Contoh Soal TOEFL 2024
Contoh Soal TOEFL 2024
Woman : I heard the math requirements for graduation are being changed.
Man : Yes. And I may be short one course.
Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in a business class.
Professor
OK, uh let’s um, let’s start. Uh, tonight we’re gonna talk about one approach to structuring
decision-making on a specific topic, sort of um…oh when you’re in a decision-making
process in a business situation, and you’ve got all the participants there sort of voicing
opinions and negotiating, and there are lots of different factors to consider in your decision…
uh, the technique we’re gonna talk about is uh, it’s a way to sort of structure that decision and
arrive at a better decision. It’s called AHP, or Analytic, um, Analytic Hierarchy Process.
Now, the first step is to develop a hierarchy by breaking the problem down into its
components, and then prioritizing the components, as you’ll see. Now there’s some AHP
software out there that lets you do the math, but I’m not gonna get into that level of detail
now. The important thing that I want to talk about is not the mathematics of it so much as the
concept. I want you to understand the logic behind Analytic Hierarchy Process and the basic
approach.
OK…so uh, let’s say, if I was trying to buy a house, a house is actually a pretty good
example. It’s not a good example for a business class, necessarily, but it’ll certainly do for
today. You, you start with your main goal. An’ then you break it down into smaller parts. All
right…so uh, taking our example of buying a house…I would have to determine the goal for
the house-hunting effort, uh choose the house that would be uh,…most, well, the best fit for
my family. What would be your goal in trying to find a house? Well, uh let’s just say, make
the best choice in, in buying a new house. Now, that’s the goal.
So now that you’ve established a goal, you establish your criteria. And um, under criteria I
would list for me what were the important factors that will influence the decision. And…they
would be things like uh, like the cost. And, uh what else? Uh, location. Location, I think,
would typically be one in most of our models, and maybe one more. How about floor plan?—
The layout of the rooms. So, we have cost, location, floor plan…those might be our key
criteria for choosing a house.
Then you get down to the subcriteria under each of these three criteria. So, let’s say, under
floor plan, the sub criteria are, you want a big kitchen, 3 bedrooms, a basement. And after
you’ve determined all the criteria and subcriteria, um then you go back and you start making
pairwise comparisons between them…uh, judgments about two of these things at a time. Of
the houses you’re considering, uh, is cost more important than location or, say, one has a big
kitchen but only two bedrooms. Is that OK? You move through the hierarchy making
judgments about 1 pair of choices at a time. You see, it’s designed to reflect the way people
actually think…humans are much more,…capable of making relative rather than absolute
judgments. Basically, we’ve reduced a rather complex decision into a series of one-on-one
comparisons.
Um, so what AHP does is it requires me to develop a schematic model of what I’m looking
for. So, right off the bat I have to articulate and think about and identify these factors, these
criteria.
And when I start comparing the criteria, these factors, um, it enables me to come up with the
relative importance of each factor at a given level in the model. So, in other words, what the
model does is it helps us set our priorities, and it forces us to make our priorities explicit. It, it
not, not only helps make the best decision, we’re also a lot clearer on why we made the
decision. And understanding why we made the decision makes it easier to convince the boss
or the shareholders that it’s a good decision.
Professor
Now there’s some AHP software out there that lets you do the math, but I’m not gonna get
into that level of detail now. The important thing that I want to talk about is not the
mathematics of it so much as the concept.
(A) He wants the students to use the AHP software for an assignment.
(B) He does not think the AHP software is useful.
(C) He wants to give only a general explanation of AHP.
(D) He thinks the students can understand the mathematics without his help.
Professor
Of the houses you’re considering, uh, is cost more important than location or, say, one has a
big kitchen but only two bedrooms. Is that OK?
Jawaban → B
Pembahasan → tujuan profesor mengatakan statement di atas adalah untuk menunjukkan
contoh keputusan yang akan diambil. Jawaban yang tepat adalah B.
Structure and Written Expression dirancang untuk mengukur kemampuan peserta tes TOEFL
dalam mengenali bahasa yang sesuai dengan standar bahasa Inggris tertulis.
1. Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes …. they both emit hot liquids
from below the Earth’s surface.
(A) due to
(B) because
(C) in spite of
(D) regardless of
2. During the early period of ocean navigation ….. any need for sophisticated
instruments and techniques.
(A) retards
(B) retarding
(C) to retard
(D) is retarded
4. The first article of the United States Constitution gives Congress … to pass laws.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to
be correct.
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The
expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If
all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the
movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if
none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage.
No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents.
Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is
important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth.
Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and
reproduction.
Almost all of an organism’s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated
to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme
are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with
a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.
Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seedheads raised just high enough
above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are
hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has
been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived
plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the
neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up TOEFL iBT Sample Test
Questions wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big
bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are
termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing
plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on
landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more
competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with
bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists.
Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and
gardens.
The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are
long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good
example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,
outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any
free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a
chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part
of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of
acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on
building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive
minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable
through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures
of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be
noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species
fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some
competitive characteristics.
(A) extend
(B) transform
(C) activate
(D) waste
(A) food
(B) plant or animal
(C) energy
(D) big body
(A) development
(B) growth
(C) distribution
(D) protection
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present,
dandelions are classified as opportunists.
(B) Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of
erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
(C) The term opportunists applies to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can
compete with the seeds of other plants.
(D) The term opportunists applies to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural
processes.
(A) huge
(B) ancient
(C) common
(D) successful
Direction: In this section of the test, you will be able to demonstrate your ability to speak
about a variety of topics. You will answer six questions by speaking into the microphone.
Answer each of the questions as completely as possible.
In questions one and two, you will speak about familiar topics. Your response will be scored
on your ability to speak clearly and coherently about the topics.
In questions three and four, you will first read a short text. The text will go away and you will
then listen to a talk on the same topic. You will then be asked a question about what you have
read and heard. You will need to combine appropriate information from the test and the talk
to provide a complete answer to the question. Your response will be scored on your ability to
speak clearly and coherently and on your ability to accurately convey information about what
you read and heard.
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out
how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's
creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace
modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the
question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to
observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is
possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At
that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work
together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each
other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin.
Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They
have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to
deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers
need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a
complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when
they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the
strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new,
expressive language. [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from
pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children.
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf.
Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same
grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are
many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was
documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated
from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf.
Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the
playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that
they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs
differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who
joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around,
developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of
the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact,
and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is
more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were
creoles at first. The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the
verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did'. Therefore it would appear
that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children.
Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which
springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them.
Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is
no grammar present for them to copy.
1 In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee
language?
A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar
structures
B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the
Cherokees.
D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
2 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A It contained complex grammar.
B It was based on many different languages.
C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D It was created by the land-owners.
3 All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
8 All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT: