 6.8 3.3
Asia and Oceaia -5.4 1.7 -16.8 -4.1 9.4 10.2 -2.4 -13.3 26.1 2.8 2.1
Economies in transition 3.3 -9.1 -28.3 -4.8 19.0 9.4 4.4 -13.2 27.0 7.0 2.9
South-Eastern Europe 4.8 4.0 -13.8 5.4 14.6 16.6 2.4 -8.7 23.9 6.1 3.5
Commonwealth of Independent States and
Georgiad 3.2 -9.9 -29.3 -5.7 19.4 8.7 4.6 -13.7 27.3 7.1 2.8
Developing economies 4.2 1.7 -8.2 -4.3 21.5 10.9 934.7 -38.6 3.7 11.0 6.1
Latin America and the Caribbean 4.8 -0.1 3.5 -9.7 73.7 12.6 4105.1 -40.9 0.2 11.6 6.1
Africa 5.2 2.1 -16.0 -7.6 4.7 11.2 0.4 -10.6 27.3 4.9 7.7
East Asia 4.9 2.5 -10.2 -2.5 12.6 12.5 -3.1 -7.4 33.8 6.5 4.5
South Asia -3.6 -3.9 -7.7 1.0 17.8 7.5 -5.0 -12.2 39.4 10.4 14.2
Western Asia 5.7 4.0 -8.2 -6.6 8.0 2.1 -2.7 -9.7 26.0 6.9 7.3
Volume of exports
World 2.5 3.8 3.0 2.3 5.6 4.3 1.2 -8.7 11.0 6.0 4.0
Developed economies 2.6 4.3 4.6 2.8 5.0 3.5 1.8 -10.1 9.2 7.0 3.6
Northern America 2.9 4.3 0.8 0.6 3.6 3.0 0.2 -12.9 8.1 8.1 4.0
Europe 2.8 4.2 6.5 3.6 5.3 3.7 2.6 -8.3 9.7 6.4 3.3
Developed Asia and the Pacific 1.9 8.5 4.1 2.9 6.0 3.4 0.1 -11.3 11.6 5.9 4.5
Economies in transition 2.5 -0.8 1.8 3.2 5.4 5.5 2.3 -6.2 10.6 5.6 3.1
South-Eastern Europe 11.5 5.3 8.2 10.8 9.0 7.8 5.8 -10.6 12.9 6.3 2.6
Commonwealth of Independent States and
Georgiad 2.1 -1.1 1.5 2.8 5.2 5.4 2.1 -5.9 10.4 5.6 3.1
Developing economies 2.3 3.6 1.0 1.5 6.3 5.3 0.2 -7.0 13.4 4.9 4.5
Latin America and the Caribbean 1.1 1.3 4.7 1.8 3.7 3.6 0.3 -9.0 8.5 2.3 3.5
 ANNEX TABLES 181

Table A.11
World tradea: Changes in value and volume of exports and imports by major country group (continued)
Annual percentage change

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021b 2022c 2023c
Africa -26.3 -6.6 -2.9 2.7 13.0 4.4 1.9 -15.5 15.3 2.8 5.2
East Asia 6.8 5.8 1.0 0.8 7.2 4.8 0.7 -5.4 15.9 6.0 4.5
South Asia 4.2 3.0 -1.5 6.6 5.8 6.4 -4.1 -4.2 9.8 4.3 4.2
Western Asia 2.1 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.9 8.7 -0.3 -10.4 6.2 2.2 5.4
Volume of imports
World 3.0 3.1 2.0 1.5 5.8 4.7 1.1 -7.9 10.9 5.3 4.1
Developed economies 2.0 4.6 5.7 3.0 4.7 3.9 2.8 -9.3 7.8 4.9 2.9
Northern America 1.4 4.7 4.4 1.2 4.5 4.0 1.0 -9.3 6.2 3.0 3.5
Europe 2.2 4.6 7.3 4.5 5.1 3.9 4.1 -8.2 8.4 5.8 2.8
Developed Asia and the Pacific 1.9 5.7 0.9 -0.6 4.6 4.3 0.5 -9.5 8.3 2.2 2.0
Economies in transition 2.8 -6.3 -16.7 -0.3 12.9 5.1 5.5 -10.9 10.3 5.2 2.4
South-Eastern Europe 3.0 6.5 3.5 8.1 9.0 8.4 7.2 -8.7 9.0 4.8 2.9
Commonwealth of Independent States and 2.8 -7.1 -18.2 -1.0 13.3 4.8 5.3 -11.1 10.5 5.3 2.3
Georgiad
Developing economies 4.2 1.9 -1.2 -0.5 6.7 5.8 -1.5 -5.8 15.1 5.8 5.6
Latin America and the Caribbean -0.6 -4.9 -6.6 -11.2 1.4 4.0 -3.1 -13.7 12.7 4.7 3.7
Africa 6.5 -1.4 -3.4 -0.7 5.8 6.4 2.0 -7.0 7.6 2.8 6.6
East Asia 7.2 4.9 1.3 3.1 7.8 6.5 -1.5 -3.2 17.4 5.9 4.3
South Asia -6.0 -1.3 -3.9 2.5 13.5 7.0 -1.0 -8.3 15.9 9.9 14.3
Western Asia 5.7 3.9 -0.9 -3.2 4.4 2.9 -1.6 -7.3 10.5 5.6 6.9

Source: UN DESA.
a Includes goods and services.
b Partly estimated.
c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.
d Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 18 August 2009. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries
for reasons of geographic proximity and similarities in economic structure.
182 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.12
Balance of payments on current accounts, by country or country group, summary table
Billions of dollars

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021a
Developed economies -141.1 24.4 -9.4 10.8 113.5 228.4 147.4 97.4 -86.6 -57.1
Japan 59.7 46.0 36.8 136.4 197.8 203.5 177.8 176.5 164.4 176.9
United States -418.1 -339.5 -370.0 -408.9 -397.6 -361.7 -438.2 -472.1 -616.1 -796.1
Europe 356.3 433.2 416.7 399.6 405.9 474.3 486.2 425.0 360.5 502.5
Europe excluding the United Kingdom 450.9 569.4 566.4 547.0 552.8 574.7 591.5 512.6 461.1 607.1
Other Europeb 44.2 0.0 -35.2 -43.3 -66.2 -26.8 -20.6 -25.5 -64.8 -13.9
Economies in transition 59.4 11.5 51.1 47.7 -4.4 13.4 105.8 43.3 22.9 82.5
South-Eastern Europe -8.4 -5.6 -6.1 -3.8 -3.9 -5.1 -5.1 -6.5 -5.9 -6.2
Commonwealth of Independent States
69.6 18.1 58.9 53.3 1.4 19.8 112.0 50.8 30.8 90.5
and Georgiac
Developing economies 507.7 370.3 384.3 178.2 179.6 277.9 165.2 216.9 427.1 585.2
Net fuel exporters 420.8 348.2 198.2 -167.0 -108.7 15.6 132.9 27.6 -82.1 86.4
Net fuel importers 86.9 22.1 186.1 345.3 288.3 262.3 32.4 189.4 509.3 498.8
Latin America and the Caribbean -148.8 -172.5 -185.9 -172.1 -100.6 -94.1 -140.0 -102.3 2.0 -27.4
Net fuel exporters -3.4 -2.3 -11.3 -37.5 -18.2 -2.7 -6.6 -10.0 -9.1 -9.3
Net fuel importers -145.5 -170.2 -174.6 -134.6 -82.4 -91.4 -133.4 -92.3 11.1 -18.2
Africa -47.1 -64.1 -91.9 -143.6 -112.0 -84.1 -80.2 -100.0 -89.3 -80.9
Net fuel exporters 34.5 15.8 -25.5 -72.9 -42.0 -19.9 -13.1 -34.9 -45.2 -32.0
Net fuel importers -81.7 -79.8 -66.4 -70.7 -70.0 -64.2 -67.1 -65.1 -44.1 -48.9
Western Asia 336.8 284.5 200.9 -72.0 -83.2 -14.3 122.0 100.0 -47.7 109.1
Net fuel exporters 399.8 348.4 243.6 -47.0 -51.4 32.2 151.8 95.3 -25.7 111.6
Net fuel importers -63.0 -63.9 -42.7 -25.0 -31.8 -46.4 -29.8 4.7 -22.0 -2.4
East and South Asia 272.4 287.8 432.4 543.6 459.9 405.5 172.6 272.1 576.4 543.9
Net fuel exporters -10.2 -13.7 -8.6 -9.6 2.9 6.0 0.7 -22.8 -2.2 16.2
Net fuel importers 282.6 301.4 441.0 553.3 457.0 399.4 171.8 294.9 578.6 527.8
World residuald 426.0 406.2 426.0 236.6 288.7 519.7 418.4 357.6 363.5 610.7

Sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database, October 2022
a Partially estimated
b Other Europe consists of Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (Table A).
c Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 18 August 2009. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries
for reasons of geographic proximity and similarities in economic structure.
d Statistical discrepancy.
Other Notes: Africa includes South Sudan; Western Asia excludes the State of Palestine; and East Asia excludes Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
 ANNEX TABLES 183

Table A.13
Net ODA from major sources, by type

ODA as a Total ODA Percentage distribution of ODA by type, 2020

Growth rate of ODA percentage (millions
(2018 prices and exchange rates) of GNI of dollars) Bilateral Multilateral

Total
1999– 2009– (United Nations United
Donor group or country 2008 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020 2020 Total & other) Nations Other
Total DAC countries 4.9 5.3 -2.3 -0.5 7.1 0.32 161027 70.0 30.0 5.1 24.9
Total EU 4.8 5.4 -0.5 -1.5 7.6 0.54 93974 63.3 36.7 4.8 31.9
Austria 4.7 4.6 -12.4 9.0 4.6 0.31 1316 42.7 57.3 3.2 54.2
Belgium 6.3 9.1 0.5 -2.5 3.5 0.48 2341 43.5 56.5 12.7 43.9
Denmark 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.4 0.6 0.73 2638 64.1 35.9 10.2 25.7
Finland 7.4 7.4 -14.9 21.0 6.4 0.47 1275 50.6 49.4 13.5 36.0
France a 3.5 3.9 7.2 -2.8 26.6 0.60 15833 66.0 34.0 2.1 31.8
Germany 4.1 5.0 -3.6 -3.1 16.0 0.74 28886 77.7 22.3 2.8 19.5
Greece 6.8 4.9 -11.4 33.2 -36.2 0.13 238 1.9 98.1 1.5 96.6
Ireland 10.6 8.0 6.2 6.9 -4.1 0.31 972 52.4 47.6 11.9 35.7
Italy -1.0 0.4 -17.7 -12.5 -1.0 0.23 4348 29.4 70.6 4.7 65.9
Luxembourg 7.1 6.5 4.0 1.6 -9.2 1.02 450 67.6 32.4 13.3 19.0
Netherlands 2.5 2.3 5.6 -3.5 -2.8 0.59 5359 66.8 33.2 9.8 23.4
Portugal 1.3 3.1 -4.5 2.0 -8.9 0.16 364 31.6 68.4 3.5 65.0
Spain 9.4 8.8 -4.5 8.8 -2.2 0.22 2722 27.6 72.4 4.0 68.4
Sweden 7.8 6.5 7.1 -8.1 15.5 1.13 6261 55.8 44.2 11.6 32.6
Australia 4.2 5.4 4.0 -4.4 -10.6 0.19 2563 76.3 23.7 7.1 16.6
Canada 3.1 4.5 5.7 -1.8 9.2 0.30 4896 75.4 24.6 5.9 18.7
Japan -3.0 -2.0 -13.5 14.3 13.1 0.26 13666 75.0 25.0 4.7 20.3
New Zealand 4.2 3.2 25.5 2.4 -5.2 0.27 531 81.6 18.4 9.7 8.7
Norway 3.8 3.5 -4.8 9.7 8.4 1.11 4198 75.2 24.8 9.7 15.1
Switzerland 5.1 3.4 -2.9 1.6 13.9 0.50 3722 76.5 23.5 7.3 16.2
United Kingdom 8.5 10.9 1.5 1.8 -6.6 0.72 19245 63.2 36.8 3.8 33.0
United States 9.1 9.0 -5.0 -4.1 5.3 0.16 35124 82.5 17.5 4.9 12.6

Source: UN DESA, based on OECD/DAC online database.

a Excluding flows from France to the Overseas Departments, namely Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique and Réunion.
184 WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2022

Table A.14
Total net ODA flows from OECD Development Assistance Committee countries, by type

Net disbursements at current prices and exchange rates (billions of dollars)

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Official Development Assistance 135.1 127.0 134.8 137.5 131.6 144.9 147.2 150.1 146.5 161.0
Bilateral official development assistance 94.8 88.5 93.5 94.8 94.2 103.1 105.6 105.2 103.3 112.7
in the form of:
Technical cooperation 18.0 18.2 16.9 17.3 14.9 15.7 16.5 15.8 16.9 …
Humanitarian aid 9.7 8.5 10.5 13.1 13.4 14.4 16.1 16.0 16.5 …
Debt forgiveness 6.3 3.3 6.1 1.4 0.3 2.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 …
Bilateral loans 1.9 2.6 1.4 5.3 6.0 5.8 6.6 6.3 6.3 ...
Contributions to multilateral institutionsa 40.3 38.6 41.4 42.7 37.3 41.8 41.6 44.9 43.2 48.3
of which are:
UN agencies 6.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.6 7.6 8.2
EU institutions 13.8 12.0 12.8 13.3 11.9 13.8 13.9 15.2 15.5 16.3
World Bank 10.2 8.6 9.4 9.8 8.6 8.8 8.2 11.3 9.3 8.7
Regional development banks 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 3.9 2.9
Others 4.4 6.4 7.2 7.5 6.7 7.8 8.1 6.3 6.0 …
Memorandum item
Bilateral ODA to least developed countries 30.7 27.4 29.9 26.4 25.0 24.6 27.4 27.8 28.2 …

Source: UN DESA, based on OECD/DAC online database.

a Grants and capital subscriptions. Does not include concessional lending to multilateral agencies.
 ANNEX TABLES 185

Table A.15
Commitments and net flows of financial resources, by selected multilateral institutions
Billions of dollars

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Resource commitments a
163.8 189.8 130.8 185.0 119.9 245.4 256.7 224.8 225.0 247.1
Financial institutions, excluding
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 106.8 96.5 98.8 99.2 99.9 106.9 108.0 114.6 129.3 143.7
Regional development banks b 46.9 43.0 45.8 41.1 46.9 49.8 54.0 56.0 59.8 56.5
World Bank Group c 59.9 53.5 53.0 58.1 53.0 57.0 54.0 58.6 69.5 87.2
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) 26.7 20.6 15.2 18.6 23.5 29.7 22.6 23.0 28.0 30.5
International Development Association
(IDA) 16.3 14.8 16.3 22.2 19.0 16.2 19.5 24.0 30.4 36.0
International Financial Corporation
(IFC)d 16.9 9.2 11.0 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.9 11.6 11.1 20.7
International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD) 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 0.8
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 45.7 82.5 19.6 72.7 6.2 123.9 132.9 89.9 75.6 73.5
United Nations operational agencies e 11.3 10.8 12.4 13.1 13.7 14.7 15.8 20.4 20.1 29.8

Net flows 78.7 35.1 8.8 -5.1 17.7 32.2 36.3 82.6 62.8 84.4
Financial institutions, excluding IMF 38.0 26.3 22.2 25.0 35.5 33.8 36.6 46.8 49.4 61.1
Regional development banks b 10.5 8.6 5.7 11.2 15.4 14.2 13.1 14.2 15.2 24.0
World Bank Group c 27.6 17.7 16.5 13.8 20.1 19.6 23.6 32.7 34.2 37.1
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) 17.2 8.0 7.8 6.4 9.0 10.0 13.2 17.4 17.4 16.9
International Development Association
(IDA) 9.1 7.8 7.0 7.4 9.9 8.8 8.8 14.7 15.3 19.6
International Financial Corporation
(IFC) 1.2 1.9 1.6 0.1 1.3 0.8 1.6 0.6 1.6 0.6
International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD) 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 40.7 8.9 -13.4 -30.1 -17.9 -1.5 -0.4 35.8 13.4 23.3

Source: Annual reports of the relevant multilateral institutions, various issues.

a Loans, grants, technical assistance and equity participation, as appropriate; all data are on a calendar-year basis.
b African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),
and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
c Data is for fiscal year.
d Effective 2012, data does not include short-term finance.
e United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food Programme
(WFP).