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IIT MATHEMATICS
SEQUENCE & SERIES
WORKBOOK

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1. DEFINITION : (ii) Sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P. is of the
form An2 + Bn i.e. a quadratic
Sequence : A succession of terms a1, a2,
expression in 'n', in such case the
a3, a4........ formed according to some
common difference is twice the
rule or law.
coefficient of n2. i.e. 2A
Examples are : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
(iii) Also nth term Tn = Sn – Sn–1
–1, 1, –1, 1,........
x x 2 x3 x 4 Illustration 1 :
, , , ,......
1! 2 ! 3! 4 ! If (x + 1), 3x and (4x + 2) are first three
A finite sequence has a finite (i.e. terms of an A.P. then its 5th term is –
limited) number of terms, as in the first (A) 14 (B) 19
example above. An infinite sequence (C) 24 (D) 28
has an unlimited number of terms, i.e. Solution :
there is no last term, as in the second (x + 1), 3x, (4x + 2) are in AP
and third examples.  3x – (x + 1) = (4x + 2) – 3x
Series : The indicated sum of the terms  x=3
of a sequence. In the case of a finite  a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5
sequence a1, a2, a3,................, an the  T5 = 4 + (4)5 = 24 Ans. (C)
corresponding series is a1 + a2 + a3 +
n Illustration 2 :
........ + an = a
k 1
k .This series has a The sum of first four terms of an A.P. is
56 and the sum of it's last four terms is
finite or limited number of terms and is 112. If its first term is 11 then find the
called a finite series. number of terms in the A.P.
Solution :
2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
a + a + d + a + 2d + a + 3d = 56
(A.P.) :
4a + 6d = 56
A.P. is a sequence whose terms differ 44 + 6d = 56 (as a = 11)
by a fixed number. This fixed number is 6d = 12
called the common difference. If a is the hence d = 2
first term & d the common difference, Let total number of terms = n
then A.P. can be written as Now sum of last four terms.
a, a + d, a + 2d, .............., a + (n – 1) d , a + (n – 1)d + a + (n – 2)d + a + (n – 3)d
.......... + a + (n – 4)d = 112
(a) nth term of AP Tn = a + (n – 1)d , where  4a + (4n – 10)d = 112
d = tn – tn–1  44 + (4n – 10)2 = 112
n  4n – 10 = 34
(b) The sum of the first terms : Sn=
2  n = 11 Ans.
n
[a+]= [2a + (n–1)d] where  is nth
2 Illustration 3 :
term. The sum of first n terms of two A.Ps.
Note : 7n  1
are in ratio . Find the ratio of
(i) nth term of an A.P. is of the form An + 4n  27
B i.e. a linear expression in 'n', in such a their 11th terms.
case the coefficient of n is the common
difference of the A.P. i.e. A.
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Solution : (c) The common difference can be zero,
Let a1 and a2 be the first terms and d1 positive or negative.
and d2 be the common differences of (d) kth term from the last = (n – k +1)th term
two A.P.s respectively then from the beginning (If total number of
n terms = n).
 2a   n  1 d1 
2 1 =
7n  1 (e) The sum of the two terms of an AP
n 4n  27 equidistant from the beginning & end is
 2a 2   n  1 d 2  constant and equal to the sum of first &
2
last terms.  Tk + Tn–k+1 = constant = a
 n  1
a1   d
 2  1 7n  1
+ .
 = (f) Any term of an AP (except the first) is
 n  1 4n  27
a2    d2 equal to half the sum of terms which are
 2 
equidistant from it. an = (1/ 2) (an–k +
For ratio of 11th terms an+k ), k < n
n 1 For k = 1, an = (1/ 2)(an–k + an+k ) ; For
= 10 n = 21
2 k = 2, an = (1/ 2)(an–2 + an+2 ) and so on.
so ratio of 11th terms is (g) If a, b, c are in AP, then 2b = a + c.
7  21  1 148 4
= = Ans. Illustration 4 :
4  21  27 111 3 Four numbers are in A.P. If their sum is
20 and the sum of their squares is 120,
Do yourself - 1 : then the middle terms are -
(i) Write down the sequence whose nth (A) 2, 4 (B) 4, 6
terms is : (C) 6, 8 (D) 8, 10
3   1
n Solution :
2n Let the numbers are a – 3d, a – d, a + d,
(a) (b)
n 3n a + 3d
(ii) For an A.P, show that tm + t2n+m = 2tm + n given, a – 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d =
(iii) If the sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and 20
the sum of its q terms is p, then find the  4a = 20  a = 5
sum of its (p + q) term. and (a – 3d)2 + (a – d)2 + (a + d)2 + (a +
3. PROPERTIES OF A.P. : 3d)2 = 120
 4a2 + 20d2 = 120
(a) If each term of an A.P. is increased,  4 × 52 + 20d2 = 120
decreased, multiplied or divided by the  d2 = 1  d = ± 1
some nonzero number, then the Hence numbers are
resulting sequence is also an A.P. 2, 4, 6, 8 or 8, 6, 4, 2 Ans. (B)
(b) Three numbers in A.P. :
a – d, a, a + d Illustration 5 :
Four numbers in A.P. : If a1, a2, a3,...........,an are in A.P. where
a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d ai > 0 for all i, show that :
Five numbers in A.P. :
1 1
a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d  + .......... +
Six numbers in A.P. : a1  a 2 a 2  a3
a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 1
=
n  1
5d etc.
an 1  an a1  an

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Solution : 4. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
1 1 (G.P.) :
L.H.S. = + +
a1  a 2 a 2  a3 G.P. is a sequence of non zero numbers
1 each of the succeeding term is equal to
.........+ the preceeding term multiplied by a
an 1  an constant. Thus in a GP the ratio of
1 1 successive terms is constant. This
= + + .......+ constant factor is called the COMMON
a 2  a1 a3  a 2
RATIO of the sequence & is obtained
1 by dividing any term by the
an  an1 immediately previous term. Therefore a,
ar, ar2, ar3, ar4 , .......... is a GP with 'a' as
a2  a1 a3  a2 the first term & 'r' as common ratio.
= + + ...........+
 a2  a1   a3  a2  (a) nth term ; Tn = a rn–1
an  an1
(b) Sum of the first n terms; Sn=

a rn  1  ,
an  an1 r 1
Let 'd' is the common difference of this if r  1
A.P. a
(c) Sum of infinite G.P. , S∞ = ;0<
then a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ....... = an – an–1 = 1 r
d |r|< 1
Now L.H.S.
5. PROPERTIES OF GP :
1
= { a2  a1  a3  a2  ........ + (a) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or
d
1 divided by the some non-zero quantity,
an1  an2  an  an1 } = then the resulting sequence is also a
d G.P.
 an  a1  (b) Three consecutive terms of a GP :
a/r, a, ar ;
Four consecutive terms of a GP : a/r3,
an  a1 a1   n  1 d  a1
a/r, ar, ar3& so on.
   
= =
d an  a1 d an  a1 (c) If a, b, c are in G.P. then b2 =ac.
(d) If in a G.P, the product of two terms
1 n  1 d = n 1 which are equidistant from the first and
 
=
d d an  a1 an  a1 the last term, is constant and is equal to
the product of first and last term.
= R.H.S.
 Tk. Tn–k+1 = constant = a.
(e) If each term of a G.P. be raised to the
Do yourself - 2 : same power, then resulting sequence is
(i) Find the sum of first 24 terms of the also a G.P.
A.P. a1, a2, a3......, if it is known that
(f) In a G.P., Tr2 = Tr–k. Tr+k, k < r, r  1
a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225.
(g) If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen
(ii) Find the number of terms common to
at regular intervals, then the new
the two A.P.'s 3, 7, 11, ...... 407 and 2,
sequence is also a G.P.
9, 16, ......, 709

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(h) If a1, a2, a3.....an is a G.P. of positive c
c
terms, then log a1, log a2,.....log an is an Thus d – 2e +f=0
A.P. and vice-versa. a a
(i) If a1, a2, a3..... and b1, b2, b3..... are two d f 2e c 2e 2e
G.P.'s then a1b1, a2b2, a3b3..... &   = = =
a c c a ac b
a1 a 2 a3 d e f
, , .........is also in G.P.  , , are in A.P. Ans. (A)
b1 b2 b3 a b c

Illustration 6 : Illustration 8 :
If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real A number consists of three digits which
numbers such that are in G.P. the sum of the right hand and
left hand digits exceeds twice the middle
(a2b2 c2p2 2p ab  bc  cdb2
digit by 1 and the sum of the left hand
c2 d2 0 then a, b, c, d are in
and middle digits is two third of the sum
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
of the middle and right hand digits. Find
(C) H.P. (D) none of these
the numbers.
Solution :
Solution :
Here, the given condition a2 b2 Let the three digits be a, ar and ar2 then
c2p2 2p ab  bc  ca b2 c2 d2  0 number is
 ap – b2 + (bp – c )2 + (cp – d)2 0 100a + 10ar + ar2 ....(i)
 a square can not be negative Given, a + ar2 = 2ar +1
 ap b  0, bp  c  0, cp  d  0 or a(r2 – 2r + 1) = 1
b c d or a(r – 1)2 = 1 ....(ii)
 p= = = a, b, c, d are in G.P. 2
a b c Also given a + ar = (ar + ar2)
Ans. (B) 3
 3 + 3r = 2r + 2r 2

Illustration 7 :  2r2 – r – 3 = 0  (r + 1)(2r – 3) = 0

If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations  r = –1, 3/2
ax2 2bx  c  0 and dx2 2ex  f  0 1 1
d e f for r = –1, a= 2 = I
have a common root if , , are in -
a b c
 r  1 4
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.  r  –1
(C) H.P. (D) none of these for r = 3/2,
Solution : 1
a= =4 {from (ii)}
a, b, c are in G.P  b2  ac
2
3 
Now the equation ax2 2bx  c = 0 can   1
2
be rewritten as ax2 + 2 acx + c = 0 From (i), number is
c c 3 9
 
2
400 + 10.4. + 4. = 469 Ans.
 ax  c =0=– ,– 2 4
a a
Illustration 9 :
If the two given equations have a
common root, then this root must be – Find the value of 0.32 58
Solution :
c
. Let R = 0.32 58
a
 R = 0.32585858.... ......... (i)

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 Here number of figures which are not 6. HARMONIC PROGRESSION
recurring is 2 and number of figures (H.P.):
which are recurring is also 2. A sequence is said to be in H.P. if the
then 100 R = 32.585858...... ..........(ii) reciprocal of its terms are in AP.
and 10000 R = 3258.5858..... ..........(iii) If the sequence a1, a2, a3, ......., an is an
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) , we get HP then 1/a1, 1/a2,........., 1/an is an AP .
1613
9900 R = 3226  R= Here we do not have the formula for the
4950 sum of the n terms of an HP. The
Aliter Method : R = .32 + .0058 + general form of a harmonic progression
.0058 + .000058 +........... 1 1 1 1
58   is , , ............
1 1
= .32 + 4 1   4  ........ a a  d a  2d a   n  1 d
10  10 10 
Note : No term of any H.P. can
  be zero.
58  1  (i) If a, b, c are in HP, then
= .32 + 4 
10 1  2ac a ab
 1   b= or =
100  ac c bc
32 58 3168  58 3226
= + = =
100 9900 9900 9900 Illustration 10 :
1613 The sum of three numbers are in H.P. is
= 37 and the sum of their reciprocals is
4950
1/4. Find the numbers.
Do yourself - 3 :
Solution :
(i) Find a three digit number whose
Three numbers are in H.P. can be taken
consecutive digits form a G.P. If we
as
subtract 792 from this number, we get a
1 1 1
number consisting of the same digits , , then
written in the reverse order. Now, if we ad a ad
increase the second digit of the required 1 1 1
+ + = 37 ........(i)
number by 2, then the resulting digits ad a ad
will form an A.P. 1
and a–d+a+a+d=
(ii) If the third term of G.P. is 4, then find 4
the product of first five terms. 1
(iii) If a, b, c are respectively the pth, qth and  a=
12
rth terms of the given G.P., then show
from (i),
that (q – r) log a + (r – p) log b + (p –
12 12
q)log c = 0, where a, b, c > 0. + 12 + = 37
(iv) Find three numbers in G.P., whose sum 1  12d 1  12d
is 52 and the sum of whose products in 12 12
 + = 25
pairs is 624. 1  12d 1  12d
(v) The rational number which equals the 24
 = 25
number 2. 357 with recurring decimal is 1  144d 2
2357 2379 24
(A) (B)   1 – 144d2 =
999 997 25
785 2355 1
(C) (D)  d2 =
333 1001 25  144

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 1 Do yourself - 4 :
 d= 
60 (i) If the 7th term of a H.P. is 8 and the 8th
1 1 1 1
 a – d, a, a + d are , , or , term is 7. Then find the 28th term.
15 12 10 10
1 1 (ii) In a H.P., if 5th term is 6 and 3rd term is
,
12 15 10. Find the 2nd term.
Hence, three numbers in H.P. are 15,
12, 10 or 10, 12, 15 Ans. (iii) If the pth, qth and rth terms of a H.P. are
Illustration 11 : a,b,c respectively, then prove that
Suppose a is a fixed real number such qr rp pq
ax ay ay   =0
that = = a b c
px qy rz
If p, q, r are in A.P., then prove that x, 7. MEANS
y, z are in H.P.
Solution : (a) ARITHMETIC MEAN :
If three terms are in A.P. then the
 p, q, r are in A.P.
middle term is called the A.M. between
 q–p=r–q ........ (i) the other two, so if a, b, c are in A.P., b
 p – q = q – r = k (let) is A.M. of a & c. So A.M. of a and c =
ax ay az ac
given = = = b.
px qy rz 2
a a a n-ARITHMETIC MEANS
1 1 1 BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS :
x y
 = = z If a,b be any two given numbers & a,
p q r
A1, A2, .........., An, b are in AP, then
a  a  a  a  A1, A2,........An are the 'n' A.M’s
  1    1  y  1   z  1
x y  between a & b then.
 = A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d ,......, An = a +
pq qr
nd or b – d, where
(by law of proportion)
ba
a a a a d=
  n 1
x y y z
 = {from (i)} ba  2b  a 
 , A2 = a + 
 n  1 
k k A1= a +
n 1
 1 1  1 1
 a    =a    ,............
 x y  y z
1 1 1 1 Note : Sum of n A.M's inserted
  = 
x y y z between a & b is equal to n times the
1 1 single A.M. between a &b
2
 = = n
y
1 1 1
x z i.e. A
r 1
r  nA where A is the single
 , , are in A.P.
x y z A.M. between a & b.
Hence x, y, z are in H.P. (b) GEOMETRIC MEAN :

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 If a, b, c are in G.P., then b is the G.M.
between a & c, b2 = ac. So G.M. of a Do yourself - 5 :
and c = ac = b a n  bn
(i) If n 1 is the G.M. between a &
a  b n 1
n-GEOMETRIC MEANS b then find the value of 'n'.
BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS : (ii) If b is the harmonic mean between a
If a, b are two given positive numbers & and c, then prove that
a, G1, G2, ........, Gn, b are in G.P. Then 1 1 1 1
+ = + .
G1, G2, G3,.......Gn are 'n' G.Ms between ba bc a c
a & b. where b = arn+1
8. ARITHMETICO - GEOMETRIC
 r = (b/a)1/n+1
SERIES :
G1 = a(b / a) 1/ n +1,
G2 = a(b / a) 2/ n +1..........., A series, each term of which is formed
Gn = a(b / a) 1/ n +1, by multiplying the corresponding term
= ar, of an A.P. & G.P. is called the
= ar2, ................ Arithmetico-Geometric Series , e.g. 1+
= arn = b/r 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + .........
Note : The product of n G.Ms between Here 1, 3, 5, ........ are in A.P. & 1, x, x2,
a & b is equal to nth power of the single x3 ............. are in G.P.
n
G.M. between a & b i.e. G
r 1
r = (G)n (a) SUM OF N TERMS OF AN
where G is the single G.M. between a & ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC
b SERIES :
Let Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d) r2 +
..........+ [a + (n –1)d] rn–1
(c) HARMONIC MEAN :
If a, b, c are in H.P., then b is H.M. a dr 1  r n 1 
then Sn = + –
between a & c. So H.M. of a and 1 r 1  r 
2

2ac
c=
ac
= b. a   n  1 d  r n
,r1
Insertion of 'n' HM's between a and 1 r
b: (b) SUM TO INFINITY :
a, H1, H2, H3 ,........, Hn, b  H.P If 0 < |r| < 1 & n , then lim rn = 0,
n 
     
, , , ,............ ,  a dr
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b S∞ = +
1  r 1  r 2
A.P.
1 1
= + (n + 1)D Illustration 12 :
b a
b a Find the sum of series 4 – 9x + 16x2 –
 D= 25x3 + 36x4 – 49x5 + ......... .
n 1
Solution :
 1 1 Let S = 4 – 9x + 16x2 – 25x3 + 36x4 –

1 1  
= +n  b a 49x5 + ......... 
Hn a n 1 – Sx = – 4x + 9x2 – 16x3 + 25x4 – 36x5
 
+ .......... 
On subtraction, we get
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 S(1 + x) = 4 – 5x + 7x2 – 9x3 + 11x4 –  n 1
2n  1 
 2n  1   2n  1 
n

13x5 +........   (2 n  1)     2n  1  1 

–S(1 + x)x = –4x + 5x2 – 7x3 + 9x4 –   2n  1   2n  1  2n  1 
11x5 +........  4n 2  1 4n
On subtraction, we get = . = n(2n + 1) Ans.
4 2n  1
S(1 + x)2 = 4 – x +2x2 – 2x3 + 2x4 – 2x5
+........  Do yourself - 6 :
= 4 – x + 2x2 (1 – x + x2 –..........) = 4 (i) Find sum to n terms of the series
2x 2 4  3x  x 2 1 1
–x+ = 3+5× + 7 × 2 + ...........
1 x 1 x 4 4
4  3x  x 2
(ii) If the sum to the infinity of the series
S= Ans.
1  x  44
3
3 + 5r + 7r2 + ........is , then find the
9
value of r.
Illustration 13 :
(iii) If the sum to infinity of the series
Find the sum of series upto n terms
1 1
 2n  1   2n  1 
2 3
 2n  1  3 + (3 + d). + (3 + 2d). 2 +......is
4 4
  + 3  + 5 
 2n  1   2n  1   2n  1  44
+....... then find d.
9
Solution :
For x  1, let
9. SIGMA NOTATIONS ()
S = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + ....... + (2n – 3)xn –1
THEOREMS :
+ (2n – 1)xn ....... (i) n n n
 xS = x + 3x + ....... + (2n – 5)xn –1 +
2 3
(a)   a r  br  =  a r ±  br
(2n – 3)xn + (2n – 1)xn+1 ....... (ii) r 1 r 1 r 1
n n

 ka = k a r
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get (b)
(1 – x)S = x +2x2 + 2x3 + ......... + 2xn – 1 r 1
r
r 1
2x 1  x
2 n 1
 n

+ 2xn – (2n – 1)xn+1 = x + (c)  k = nk ; where k is a constant.

1 x r 1

– (2n – 1)xn+1 10. RESULTS

x
= [1 – x + 2x – 2xn – (2n – 1)xn n
n  n  1
1 x
+ (2n – 1)xn+1]
(a) r 
r 1 2
(sum of the first n
x natural numbers)
 S= [(2n – 1)xn+1 – (2n + 1)xn +
1  x  n  n  1 2n  1
2
n

1 + x]
(b) r 1
r2 =
6
(sum of the

 2n  1 
2
 2n  1  squares of the first n natural numbers)
Thus   + 3   +
n 2  n  1
2 2
 2n  1   2n  1  n
 n 
   r  (sum of
3
(c) r = =
 2n  1   r 1 
n
r 1 4
.............+ (2n – 1)  
 2n  1  the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
n
n
 2n  1  2n 1   r4 
2
(d) (n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n – 1)
=   r 1 30
 2n  1  2 
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 n discussed earlier. So we compute the
(e)   2r  1
r 1
= n2(sum of first n odd difference between the successive terms
of given sequence for obtained the nth
natural numbers)
n terms.
(f)  2r
r 1
= n(n + 1) (sum of first n even If T1, T2, T3,........,Tn are the terms of a
sequence then some times the terms T2
natural numbers) – T1, T3 –T2,.......
Note : constitute an AP/GP. nth term of the
If nth term of a sequence is given by series is determined & the sum to n
Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d where a, b, c, d terms of the sequence can easily be
are constants, then sum of n terms Sn = obtained.
Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d Case 1 :
This can be evaluated using the above (a) If difference series are in A.P., then
results. Let Tn = an2 + bn + c, where a, b, c are
constant
Illustration 14 : (b) If difference of difference series are in
Sum up to 16 terms of the series A.P.
13 13  23 13  23  33 Let Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d, where a, b,
  + ........is c, d are constant
1 1 3 1 3  5
(A) 450 (B) 456 Case 2 :
(C) 446 (D) none of these (a) If difference are in G.P., then
Solution : Let Tn = arn + b, where r is common
ratio & a, b are constant
13  23  33  .....  n 3
tn = (b) If difference of difference are in G.P.,
1  3  5  ...  2n  1 then
 n  n  1 
2 Let Tn = arn + bn + c, where r is
  
2 2
  n n 1 common ratio & a, b, c are constant
=  2 
= 4 Determine constant by putting n = 1, 2,
n
2  2  n  1
2
n 3 ....... n and putting the value of T1, T2,
2 T3 ...... and sum of series (Sn) =Tn
 n  1
2

4 n2 n 1 Do yourself - 7 :
= 2
= + + (i) Find the sum of the series upto n terms
n 4 2 4
1  1 1 1 1 2 1 2  3 1 2  3  4
 Sn = tn =      1 + + + +
4 2 4 4 2 3 4
...........
n  n  1 2n  1 1 n  n  1 1
   n (ii) Find the sum of 'n' terms of the series
6 2 2 4 whose nth term is tn = 3n2 + 2n.
16.17.33 16.17 16
 S16 = + + = 446
24 4 4 Miscellaneous Illustration :
Ans.(C) Illustration 15 :
n
n
If  Tr = (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3), then
11. METHOD OF DIFFERENCE : r 1 8
Some times the nth term of a sequence n
1
or a series can not be determined by the find T .
r 1 r
method, we have
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Solution : 1
Sn = Tn= [Vn – V0 ]
 Tn = Sn – Sn – 1 8
n n 1 n  n  1 n  2  n  3    Sn
=  Tr   Tr = –  2n 1 2n  1 2n  3 2n  5  + 15
r 1 r 1 8 =
 n  1 n  1 n  2  = n  n  1 n  2  8
= n (2n3 + 8n2 + 7n – 2) Ans.
8

8 8
[(n + 3) – (n – 1)]
Illustration 17 :
n  n  1 n  2  Find the sum of n terms of the series 3 +
Tn =  4 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ..........
8
n  n  1 n  2  Solution :
= Clearly here the differences between the
2 successive terms are
1 2 7 – 3, 14 – 7, 24 – 14, ........ i.e. 4, 7, 10,
 =
Tn n  n  1 n  2  13,........., which are in A.P.

=
 n  2  n Let S = 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + ........ + Tn
S = 3 + 7 + 14 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn
n  n  1 n  2  Subtracting, we get
1 1 0 = 3 + [4 + 7 + 10 + 13 +........ (n –1)
= – .......(i) terms] – Tn
n  n  1  n  1 n  2 
 Tn = 3 + Sn – 1 of an A.P. whose a = 4
1 and d = 3.
Let Vn =
n  n  1  n 1 
 Tn = 3 +   (2.4 (n – 2)3) =
1  2 
 = Vn – Vn+1
Tn 6   n  1 3n  2 
or,
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, .... n 4
1 1 1 1 1
      Tn = (3n2 – n + 4)
T1 T2 T3 Tn 2
 (V1 – Vn+1 ) Now putting n = 1, 2, 3,........, n and
n
1 n 2  3n adding
 r 1 Tr
=
2  n  1 n  2   Sn =
1
[3n2– n + 4n ]
2
1  n  n  1 2n  1 n(n  1) 
Illustration 16 : = 3   4n 
Find the sum of n terms of the series 1 . 2  6 2 
3 . 5 + 3 . 5 . 7 + 5 . 7 . 9 + ....... n
Solution : = (n2 + n + 4) Ans.
th 2
The n term is (2n – 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3) Aliter Method :
Tn = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) Let Tn = an2 + bn + c
1 Now, T1 = 3 = a + b + c .....(i)
Tn = (2n–1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) {(2n +
8 T2 = 7 = 4a + 2b + c .....(ii)
5) – (2n – 3)} T3 = 14 = 8a + 3 b + c .....(iii)
1 Solving (i), (ii) & (iii) we get
= (Vn – Vn–1) [Let Vn = (2n – 1) (2n +
8 3 1
a = , b = – & c= 2
1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5)] 2 2
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 1 Solution :
 Tn = (3n2 – n + 4) The groups are (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8,
2
1 9) .......
 sn = Tn = [3n2 – n + 4n] The number of terms in the groups are
2
1, 3, 5......
1  n  n  1 2n  1 n  n 1  
= 3   4n  The number of terms in the nth group =
2  6 2  (2n – 1) the last term of the nth group is
n 2 n2
= (n + n + 4) Ans. If we count from last term common
2
difference should be –1
So the sum of numbers in the nth group
Illustration 18 :
 2n  1  2
Find the sum of n-terms of the series =   {2n + (2n – 2)(– 1)}
1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + .....  2 
Solution : = (2n – 1)(n2 – n + 1)
Let S = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 +.......+ Tn = 2n3 – 3n2 + 3n – 1 = n3 + (n – 1)3
........ (i)
S = 1 + 4 + 10 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn Illustration 20 :
........ (ii) Find the natural number 'a' for which
(i) – (ii) n

 Tn = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 +........+ Tn – Tn  f (a  k)
k 1
= 16(2n – 1), where the
– 1) function f satisfied f (x + y) = ƒ(x).
 2n 1  1  ƒ(y) for all natural number x, y and
Tn = 1 + 3  
 2 1  further f(1) = 2.
Solution :
Tn = 3 . 2n – 1– 2
It is given that
So
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) and f (1) = 2
Sn = Tn = 32n–1 – 2
f (1+1) =f (1) f (1)
 2n  1  n  f (2) = 22, f (1+2) = f (1) f (2)
=3   –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3 Ans.
 2  1   f (3) = 23, f (2 + 2) = f (2) f (2)
Aliter Method :  f(4) = 24
Let Tn = arn + b, where r = 2 Similarly f (k) = 2k and f (a) = 2a
n n
Now T1 = 1 = ar + b ....(i)
2 Hence ,  f (a  k) =  f (a) f(k) = f (a)
T2 = 4 = ar + b ....(ii) k 1 k 1
Solving (i) & (ii), we get n
3
a = , b = – 2 Tn = 3.2n–1 – 2
 f(k) = 20a{ 21 + 22 + ......... + 2n}
k 1
2
 Sn = Tn = 32n–1 – 2  2  2n  1 
a  a+1
=2   = 2 (2n–1)
 2n  1  n  2 1 
 
= 3  –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3
 2 1  n

Ans.
But  f (a + k) = 16 (2n – 1)
k 1
Illustration 19 : 2a+1 (2n–1) = 16 (2n–1)
The series of natural numbers is divided   2a+1= 24
into groups (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9)   a+1=4
....... and so on. Show that the sum of  a=3 Ans.
the numbers in nth group is n3 + (n – 1)3
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19. IMPORTANT RESULTS : ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
(ix) sin + sin (+) + sin (+2) +... sin 2 4 8 16
1: (i) (a) , , , ,........,
( + n  1 ) 1 2 3 4
2 4 2 4
  n  1    n  (b) , , , ,.........
sin       sin   3 9 27 81
  2    2  (iii) –(p + q)
=
 2: (i) 900 (ii) 14
sin  
2
(x) cos + cos (+) + cos ( + 2) +....+ 3: (i) 931 (ii) 45
cos( + n  1 ) (iv) 4, 12, 36 (v) C
  n  1    n 
cos       sin   4: (i) 2 (ii) 15
  2    2 
=
 1
sin   5: (i)
2 2
8  1   2n  1 
6: (i) 4 + 1  n 1  –  n 1 
Do yourself - 8 : 9  4   3 4 
 3 5 1
Evaluate sin + sin + sin + (ii) (iii) 2
n n n 4
......... to n terms n(n  3)
7: (i) (ii)
4
Miscellaneous Illustration : n(n  1)(2 n  3)
Illustration 21: 2
Prove that 8: 0
tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1
tan 2n–1 + 2n cot 2n = cot
Solution :
We know tan  = cot  – 2 cot 2
.....(i)
Putting  = , 2, 2 , ..............in (i),
2

we get
tan = (cot  – 2 cot 2)
2 (tan 2) = 2(cot 2 – 2 cot 22)
22 (tan 22) = 22 (cot 22 – 2 cot 23)
..........................................................
2n–1 (tan 2n–1) = 2n–1 (cot 2n–1 – 2 cot
2n)
Adding,
tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1
tan 2n–1 = cot – 2n cot 2n
 tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1
tan 2n–1 + 2n cot 2n = cot 

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 2019

100 Percentile 99.99 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.96 Percentile 99.96 Percentile
HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SARTHAK ROUT VIBHAV AGGARWAL RITVIK GUPTA BHAVYA JAIN AYUSH PATTNAIK SAYANTAN DHAR
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