POLITICAL

AND
LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURE
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Political Structure

➢ Is defined as the organized way in which

power is distributed and decisions are
made within a society
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➢ defines the process for making official government
decisions. It is usually compared to the legal system,
economic system, cultural system, and other social
systems.
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 Types of Political System
Authoritarianism
➢ Is a form of government characterized by strong central power
and limited political freedoms.
• In authoritarian governments, the people have no power or representation
and it is characterized by absolute or blind obedience to formal authority,
as against individual freedom and related to the expectation of
unquestioning obedience. The elite leaders handle all economic, military,
and foreign relations. A prime example of authoritarianism is a
dictatorship.
• Totalitarianism is the most extreme form of authoritarianism because it
controls all aspects of life including the communication between citizens,
media censorship, and threatens by the means of terror.

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Monarchy
➢ is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing
a dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch,
exercises the role of sovereignty.
In the modern world there are two types of monarchies:
1. Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the
monarch rules in their own right. In this kind of monarchy,
the king is sometimes limited by a constitution.
II. Constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which
the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a
constitution and is not alone in deciding.

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➢ meaning "rule of the people", is a system of government in which the
citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among
themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.

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 Centralized government is one in which both executive and
legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it
being more distributed at various lower level governments.
▪ Chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization
in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and
in which formal leadership is monopolized by the
legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'.

▪ Sovereign state is a political entity represented by

one centralized government that has supreme
legitimate authority over territory.

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Types of Authority
Traditional authority -is a form of leadership in which the authority of an
organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom.

Charismatic authority -is a concept of leadership developed by the German

sociologist Max Weber. It involves a type of organization or a type of
leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the leader.

Rational-legal authority is a form of leadership in which the authority of an

organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to legal rationality, legal legitimacy
and bureaucracy.

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Government Structure

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Executive Branch

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 ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of
the Philippines.
Section 2. No person may be elected President unless he is a
natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to
read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the
election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding such election.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the
same qualifications and term of office and be elected with, and in
the same manner, as the President. He may be removed from
office in the same manner as the President.

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Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by
direct vote of the people for a term of six years which shall begin at
noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election
and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The
President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person who has
succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four
years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two successive terms.
Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be
considered as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full
term for which he was elected.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and
Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May.

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The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the
board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress,
directed to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of
canvass, the President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the day
of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of the Senate and the
House of Representatives in joint public session, and the Congress, upon
determination of the authenticity and due execution thereof in the manner
provided by law, canvass the votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in
case two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them
shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both
Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating
to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-President, and
may promulgate its rules for the purpose.
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Section 5. Before they enter on the execution of their office,
the President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall
take the following oath or affirmation:
“I do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully and
conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President
or Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve and defend its
Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and
consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me
God.” [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted].

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Cabinet Members
Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea
Cabinet Secretary Melvin Matibag
Presidential Spokesperson Martin Andanar
Presidential Martin Andanar
Communication Operation
Office (PCOO)
National Economic Karl Kendrick Chua
Development Authority
(NEDA)
National Security Adviser Hermogenes Esperon Jr.

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Legislative Branch

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 ARTICLE VI
The Legislative Department
SECTION 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress
of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by
the provision on initiative and referendum.
SECTION 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four
Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of
the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-
born citizen of the Philippines, and, on the day of the election, is at
least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered
voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years
immediately preceding the day of the election.

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SECTION 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and
shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the
thirtieth day of June next following their election.
No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered
as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for
which he was elected.

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SECTION 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of
not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed
by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned
among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in
accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the
basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided
by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered
national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of
the total number of representatives including those under the party
list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this
Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or
election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural
communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be
provided by law, except the religious sector.
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(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable,
contiguous, compact and adjacent territory. Each city with a population of
at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each province, shall have at least
one representative.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress
shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the
standards provided in this section.

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Judiciary Branch

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 ARTICLE VIII
Judicial Department
SECTION 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle
actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not
there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality
of the Government.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have the power to define,
prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts but may
not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases
enumerated in Section 5 hereof.
No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it
undermines the security of tenure of its Members.
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SECTION 3. The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.
Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by the
legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous
year and, after approval, shall be automatically and
regularly released.
SECTION 4. The Supreme Court shall be composed of a
Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It may sit en
banc or in its discretion, in divisions of three, five, or seven
Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days
from the occurrence thereof.

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