Int. J. Power Electronics, Vol. 5, Nos.

3/4, 2013 185

A novel control scheme for buck power converters

using duty-cycle modulation

Jean Mbihi*
Department of Textile Engineering and Fashion Industry,
Advanced Teachers’ Training College for Technical Education,
University of Douala,
BP 1872, Douala, Cameroon
E-mail: [email protected]
*Corresponding author

Léandre Nneme Nneme

Department of Information Technology Engineering,
Advanced Teachers’ Training College for Technical Education,
University of Douala,
BP 1872, Douala, Cameroon,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A novel duty-cycle modulation control scheme for buck power

converters is studied in this paper. Compared to the widely used pulse width
modulation technique encountered in power electronics, the proposed control
scheme offers under the same operating conditions a variety of merits,
including a greater hardware simplicity, a lower modulation frequency and a
better transient response. In addition, while offering new characteristics, it
provides under load disturbances the same level of robustness than the standard
pulse width modulation control technique. The characteristics of both control
techniques are validated and compared on a well tested prototyping buck
converter, using a mix of analytical reasoning, virtual simulations, and real tests
on a laboratory workbench.

Keywords: duty-cycle modulation; DCM; buck power converter; power

electronics; pulse width modulation; PWM; hardware simplicity; lower
modulation frequency; less switching stresses; robustness; virtual simulation;
laboratory workbench.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Mbihi, J. and Nneme, L.N.
(2013) ‘A novel control scheme for buck power converters using duty-cycle
modulation’, Int. J. Power Electronics, Vol. 5, Nos. 3/4, pp.185–199.

Biographical notes: Jean Mbihi received his Master and PhD degrees in
Electrical and Computer Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal
(Quebec, Canada), in 1992 and 1999 respectively. In 1999, he joined as Senior
Lecturer the Advanced Teachers’ Training College (ATTCO) for Technical
Education of the University of Douala (Cameroon), where he has been
promoted as Professor in Electrical Engineering in 2009. He is Head of
Department of Textile Engineering and Fashion Industry at ATTCO, and
member of the National Committee of Higher Education of Cameroon. His
current research field is focused on novel instrumentation technologies and
their applications.

Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

186 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

Léandre Nneme Nneme received his Master in Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal, Canada in 1993, and
PhD in Systems and Automation from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal,
Canada in 1998. From 1998, he held academic position in the University of
Douala (Cameroon). He is Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Science
Engineering, and Head of the Department of Information Technology
Engineering, in the Advanced Teachers’ Training College for Technical
Education of the University of Douala (Cameroon). His interests lie in control
and instrumentation engineering with applications in automated and artificial
intelligence processes.

1 Introduction

The buck power converter is a controlled interfacing circuit, with a constant input
voltage E and a DC output U sχ < E produced under a control policy χ. The buck power
converters are widely used in power electronics for a wide variety of target needs,
including computers, mobile equipments and rechargeable batteries (Lee et al., 1997).
As in the case of most configurations of DC-DC power converters (Kazimierczuk,
2012; Patil et al., 2011), the pulse width modulation (PWM) is the widely used
switching control technique for Buck converters. Following Millman and Grabel
(1987), it appears that a basic PWM controller as presented in Figure 1, consists
of a triangle oscillator and a switching comparator [Figure 1(a)]. The resulting
duty-cycle RmPwm = −(1 / (2 u osc )) umpwm + 1 / 2 is a linear function [see Figure 1(b)],
pwm
where uosc = ( R10 / R4 ) Vcc stands for the amplitude of the triangular wave oscillator. In
addition, the modulation frequency f mpwm = R4 / (4 R10 R9 C4 ) is a constant quantity.
Generally speaking, given a set voltage Uref, the control input upwm results from the
regulation of the DC output U spwm .
A number of closed loop PWM control schemes have been so far proposed in power
electronics, in order to meet specific requirements of buck power converters. The first
class of closed loop control schemes consists of proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
and state-feedback policies (Prodic et al., 2001; Abdel Aziz et al., 2012; Ioannidis et al.,
2010; Batzel and Comanesu, 2008; Kalirasu and Dash, 2011). The second class consists
of more sophisticated controls techniques, including exact linearisation (Sira-Ramirez
and Ilic-Spond, 1989), sliding mode (Kamalakar and Kulkarni, 2012), fuzzy logic (Abbas
et al., 2011; Asumadu and Ho, 2004), and optimal control (Hsieh et al., 2000). Until
today, the merits and increasing popularity of PWM control techniques in power
electronics, are mainly due to both its exact linear structure and its availability as a
ready-to-use embedded device in the chips of most modern microcontrollers (Buja and
De-Nardi, 1985; Prasad et al., 2008).
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 187

Figure 1 Standard PWM control scheme (see online version for colours)

However, although the pioneering research works cited above have brought significant
improvements to PWM control schemes, several drawbacks and unsolved problems
remain hidden behind their use as control policies for buck converters. These problems
could be summarised as follows:
a the minimum analogue realisation of a basic PWM circuit presented in Figure 1(a)
consists of three integrated operational amplifiers, three resistors and one capacitive
device
b the digital generation of PWM signals relies on a complex hardware logic
(Nhivekar and Mudholkar, 2011)
c the phase of harmonics containing in a PWM wave upwm, is uncontrollable since it is
independent of the modulating input upwm.
Unlike standard PWM control policies with aforementioned drawbacks, a novel
duty-cycle modulation (DCM) control scheme is presented in this paper for a low cost
control of Buck converters as it will be seen later in the next Sections. In Section 2, the
structure and principle of the proposed DCM control scheme is outlined. Then, the
properties of the DCM control principle are presented in Section 3 using a mix of
analytical and numerical reasoning. In Section 4, a virtual prototyping system and a real
188 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

laboratory workbench, are implemented and well tested in order to compare DCM and
PWM control schemes for buck power converters.

2 The DCM control model for buck power converters

2.1 Structure of the DCM control

The proposed DCM control scheme for buck converters is illustrated in Figure 2. The
power electronics part consists of standard elements, including a main voltage source (E),
a switching MOSFET transistor (Q), a power diode (D), a low-pass filter (L-C) operating
upstream the DC load (R). Then, an elementary DCM circuit with modulating input udcm
and modulated output umdcm is used as a basic switching driver. It provides a minimal
hardware structure and novel properties compared to a standard PWM circuit.
Furthermore, a simple regulator might be used for the sake of stability and good
performance of the closed loop control system. The emphasis in this section is only on
the novel DCM driver, since the remaining parts of the overall control scheme shown in
Figure 2(a) are well known. We resort to this custom DCM circuit because of a
number of properties discovered when using it in other application areas, including
communication systems (Mbihi et al., 2005) and data acquisition systems (Mbihi et al.,
2012; Mbihi and Nneme, 2012).

Figure 2 Proposed DCM control scheme (see online version for colours)
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 189

2.2 DCM control model

Let α1 = R1 / (R1 + R2) and α1 = 1 – α2 in Figure 2(a), then under a control udcm, the
modulated supply voltage U mdcm (t ) is periodic with frequency in Figure 2(b). Hence,
following the analysis conducted in Mbihi et al. (2012) and Mbihi and Nneme Nneme
(2012), the Fourier series of the signal U mdcm (t ) [see Figure 1(a)] is given by:

2E
∞
⎛ sin ( nπRmdcm ( u dcm ) ) ⎞
U m ( u dcm , t ) = 
Rmdcm ( u dcm ) E +
π ∑ ⎜⎜  n
cos ( 2πnf m ( u dcm ) t ) ⎟ (1)
⎟⎟
Mean Value n =1 ⎜
⎝ C X ( n, u ) ⎠
High frequency terms

with
⎧ dcm ( dcm ) 1 1
⎪ fm u = = (2.1)
Tm u( dcm )
⎛ (α 2 u dcm )2 − ( (1 + α1 )Vcc )2 ⎞
⎪ R C Log ⎜ ⎟
⎪ 3 1
⎜ (α 2 u dcm )2 − ( (α1 − 1)Vcc )2 ⎟
⎪ ⎝ ⎠
⎪
⎨ ⎛ α u dcm − (1 + α1 ) Vcc ⎞ (2)
⎪ dcm ( dcm )
Log ⎜ 2 dcm ⎟
T
⎪ Rmdcm ( u dcm ) = On
u
= ⎝ α 2 u + (α1 − 1) Vcc ⎠ (2.2)
⎪ Tmdcm ( u dcm ) ⎛ (α 2 u dcm )2 − ( (1 + α1 ) Vcc )2 ⎞
⎪ Log ⎜ ⎟
⎪ ⎜ (α 2 u dcm )2 − ( (α1 − 1) Vcc )2 ⎟
⎩ ⎝ ⎠
The exact analytical model (1), given controlled parameters (2), leads to the following
DCM control principle for Buck DC-DC converters.

2.3 Principle of DCM control for buck converters

Under a controlled supplying voltage U m (u dwm , t ), the response of a suitable LC

low-pass filter across the load terminals, is equal to the average term U mdcm = Rm (u dcm ) E
of (1). It is important to mention that although (1) is structurally similar to a standard
PWM control policy, the related parameters f mdcm (u dcm ) and Rmdcm (u dcm ) given by (2) are
quite different from that of a PWM control policy since f mpwm (u pwm ) is a constant f mpwm
for all admissible modulating inputs upwm.

3 Properties of the DCM control technique

3.1 Analytical analysis of the DCM control properties

The properties of the proposed DCM control scheme are analysed in this section using a
few lemmas and theorems.
Lemma 1: The DCM control (1) given (2) results from a lower cost hardware realisation.
190 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

The proof of Lemma 1 results from the great simplicity of the DCM control circuit
(see Figure 2) compared to the structural complexity of a PWM device under the same
building technology [see Figures 1(a) and 2(a)]. Thus, the proposed DCM circuit yields a
lower hardware implementation cost.

Theorem 1: The DCM frequency defined by (2.1) is a convex function, with maximum
achieved for udcm = 0 volt.
The proof of Theorem 1 relies on the first derivative of f mdcm (u dcm ) given by (2.1).
Since a straightforward development leads to:

8α1Vcc2 u dcm
−
(1 − α1 ) ((u )
2 2
df mdcm ( u dcm ) )
dcm 2
− Vcc2
= 2
, (3)
du dcm ⎛ ⎛ (α u dcm )2 − ( (1 + α1 ) Vcc )2 ⎞⎞
( R3C1 )2 ⎜ log ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜ (α 2 u dcm )2 − ( (α1 − 1) Vcc )2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠

then, it is clear that:

⎧> 0 if − Vcc < u dcm < 0

df mdcm ( u dcm ) ⎪
⎨= 0 if u dcm = 0 (4)
du dcm ⎪< 0 if 0 < u dcm < V
⎩ cc

Thus, (4) completes the proof of the convexity of f m (u dcm ).

As an implication, the novelty brought by the convex structure of the shape
related to the modulation frequency f mdcm (u dcm ) over the modulating control range, is the
decrease on the switching frequency when | udcm | increases from zero. This property
might be a merit because, if both DCM and PWM policies operate under identical
basic frequencies f mdcm (0) = f mpwm , the resulting DCM frequency will be such that
f mdcm (u dcm ) ≤ f mdcm (0) = f mpwm . Hence, during transient and steady periods, the switching
stresses on power devices, might be lower in the case of DCM control scheme. A
numerical example of the DCM convexity, will be presented in the next section.

Lemma 2: The DCM control technique falls into the subclass of piecewise linear control
policies for a suitable choice of parameter α1.

The proof of Lemma 2 requires a mix of analytical and numerical reasoning. In fact,
analytical developments indicate that the first order Taylor series of Rmdcm (u dcm ) in the
neighbourhood of the point (udcm = 0, Rmdcm (0) = 1/ 2), exists and is equal to:

α1
V (1 + α1 ) dcm 1
R mdcm (u dcm ) = cc u + (5)
⎛ 1 + α1 ⎞ 2
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − α1 ⎠
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 191

In addition, following the numerical analysis results obtained from a case study presented
in the next Section, it is a challenge to discover that, within the admissible range of udcm
and for a suitable choice of the design parameter α1, (5) appears to be an excellent linear
approximation of Rm(udcm) given by (2.2). Furthermore, the relative decoding error
incurred due to the linear approximation (5) converges to zero in a neighbourhood of
udcm = 0 and remains less than 1% beyond the remaining admissible range of Rmdcm (u dcm ).
These numerical analysis findings presented later in Figure 3, complete the proof of
Lemma 2.
Theorem 2: The DCM and PWM techniques, have identical duty-cycle functions for all
admissible control udcm, if and only if the following relationship is satisfied:
⎛ R10 ⎞ ⎛ 2α1 ⎞
⎜ R ⎟⎜ 1+ α ⎟
u pwm = − ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 1 ⎠ dcm
u (6)
⎛ (1 + α1 ) ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − α1 ⎠
The proof of Theorem 2 relies on the exact linear nature of both DCM and PWM circuits
within in sufficient wide neighbourhood of the point (udcm = 0, 1/2). In fact, given that,
α1
Vcc (1 + α1 ) dcm 1
R mdcm ( u dcm ) = u +
⎛ 1 + α1 ⎞ 2
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − α1 ⎠
and (7)
Rmpwm = − ( R4 ( 2 R10Vcc ) ) umpwm +1/ 2

then, the condition R mdcm (u dcm ) = Rmpwm (u pwm ) implies (7). Alternatively, if (6) is true,
then the following relationship becomes obvious:
⎛ α1 ⎞
⎜ 1+ α ⎟
⎛ R ⎞ ⎝ 1⎠
−u pwm ⎜ 4 ⎟ Vcc = Vcc u dcm . (8)
⎝ 2 R10 ⎠ ⎛ (1 + α1 ) ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − α1 ⎠

Thus, adding 1/2 in each side of the equality (8), leads to the condition R mdcm (u dcm )
= Rmpwm (u pwm ) and completes the proof of Theorem 2.

3.2 Numerical analysis of the DCM control properties

The parameters of the DCM control circuit considered [Figure 2(a)] are: Vcc = 15 volts,
R1 = 1.2 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, C1 = 33 nF and R3 = 2.32 kΩ. Therefore, the ideal basic DCM
frequency f mdcm (0) computed from (2.1) is 30 kHz. As an implication, the results of the
numerical analysis of (2.1), (2.2) and (5) using Matlab, are presented in Figure 3 in order
to show a visual behaviour of the DCM properties predicted in Section 1. In addition, as
predicted in Theorem 1, Figure 3(a) shows the convex property of the DCM frequency
192 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

f m (u dcm ) given by (2.1). Furthermore, following Lemma 2, Figures 3(b) to 3(d)

show that for α1 = R1 / (R1 + R2) = 1,200 / 11,200, the first order approximation
R mdcm (u dcm ), is linear over the admissible range of the modulating input. The absolute
bound of the relative error incurred is less than 0.5% for | udcm | < 10 volts. Finally,
Figure 3(e) shows the graphs of DCM and PWM controls (udcm and upwm) over the same
duty-cycle range.

Figure 3 Simulation of DCM control policies using Matlab (see online version for colours)
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 193

4 Workbench for buck converters under DCM/PWM controls

A complete workbench for DCM/PWM control systems of buck converters, is presented

in Figure 4. It consists of a virtual workbench and a real laboratory workbench.

4.1 Virtual workbench

As presented in Figure 4(a), the schematic diagram of the virtual workbench for
DCM/PWM control systems of buck converters, is implemented using Multisim
software. It consists of building modules numbered from 1 to 9. The specifications of
the power circuit are given as follows: E = 15 volts (main supply voltage), U sχ = 5 volts
(DC output) where χ ∈ {pwm, dcm}, R = 3.3 Ω (nominal load), L = 1 mH (inductance),
C = 220 uF (capacitance). Then the left corner frequency of the L-C filter is given by:
1
f LC = (9)
2π LC
whereas the transfer function of the ideal buck converter is given by:
U s ( p) 1
G ( p) = = (10)
U m ( p) LCp 2 + L p + 1
R
In the DCM/PWM control systems, given that the parameters of the DCM circuit are
Vcc = 15 volts, R1 = 1.2 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, C1 = 33 nF and R3 = 2.32 kΩ, then, for the sake
of suitable comparison of both DCM and PWM control circuits under the same basic
clock frequency f mdcm (0) = f mpwm , the parameters retained for the PWM circuit are
R4 = 10 kΩ, R9 = 2.2 kΩ, R10 = 1.72 kΩ, and C4 = 22 nF. Thus, the ideal quantity
f mdcm (0) = f mpwm is 30 kHz, where f mdcm (0) is computed from by (2.1) given udcm = 0,
whereas f mpwm = R4 / (4 R10 R9 C4 ). The modulating input voltage udcm is equal to set
voltage URef in the open loop control mode, whereas the feedback control law u dcm (U sdcm )
is generated by the regulator (N° 3), with transfer function,
1 R
+ 21 C5 p
R19 R19
D( p) = (11)
1 ⎛ R21 ⎞
+ 1+ C5 p
R22 ⎜⎝ R22 ⎟⎠

4.2 Real laboratory workbench

The picture of a real laboratory workbench built for the experimental study of buck
converters under DCM/PWM control techniques, is shown in Figure 4(b). It consists
of a two channel oscilloscope (LW2042C model, 40 MHz), a main power supply
(feedback model, ±15 volts, 5 A), a connected circuit board and a few power devices for
the buck converter. The resulting real workbench has been built and well tested.
194 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

Figure 4 Workbench for a buck converter under DCM/PWM control techniques,

(a) Virtual workbench (b) Experimental workbench (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

Notes: 1 – buck converter, 2 – difference amplifier, 3 – PI regulator,

4 – DCM control circuit, 5 – DCM/PWP control transform,
6 – PWM control circuit, 7 – power supply, 8 – virtual oscilloscope,
9 – set voltage (uref).
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 195

Figure 5 Virtual simulation of a buck converter under DCM/PWM controls (see online version
for colours)

Notes: (a) to (d): open loop simulation; (e) and (f): closed loop simulation;
(a), (c), (e): DCM control; (b), (d), (f): PWM control.
196 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

Figure 6 Experimental tests of a buck converter under DCM/PWM controls (see online version
for colours)

Notes: uref = 6 volts; R = 3.3 Ω; time scale (20 us/div); amplitude scale (5 volts/div);
(a) to (d): open loop tests; (e) and (f): closed loop tests.
 A novel control scheme for buck power converters 197

4.3 Simulation and experimental results

Both virtual and real experimental workbenches presented in Section 4 for buck
converters under DCM/PWM control techniques, have been well tested in the same
operating conditions. The sample of predicted and experimentation results obtained in
each case, are reported in this section for the sake of comparison of DCM and PWM
control techniques.
The simulation results obtained under normal conditions are presented in Figure 5,
and the related experimental results obtained when testing the real workbench are shown
in Figure 6. In open loop control, when Uref = udcm = 0 volt, then the modulating signals
umdcm (t ) [Figure 5(a)] and umpwm (t ) [Figure 5(b)] evolve according to the same basic
clock frequency. As an implication, their related DC outputs U sdcm (t ) and U spwm (t )
respectively have the same steady value. It is important to observe that either in open
loop control for Uref = 6 volt [see DCM control in Figure 5(c) and PWM control in
Figure 5(d)], or in closed loop control [see DCM control in Figure 5(e) and PWM
control in Figure 5(f)], the frequency of umdcm (t ) is lower than that of umpwm (t ). As a
straightforward implication, the DCM control scheme generates less switching stresses
under equivalent operating conditions on the power components. However, the resulting
DC outputs U sdcm (t ) and U spwm (t ) are identical according to the realistic fundamentals of
Theorem 2. In all cases, the experimental results presented in Figure 6 when following
the same order as in Figure 5, show the realistic nature of the DCM control properties,
predicted using a mix of exact reasoning and virtual simulation.

Figure 7 Response of DCM/PWM controls for load disturbances (see online version for colours)

Notes: R switches from 2.2 Ω to 3.3 Ω;

(a), (b): simulation; (c), (d): experimentation.
198 J. Mbihi and L.N. Nneme

Additional virtual simulation and real tests have been conducted, in order to check and
compare the robustness properties of DCM and PWM control systems as shown in
Figure 7. The simulation results for DCM and PWM control techniques are presented in
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) respectively. In both cases, the effects of load variations within a
±30% range from its nominal value (R = 3.3 Ω) appear to be negligible. In the
experimental results presented in Figures 7(c) and 7(d), these negligible effects are
observed on the oscilloscope screen, where channel 1 is configured for a reduced
amplitude scale (200 mV/div) under the AC coupling mode. For a nominal value
Us = 6 volts, the bound of the resulting ripple voltage due to disturbances is less than
70 mV (1.2%) for DCM, whereas it is 120 mV (2%) for PWM. Since the gap between
both ripple bounds is not very significant, then the DCM and PWM control policies for
buck converters, are approximately characterised on by the same level of steady
robustness under load disturbances. However, recall that the DCM control controller
provides a lower implementation cost and new useful properties.

5 Conclusions

Following analytical developments, numerical analysis, virtual simulations and

experimentation, it has been shown that the low cost DCM control scheme studied in this
paper for buck power converters, provides many improved characteristics compared to
standard PWM techniques. Thus, the DCM control technique, might be thought off as a
novel control perspective in power electronics and control engineering, with possible
extension to either other types of DC-DC power converters, or to the important class of
DC-AC power inverters. These unsolved problems will become good opportunities for
future research works.

Acknowledgements

The authors of this paper would like to thank the anonymous reviewers, for the great
contributions of their helpful comments and suggestions.

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