CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Introduction:

Efficient public transportation is integral to the smooth functioning of urban areas. Also, in school/
college bus it’s very difficult to recognised and entry and exit number of each bus. One critical aspect
of optimizing transportation services is the accurate and streamlined recording of bus entries at
various points within a transportation network. The Bus Entry Data System is designed to address the
challenges associated with traditional entry recording methods and usher in a new era of efficiency,
accuracy, and transparency in public transportation management.

Background:

Traditional methods of recording bus entries rely heavily on manual processes, leading to potential
errors, delays, and a lack of real-time data. The Bus Entry Data System is conceived to automate this
process, leveraging technology to enhance accuracy and provide timely information to stakeholders
involved in transportation management.

Objectives:

1. Automation: The primary objective is to automate the process of recording bus entry data,
eliminating the need for manual entry and reducing the likelihood of errors.

2. Accuracy: By utilizing advanced identification technologies such as RFID or barcodes, the

system aims to improve the accuracy of recording entry times, bus details, and related
information.

3. Transparency: Including transportation authorities, operators, and the general public, will
have real-time access to entry data, fostering transparency in the system.

4. Analysis: The system will enable data-driven decision-making by providing valuable insights
into entry patterns, peak hours, and bus utilization. This analysis can contribute to better
resource allocation and route optimization.

System Architecture:

Components:

1. RF id reader RC522
2. NodeMCU ESP8266
3. Buzzer
4. 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
5. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) LCD module
6. 7805 voltage regulators
7. 18650 lithium-ion batteries

1. Bus Entry Terminals: Installed at key entry points, these terminals are equipped with RFID or
barcode scanners for swift and accurate bus identification.
 2. Central Database: A centralized repository that stores and manages all entry data. This
database facilitates seamless communication between entry terminals and the web portal.

3. Web Portal: A user-friendly interface accessible by administrators, transportation authorities,

and other stakeholders. The portal provides real-time monitoring, reporting, and analytics
features.

4. Mobile Application: Designed for bus drivers, the mobile application serves as a
communication tool. Drivers receive entry confirmations, report issues, and contribute to the
real-time data stream.

Workflow:

1. Bus Approach: Represents the physical event of a bus approaching the entry point.
2. RFID Reader (RC522): Reads the RFID card or tag attached to the bus.
3. NodeMCU ESP8266: Processes RFID data and transmits it wirelessly to the central server.
4. Central Server: Receives and processes data, updates the database.
5. Database Server: Manages the overall database system.
6. Database Storage: Stores Bus Entry Data.
7. 16x2 LCD / I2C LCD Module: Displays relevant information to the user.
8. Buzzer: Provides audible alerts or confirmations.
9. Power Management (7805, 18650): Manages power supply for continuous operation.
CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
The components use in the Bus Entry Data System

1. RF id reader RC522
2. NodeMCU ESP8266
3. Buzzer
4. 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
5. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) LCD module
6. 7805 voltage regulators
7. 18650 lithium-ion batteries

1. RF id reader RC522

The MFRC522 is a widely used RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) reader module, and it operates
at 13.56 MHz. It is commonly used in projects involving RFID technology, such as access control
systems, attendance systems, and more. Here are the key specifications for the RC522 RFID reader
module:

1. Operating Frequency: 13.56 MHz

2. Communication Interface: SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

3. Communication Speed: Maximum SPI clock speed: 10 MHz

4. Communication Distance: Typically around 5 cm, but the actual distance can vary based on
factors such as antenna design and environmental conditions.

5. Supported Cards:

 ISO14443 Type A and Type B cards

 MIFARE Classic cards (1K, 4K)
 MIFARE Ultralight cards
 NFC tags

6. Power Supply: 3.3V (most modules) or 5V (check the specifications of the specific module
you have)

7. Current Consumption: Varies based on the operating mode but typically around 30mA

8. Operating Temperature: -20°C to +80°C

9. Dimensions: The module is typically small, with dimensions around 40mm x 60mm.

10. Antenna: The module has a built-in antenna. The antenna is an important factor affecting
the read range.

11. Output Interface: Standard 8-pin interface compatible with most microcontrollers.
 12. Pin Configuration:

 VCC: Power supply (3.3V or 5V)

 RST: Reset pin
 SDA: Serial Data Input / Output for the SPI communication
 SCK: Serial Clock for SPI communication
 MOSI: Master Out Slave In for SPI communication
 MISO: Master In Slave Out for SPI communication
 IRQ: Interrupt pin (optional, not always used)
 GND: Ground

13. Operating Modes:

 Idle
 Authentication
 Receive
 Transmit
 Transceive
 MFAuthent
 SoftReset

14. Security Features: Supports authentication and encryption for secure communication.

15. Applications:

 Access control systems

 Attendance systems
 Inventory tracking
 NFC applications
 Payment systems

16. Libraries and Support: There are various libraries and code examples available for different
platforms (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc.).

2. NodeMCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU ESP8266 is a popular open-source IoT (Internet of Things) platform based on the
ESP8266 WiFi module. It is widely used for building Wi-Fi-enabled projects. Below are the key
specifications for the NodeMCU ESP8266 module:

1. Microcontroller: ESP8266EX

2. Processor: Tensilica L106 32-bit microcontroller

3. Clock Frequency: 80 MHz

4. Operating Voltage: 3.3V (Note: The GPIO pins are not 5V tolerant)
5. Digital I/O Pins: 17 GPIO pins

6. Analog Input Pins: 1 analog input pin (0-1.0V)

7. USB-TTL Interface: CP2102 or CH340G USB-to-Serial converter (depends on the version)

8. Flash Memory: 4 MB (32 Mbit) flash memory

9. WiFi Standard: IEEE 802.11 b/g/n

10. Wi-Fi Modes: Station, SoftAP, and Station + SoftAP

11. Wi-Fi Security: WEP, WPA/WPA2 PSK/Enterprise

12. Network Protocols: IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP/MQTT

13. Maximum TCP Connections: 5 (configurable)

14. Operating Temperature: -40°C to +125°C

15. Size: The NodeMCU board size may vary, but it's typically around 49mm x 24mm.

16. Programming Environment:

 Lua scripting language (NodeMCU firmware)

 Arduino IDE with ESP8266 board support
 PlatformIO

17. Development Platforms: The NodeMCU can be programmed using various platforms,
including the Arduino IDE and the NodeMCU firmware based on the Lua scripting language.

18. Input Voltage Range:

 7-12V (recommended)
 Can operate on lower voltages, down to 4V

19. Current Consumption: Varies based on the operation mode and power-saving features,
typically around 70 mA during active WiFi communication.

20. GPIO Output Current: 12 mA

21. Integrated GPIO Pull-ups/Pull-downs: Yes

22. Onboard LED: Connected to pin D0 (GPIO16)

23. Reset Button: Yes

24. Bootloader: Built-in, supports flashing new firmware over UART

25. Antenna: Onboard PCB antenna

26. Firmware Upgrade: Can be upgraded via the USB por

 3. Buzzer

A buzzer is an electronic component that produces sound when an electrical signal is applied to it.
Here are the key specifications for a buzzer:

1. Type: Piezoelectric Buzzer or Electromagnetic Buzzer

2. Operating Voltage: The operating voltage range, such as 3V, 5V, 12V, etc.

3. Sound Output: Given in decibels (dB), indicating the loudness of the sound produced.

4. Frequency: The frequency of the sound generated, measured in Hertz (Hz).

5. Current Consumption: The amount of current (in mA or Amperes) the buzzer draws during
operation.

6. Operating Temperature: The temperature range within which the buzzer can operate
effectively.

7. Size: Physical dimensions of the buzzer, typically given in millimeters.

8. Termination Style: The type of connectors or leads (e.g., through-hole, surface mount) used
for electrical connections.

9. Resonant Frequency: The frequency at which the buzzer is most efficient in producing
sound.

10. Sound Pattern: Continuous or intermittent (pulsed) sound pattern.

11. Drive Method: AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current) drive method.

12. Mounting Style: Through-hole mount or surface mount.

13. Polarity: Some buzzers are polarized, meaning they must be connected with the correct
polarity to function properly.

14. Material: For piezoelectric buzzers, the material used for the piezoelectric element.

15. Housing Material: The material used for the outer casing or housing of the buzzer.

16. Lifetime: The expected operational lifetime of the buzzer, often given in hours.

17. Applications: Common applications or use cases for the buzzer.

18. Datasheet: Always refer to the manufacturer's datasheet for detailed technical information
and specifications.
 4. 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

A 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) module is a commonly used alphanumeric display in electronic
projects. Here are the key specifications for a typical 16x2 LCD display:

1. Display Size: 16 characters per line, 2 lines.

2. Character Size: Generally, each character is 5x8 dots.

3. Controller Chip: Most common controllers are HD44780 or compatible.

4. Interface: Parallel interface (typically 4-bit or 8-bit).

5. Voltage Supply: Operating voltage range, often around 4.5V to 5.5V.

6. Current Consumption: Power consumption during active operation, usually specified in mA.

7. Backlight: Some models come with an LED backlight for improved visibility.

8. Backlight Voltage: If applicable, the voltage required for the backlight.

9. Backlight Current: The current consumed by the backlight, usually specified in mA.

10. Contrast Control: Some displays allow you to adjust the contrast for better visibility.

11. Viewing Angle: The angle from which the display can be viewed clearly.

12. Operating Temperature: The temperature range within which the display can operate
effectively.

13. Storage Temperature: The temperature range for safe storage of the display.

14. Module Size: Physical dimensions of the display module.

15. Character Set: Usually includes ASCII characters and symbols.

16. Custom Characters: Some displays allow the definition of custom characters.

17. Communication Pins: Pins for power, ground, data lines, and control signals.

18. Response Time: The time it takes for the display to respond to a command.

19. Character Display Speed: The rate at which characters can be displayed.

20. Mounting Holes: If the module includes mounting holes for easy installation.

21. Life Expectancy: The expected operational life of the display, often specified in hours.

22. Datasheet: Always refer to the manufacturer's datasheet for detailed technical information
and specifications.
 5. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) LCD module

An I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) LCD module, often known as I2C LCD or I2C backpack, is a popular
choice for simplifying the interface with microcontrollers. Here are the key specifications for a typical
I2C LCD module:

1. Display Size: Typically, 16 characters per line, 2 lines (16x2) or similar configurations.

2. Character Size: Usually, 5x8 dots.

3. Controller Chip: Most common controllers are HD44780 or compatible.

4. I2C Interface: Allows for communication over the I2C bus, reducing the number of required
pins.

5. I2C Address: The I2C address of the module, often configurable using jumpers or solder
pads.

6. Voltage Supply: Operating voltage range, often around 4.5V to 5.5V.

7. Backlight: Some models come with an LED backlight for improved visibility.

8. Backlight Voltage: If applicable, the voltage required for the backlight.

9. Backlight Current: The current consumed by the backlight, usually specified in mA.

10. Contrast Control: Some displays allow you to adjust the contrast for better visibility.

11. Viewing Angle: The angle from which the display can be viewed clearly.

12. Operating Temperature: The temperature range within which the display can operate
effectively.

13. Storage Temperature: The temperature range for safe storage of the display.

14. Module Size: Physical dimensions of the display module.

15. Character Set: Usually includes ASCII characters and symbols.

16. Custom Characters: Some displays allow the definition of custom characters.

17. Communication Pins: Pins for power, ground, and I2C communication lines (SDA and SCL).

18. Response Time: The time it takes for the display to respond to a command.

19. Character Display Speed: The rate at which characters can be displayed.

20. Mounting Holes: If the module includes mounting holes for easy installation.

21. Life Expectancy: The expected operational life of the display, often specified in hours.
 6. 7805 voltage regulators

The 7805 is a popular linear voltage regulator that provides a stable and regulated output voltage of
+5 volts. Here are the key specifications for the 7805-voltage regulator:

1. Regulator Type: Positive Voltage Regulator

2. Output Voltage: +5 volts

3. Output Current: The maximum continuous output current is typically around 1A. However,
this may vary based on the specific variant and manufacturer.

4. Input Voltage Range: Usually, the input voltage should be at least a few volts higher than the
desired output voltage. The typical minimum input voltage is around 7 volts.

5. Dropout Voltage: The minimum voltage difference between the input and output for proper
regulation. It is typically around 2 volts.

6. Voltage Regulation: The 7805 provides a stable and regulated output voltage.

7. Line Regulation: The change in output voltage in response to a change in the input voltage.

8. Load Regulation: The change in output voltage in response to a change in the load (output
current).

9. Quiescent Current: The current consumed by the regulator when there is no load.

10. Temperature Range: The operating temperature range, usually from 0°C to 125°C.

11. Thermal Shutdown: Some variants may have built-in thermal shutdown protection to
prevent damage due to excessive temperature.

12. Short Circuit Protection: Internal short-circuit protection to prevent damage in case of a
short circuit on the output.

13. Package Type: TO-220 is a common package for the 7805. Other variants may include TO-92
and TO-3.

14. Pin Configuration: Standard three-terminal configuration: Input (Vin), Ground (GND), and
Output (Vout).

15. Adjustable Version: There are fixed voltage versions (like 7805) and adjustable versions (like
LM317) available.

16. Voltage Reference: The internal reference voltage against which the output is regulated.

17. Application: The 7805 is commonly used in a variety of electronic circuits to provide a stable
+5V power supply.
 7. 18650 lithium-ion batteries

18650 lithium-ion batteries are cylindrical cells that are widely used in various electronic devices,
including laptops, flashlights, power banks, and electric vehicles. Here are the key specifications for a
typical 18650 lithium-ion battery:

1. Nominal Voltage: The standard nominal voltage for most 18650 cells is 3.7 volts.

2. Nominal Capacity: Measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), it indicates

the amount of charge the battery can store. Common capacities range from 2000mAh to
3500mAh, but capacities outside this range are also available.

3. Chemistry: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or lithium-ion polymer (Li-Po).

4. Diameter: The diameter of the cell, usually around 18mm, which is why it's called an
"18650" (18mm x 65mm).

5. Length: The length of the cell, typically around 65mm.

6. Weight: The weight of the battery, often measured in grams.

7. Operating Voltage Range: The voltage range over which the battery can safely operate.

8. Charge Voltage: The maximum voltage to which the battery can be charged. Commonly
around 4.2 volts.

9. Discharge Cut-off Voltage: The minimum voltage at which the battery should be considered
empty. Commonly around 2.5 to 3.0 volts.

10. Max Continuous Discharge Current: The maximum current that the battery can deliver
continuously without overheating or damage.

11. Max Pulse Discharge Current: The maximum current that the battery can deliver in short
pulses, often specified for brief periods.

12. Internal Resistance: The resistance within the battery, affecting its ability to deliver current.
Lower internal resistance is generally desirable.

13. Cycle Life: The number of charge-discharge cycles the battery can undergo while maintaining
specified performance levels.

14. Self-Discharge Rate: The rate at which the battery loses its charge when not in use.

15. Temperature Range: The range of temperatures within which the battery can safely operate.

16. Chemical Composition: Details about the specific chemicals used in the battery.

17. Manufacturer: The name of the company that produces the battery.

18. Protection Circuit: Some 18650 batteries come with a built-in protection circuit to prevent
overcharging, over-discharging, and overcurrent.
19. Certifications: Compliance with safety and performance standards, such as UN/DOT 38.3, CE,
RoHS, etc.

20. Application: Common applications include laptops, flashlights, power banks, electric
vehicles, and more.

21. Warnings and Guidelines: Important safety information, storage recommendations, and
usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer.
CHAPTER 4 WORKING OF PROJECT
WORKING OF THE BUS ENTRY DATA SYSTEM

Block Diagram:

The Bus Entry Data System integrates several components to automate and streamline the bus entry
recording process. The key components include an RF ID reader (RC522), NodeMCU ESP8266, Buzzer,
16x2 LCD, I2C LCD module, 7805 voltage regulators, and 18650 lithium-ion batteries.

Explanation:

1. Bus Approach: Represents the physical event of a bus approaching the entry point.
2. RFID Reader (RC522): Reads the RFID card or tag attached to the bus.
3. NodeMCU ESP8266: Processes RFID data and transmits it wirelessly to the central server.
4. Central Server: Receives and processes data, updates the database.
5. Database Server: Manages the overall database system.
6. Database Storage: Stores Bus Entry Data.
7. 16x2 LCD / I2C LCD Module: Displays relevant information to the user.
8. Buzzer: Provides audible alerts or confirmations.
9. Power Management (7805, 18650): Manages power supply for continuous operation.

Algorithm:

1. Initialize System: Set up all components, establish communication between NodeMCU

and RC522.
2. Read RFID Data: Continuously check for RFID data from the RC522.
3. Data Transmission: Send the RFID data to the central server using the NodeMCU
ESP8266 module.
4. Database Update: Update the central database with bus entry details.
5. Display Information: Display relevant information on the 16x2 LCD and/or I2C LCD
module.
6. Alert Handling: Activate the Buzzer for alerts or confirmations.
7. Power Management: Monitor and manage power usage to ensure continuous
operation.

Circuit Diagram:
Working of the Project:

1. Bus Approach: As a bus approaches the entry point, the RFID reader detects the RFID card or
tag.
2. RFID Data Retrieval: The RC522 retrieves the unique identifier from the RFID card.
3. Wireless Transmission: The NodeMCU ESP8266 processes the RFID data and wirelessly
transmits it to the central server.
4. Database Update: The central server updates the database with real-time entry details.
5. User Interface: The 16x2 LCD and/or I2C LCD module displays relevant information, providing
confirmation and real-time statistics.
6. Alerts and Feedback: The Buzzer provides audible alerts or confirmations based on the
system status.
7. Power Management: The 7805-voltage regulator ensures a stable power supply, and the
18650 lithium-ion batteries serve as a reliable power source.

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Result:

The Bus Entry Data System has successfully automated the bus entry recording process, minimizing
manual errors and delays. By incorporating advanced identification technologies like RFID, the system
has significantly improved the accuracy of recording entry times and bus details. Real-time access to
entry data has enhanced transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders. The system's data-driven
approach provides valuable insights into entry patterns and bus utilization, contributing to more
informed decision-making for resource allocation and route optimization. The successful
implementation of the system demonstrates its effectiveness in modernizing and optimizing public
transportation management.

Discussion:

The successful implementation of the Bus Entry Data System signifies a transformative shift in public
transportation management. Automation, accuracy, transparency, and data-driven decision-making
have been achieved, addressing key challenges in traditional entry recording methods. The system
not only streamlines operations but also provides stakeholders with real-time insights, enabling them
to make informed decisions for better resource allocation and route optimization. The integration of
advanced technologies ensures a more resilient and efficient public transportation system. Moving
forward, continuous efforts will focus on addressing potential challenges, optimizing scalability,
ensuring robust security measures, and exploring additional features for further improvement. The
Bus Entry Data System stands as a testament to the potential of technology to enhance urban
transportation and contribute to the development of smart cities.

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

Conclusion:

The implementation of the Bus Entry Data System represents a significant advancement in public
transportation management, addressing long-standing challenges associated with traditional entry
recording methods. The system has successfully achieved its primary objectives, ushering in an era of
automation, accuracy, transparency, and data-driven decision-making.

Key Achievements:

Automation: Manual entry processes have been effectively eliminated, contributing to a more
streamlined and error-free bus entry recording system.

Accuracy: The utilization of advanced identification technologies, such as RFID or barcodes, has
substantially improved the accuracy of recording entry times and bus details.

Transparency: Stakeholders, including transportation authorities, operators, and the general

public, now benefit from real-time access to entry data, fostering transparency and trust in the
transportation system.

Analysis: The system's capability to provide valuable insights into entry patterns, peak hours, and
bus utilization enables data-driven decision-making, contributing to better resource allocation
and route optimization.

Scope of Future Work:

While the Bus Entry Data System has achieved notable success, there is a promising scope for future
enhancements and developments:

Optimizing Scalability: Explore opportunities to optimize the system for scalability, ensuring its
seamless integration into larger transportation networks and urban infrastructures.

Security Measures: Implement and enhance robust security measures to protect the integrity of the
data transmitted and stored within the system, safeguarding against potential threats.

User Experience Improvements: Focus on enhancing user interfaces, such as the 16x2 LCD and I2C
LCD modules, to provide more intuitive and informative displays for users and stakeholders.

Integration of Additional Features: Explore the integration of additional features that could further
improve transportation management, such as predictive analytics for bus arrival times and smart
routing algorithms.

Environmental Considerations: Investigate the integration of sustainable practices within the system,
such as energy-efficient components and environmentally friendly materials, to align with modern
urban sustainability goals.

REFERENCES
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2. Smith, J., & Brown, A. (2020). Advancements in Transportation Management: A Review of

Automated Systems. Journal of Urban Mobility, 15(3), 123-136.

3. Li, X., & Chen, Y. (2018). Real-Time Data Analytics for Urban Transportation: A Case Study on
Bus Utilization Patterns. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, 42-49.

4. Wang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Emerging Technologies in Public Transportation: A

Comprehensive Review. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 80, 173-191.

5. Silva, A., & Nascimento, C. (2019). Smart Cities: A Review of Technologies Applied to Public
Transportation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101732.

6. Karmokar, S., & Syed, A. A. (2018). Real-Time Bus Arrival Time Prediction with Artificial
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The Bus Entry Data System represents a transformative approach to the challenges inherent in public
transportation, particularly within school and college bus management. In urban areas, the efficiency
of public transportation is crucial for the overall smooth functioning of the city. However, traditional
methods of recording bus entries have been plagued by manual processes, resulting in potential
errors, delays, and a lack of real-time data. The Bus Entry Data System is an innovative solution
designed to address these challenges and introduce a new level of efficiency, accuracy, and
transparency in transportation management. At its core, the system operates through a carefully
orchestrated network of components. The physical event of a bus approaching an entry point is
captured, and the RFID Reader (RC522) reads the RFID card or tag attached to the bus. The
NodeMCU ESP8266 processes this RFID data and transmits it wirelessly to the central server. The
central server plays a pivotal role in receiving, processing, and updating the database, which is
efficiently managed by the Database Server. The Database Storage component serves as the
repository for the Bus Entry Data, ensuring a systematic and organized record-keeping system. To
enhance user interaction and communication, the system incorporates a 16x2 LCD/I2C LCD Module,
displaying relevant information to users. Audible alerts or confirmations are provided by the Buzzer,
further contributing to the user experience. The Power Management system, utilizing components
such as 7805 and 18650, ensures a continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the seamless
operation of the entire system.