Dr.

VasantraodadaPatilShetkariShikshan Mandal’s
PadmabhooshanVasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

REPORT ON
“Operating System ”

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mrs A.V. Patil
Submitted by
Roll no Student Name

1204 Roshni Uday Pawar

Academic Year :– 2021-2022

PVPIT Budhgaon, Department of Computer science and Engineering Page 1

 Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that have satisfactorily submitted a report on

Operating Systems
Submitted by:-
Name – Roshni Uday Pawar

Roll no –1204

PRN no -2162691242043

Class -Fy II

Incharge H.O.D Principal

Prof. Mrs.A.V. Patil Prof .R.D.Patil
Dr .D.V.Ghewade

PVPIT Budhgaon, Department of Computer science and Engineering Page 2

 INDEX

Sr No. Content Page no

1. Introduction 4
2. Structure of Operating system 5
3. Function of Operating system 6-8
4. Application 9-11
5. Advantages and Disadvantages 12-14
6. Conclusion 15
7. References 16

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 Introduction
.An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs conveniently and efficiently.

An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system
and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the

Definition:

An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and
acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.

A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all
times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.

An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as
memory, processors, devices, and information. The operating system correspondingly
includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a
memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system.

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 Structure of Operating system
An operating system is a construct that allows the user application programs to interact with the
system hardware. Since the operating system is such a complex structure, it should be created with
utmost care so it can be used and modified easily. An easy way to do this is to create the operating
system in parts. Each of these parts should be well defined with clear inputs, outputs and functions.

Simple Structure

There are many operating systems that have a rather simple structure. These started as small
systems and rapidly expanded much further than their scope. A common example of this is MS-DOS.
It was designed simply for a niche amount for people. There was no indication that it would become
so popular.

An image to illustrate the structure of MS-DOS is as follows

It is better that operating systems have a modular structure, unlike MS-DOS. That would lead to
greater control over the computer system and its various applications. The modular structure would
also allow the programmers to hide information as required and implement internal routines as they
see fit without changing the outer specifications.

Layered Structure

One way to achieve modularity in the operating system is the layered approach. In this, the bottom
layer is the hardware and the topmost layer is the user interface.

An image demonstrating the layered approach is as follows −

Layered Structure of Operating System

As seen from the image, each upper layer is built on the bottom layer. All the layers hide some
structures, operations etc from their upper layers.

One problem with the layered structure is that each layer needs to be carefully defined. This is
necessary because the upper layers can only use the functionalities of the layers below them.

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 Function of Operating system
An Operating System acts as a communication bridge (interface) between the user and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a user can execute
programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

An operating system is a piece of software that manages the allocation of computer hardware. The
coordination of the hardware must be appropriate to ensure the correct working of the computer
system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper working of the system.

Example: Just like a boss gives orders to his employee, in a similar way we request or pass our orders
to the Operating System. The main goal of the Operating System is to make the computer
environment more convenient to use and Secondary goal is to use the resources in the most efficient
manner.

Important functions of an operating System:

● Security –

The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it
also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.

● Control over system performance –

Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between
service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can help
improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.

● Job accounting –

Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users.

● Error detecting aids –

The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning
of a computer system.

Coordination between other software and users –

Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other
software to the various users of the computer systems.

● Memory Management –

The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of
a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory
is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be

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first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System performs the following activities for memory
management:

It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user program. The
memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that
has not yet been used. In multiprogramming, the OS decides the order in which processes are
granted access to memory, and for how long. It Allocates the memory to a process when the process
requests it and deallocates the memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O
operation.

● Processor Management –

In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access to
the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function of OS is called process
scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activities for processor management.

Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known as a traffic
controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates processor when a process
is no more required.

● Device Management –

An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following
activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. designates a
program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller. Decides which process
gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.

● File Management –

A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories
may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file
management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status
of every file, and more… These facilities are collectively known as the file system.

Moreover, Operating System also provides certain services to the computer system in one form or
the other.

The Operating System provides certain services to the users which can be listed in the following
manner:

● Program Execution: The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of
programs whether it be user programs or system programs. The Operating System utilizes
various resources available for the efficient running of all types of functionalities.

Handling Input/Output Operations: The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of
inputs, i.e, from the keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc. The Operating System does all interfacing in the
most appropriate manner regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs.

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For example, there is a difference in the nature of all types of peripheral devices such as mice or
keyboards, the Operating System is responsible for handling data between them.

Manipulation of File System: The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the
storage of all types of data or files, i.e, floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The Operating System
decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.

Error Detection and Handling: The Operating System is responsible for the detection of any type of
error or bugs that can occur while any task. The well-secured OS sometimes also acts as a
countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the Computer System from any external source
and probably handling them.

Resource Allocation: The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by
deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time. All the decisions are taken by the
Operating System.

● Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in
the computer system at a time. All the details such as the types of errors that occurred are
recorded by the Operating System.

Information and Resource Protection: The Operating System is responsible for using all the
information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way. The Operating
System must foil an attempt from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information.

All these services are ensured by the Operating System for the convenience of the users to make the
programming task easier. All different kinds of Operating systems more or less provide the same
services.

● Booting: Booting is the process of turning on the computer and powering up the system.
● Memory management: This feature controls and coordinates the computer applications
while allocating space for programs.
● Loading and execution: Your OS will load, or start up, a program and then execute the
program so that it opens and runs.
● Data security: A good OS includes features that keep your data safe and computer programs
secure. Security features are set up to keep unwanted cyberattackers at bay.
● Disk management: This manages all the drives installed in a computer, including hard drives,
optical disk drives, and flash drives. Disk management can also be used to divide disks,
format drives, and more.
● Process management: Your OS is designed to allocate resources to different computer
processes, enable the processes to share information, protect them, and synchronize them.
● Device controlling: Your OS will allow you to open or block access to devices like removable
devices, CD/DVDs, data transfer devices, USBs, and more.
● Printing controlling: As an extension of device controlling, your OS takes control of the
printers that are connected to the computer, and the materials that need to be printed.
● User interface: Also referred to as a UI, this is the part of the OS that allows a user to enter
and receive information. This can be done with typed commands, code, and other formats

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 Applications
The Five Most Popular Operating Systems

There are five main types of operating systems. These five OS types are likely what run your phone,
computer, or other mobile devices like a tablet. Whether you’re just a normal computer and phone
user or someone hoping to get involved in an IT career, knowledge of applications and systems types
will help you maintain security and user access, perform routine operations, and much more.

Microsoft Windows.

The Windows OS has been around since the 1980s and has had several versions and updates
(including Windows 95, Windows Vista, Windows 7/8/10, etc.) Microsoft Windows is one of the
popular operating system types and is preloaded on most new PC hardware. With each new
Windows update or release, Microsoft continues to work on improving their users’ experience,
hardware, and software, making Windows more accessible and easier to use.

Microsoft Windows contains a control panel, a desktop and desktop assistant, disk cleanup, event
viewer, and more. Many users prefer Microsoft Windows because they say it’s compatible with
many other kinds of software. Many kinds of computer programs run best on Microsoft Windows
because they’re developed by Microsoft.

Apple macOS.

Head-to-head in the competition with Microsoft Windows is Apple’s macOS. macOS and Windows
are both examples of proprietary operating systems, meaning that the company conceptualized,
designed, developed, and now sells their own OS. They’re designed and sold by the companies and
aren’t meant to be tampered with or tweaked by users. Apple and Macintosh computers run on the
proprietary macOS and OS X system, the first of which launched 20 years ago. There are also
previous versions or updates which include:

Kodiak (OS X 10 Beta)

Lion (OS X 10.7)

Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8)

Mavericks (OS X 10.9)

Yosemite (OS X 10.10)

El Capitan (OS X 10.11)

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Sierra (macOS 10.12)

High Sierra (macOS 10.13)

Mojave (macOS 10.14)

Catalina (macOS 10.15)

Big Sur (macOS 11)

The macOS and Apple/Mac products are also known and beloved by their users for ease of use and
continually improving user experience. Fast processing speeds, a simple desktop interface, and a
wide variety of helpful resources make users excited about macOS. Many users relish the instant
connection with their computers and mobile phone hardware, and enjoy the lack of bugs and
hackers that Apple systems are known for.

Google's Android OS.

The OS that companies including Google use to run its Android mobile smartphones and tablets is
based on Linux distribution and other open source software. Android OS is the primary OS for
Google mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Android has gained increasing popularity since
its release as an alternative to Apple’s iOS for smartphone users and is continuing to increase in
popularity with new updates and exciting features.

Apple iOS.

Apple's iOS is another mobile operating system used exclusively for iPhones, some of the most
popular mobile devices on the market. iOS integrations have regular updates, new expansions to
software, and continually are offering new features for users even if they have older devices.

Many users appreciate the unique user interface with touch gestures, and the ease of use that iOS
offers. This operating system also allows other Apple devices to connect, giving users easy
connections to other devices or people.

Linux Operating System.

Linux is different from Windows and Apple in that it’s not a proprietary software, but rather a family
of open source systems. In other words, anyone can modify and distribute it. Linux may be the least
known on this list, but it’s free and available in many different open source versions. Linux is popular
because of its ease of customization and offers a variety of options to those who understand how to
use it. If you know how to customize and work with operating systems, Linux is an ideal choice. And
if this kind of coding and back-end work is interesting to you, it may be a good idea to purchase a
Linux system and get started on manipulating it.

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Example
Some examples of operating systems include Apple macOS, Microsoft Windows, Google’s Android
OS, Linux Operating System, and Apple iOS. Apple macOS is found on Apple personal computers such
as the Apple Macbook, Apple Macbook Pro and Apple Macbook Air. Microsoft Windows is found on
a variety of personal computer platforms from brands such as HP, Dell, and Microsoft itself. Linux is
an open source OS that can be modified by users, unlike those from Apple or Microsoft. Though it
started out being used for personal computers, usage has since expanded to phones and other smart
devices, servers, gaming, and more.

Android is a Unix-like mobile operating system that you’ll find on your mobile phone or tablet,
depending on the device brand. Similarly, Apple iOS is found on Apple mobile devices such as an
iPhone (though it previously ran on Apple iOS, iPad now has its own OS called iPad OS).

Mobile vs. Computer

So why are there different types of operating systems for mobile tech and computers? There are
several reasons a single system doesn’t work perfectly for both. Computer and mobile OSs are
different because they’re developed for different uses.

Computer systems have to store lots of complex data, have a different user interface, and need to be
prepared for printing, removable disks, and more. They feature a desktop and a control panel for
users to manage all of their information. Computer operating systems are also older, and therefore
more familiar to the IT industry; they’ve been around much longer than phones that utilize operating
systems.

Mobile phones don't feature a desktop that's the same as a computer desktop. Their user interface
is much more about simple moves—things you can do with your fingers or voice—so it’s designed to
offer a simpler interface. There are many resources to help users learn more about operating mobile
phone systems, as they're very different from computer systems.

Touch screen user interfaces, smartphones, and mobile devices are everywhere and part of life, and
need operating systems. If you’re considering a career in IT, you probably know that the technology
is continuing to grow and develop, and there will be plenty of opportunities for the future.

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 Advantages
● Computing Source − OS acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It allows
users to perform different tasks like input data, process the operation, and access the
output. With the help of an operating system, users can communicate with computers to
perform various functions like arithmetic calculations.

● User-Friendly Interface − Whenever the Windows operating system came into existence with
Graphical User Interface (GUI), it became user friendly. It also helps the users to quickly
understand, interact, and communicate with computer machines.

● Resource Sharing − Operating systems allow resource sharing. It shares the data and
information with other users with the help of printers, modems, and Fax Machines. With the
help of networks we are able to share the information and data via mails and also different
apps, images, and media files can be transferred from PC to other devices with the help of
an operating system.

● No Coding Lines − After the invention of GUI the operating systems are allowed to access
hardware without writing programs.

● Safeguard of Data − We are able to store more information on the computers and are able
to access that information with the help of operating. OS is maintaining safely and securely
managing the data.

● Software Update − An operating system requires an update so that it can meet the
requirements of the users in a day to day life, without complexity the operating system
updates its software.

● Multitasking − An operating system can handle more than one task simultaneously.

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 Advantages
● O/S gives the interface between the clients and equipment.
● O/S permits to User Friendly Graphic Interface for all clients since it gives different menus,
catches, symbols, and more for simple route.
● No necessary any specialized aptitudes for working GUI O/S.
● financially savvy.
● It has answerable for controlling and control of all PC capacities.
● These stages are agreeable for all projects.
● It permits best highlights, for example, “Attachment and play”, implies no need any drivers
for utilizing their gadgets like as mouse, console, and sky is limit from there.
● O/S utilizes various procedures, for example, memory division, paging, and trading. Working
framework can deal with own memory with utilizing those methods.
● Working System gives help to dealing with all information and yield gadgets of PC
framework.
● O/S helps change all projects into measure for executing directions, and it has answerable
for synchronizing of all cycle.
● Working System can likewise deal with a wide range of interferes.
● O/S actualizes a wide range of booking strategies, for example, first start things out served,
Round robin, Priority planning and briefest employment firs booking and so forth for
planning the all cycle in CPU for execution.
● It assists with crushing outer discontinuity.
● O/S has answerable for circulating all information over whole framework.
● O/S gives the authorization for requesting paging just as preaging.
● It has no needed to fracture.
● It assists with planning all pages in powerful way.
● O/S permits imparting one bit of information to numerous clients.
● It additionally can share various assets like as Printer, Fax and so on.
● O/S can be refreshed time by time with no problem.
● It gives the adaptable interface to introducing a wide range of games and programming, and
can run effectively them.
● Some O/S gives the insurance from perilous records and infection, for example, Windows
safeguard in Window O/S.
● Various O/S are accessible in open source, for example, Unix/Linux. Working System can be
run effectively on PC framework with no cost (Free).

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 Disadvantages

● Expensive − When compared to other platforms like Linux, some operating systems
are costly. Users can use a free OS but generally they are a bit more difficult to run
than others. Microsoft Windows operating system with GUI and other in-built
features carry a costly price.
●
● System Failure − The whole system will be affected if the central operating system
fails, and the computer will not work. We know that operating the heart of a
computer system without OS the system cannot function. If the central system
crashes, the whole communication will be halted, and there will be no further
processing of data.
●
● Highly Complex − Operating systems are highly complex, and the language which
used to establish these OS are not clear and well defined.
●
● Virus Threats − Threats to the operating systems are higher as they are open to such
virus attacks. Many users download malicious software packages on their system
which halts the functioning of the OS and slows it down.
●
● Fragmentation − Fragmentation in the computer is a state when storage memory
breaks into pieces. Internal fragmentation occurs when the method of process is
larger than the memory size. External fragmentation occurs when the method or
process is eliminated.It has broadened memory access times, for example, page
table query.
● Need improvement with utilizing TLB.
● Required protected page tables. Need more memory for memory board.
● Need inner fracture.
● Page Table Length Register (PTLR) needs to bound with virtual memory size.
● It required greater improvement in staggered page tables and variable page sizes.
● Obscure clients can be utilized your framework without your authorization.
● On the off chance that working framework get shortcoming, at that point your
information can be obliterated from O/S.
● It is exceptionally troublesome assignment for giving whole assurance from all
infections in light of fact that any danger can be embedded any time.

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, an operating system is a software that manages computer hardware
and software resources, and to provide public services for computer programs. The
operating system is an important part of the system software in a computer system.
Although it is possible to directly interface software applications and hardware, the
vast majority of applications in an operating system, which allows them to take
advantage of the public library, without having to worry about the specific hardware
details written.

Some operating systems were developed in the 1950s, where computers could only
execute one program at a time. The operating systems are very importance to
responsible for everything from the control and allocation of memory to recognizing
input from external devices and transmitting output to computer displays. Later in
the decade, computers included many software programs, sometimes called
libraries, which were linked together to create the beginning of today’s operating
systems.

Today’s operating systems tend to have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that use
pointing devices for input. A mouse is an example of such a pointing device, as is a
stylus. Commonly used the operating systems for IBM-compatible personal
computers is include the Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. In addition, there
really is no such thing as a perfect operating system. However, every operating
system has its advantages and disadvantages. Choose the right operating system is
very important. So, the user must carefully to choose the operating system. It will
help the user to minimize the workload and increase the work efficiency

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. Reference
● https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-approaches-or-structures-of-operating-
systems/amp/·
● https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-operating-system-set-1/amp/
● https://www.wgu.edu/blog/5-most-popular-operating-systems1910 ·
● https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/amp/
● https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-operating-
system/amp/
● https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
operating-systems·
● https://www.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/operating-system.php

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