LESSON 1

Number &
▪ The Numeration System
▪ Odd and Even Numbers

Number Sense ▪ Factors and Multiples

▪ Divisibility Rules
▪ Prime and Composite Numbers
Roman Numerals

▪ The Roman numeral system

competed with the Greeks. In 100 AD
with the spread of the Roman
Empire, the system was used
throughout Western Europe.

▪ Roman numerals are essentially a

decimal or "base 10" number system.
Roman Numerals

▪ It used the principles of addition

and subtraction, the principle of
repetition, and principle of
multiplication in some extent.

▪ It has no symbol for zero.

▪ It does not recognize place values.

Roman Numerals
▪ The principle of addition states that when
a symbol of greater value precedes a
symbol of lesser value, their values are
added.

Examples:

1. XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16

2. DCXVI = 500 + 100 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 616

3. MDCVII = 1000 + 500 + 100 + 5 + 2 = 1607

Roman Numerals
▪ The principle of repetition states that
repeating a symbol repeats its value.
However, a numeral cannot be repeated
more than three times.

Examples:

1. XX = 10 + 10 = 20

2. CCC = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300

3. MMM = 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 3000

Roman Numerals
▪ The principle of subtraction states that
when a symbol of greater value follows a
symbol of lesser value, their values are
subtracted.

Examples:

1. IX = 10 - 1 = 9

2. CM = 1000 - 100 = 900

3. XD = 500 - 10 = 490
Roman Numerals
▪ The principle of multiplication states that
when a bar is placed above a symbol or
group of symbols, the value is multiplied by
1,000.

Examples:

1. 𝑋𝑋 = 20 (1000) = 20,000

ത = 5 (1000) + 100 = 5,100

2. 𝑉C

ҧ
3. 𝐶𝐶𝐼𝑋 = 100 (1000) +100 + 10 - 1 = 100,109
Exercises on Roman Numerals
Instruction: Write the following Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic Numerals.

1. DCCIV = 500 + 200 + 5 - 1 = 704

2. LXXXVIII = 50 + 30 + 5 + 3 = 88

3. CMXLVI = 1000 – 100 + (50 – 10) + 5 + 1 = 946

4. MMCLXXIV = 2000 +100 + 50 + 20 + 5 - 1 = 2,174

5. 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐼𝑋 = 200 (1000) + 2000 + 500 + 200 + 10 - 1 = 202,709

Exercises on Roman Numerals
Instruction: Write the following Hindu-Arabic Numerals to Roman Numerals.

1. 87 = LXXX (80) + VII (7) = LXXXVII

2. 521 = D (500) + XX (20) + I (1) = DXXI

3. 2,510 = MM (2000) + D (500) + X (10) = MMDX

4. 30,344 = 𝑋𝑋𝑋 (30,000) + CCC (300) + XL (40) + IV (4) = 𝑿𝑿𝑿 CCCXLIV

5. 61,203 = 𝐿𝑋 (60,000) + M (1000) + CC (200) + III (3) = 𝑳𝑿 MCCIII

Decimal Numerals

▪ The decimal numeral system is our

modern decimal system.

▪ It is sometimes called as Hindu-Arabic

system because it was developed by
the Hindus in India and introduced by
Arabs in Europe.
Decimal Numerals

▪ The decimal numeral system is our

modern decimal system.

▪ It is sometimes called as Hindu-Arabic

system because it was developed by
the Hindus in India and introduced by
Arabs in Europe.
Decimal Numerals: Place Value Chart
The numeral 2,383 in the units and
thousands group and is read as “two
thousand three hundred eighty-three”.

It means that there are:

3 ones = (3 x 100) = 3
8 tens = (8 x 101)= 80
3 hundreds = (8 x 102)= 300
2 3 8 3 2 thousands = (2 x 103)= 2000
Decimal Numerals: Place Value Chart
The numeral 51,203.75 is read as
“fifty-one thousand, two hundred three
and seventy-five hundredths”.

It means that there are:

5 ten thousands = (5 x 104)= 50,000

1 thousands = (1 x 103)= 1,000
2 hundreds = (2 x 102)= 300
0 tens = (0 x 101)= 0
5 1 2 0 3 . 7 5 3 ones = (3 x 100) = 3
7 tenths = (7 x 10-1) = 0.7
5 hundredths = (7 x 10-2) = 0.05
Exercises on Decimal Numerals
Using only the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4:

1234 a. form the smallest four-digit numeral

432 b. form the biggest three-digit numeral

243 c. find the biggest three-digit numeral less than 297

96 d. determine the number of four-digit numerals that can be formed if

repetition is not allowed

48 e. determine the number of three-digit numerals that can be formed if

repetition is not allowed
Other Numeral Systems

*For Hexadecimal:

A = 10
B = 11
C = 12
D = 13
E = 14
F = 15
Odd and Even Numbers

▪ An even number is an integer which is "evenly

divisible" by two. This means that if the integer is
divided by 2, it yields no remainder.

▪ Zero is an even number because zero divided by

two equals zero, which despite not being a natural
number, is an integer.

▪ Even numbers are either positive or negative.

▪ An integer that is not an even number is an odd

number.
Odd and Even Numbers

▪ Algebraically, we denote even numbers as 2𝑘 and

odd numbers as 2𝑘 + 1 where k is any natural
number.

▪ If the units digit of a number is either 0, 2, 4, 6,

and 8, then the numeral is EVEN.

▪ If the units digit of a number is either 1, 3, 5, 7,

and 9, then the numeral is ODD.
Operations with Even & Odd Numbers
1. EVEN + EVEN = EVEN
2. ODD + ODD = EVEN
3. EVEN + ODD = ODD
4. EVEN – EVEN = EVEN
5. ODD – ODD = EVEN
6. EVEN – ODD = ODD
7. EVEN × EVEN = EVEN
8. EVEN × ODD = EVEN
9. ODD × ODD = ODD
 Exercises on Even and Odd Numbers
Identify if the following mathematical expressions is an ODD or EVEN number.

EVEN 1. 123 + 321

ODD 2. 4789 − 2952
ODD 3. 923 × 37
ODD 4. 472 + 324 − 107
ODD 5. 56 + 31 × 12 − 17 × 15
ODD 6. 5𝑘 + 1 where k is an even number
ODD 7. 4𝑘 + 1 where k is an odd number

ODD/EVEN 8. 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 where k is any natural number

Factors and Multiples
"Factors" are the numbers we can multiply together to
get another number.

▪ A number can have many factors.

Factors and Multiples
Factors and Multiples
A multiple is the result of multiplying a number by an
integer (not a fraction).
Factors and Multiples
Exercises on Factors and Multiples
Identify the multiples and factors of the given number.
1) 8
2) 35
3) 81
4) 99
5) 21
6) 31
7) 11

8) 16
Divisibility Rules
Example 1: Test if 261 is Example 2: Test if 10,692 is
divisible by 2. divisible by 3.

Solution: Solution:
Since the last digit of the To test if 10,692 is divisible
number 261 is not an even by 3, we have to add the
number, hence 261 is not digits. So,
divisible by 2.
1 + 0 + 6 + 9 + 2 = 18

Since 18 is divisible by 3,
thus 10,692 is divisible by
3.
Example 3: Test if 252 is Example 4: Test if 3648 is
divisible by 4. divisible by 8.

Solution: Solution:
Let us consider the last two Since the last three digits,
digits, that is, 52. Since 52 648, is divisible by 8, that
is divisible by 4, thus 252 is is,
divisible by 4.
648 ÷ 8 = 81

thus, 3648 is divisible by 8.

Example 5: Test if 450 is divisible by 6.
Solution:
To test if 450 is divisible by 6, it should be divisible by 2
and 3. Then,

(1) Since the last digit , 0, is even, hence 450 is divisible

by 2.

(2) Since 4 + 5 + 0 = 9, then 450 is divisible by 3.

Since 450 is both divisible by 2 and 3, therefore, 450 is

divisible by 6.
Example 6: Test if 2455 is divisible by 7.
Solution:
To test if 3948 is divisible by 7, we have to remove the
last digit and multiply it by 2 and then, subtract it to the
remaining digits. So,

245 − 2 ∙ 5 = 245 − 10 = 235

Then,
23 − 2 ∙ 5 = 23 − 10 = 13

Since 13 is not divisible by 7, then 2455 is not divisible

by 7.
 Comprehension Check!
Instruction: Using the tests for divisibility, tell the numbers from 2 to 10
that are divisors of the following:

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 (1) 9060
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 (2) 1260

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 (3) 73500
Prime and Composite Numbers

▪ Integral divisors are the divisors having integer

values that divides a certain number.

▪ A prime number is a whole number with exactly

two integral divisors, 1 and itself.

▪ A composite number is a whole number with more

than two integral divisors.

Note: The number 1 is not a prime, since it has only

one divisor.
Prime and Composite Numbers
Think!

2 ▪ What is the smallest prime number?

No ▪ Are all prime numbers odd?

0&1 ▪ What are the only two numbers that are

neither prime nor composite?

No ▪ Is 119 a prime number?

Note: prime numbers are in colored in red.

Prime and Composite Numbers
How can you tell if a number is prime?

▪ First of all, here are some ways to tell if a number is NOT prime:

▪ Any number greater than 2 which is a multiple of 2 is not a prime

▪ Any number greater than 3 which is a multiple of 3 is not a prime

▪ Any number greater than 5 which is a multiple of 5 is not a prime

▪ Any number greater than 7 which is a multiple of 5 is not a prime

▪ You can continue like this... basically, you just have to test for
divisibility by primes!
Exercises on Prime and Composite Numbers

31, 37, 41, 1. List all prime numbers between 30 and 50 inclusive.
43, 47

No 2. Is the sum of two prime numbers always a prime number? How about their
product?

997 3. What is the largest three-digit prime number?

No 4. Can you find a prime number whose units digit is 0?5?

13, 31, 61 5. List all the two-digit prime numbers that can be made from the digits 1, 3,
and 6 (used only once each).

(c) 127 6. Which of the following is a prime number?

(a) 110 (b) 118 (c) 127 (d) 129
Prime and Composite Numbers
▪ Twin prime numbers (Their difference is 2.)
Example: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43)

▪ Cousin prime numbers (Their difference is 4.)

Examples: (3, 7), (7, 11), (13, 17), (19, 23), (37, 41)

▪ Balanced prime numbers (It is the average of two prime before and after it.)
Examples: 5, 53, 157, 173, 211, 257, 263

▪ Palindromic prime numbers (Read from both end!)

Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757,
787, 797, 919
Prime and Composite Numbers
▪ Reversible prime numbers
Example: 13, 31, 17, 71, 37, 73, 79, 97, 107, 701, 113, 331, 149, 941

▪ Pythagorean prime numbers (of the form 4n + 1, odd sum of 2 squares )

Example: 5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73

▪ Permutable prime numbers (rearranging the digit result still to a prime)

Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 113, 131, 199, 311, 337,
373, 733, 919, 991

▪ Mersenne prime numbers (of the form 2n – 1)

Example: 3, 7 , 31, 127, 511, 2047