LECTURE:

DR. KHALID SAID

ADVANCED COMPOSITION & INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Nature du module (Majeur / Complémentaire) : Majeur
Semestre d’appartenance du module : SEMESTRE 4
Département d’attache : LANGUE ET LITTERATURES ANGLAISES
Etablissement dont relève le module : FACULTE DES
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

Introduction
In academic writing, how you present your
information (technically) is often seen as
important as the ideas you are putting
forth. Proper citing, quoting and
referencing of source material allows you
to convey your breadth of research in a
language commonly shared by others in
your discipline.
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

What is a citation?
o A citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished sources that you consulted and
obtained information from while writing your
research paper.
o The proper acknowledgement of sources.

TYPEs OF SOURCES
❑Books, magazine, newspaper, and online articles.
❑dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and books of facts.
❑Scholarly journals/periodicals/periodical journals.
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

Why citating?
o To avoid plagiarism. Failure to cite other people's
intellectual property ruins careers and reputations.
o To show that you have read and understood
specific texts
o A good bibliography shows off your scientific
knowledge.
o Citation enables better verification of your work
o Careful citation practices will build your credibility
as a scientist or scholar.
 GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

How to cite?
o Different universities/professors may use/prefer/have different writing style manuals.

The Big Three: APA, MLA, and CMS

❑ MLA style: The Modern Language
Association provides guidelines you will
be familiar with if you are focused on
the Humanities.
❑ APA style: These are the official
guidelines put forth by the American
Psychological Association.
❑ CMS style: These are the style guidelines
put forth in the Chicago Manual of Style
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

APA ?
APA is the style of documentation of
sources used by the American
Psychological Association. This form of
writing research papers is used mainly in
the social sciences, like psychology,
anthropology, sociology, as well as
education and other fields.
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

How does the APA style work ?

❑ When working with APA there are two things to keep in mind:
1.in-text citations, and
2.the reference page.

In-text citations will use the author's name and the date
within your research paper. These citations will refer back
to the reference page at the end, which lists all the
sources that you may have used in your research paper.
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

How does the APA style work ?

in-text citations

Follow the author-date method of in-text citation

 GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

APA in-text- citations

o Whenever you use a source,

provide the required information:
1. Author’s last name and date of
publication
2. For “quotations” and close
paraphrases, provide a page
number as well

Follow the author-date method of in-text citation

 APA in-text- citations
1. Single Author 2. Two Authors 3. Three or More Authors 4. Group Author

1. Single Author 2. Two Authors

• List the last name of the author (without • If two authors are cited within closed brackets, use
their initials), followed by a comma, and the ampersand (&) between them. If they are not
enclosed in brackets, then use the spelled out
then the year of publication “and.”
❖ Examples: ❖ Examples:
o Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to o Calvert and Liu (1987) argued that social class is
measure social class. rapidly becoming obsolete.
o One scholar argued that it is impossible to o A well-known study argued that social class is
measure social class (Calvert, 1982). rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert & Liu, 1987).
 APA in-text- citations
1. Single Author 2. Two Authors 3. Three or More Authors

3. Three or more Authors

• The correct format is (Author et al., year).

❖ Examples:
o Calvert et al. (1987) argued that the concept of social class is rapidly
becoming obsolete.
o The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987).
 APA in-text- citations
Multiple Publications, Same Author Multiple Publications, different Authors
If an author has multiple publications When citing multiple authors
you need to cite, use a COMMA to
separate the years of publication in
for the same information, use
CHRONOLOGICAL order (oldest to most semicolons to separate the
recent). If the publications occur in the different citations. The authors
same year, use suffixes a, b, c should be cited in alphabetical
order
❖ Examples:
o A recent study argued for the abolition
of social class (Calvert, 2004, 2005a, ❖ Example:
2005b). o A recent study argued for the
o Calvert (2004, 2005a, 2005b) argued abolition of social class (Calvert,
for the abolition of social class. 1987; Liu, 2004, 2005; Smith, 2003).
 APA in-text- citations
Unknown or Anonymous Author

o When the author of a work is not known, the title of the

work will be used in place of the author

❖ Examples:
o Children who are neglected suffer from trauma that
can last a lifetime (Foundations of Social Literacy,
2018).
o According to Foundations of Social Literacy (2018),
children who are neglected suffer from trauma that
can last a lifetime.
 APA in-text- citations
Unknown date of publication
❑ When an online or print article does not contain a date
of publication, the APA format uses the abbreviation
(n.d.) to specify no date. Online books, websites, and
other materials cited that do not contain a copyright or
date published also use (n.d.).

❖ Examples:
o Calvert (n.d.) argued that it is impossible to
measure social class.
o One scholar argued that it is impossible to
measure social class (Calvert, n.d.).
APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the research paper.
GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES

How does the APA style work ?

References
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the research paper.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.
Print books
a. Single Author
Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials. (Year of publication).
Title italicized. Publisher.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.
a. Multiple Authors Print books
List up to 20 authors by their last names followed by initials. Use an
ampersand (&) before the last author.

,
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.
Print books
c. Edited Book
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an edited book in APA

o Bruya, B. (Ed.). (2010). Effortless attention. MIT Press.

o Wardrip-Fruin, N., & Montfort, N. (Eds.). (2003). The
new media reader. MIT Press.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.
Print books
c. Chapter or Article in an Edited book
Chapter Author’s Last name, Chapter Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and
initials of other authors, if any. (Year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In Editor(s)
First and Middle initials and Last names (Ed. or Eds.), Book title italicized (pp. followed by the
page range for the chapter/article). Publisher.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.

Journal Article

❑ Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and
initials of other authors, if any. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue Number), Page numbers.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.

Journal Article

❑ Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and
initials of other authors, if any. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title
of Journal italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue Number), Page
numbers.
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.

Online newspaper Article

Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, &
Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year,
Month and Day of publication). Title of article. Title of
Newspaper italicized. URL for article
 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.

Article from an Online newspaper with no author

 APA References Page
• Every cited source from your research should appear in your
References page, which comes at the end of the essay.
Thesis & Dissertation

Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials. (Year

submitted). Title of thesis italicized [Unpublished master’s
thesis/ doctoral disseration]. Name of College/University.

Blount, C. (1992). Genre Envy: The threat of theory and the

promise of creative writing [Unpublished master's thesis].
University of South Dakota.

Baume, D. (1994). Cracking up the south: Irony in Eudora

Welty [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of
North Carolina.
LECTURE:
4

DR. KHALID SAID

ADVANCED COMPOSITION & INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Nature du module (Majeur / Complémentaire) : Majeur
Semestre d’appartenance du module : SEMESTRE 4
Département d’attache : LANGUE ET LITTERATURES ANGLAISES
Etablissement dont relève le module : FACULTE DES