```TOEFL```

Section 2 : Structure and written expression

40 questions (25 minutes)

±37nd/question
1-15 correct (sentence complention)
16-40 error (error identification)
How to answer?
1. Intuition
2. Analysis
3. Both of them (In+An)
Materials

▪ Independent clauses ▪ V. Problems

▪ Dependent clauses (adj/adv/noun clause) ▪ Appositives
▪ Participial phrases (present/past participles) ▪ Conjunctions
▪ Prepositional phrases ▪ Parallel structues
▪ Gerund phrases ▪ Misplaced modifiers
▪ Subject-v. Agreement ▪ Comparisons
▪ Active & passive voice ▪ Negative words
▪ Word order

1. Structures in TOEFL
English sentence > S+V / V+S

Subjects
 a. Noun/N. phrases)
Eh: Tom, books, John & Mary, children, water, a beautiful day(n. phreses)
b. N. Clauses (clasuse/kalimat yg fungsinya sama seperti kata benda)
Ex: What he said is true.
c. Pronouns
Ex: I, we, you, she, he, it, they, everyone, etc.
d. Gerund (phrases)
ex:
▪ Smoking is not permitted here.
▪ Reading books is my hobby.
e. (To) Invinitive (phrases)
ex: To speak is easy. To help others is rewarding.
f. Adj. used as noun
ex: The poor have tried to find aid.

Verb

a. Action Verbs (V1/V2)

b. Linking verbs (v1/v2) (kata kerja penghubung)
ex: be, feel, smell, sound, taste, look, apear, seem, remain, stay, prove, become
(get, turn, grow).
c. (To) Be
ex: am, is, are, was, were
✓ She is studying (v-ing) English.
✓ The company was established (v.3) last year.
✓ All books are being scanned(being+v.3).
✓ We are to visit (to infinitive) Ausy next week.
d. Aux
ex:
• (to) be
present (v1) past (v2)
is/am/are / was/were + being
• Modals + modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must,,
ought (to), had better)
• Do, does, did (negative & introgative)
Ex:
- In the end, she will not refuse.
- He does not respect others.
• Have, has, had + been
Ex: I have known the truth.
2. S+V+O
S+V+Complement
 Ex:
1. The first American novelist(s.) to have a major impact on world
literature__________.
a. James Fenimore Cooper was
b. Who was James Fenimore Cooper
c. Was James Fenimore Cooper
d. It was James Fenimore Cooper
2. _________ Biloxi recieved(v.) its name from a Sioux word meaning “first people”.
a. Located in
b. It is in
c. The tour included
d. The city of
3. A computerized map of the freeways using(v-ing) information gathered(v-3) by
sensors embedded(v-3) in the pavement___________ on a local cable channel
during rusithours.
a. air
b. airing
c. airs
d. to air
3. Jika ada 1 connector pastikan verb ada 2 dst.
Ex:
S+V+Connector+S+V
4. Pastikan connector yang digunakan benar.
- Connector yang mengantarkan anak kalimat (ex: n.clause, adj. clause, adv.
Clause)
- Connector yang menghubungkan sesama induk kalimat (ex: For,And,Nor, But,
Or, Yet, So) >>FANBOYS

Questions:
1) There are(v.) six types of flamingos, all___________have(v.) long legs, long
necks, and beaks that(connector) curve(v.) sharply downward.
a. that
b. of them
c. they
d. of which
2) _________ most bamboo blooms(v.) every year, there are(v.) some species
that(connector) flower(v.) only two or three times a century.
a. That
b. Whenever
c. However
d. While = altough
TIPS UMUM MENGERJAKAN TOEFL STRUCTURE (NO.1-15)

▪ Pastikan kalimat memiliki struktur Subject + Verb

▪ Lihat apakah Subject dan Verb sudah lengkap
▪ Lihat apakah Subject dan Verb sudah sesuai
▪ Jika ada 1 connector pastikan main verb ada 2, dan seterusnya
▪ Pastikan connector yang digunakan sudah benar
Exercises
1. In simple animals, _________ reflex movement or involuntary response to stimuli.
a. Behavior mostly
b. Most is behavior
c. Most behavior is
d. The most behavior (The most difficult..... The most beautiful......)
Vocab
- Simple (adj) sederhana, biasa animals (n singular animal)
=Binatang
- Reflex (n) refleks
- Reflex (adj) tidak disengaja movement (n)= (per)gerakan. Gerak
- Involuntary (adj) = tanpa sadar response (n) tanggapan. Reaksi
- Stimuli (n. Singular stimulus) = rangsangan. Dorongan.
- Penggerak behavior (n) tingkah laku. Kelakuan, perbuatan
2. Although the weather in Martha’s Vineyard isn’t good enough to have a year-round
tourist season, it has become a favorite summer resort.
a. goodly enough
b. good enough
c. good as enough
d. enough good
good enough (adjective+enough)
enough water (enough + noun)
Vocab
- although (conj) walaupun, meskipun.
- weather (n) cuaca
- have (v) memiliki, mempunyai
- year-round (adj) = sepanjang tahun
- tourist (adj/n) turis,wisatawan
- season (n) musim, masa
- has become (v) = telah menjadi
- favorite (adj/n) = populer yang paling disukai, favorit
- summer (n) = musim panas
- resort (n) = tempat berlibur/wisata/beristirahat
- good (adj) = bagus
- enough (adj) = cukup
- goodly (adj) = besar
3. According to the wave theory,__________ population of the Americas may have been
the result of a number of separate migrations.
a. the The +....... Noun + of + (Noun)
b. their Bila memakai a/an, maka diikuti oleh singular
c. that countable nouns
d. whose
4. It is presumed that rules governing the sharing of food influenced _______ that the
earliest cultures evolved.

a. That the way

b. Is the way Adjective clause: Klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjective
c. The way (menjelaskan noun/kata benda)
d. which way
5. Calculus, _________ elegant and economical symbolic system, can reduce complex
problems to simple terms.
a. It is an
b. That an
c. an
d. Is an
SUBJECT (N.), APPOSITIVE VERB
× SUBJECT (+VERB)
× VERB 1 (S/ES)/VERB 2
✓ CONNECTOR (WHO, WHICH).
KECUALI => X THAT
✓ VERB-ING (AKTIF)
✓ VERB-3 (PASIF)
✓ NOUN (PHRASE)
✓ PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
ex: In the library, On the table
Singular countable nouns (kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung):
a. Demonstrative adjective: This/that > this book
b. Possessive adjective: My, your, his, etc. > My book
c. Article: a, an, the > a book, an apple, the car
Pengecualian: I go to school.
6. Until recently, Canada did not require that U.S. citizens obtain passports to enter the
country, and_________.
a. Mexico did neither SUBJECT VERB (NEGATIVE) EITHER
b. Mexico didn’t either NEITHER VERB (AFFIRMATIVE) + SUBJECT
c. neither Mexico did ➢ neither did mexico
d. either did Mexico
7. The poet ___________ just beginning to be recognized as an important influence at the
time of his death.
a. Being Walt Whitman
b. Who was Walt Whitman
c. Walt Whitman
d. Walt Whitman was
8. __________ the formation of the Sun, the planets, and other stars began with the
condensation of an interstellar cloud.
a. It accepted that
Anticipatory clause
b. Accepted that
(klausa pembuka/pengantar kalimat)
c. It is accepted that
d. That is accepted
9. As a general rule, the standard (s. head) of living _______ by the average output of each
person in society.
a. is fixed
b. fixed
be + v.3
c. has fixed
d. fixes
10. The Consumer Price Index Lists _________.
a. How much costs every car QUESTION WORD (CONNECTOR) + S. + V.
b. How much does every car cost
c. How much every car costs
d. How much are every car cost
11. The Ford Theater where Lincoln was shot ___________ restored.

a. Must restore
LOGICAL CONCLUSION (PAST) MUST HAVE + V.3
b. Must be restoring
c. Must have been restored
d. Must restored
SETELAH MODAL AUXILIARY (WILL, MUST, CAN, ETC.) HARUS (VERB BASE)
12. Fast-food restaurants have become popular because many working people want
______________.
a. To eat quickly and cheaply ►WANT (INGIN) + INFINITIVE (TO EAT)
b. Eating quickly and cheaply ►WANT (PERLU) + VERB ING (EATING)
c. Eat quickly and cheaply
d. The eat quickly and cheaply

13. After seeing the movie Centennial, _____________.

INTRODUCTORY VERBAL PHRASE (REDUCED
ADVERB CLAUSE)

a. the book was read by many people

b. the book made many people want to read it
c. many people wanted to read the book
d. the reading of the book interested many people
14. INTRODUCTORY PHRASE ,Carl Sandburg is also well-known for his multivolume
biography of Lincoln.
a. An eminent American poet
b. He is an eminent American poet
c. An eminent American poet who is
d. Despite an eminent American poet
15. The examiner made us ___________ identification in order to be admitted to the test
center.
a. showing CAUSATIVE VERBS:
b. show ➢ MAKE/LET/HAVE + O.+ V.(BASE)
c. showed .....made us show.....
d. to show .......let us go.....
......have/has us check..........
➢ GET+O.+INFINITIVE (TO + V. BASE)
......got us to show.........