MATRICES

TERMINOLOGY
Washington pp. 153 – 168; 428 – 456

• Adjoint/adjugate matrix: The transpose of the matrix of cofactors, that is, adj( A) = C T where C is the cofactor matrix
• Augmented matrix: A combination of the coefficient and constant matrices
• Antisymmetric/skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix for which AT = − A
• Coefficient matrix: The elements of the matrix are the coefficients of a system of equations
• Cofactor: A signed minor, given by cofactor of aij = (−1)i + j (minor of aij )
 A B C a b c 
• Cofactor matrix C: Matrix C f =  D E F  is the cofactor matrix associated with matrix P =  d e f  if A is the cofactor of a, B the
 
G H I   
  g h i 
cofactor of b, C the cofactor of c, etc.
• Column vector/matrix: A matrix with only one column
• Column: The vertical line of elements in a matrix
• Columns: The vertical lines of elements in a matrix
• Constant matrix: The column vector with the constants (the right-hand side) of a system of equations
• Cramer's rule: Method to determine the solution of a system of linear equations
D
o x = x where D is the determinant of the coefficient matrix and D x is the determinant where the coefficients of x are replaced by the
D
constants
• Diagonal matrix: A square matrix with zeros everywhere except on the principal diagonal
• Determinant A = det( A) : A unique value associated with a square matrix
• Element/entry: A number in a matrix
• Equal matrices: Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if their corresponding elements are equal
o A= B ⇒ The two matrices have
 The same number of rows

Matrices © Tshwane University of Technology: EL Voges 03/06/20 Page 40

  The same number of columns
 aij= bij ∀i, j
• Homogeneous system of equations: The constant matrix of a system of equations is the zero matrix
• Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix I n with all the principal diagonal elements equal to 1
o All the other elements are 0
−1 −1
• Inverse A-1 of a matrix: If A is a square matrix then AA= A= A I
−1
o NB! A ≠A 1

adj( A)
o A−1 = provided A ≠ 0
A
o If A = 0 matrix A has no inverse
• Matrices: more than one matrix
• Matrix (plural: matrices): a rectangular array of numbers, usually enclosed in brackets, in which not only the value of the number is important,
but also its position in the array
• Matrix addition/subtraction: Add/subtract corresponding elements
o Matrices must have the same size
• Matrix equation: AX = B ⇒ X = A−1 B
• Matrix inversion: A method used to solve a system of equations according to AX = B ⇒ X = A−1 B
o A ≠ 0 ⇒ system has an unique solution
o A= 0 ⇒ system may have a solution but it will not be uniques
n
• Matrix multiplication: If A is a (m x p) matrix and B is a (q x n) matrix, then C = AB where c jk = ∑ a ji bik
i =1
o C exists only if p = q⇒ number of columns in A = number of rows in B
o Size of C is (m x n) ⇒ (number of rows in A) x (number of columns in B)
o AB ≠ BA except in special cases
o ( AB)T = BT AT
o AB = AC does not imply that B = C
o AB = 0 is possible even though neither A nor B is the zero matrix

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• Minor: Choose an element in A. Cross out its row and column. The determinant of the remaining elements is called the minor determinant or
minor
• Negative (-A) of a matrix: Multiply each element of A by (-1)
• Naming
o Uppercase letter as the name of a matrix
o Lowercase letter to refer to an element
o a refers to the element in row 1, column 2
12
• Principal/leading/main diagonal: The diagonal in a square matrix running from top left to bottom right
• Row vector/matrix: A matrix with only 1 row
• Row: A horizontal line of elements in a matrix
• Rows: The horizontal lines of elements in a matrix
• Scalar multiplication: Multiply each element of the matrix with the scalar k
o kA = Ak
o k ( A + B) = kA + kB
• Scalar: A single number
• Secondary diagonal: The diagonal in a square matrix running from top right to bottom left
• Size /order / dimension: The number of rows and columns in the matrix.
o m x n, read as "m by n"
o First integer: The number of rows
o Second integer: The number of columns
• Singular matrix: The inverse of the matrix does not exist
• Square matrix: Number of rows = number of columns
• Symmetric matrix: A square matrix and its transpose are identical AT = A
• Trace: The sum of the elements in the main diagonal
• Transpose AT of a (m xn) matrix: A (n x m) matrix obtained from A by interchanging the rows and columns of A. The rows of A becomes the
columns of AT
• Trivial solution: All the variables in the system of equations equals 0
• Zero matrix: All the elements in the matrix are zero

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SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2 (L Tait)

 2 3 5  0 −1 2   − 1 3
    2 3   
1. Given: A =  − 3 2 − 2  B =  0 1 − 3 C =   D =  − 2 0 
 1 0 −1 2 − 2 2   0 − 2  − 3 1
     

Calculate, if possible, the following.

1.1 2A 1.2 A+B 1.3 2A + 3B 1.4 2A - 3B

1.5 CD 1.6 DC 1.7 AB 1.8 BA

1.9 AD 1.10 DA
2. Determine the value of the unknowns in each of the given matrix equalities.

 x   4
a b  5 2   x   2    
2.1   =   2.2  =  2.3  x + 2  =  y
 c d   0 − 1 x + y   5   2 y − 3  z 
   

 4 − 2   w x   2 − 3
2.4   +   =  
− 3 0   y z  0 5 
3. Evaluate each of the following determinants.

 2 − 3  2 − 3  2 5  − 2 5
3.1 det  3.2 det  3.3 det  3.4 det 
 5 0   − 1 − 4   1 3   3 1 

 0.71 − 1.4   cos θ sin θ 

3.5 det  3.6 det 
 0.33 − 2.0   sin θ cos θ 

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4. Evaluate each of the following determinants by using the second row.

− 2 4 −1  1 1 5  5 4 3   2 3 0
       
4.1 det 5 2 − 2  4.2 det  − 3 − 1 2  4.3 det 2 1 0  4.4 det  2 4 1 
 1 0 1   2 1 4   − 3 2 − 2  − 2 4 − 1
      

 4 −1 8   3 0 0 − 6 −1 3   2 5 8
       
4.5 det − 1 6 − 2  4.6 det − 2 1 4  4.7 det  2 − 2 − 3  4.8 det − 1 5 4 
 2 1 −1    10 1 − 2   3 − 6 7
   4 − 2 5    

5. Repeat Exercise no.4, using diagonal expansion.

6. Check your answers in Exercises no.3, 4 and 5 using your calculator.

7. Solve for x in each of the given matrix equalities.

5 3 2  2 −3 4 
   
7.1 det  −1 2 1  =
−24 7.2 det  3 −5 x  =
45
 x 1 −1  1 2 −1
   

8. Determine the inverse, if it is defined, of the following matrices:

 1 3  − 6 3 1 0  2 3
8.1   8.2   8.3   8.4  
 2 3  − 10 5  0 1 1 4

1 2 3  1 3 3   1 2 3  2 9 0
       
8.5 1 3 3  8.6 1 3 4  8.7  2 4 5 8.8  1 2 3
  1 4 3    0 −1 1
1 2 4     3 5 6  

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  0.8 0.0 − 0.6  1 1 1 
   
8.9  0.0 1.0 0.0  8.10  2 5 − 2
 0.6 0.0 0.8  1 7 − 7
   

9. Solve the following systems of equations using matrix inversion.

x+ y+z =2 5i1 + 6i2 − 3i3 = 6 p + 2q + 2r = 0 3.6 x + 5.2 y − z = −2.2

9.1 x − z =1 9.2 4i1 − 7i2 − 2i3 = −3 9.3 2 p + 6q + 1 = 3r 9.4 3.2 x − 4.8 y + 3.9 z = 8.1
x + y =1 3i1 + i2 − 7i3 = 1 4 p + 6r + 8 = 3q 6.4 x + 4.1 y + 2.3 z = 5.1

x + 2y = 2 − z 2u + 3v − w = 5
9.5 3x − 6 y = 2 − 2 z 9.6 4u − 3v + 4 w = 0
2x = 8 + z 3u + 4 w + 6 = 0

10. Solve the systems of equations in Exercise no. 9 using Cramer’s Rule.
11. The following equations were obtained in analyzing the forces on a bell-crank mechanism:

F1 − 0.60 F3 = 80
F2 − 0.80 F3 = 0
6.0 F1 − 10 F3 = 0

11.1 Determine the magnitude of the forces F1 , F2 and F3 using matrix inversion.

11.2 Determine the magnitude of the forces F1 , F2 and F3 using Cramer’s Rule.

11.3 Determine the magnitude of the forces F1 , F2 and F3 using your calculator.

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12. The following equations were obtained by applying Kirchhoff’s laws to an electric circuit:

i A + i B + iC = 0
− 8.2i B + 10iC = 0
4.3i A − 8.2i B = 6.5

12.1. Determine the electric current i A , i B and iC , using Cramer’s Rule.

12.2 Determine the electric current i A , i B and iC using your calculator.

13. In applying Kirchhoff’s laws to an electric circuit, the following equations were obtained:

i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
5.20i1 − 3.25i2 = 8.33 − 6.45
3.25i2 − 2.62i3 = 6.45 − 9.80

13.1 Determine the electric current i1 , i2 and i3 using Cramer’s Rule.

13.2 Determine the electric current i1 , i2 and i3 using your calculator.

14. A 20 meter crane arm with a supporting cable and with a 100 kg box suspended from its end has forces acting on it. Calculate the magnitude of
the forces using the following equations:

F1 + 2.0 F2 = 280
0.87 F1 − F3 = 0
3.0 F1 − 4.0 F2 = 600

14.1 Determine the magnitude of the force F3 using matrix inversion.

14.2 Determine the magnitude of the force F2 using Cramer’s Rule.

Matrices © Tshwane University of Technology: EL Voges 03/06/20 Page 40

14.3 Determine the magnitude of the force F1 using your calculator.

15. The following equations were obtained by applying Kirchhoff’s laws to an electric circuit:

3I A − 2 I B + I C = 6
2 I A + 3I C = 3
4 I A − I B + 5I C = 6

15.1. Determine the electric current I A using matrix inversion.

15.2 Determine the electric current I B using Cramer’s Rule..

15.3 Determine the electric current I C using your calculator.

ANSWERS 2

 4 6 10   2 2 7   4 3 16   4 9 4 
       
1.1  − 6 4 − 4 1.2  − 3 3 − 5 1.3  − 6 7 − 13  1.4 − 6 1 5 
 2 0 − 2  3 −2 1   8 −6 4   − 4 6 − 8
      

− 2 − 9   10 − 9 5   5 −2 0 
     
1.5 Not possible 1.6 − 4 − 6  1.7  − 4 9 − 16  1.8  −6 2 1 
 − 6 − 11 − 2 1 0   12 2 12 
    

 − 23 11 
 
1.9  5 − 11 1.10 Not possible 2.1 a = 5, b = 2, c = 0, d = −1 2.2 x = 2, y = 3
 2 2 


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2.3 x = 4, y = 6, z = 9 2.4 w = −2, x = −1, y = 3, z = 5 3.1 15

3.2 -11 3.3 1 3.4 -17 3.5 -0.958

3.6 cos 2θ 4.1 -30 4.2 5 4.3 27

4.4 -16 4.5 -115 4.6 39 4.7 50

4.8 141 5. & 6. See no.4 7.1 x=4 7.2 x=0

−1 1  1 0  45 −3 
8.1   8.2 No inverse 8.3   8.4 −1 5

− 1 
 3
2
3   0 1   5 2
5 

 6 − 2 − 3  7 − 3 − 3  1 −3 2   5 − 9 27 
       
8.5 −1 1 0  8.6 −1 0 1  8.7  − 3 3 − 1 8.8  −1 2 − 6
−1 0 1  −1 1 0     −1 2 − 5
   2 −1 0   

 0.8 0.0 0.6 

 
8.9  0.0 1.0 0.0  8.10 No inverse 9.1 x = 2, y = −1, z = 1 9.2 i1 = 1
2 , i 2 = 2 3 , i3 = 1
6
 − 0.6 0.0 0.8 
 

9.3 p = −2, q = 2
3 ,r= 1
3 9.4 x = −0.17, y = 0.16, z = 2.41 9.5 x = 3, y = 1
2 , z = −2

9.6 u = 2.53, v = −1.16, w = −3.4 10. See no.9

11. F1 = 125 N, F2 = 60 N, F3 = 75 N 12. i A = 0.735 A, i B = −0.406 A, iC = −0.333 A

13. i1 = 0.004 A, i2 = −0.572 A, i3 = 0.569 A 14.1 F3 = 202 N 14.2 F2 = 24 N

14.3 F1 = 232 N 15.1 I A = 3A 15.2 I B = 1A 15.3 I C = −1 A

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