This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E1418 − 21

Standard Practice for

Visible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable
Process1

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This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for

1.1 This practice describes procedures for visible liquid information only and are not considered standard.
penetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. It 1.5 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice
is a nondestructive practice for detecting discontinuities that that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering
are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the
laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of fusion cognizant engineering organization. These areas are identified
and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami- as follows:
nation. This practice can be effectively used in the examination 1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,
of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, 1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified 1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,
ceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and glass. 1.5.4 Grit blasting,
1.2 This practice also provides the following references: 1.5.5 Etching,
1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examination 1.5.6 Indication/discontinuity sizing,
procedures using the water-washable process can be reviewed 1.5.7 Total processing time, and
to ascertain their applicability and completeness. 1.5.8 Marking of parts.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant ex- safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
amination of materials and parts. Agreement between the user responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and the supplier regarding specific techniques is strongly priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
recommended. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination. dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
however, that after indications have been produced, they must
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose
there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific 2. Referenced Documents
agreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation of
indications considered acceptable, and those considered unac- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
ceptable. D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
1.3.1 The user is encouraged to use materials and processing eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
parameters necessary to detect conditions of a type or severity D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
which could affect the evaluation of the product. D808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum
Products (High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
2
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1418 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1418-21. the ASTM website.

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 E1418 − 21
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen- 4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetrant pro-
eral Industry cess parameters depends upon the nature of the application,
E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec- conditions under which the examination is to be performed,
tion availability of processing equipment, and type of materials to
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive perform the examination. (Warning—A controlled method for
Testing applying water and disposing of the water is essential.)
E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
time and wash times, are determined by the specific materials
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
used, the nature of the part under examination (that is, size,
2.2 ASNT Standards:3 shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuities
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive expected.
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi- 5. Significance and Use
cation of NDT Personnel
2.3 Other Standards: 5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer- presence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and
tification of NDT Personnel—General Principles4 magnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant5 normally used for production examination of large volumes of
2.4 AIA Standard:6 parts or structures, where emphasis is on productivity. This
NAS410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive practice offers a wide latitude in applicability when extensive
Test Personnel and controlled conditions are available.
2.5 DoD Contracts—Unless otherwise specified, the issue
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the 6. Reagents and Materials
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci- 6.1 Visible, Water-Washable Liquid Penetrant Testing
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. Materials, consisting of applicable visible penetrants as rec-
2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between ommended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type II
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text Visible Method A—Water-Washable (see Note 1). Penetrant
of this practice takes precedence. materials shall conform to AMS 2644 unless approved by the
contract or Level III. (Warning—While approved penetrant
3. Terminology materials will not adversely affect common metallic materials,
3.1 Definitions: some plastics or rubber may be swollen or stained by certain
3.1.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examina- penetrants.)
tion that appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the terms NOTE 1—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
used in this practice. alkali metal content.

4. Summary of Practice 6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants, designed to be directly

water-washable from the surface of the part, after a suitable
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to the
being examined and allowed to enter open discontinuities. water-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exercise
After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is proper process control in removing excess penetrant to ensure
removed with water and the surface is dried prior to the against overwashing. Water-washable penetrants can be
application of a developer. A developer is then applied, washed out of discontinuities if the washing step is too long or
drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuities and too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashing
staining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to be than others.
employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.
After application of the developer, a suitable development time 6.3 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
is allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from the the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
discontinuities. The test surface is then examined visually ties through the blotting action of the applied developer, thus
under adequate illumination to determine the presence or increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. The
absence of indications. developer used shall provide a contrasting white background.
Several types of developers are suitable for use in the visible
penetrant water-washable process.
3
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. 6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powder
Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
4
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble) in water.
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordance
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
with the manufacturer’s recommendations (see 7.1.7.1).
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
(Warning—Aqueous developers may cause stripping of
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
6
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 indications, if not properly applied and controlled. The proce-
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. dure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)
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6.3.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied as scale, insulating materials, coatings, etc. should be done using
suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrier cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing, or chemical removing
and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to the processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,
surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been polishing, or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit, and vapor
removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop- blasting to remove the peened skin, and when penetrant
ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
(see 7.1.7.2). (Warning—This type of developer is intended effectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwise
for application by spray only.) specified, perform etching when evidence exists that previous
cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have produced a
7. Procedure surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant
7.1 The following general procedures applies to the water- examination. (See Annex A1.1.1.8 in Practice E165/E165M for
washable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1). precautions).
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant NOTE 2—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
from 40 to 125 °F (4 to 52 °C). When it is not practical to (Warning—Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indications and
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must extreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in NOTE 3—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
9.2. grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
recommended because of the potential for damage.
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant
Examination—Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on 7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged 7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
conditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). When nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
only loose surface residuals are present, these may be removed discontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)
by wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaning that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts or
of metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, areas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before the

Incoming Parts

PRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch

(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry

PENETRANT Apply Water-

APPLICATION Washable
(See 7.1.4) Penetrant
FINAL RINSE
(See 7.1.5) Water Wash

Spray Dip

Developer
DRY DEVELOP
Dry (Aqueous)
(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)

Developer,
DEVELOP DRY
Nonaqueous Dry
(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6)
EXAMINE
Visible (See 7.1.8) Examine

Mechanical
Water Rinse Detergent
Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Prac-
tice E165/E165M, An-
nex
on Post Cleaning.)
Dry

Vapor Ultrasonic
Solvent Soak
Degrease Clean
Outgoing Parts

FIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
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 E1418 − 21
penetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weld, 7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex-
including the heat affected zone is to be examined, remove all cess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to
contaminants from the area being examined as defined by the prevent pools of penetrant on the part), while allowing for
contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that the proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 1). The length of time
surface must be free of rust, scale, welding flux, spatter, grease, the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetra-
paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with penetration. tion should be as recommended by the penetrant manufacturer.
All of these contaminants can prevent the penetrant from Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant
entering discontinuities. (See the annex on Cleaning of Parts dwell times for a variety of materials, their form, and types of
and Materials in Practice E165/E165M for more detailed discontinuities.
cleaning methods.) (Warning—Residues from cleaning pro- NOTE 4—For some specific applications in structural ceramics (for
cesses such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions, and example, detecting parting lines in slip-cast material), the required
chromates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrant penetrant dwell time should be determined experimentally and may be
and reduce its sensitivity and performance.) longer than that shown in Table 1 and its notes.
7.1.3.2 Drying After Cleaning—It is essential that the sur- 7.1.5 Removal of Excess Penetrant—After the required
faces be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residue penetration time, the excess penetrant on the surface being
will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may be examined must be removed with water, usually a washing
accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, with operation. It can be washed off manually, by the use of
infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure to automatic or semi-automatic water-spray equipment or by
ambient temperature. immersion. Accumulation of water in pockets or recesses of the
7.1.4 Penetrant Applications—After the area to be exam- surface must be avoided. If the final rinse step is not effective,
ined has been cleaned, dried, and is within the specified as evidenced by difficulty in removing the excess penetrant,
temperature range, apply the penetrant to the surface to be dry (see 7.1.6) and reclean the part, then reapply the penetrant
examined so that the entire part or area under examination is for the prescribed dwell time. (Warning—Avoid overwashing.
completely covered with penetrant. Excessive washing can cause penetrant to be washed out of
7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of discontinuities. )
effective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing, 7.1.5.1 Rinsing—For immersion rinsing, parts are com-
flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in pletely immersed in the water bath with air or mechanical
suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger agitation. Effective rinsing of water-washable penetrants by
parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be spray application can be accomplished by either manual or
applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional automatic water-spray rinsing of the parts.
and electrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applying (a) Maximum rinse time should be specified by part or
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray material specification.
application can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant on (b) The temperature of the water should be relatively
the surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of constant and should be maintained within the range of 50 to
penetrant entering hollow-cored passages that might serve as 100 °F (10 to 38 °C).
penetrant reservoirs, causing severe bleedout problems during (c) Spray rinse water pressure should not be greater than 40
examination. Aerosol sprays are also very effective and a psi (280 kPa).
convenient portable means of application. (Warning—Not all 7.1.5.2 Removal by Wiping—In special applications, pen-
penetrant materials are suitable for electrostatic spray etrant removal may be performed by wiping the surface with a
applications, so tests should be conducted prior to use.) clean, absorbent material dampened with water until the excess
(Warning—With spray applications, it is important that there surface penetrant is removed, as determined by visual exami-
be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished through nation. This process shall be performed in accordance with
the use of a properly designed spray booth or exhaust system, E1219. A solvent cleaner may be used instead of water to wipe
or both.) off excess penetrant.
TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times
Dwell TimesA (minutes)
Material Form Type of Discontinuity
PenetrantB DeveloperC
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, brass castings and welds cold shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, cracks 5 10
and bronze, titanium and high- (all forms)
temperature alloys
wrought materials—extrusions, laps, cracks (all forms) 10 10
forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools lack of fusion, porosity, cracks 5 10
Plastic all forms cracks 5 10
Glass all forms cracks 5 10
Ceramic all forms cracks, porosity 5 10
A
For temperature range from 40 to 125 °F (4 to 52 °C).
B
Maximum penetrant dwell time not to exceed penetrant manufacturer recommendation in accordance with 7.1.4.2.
C
Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts (recommended minimum). Minimum development time in accordance with
7.1.7.2.

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7.1.6 Drying—During the preparation of parts for (aqueous and nonaqueous) developer coating is dry (that is, the
examination, drying is necessary following the application of solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness). The maximum
the aqueous developer or prior to applying nonaqueous wet permitted developing times are 2 h for aqueous developers and
developers. Drying time will vary with the size, nature, and 1 h for nonaqueous developers.
number of parts under examination. 7.1.8 Examination—Perform examination of parts after the
7.1.6.1 Modes of Drying—Parts can be dried by using a applicable development time as specified in 7.1.7.3 to allow for
hot-air recirculating oven, a hot- or cold-air blast, or by bleedout or penetrant from discontinuities onto the developer
exposure to ambient temperature. Drying is best done in a coating. It is good practice to observe the surface while
thermostatically controlled, recirculating hot-air dryer. applying the developer as an aid in evaluating indications.
(Warning—Drying oven temperature should not exceed 7.1.8.1 Visible Illuminance—Visible penetrant indications
160 °F (71 °C).) can be examined in either natural or artificial visible light.
7.1.6.2 Drying Time Limits—Do not allow parts to remain in Adequate illumination is required to ensure no loss of the
the drying oven any longer than is necessary to dry the part. sensitivity of the examination. A minimum illuminance at the
Excessive time in the dryer may impair the sensitivity of the examination site of 100 fc (1076 lux) is recommended.
examination. 7.1.8.2 Housekeeping—Keep the examination area free of
7.1.7 Developer Application—There are various modes of interfering debris. Practice good housekeeping at all times.
effective application of the various types of developers such as 7.1.9 Evaluation—Unless otherwise agreed upon, it is nor-
immersing, flooding, or spraying. The size, configuration, mal practice to evaluate the discontinuity indication based on
surface condition, number of parts to be processed, etc., will the size of the developer stain created by the developer’s
influence the choice of developer application. absorption of the penetrant (see Reference Photographs E433).
7.1.7.1 Aqueous Developers—Apply aqueous developers to 7.1.10 Post Cleaning—Post cleaning is necessary in those
the part immediately after the excess penetrant has been cases where residual penetrant or developer could interfere
removed from the part and prior to drying. The dried developer with subsequent processing or with service requirements. It is
coating appears as a translucent or white coating on the part. particularly important where residual penetrant examination
Prepare and maintain aqueous developers in accordance with materials might combine with other factors in service to
the manufacturer’s instructions and apply them in such a produce corrosion. A suitable technique, such as machine
manner as to ensure complete and even part coverage. Exercise wash, vapor degreasing, solvent soak, or ultrasonic cleaning
caution when using a wet developer with water-washable may be employed (see the annex on post cleaning in Practice
penetrants to avoid possible stripping of indications. Aqueous E165/E165M). In the case of developers, it is recommended
developers may be applied by flowing, or immersing the part. that if developer removal is necessary, carry it out as promptly
Atomized spraying is not recommended since a spotty film as possible after examination so that it does not fix on the part.
may result. It is most common to immerse the parts in the (Warning—Developers should be removed prior to vapor
prepared developer bath. Immerse parts only long enough to degreasing. Vapor degreasing can bake developer on parts.)
coat all of the part surfaces with the developer, since if parts are
left in bath too long, penetrant entrapments may leach out. 8. Special Requirements
Immediately remove parts from the developer bath and allow 8.1 Impurities:
to drain. Drain all excess developer from recesses and trapped 8.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless
sections to eliminate developer pooling, that can obscure steels, titanium, nickel base, or other high-temperature alloys,
discontinuities. Dry the parts in accordance with 7.1.6. the need to restrict impurities such as sulfur, halogens, and
7.1.7.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers—Nonaqueous, wet alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may cause
developer carriers evaporate very rapidly at normal room embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated tempera-
temperature and do not, therefore, require the use of a dryer. tures. Any such evaluation should include consideration of the
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After the excess penetrant has been removed and the surface form in which the impurities are present. Some penetrant
has been dried, apply these developers to the surface by materials contain significant amounts of these impurities in the
spraying in such a manner as to ensure complete coverage with form of volatile organic solvents. These normally evaporate
a thin even film of developer. Application of excessive devel- quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other materials
oper should be avoided. Dipping or flooding parts with may contain impurities that are not volatile and may react with
nonaqueous, wet developers is prohibited, since it will flush the part, particularly in the presence of moisture or elevated
(dissolve) the penetrant from within the discontinuities because temperatures.
of the solvent action of these types of developers. (Warning— 8.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the surface quickly
The vapors from the evaporating, volatile, solvent developer without reaction under normal inspection procedures, penetrant
carrier may be hazardous. Proper ventilation should be pro- materials are normally subjected to an evaporation procedure
vided in all cases, but especially when the surface to be to remove the solvents before the materials are analyzed for
examined is inside a closed volume such as a process drum or impurities. The residue from this procedure is then analyzed in
a small storage tank.) accordance with Practice D129, Test Method D1552, or Prac-
7.1.7.3 Developer Time—The length of time the developer tice D129 for decomposition followed by Method B (Turbidi-
is to remain on the part prior to examination should not be less metric Method) of Test Methods D516 for sulfur. The residue
than 10 min. Developing time begins as soon as the wet may also be analyzed in accordance with Test Method D808 or

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the annex on methods for measuring total chlorine content in nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel quali-
combustible liquid penetrant materials in Practice E165/ fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,
E165M (for halogens other than fluorine) and the annex on SNT-TC-1A, NAS410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and
method for measuring total fluorine content in combustible certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
liquid penetrant materials in Practice E165/E165M (for fluo- The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall
rine). The Annex on Determination of Anions and Cations by be identified in the contractual agreement between the using
Ion Chromatography in Practice E165/E165M can be used as parties.
an alternate procedure. Alkali metals in the residue are deter-
mined by flame photometry or atomic absorption spectropho- 9.2 Procedure Qualification—Qualification of procedures
tometry. using times or conditions differing from those specified or for
NOTE 5—Some current standards indicate that impurity levels of sulfur
new materials may be performed by any of several methods
and halogens exceeding 1 % of any one suspect element are considered and should be agreed upon by the contracting parties. A test
excessive. However, this high a level may be unacceptable for some piece containing one or more discontinuities of the smallest
applications, so the actual maximum acceptable impurity level must be relevant size is used. The test piece may contain real or
decided between supplier and user on a case by case basis.
simulated discontinuities, providing it displays the character-
8.2 Elevated Temperature Examination—Where penetrant istics of the discontinuities encountered in production exami-
examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at nations.
elevated temperature during examination, special materials and
processing techniques may be required. Such examination 9.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification—If a non-
requires qualification in accordance with 9.2. The manufactur- destructive testing agency as described in Specification E543 is
er’s recommendations should be observed. used to perform the examination, the agency shall meet the
8.3 Reduced Temperature Examination—Where penetrant requirements of Specification E543.
examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at 9.4 Requalification may be required when a change or
a reduced temperature during examination, special materials substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials or in the
and processing techniques may be required. Such examination procedure (see 9.2).
requires qualification in accordance with 9.2. The manufactur-
er’s recommendations should be observed.
10. Keywords
9. Qualification and Requalification 10.1 nondestructive testing; visible liquid penetrant testing;
9.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami- water-washable method
nations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a

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