‫ رضا محمد‬:‫إعداد الطالب‬ ‫محاضرات األدب‬ ‫ األدب‬:‫المادة‬

‫ملخص المحاضرة االولى‬

:‫* مالحظة‬
.‫السؤال اللي عليه لون احمر يعني مهم‬

:‫* مالحظة‬
.‫مو شرط تنقل الجواب نصا ً يعني عادي تكتب الجواب من يمك بس يكون جوابك قريب من الجواب األصلي‬

Q. Define literature?
A. Literature: Literature comes from Latin, and it originally meant “the use of letters” or
“writing.” But when the word entered the Romance languages that derived from Latin, it took
on the additional meaning of “knowledge acquired from reading or studying books.

Q. What are other definitions of literature?

A. • Writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and
universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history,
biography, and essays.
• The entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc.:the literature of
England.
• Written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc, especial works of imagination
characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general.

Q. What are the different kinds of literature? mention it?

A. • Poetry.
• Fiction.
• Nonfiction.
• Drama.
• Prose.

Q. What is the definition of poetry? and what are its types?

A. The purpose of poetry is to convey meaning through imagery and metaphors rather than
to provide complete, grammatically accurate sentences. Depending on the style of the poem.
Here are a few subgenres of poetry:
• Epic: Epics are long-verse narratives retelling the heroic journey of an individual or a group
of individuals. An epic typically features. Superhuman feats, extraordinary adventures, highly
stylized. Language, and a combination of lyrical and dramatic elements.
• Narrative: A narrative poem tells a story through poetic techniques, such as rhyme, rhythm,
similes, and metaphors. Narrative poems are longer than other forms of poetry and contain a
complete story. Similar to a novel.
• Lyric: Lyric poems are short, highly musical verses that express powerful emotions. A lyric
poem is a personal expression of emotion written by a single individual.
• Dramatic: Dramatic poetry is poetry that's written in verse for public recitation or
performance. The purpose of dramatic poetry is often to express one's thoughts aloud to
another actor, oneself, or an audience.
Q. What are fiction? and what are its types?
A. There are several purposes for fiction, including entertaining, inspiring, informing, and
persuading the audience. Fictional literature includes a variety of subgenres, such as
mystery, romance, or mythology. An author may choose to write in a single genre or mix
several subgenres into their story. As an example, a writer may combine mystery genre
elements with fantasy genre elements.

The following are some subgenres of fiction:

• Mystery: Mystery novels provide readers with plots that explore mysteries from beginning
to end. One of the main characters in a mystery is typically a detective or a private
investigator who solves the mystery with the reader.
• Historical fiction: Historical fiction uses real-life events to support its plots and key details. A
work of historical fiction engages readers by retelling a historical event in creative ways that
alter minor details, such as characters' names or the setting.
• Realism: Literary realism depicts familiar objects, people, and places without dramatizing or
romanticizing the story. Literary realism emphasizes realistic characters and settings,
detailed descriptions of everyday occurrences, and depictions of social classes.
• Magical realism: Magical realism is a genre of literature that depicts reality with a sense of
fantasy or magic. A magic realism story is a variation of realism fiction.
• Fantasy: Mythology and ancient folklore are some sources of inspiration for fantasy novels.
Fantasy novels usually depict imaginary settings, beings, and universes that are nonexistent
in the real world.
• Romance: Love stories are the dominant theme of romance novels. Although romance is
also a prominent element of other forms of fiction, romance novels emphasize the
development of a romantic relationship.
• Science fiction: There are several themes that are characteristic of science fiction, including
space exploration, futuristic species, and time travel. Most of the stories revolve around
scientific concepts, such as physics, astronomy, anthropology, chemistry, and astrophysics.
• Dystopian: A dystopian story envisions a world that's in a state of cataclysmic decline. A
dystopian fiction can depict societies with perpetual wars, social and economic class
divisions, mass poverty, environmental destruction, anarchy, and loss of individuality.
• Horror: The primary goal of horror fiction is to shock and frighten readers. A horror story
involves characters, settings, and plots that create suspense and tension for the reader.
• Fable: Fables typically teach a moral lesson to the reader or illustrate a moral dilemma that
the protagonist overcomes. An author may use inanimate objects or animals as protagonists
who act like humans to resolve conflict in a manner that demonstrates character
development.
• Mythology: The mythological genre reveals elements of human behaviour through the use
of symbols. Mythology includes themes such as gods, goddesses, and cultural phenomena.

Q. What is the nonfiction genre? and What are the types?

A. Nonfiction writing aims to inform or inspire the audience by using actual events, people,
places, or facts. Students can gain a deeper understanding of fiction texts through nonfiction
texts, such as textbooks and essays. Before writing a nonfiction piece, nonfiction authors
typically conduct extensive research.
Here are a few of the subgenres of nonfiction literature:
• Autobiography: An autobiography is a personal narrative of one's life. Autobiographies may
serve a variety of purposes, such as helping the author overcome a difficult situation,
assisting people in overcoming similar challenges, or simply conveying stories.
• Biography: A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. Many
biographies feature notable individuals, such as celebrities, athletes, business leaders, and
politicians.

• Essay: An essay is a short piece of writing in which the author elaborates on an idea or
topic after conducting thorough research. An essay may aim to engage its readers, influence
their thinking, get them involved in its ideas, or persuade them to adopt the same point of
view.

Q. Compare fiction and non-fiction?

A. The fiction: There are several purposes for fiction, including entertaining, inspiring,
informing, and persuading the audience. Fictional literature includes a variety of subgenres,
such as mystery, romance, or mythology. An author may choose to write in a single genre or
mix several subgenres into their story. As an example, a writer may combine mystery genre
elements with fantasy genre elements.
Nonfiction: Nonfiction writing aims to inform or inspire the audience by using actual events,
people, places, or facts. Students can gain a deeper understanding of fiction texts through
nonfiction texts, such as textbooks and essays. Before writing a nonfiction piece, nonfiction
authors typically conduct extensive research.

Q. What are the types of nonfiction?

A. • Autobiography.
• Biography.
• Essay.

Q. What are the types of non-fiction? and explain two?

A. • Autobiography: An autobiography is a personal narrative of one's life. Autobiographies
may serve a variety of purposes, such as helping the author overcome a difficult situation,
assisting people in overcoming similar challenges, or simply conveying stories.
• Biography: A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. Many
biographies feature notable individuals, such as celebrities, athletes, business leaders, and
politicians.
• Essay.

Q. What are the difference between Biography and Essay?

A. • Biography: A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. Many
biographies feature notable individuals, such as celebrities, athletes, business leaders, and
politicians.
• Essay: An essay is a short piece of writing in which the author elaborates on an idea or
topic after conducting thorough research. An essay may aim to engage its readers, influence
their thinking, get them involved in its ideas, or persuade them to adopt the same point of
view.
Q. Define drama and mention its types?
A. Dramas are representations of fiction that involve dialogue and performance. Dramatic
literature includes epic poetry, lyric poetry, and novels. A drama contains dialogue, and the
actors portray the characters through their impersonations.
The following are drama subgenres:
• Tragedy: Tragedies focus on hardships that can cause emotional distress to the
protagonists of the story. Tragedies contain details that illustrate the challenges that the
protagonist experiences.
• Comedy: A comedy is a type of drama with a humorous tone that depicts amusing events
in which the characters ultimately prevail. A comedy features a lighthearted tone, clever
wordplay, turns of phrase, and humorous discussions of serious topics.
• Musical: A musical can be an original work or an adaptation of a longer literary work.
Musical dramas tell a story through music and include direct expressions of themes through
song.
• Melodrama: Melodramas are pieces of dramatic literature that depict serious stories. A
melodrama may contain heroes, heroines, villains, and mentors with flaws who overcome
their limitations to achieve success.

Q. Who writes a novel text?

A. A writer who specializes in writing and composing novels and long stories. He may write
his novels from imagination or reality, where he weaves his story from his imagination or
from the reality of life in which we live in the style of long stories and intertwined events,
which excites the reader and motivates him to read more.

Q. Who writes a drama text?

A. A drama writer creates stories that are acted out in theatre, film, and television. These
stories may be comedic, tragic, or a combination of the two. It can be within certain genres
such as action and horror.

Q. Give an example of a comedy play?

A. William Shakespeare play.

Q. Give an example of a tragic play?

A. Hamlet by William Shakespeare.

Q. Compare between drama and novel?

A. Drama:
• Playwright \ Dramatics.
• Short text.
• Less characters.
Novel:
• Novelist \ Writes.
• Long text.
• Sub-plots more characters.
Q. Define or what is prose?
A. The prose is a literary genre with no formal metrical structure. Instead of relying on
rhythmic structure, as in traditional poetry, it relies on a natural flow of speech and ordinary
grammatical structure. When writing prose, writers divide the text into paragraphs and use
regular grammar that can be serious or humorous.

Q. What are the definition of performance? Important

A. It is a text written so that it can be performed on stage.

The Homework

Q.1 Representations of different forms of poetry?

A. • Epic poetry: A long narrative poem that tells the heroic deeds of a legendary or
mythological figure.
• Narrative: A story or account of events, experiences, or imaginary creations, usually in
prose.
• Lyric: A short poem expressing the poet's emotions or personal feelings, often in a musical
or song-like manner.
• Dramatic: A genre of literature that involves conflict, tension, and action, typically presented
through dialogue and performed on stage.

Q.2 Note on "Paradise Lost" by John Milton's poetry?

A. "Paradise Lost" is an epic poem written by John Milton, first published in 1667. It tells the
biblical story of the fall of man, with an emphasis on the character of Satan. Milton's poem
explores themes of temptation, rebellion, and the struggles of human nature. It is known for
its complex and rich language, evocative imagery, and profound philosophical discussions.
"Paradise Lost" is considered one of the greatest works in English literature and a
masterpiece of epic poetry.

Q.3 Definitions of the following terms as per English-English dictionary?

A. - Simile: A figure of speech that directly compares two things using "like" or "as," to
emphasize similarities between them.

- Metaphor: A figure of speech that describes or implies a comparison between two

unrelated or contrasting things, without using "like" or "as."
- Theory: A well-substantiated explanation or set of principles that provide a systematic
framework to understand or explain certain phenomena.
- Style: The distinctive way in which a writer or artist expresses their thoughts, ideas, or
artistic elements.
- Author: The person who has written or created a literary or artistic work.
- Setting: The time, place, and social environment in which a story or event takes place.
- Character: A person or figure depicted in a literary work, often with values, traits, and
motivations that drive the narrative.
- History: A chronological record of events, especially of human past, including the study
and interpretation of those events.
Q.4 Definitions of literature?
A. Literature refers to written works, such as novels, poems, plays, or short stories, that are
considered as being of artistic or intellectual value. It encompasses forms of creative
expression that explore human experiences, emotions, and ideas through various literary
techniques. Alternatively, it can also refer to a body of written works on a particular subject or
field, such as scientific literature or medical literature, which includes research papers,
academic journals, and dissertations.

‫ملخص المحاضرة الثانية‬

The Homework

Q.1 Write five advantages of studying English Literature?

A. • Enhances language skills: Reading and analyzing literature helps in expanding
vocabulary, improving grammar, and enhancing overall language proficiency.
• Develops critical thinking: Studying English literature encourages critical thinking by
analyzing complex themes, understanding different perspectives, and evaluating literary
techniques.
• Cultural appreciation: Literature exposes students to different cultures, traditions, and
historical contexts, fostering empathy and understanding towards diverse societies.
• Enhances communication skills: Engaging with literature improves written and verbal
communication skills as students learn to express their thoughts and interpretations
effectively.
• Personal growth: Studying literature facilitates introspection, empathy, and self-reflection,
aiding in personal development and gaining insights into human experiences.

Q.2 Define critical thinking?

A. Critical thinking describes the ability to objectively, logically, and independently analyze,
evaluate, and synthesize information, arguments, and ideas. It involves questioning
assumptions, reasoning, and drawing well-informed conclusions.

Q.3 What are six key steps to developing your critical thinking skills?
A. • Clarify your thinking purpose and context.
• Question your sources.
• Identify arguments.
• Analyze sources and arguments.
• Evaluate the arguments of others.
• Create your own arguments.

Q.4 Use your English-English dictionary and check the English meaning of the following?
A. • Characterization: The way in which a writer makes a person in a book, film, or play seem
like a real person.
• Hero: The main character or the main male character in a book or film, who is usually good.
For example: Paul Morel, is the hero of sons and Lovers's novel by the English writer D. H.
Lawrence.
• Heroin: A woman who, in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or
personal qualities and is regarded as a role model
• Emotional: Relating to feelings, moods, or sentiments, often triggered by experiences.
• Culture: The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of
people at a particular time: She's studying modern Japanese language and culture.

‫ملخص المحاضرة الثالثة‬

Q. What is Modern Drama?

A. The modern drama was founded in the last decade of the 19th century. Ibsen, the
Norwegian dramatist was the great inspirer. The drama which had suffered a steep decline
during the Victorian Age was revived with great force at the beginning of the 20th century.
The drama of the Modernist Movement in England was much less innovative in technique
than it was its poetry and novel.

Q. What are the three categories of modern drama?

A. • The first and the earliest phase of modernism in English Drama is marked by the plays
of G.B. Shaw (Candida).
• The 2nd and the middle phase of Modernist English drama comprise the plays of Irish
movement contributed by some elites like Yeats.
• The 3rd and the final phase of the Modernist English Drama comprise plays of T.S. Eliot
and Christopher Fry. This phase saw the composition of poetic dramas inspired by the
earlier Elizabethan and Jacobean tradition.

Q. What are the modern drama characteristics? or (features)? number them?

A. • Realism.
• Play of Ideas.
• Romanticism.
• Poetic Plays.
• Irish Movement.
• Comedy of Manners.
• Impressionism.
• Expressionism.

Q. What are realism?

A. Realism is the most significant and outstanding quality of Modern English Drama. It was
Henrik Ibsen, the Norwegian dramatist who popularised realism in Modern Drama He dealt
with the problems of real life in a realistic manner of his play.

Q. What are play of ideas?

A. Modern Drama is essentially a drama of ideas rather than action With the treatment of
actual life, the drama became more and more a drama of ideas.

Q. What are romanticism?

A. Romanticism, which had been very dear to Elizabethan Dramatists found its way in
Modern Drama and it was mainly due to Sir J.M. Barrie’s efforts the world of Romance.
Q. What are poetic plays?
A. T.S. Eliot was the main dramatist who gave importance to poetic plays
and was the realistic prose drama of the modern drama. Another trend, visible in the Modern
English drama is in the direction of using history and biography for dramatic technique.

Q. What are irish movement?

A. Drama ceased to be realistic in character and became an expression of the hopes and
aspirations of the Irish people from remote ways to their own times.

Q. What are comedy of manners?

A. There is a revival of the Comedy of Manners in modern dramatic literature. Oscar Wild,
have done much to revive the comedy of wit in our days.

Q. What are impressionism?

A. It is a movement that shows the effects of things and events on the mind of the artist and
the attempt of the artist to express his expressions.

Q. What are expressionism?

A. It is a movement that tries to express the feelings and emotions of the people rather than
objects and events. The movement which had started early in Germany made its way in
England drama and several modern dramatists like J.B. Priestly.

Q. Write a short article or note about the life of AUGUST STRINDBERG?

A. The Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849-1912) was the great rival of Henrik
Ibsen in the Scandinavian theater. Their enmity began with Strindberg’s negative reaction to
A Doll’s House which he disapprovingly considered feminist. Strindberg wrote two highly
accomplished naturalist plays, The Father (1887) and Miss Julie (1888), about the struggle
between the sexes. For Strindberg, psychological plays are more realistic than those with
well-formed plots. both Ibsen and Strindberg turned towards symbolism, dreams, ghosts,
and even the supernatural.

The Homework

Q.1 Define modern drama?

A. The modern drama was founded in the last decade of the 19th century.It explores the
problems and difficulties of the modern world, like how people behave and think.

Q.2 Account and explain five Characteristics of modern drama?

A. • Realism: Realism is the most significant and outstanding quality of Modern English
Drama.
• Play of Ideas: Modern Drama is essentially a drama of ideas rather than action.
• Poetic Plays: T.S. Eliot was the main dramatist who gave importance to poetic plays
and was the realistic prose drama of the modern drama.
• Irish Movement: The Irish dramatists, such as Yeats, J.M. Synge, and T.C. Murrey,
transformed drama from being realistic to being a reflection of the desires and goals of the
Irish people throughout history.
• Comedy of Manners:There is a revival of the Comedy of Manners in modern dramatic
literature. Oscar Wild, have done much to revive the comedy of wit in our days.
Q.3 What are the themes of " Doll’s House"?
A. • Love and Marriage.
• Money and Work.
• Individual vs. Society.
• Deceit.

Q.4 What are the themes of "The Father" Play?

A. "The Father" explores themes of aging, memory, identity, and subjective truth. It portrays
the emotional challenges faced by aging individuals and their loved ones.

Q.5 Write a short article or note about the life of AUGUST STRINDBERG?
A. The Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849-1912) was the great rival of Henrik
Ibsen in the Scandinavian theater. Their enmity began with Strindberg’s negative reaction to
A Doll’s House which he disapprovingly considered feminist. Strindberg wrote two highly
accomplished naturalist plays, The Father (1887) and Miss Julie (1888), about the struggle
between the sexes. For Strindberg, psychological plays are more realistic than those with
well-formed plots. both Ibsen and Strindberg turned towards symbolism, dreams, ghosts,
and even the supernatural.

Q.6 Show the meaning of the following words in English?

A. • Unconscious: In the state of not being awake and not aware of things around you,
especially as the result of a head injury.
• Administration: The activities that are involved in managing the work of a company or
organization.

Q.7 What are the themes of Miss Julie?

A. • The Degenerate Woman.
• Class and Gender Conflict.
• Idealization and Degradation.
• Animal Doubles.

‫ملخص المحاضرة الخامسة‬

Q. Explain or clarify the summary of the story?

A. The story sets during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s, 'Old Man at the
Bridge' is about an encounter between the story's narrator and an old man
in his seventies who was the last person to leave his town behind during
the war.

Q. What are the most themes of the story?

A. The story "Old Man at the Bridge" deals with the following three themes:
• Resignation.
• Depression.
• Impending death.
Q. What is the depression?
A. He can’t get rid of the thought of safety of his animals. This gives him depression.

Q. Explain the meaning of the underlined sentence? “There was nothing to do about him”?
A. An old man with steel rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the
road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks, and men, women and
children were crossing it. The mule- drawn carts staggered up the steep bank from the
bridge with soldiers helping push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up
and away heading out of it all and the peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But
the old man sat there without moving. He was too tired to go any farther.
It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what
point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so
many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.
"Where do you come from?" I asked him.
"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.
That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.
"I was taking care of animals," he explained.
"Oh," I said, not quite understanding.
"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the
town of San Carlos."
He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and
his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"
"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."
I was watching the bridge and the African looking country of the Ebro Delta and wondering
how long now it would be before we would see the enemy, and listening all the while for the
first noises that would signal that ever mysterious event called contact, and the old man still
sat there.
"What animals were they?" I asked.
"There were three animals altogether," he explained. "There were two goats and a cat and
then there were four pairs of pigeons."
And you had to leave them?" I asked.
"Yes. Because of the artillery. The captain told me to go because of the artillery."
"And you have no family?" I asked, watching the far end of the bridge where a few last carts
were hurrying down the slope of the bank.
"No," he said, "only the animals I stated. The cat, of course, will be all right. A cat can look
out for itself, but I cannot think what will become of the others."
"What politics have you?" I asked.
"I am without politics," he said. "I am seventy-six years old. I have come twelve kilometers
now and I think now I can go no further."
"This is not a good place to stop," I said. "If you can make it, there are trucks up the road
where it forks for Tortosa."
"I will wait a while," he said, " and then I will go. Where do the trucks go?"
"Towards Barcelona," I told him.
"I know no one in that direction," he said, "but thank you very much. Thank you again very
much."
He looked at me very blankly and tiredly, and then said, having to share his worry with
someone, "The cat will be all right, I am sure. There is no need to be unquiet about the cat.
But the others. Now what do you think about the others?"
 "Why they'll probably come through it all right."
"You think so?"
"Why not," I said, watching the far bank where now there were no carts.
"But what will they do under the artillery when I was told to leave because of the artillery?"
"Did you leave the dove cage unlocked?" I asked.
"Yes."
"Then they'll fly."
"Yes, certainly they'll fly. But the others. It's better not to think about the others," he said.
"If you are rested I would go," I urged. "Get up and try to walk now."
"Thank you," he said and got to his feet, swayed from side to side and then sat down
backwards in the dust.
"I was taking care of animals," he said dully, but no longer to me. "I was only taking care of
animals."
There was nothing to do about him. It was Easter Sunday and the Fascists were advancing
toward the Ebro. It was a gray overcast day with a low ceiling so their planes were not up.
That and the fact that cats know how to look after themselves was all the good luck that old
man would ever have.

:‫* مالحظة‬
.‫ او تختصر‬،‫الزم تكتب الجواب الفوق كامل‬

Q. What are the Old Man at the Bridge Title? or

Q. Do you think the title of the story element is appropriate?
A. The title of the story ‘Old Man at the Bridge’ is very appropriate because the story
revolves around the old man who has left his hometown during the Spanish Civil War and
has arrived at the bridge for safety.

Q. What are the Old Man at the Bridge message? or

Q. What are "the old man at the bridge" message moral lesson?
A. In this story ‘Old Man at the Bridge’, the author wants to convey his opposition to war
because war and everyone becomes aware of the impending death.

Q. What did the soldier feel or what did the soldier feel at the end of the story? What did he
say about the old man?
A. At the end of the story, the soldier feels pity for the old man and thinks, “There was
nothing to do about him.”

Q. What does the story reflect to us?

A. The story reflects to us that war brings depression, anxiety, and fear of death.

Q. What did the author express? What is his message?

A. The author expresses his opposition to war. He conveys a message that war should be
opposed and avoided.
Q. Mention 4 of character sketch and with explain? or
Q. Write character sketch for the old man?
A. • 76 years old, healthy and physically fit
• leaves his hometown due to the Spanish Civil War
• no family, but loves his animals, worried about the safety of
the animals during war
• not worried about his own safety
• a fatalist
• obsessed with the thought of his animals’ safety
• victim of war
• reconciles himself with his impending death

:‫* مالحظة‬
‫ والشرح راح يكون حسب‬،‫ والشرح يكون كالتالي تجيب الجملة وتخليها بفقرة قصيرة‬.4 ‫ وتشرح‬4 ‫ اقل شي تعدد‬8‫هذه النقاط الـ‬
.‫فهمك‬
Q. How many characters are in the story?
A. There are two characters in the story.

Q. Mention 4 of the narrator and with explain?

A. • a scout and dutiful soldier
• engages himself in conversation with the old man
• worried about the safety of the old man during the war
• advises the old man to leave the place and save himself
• feels pity for the old man
• expresses his helplessness to do anything about the old man
• bemoans the old man’s impending death

Q. Write critical observations for "The Old Man on the Bridge"?

A. • Conversational From: The conversation takes place at the bridge where the soldier is
performing his duty.
• First Person: The story is written in the first person and narrated by a nameless soldier
whose duty is to observe the advancing of the enemy.
• Language: The story is narrated in a conversational form and the language used is simple.

Q. What kind style the old man in the story?

A. The style is lucid and intelligible.

Q. Give a meaning to this words following?

A. • Pontoon – A temporary floating platform.
• Staggered – Walked with unsteady steps.
• Plodded – Walked slowly.
• Mysterious – Strange.
• Artillery – Heavy guns moved on wheels.
• Hurrying down – Moving down quickly.
• Blankly – Disinterestedly.
• Cage – A structure made of wires in which animals are kept.
• Fascist – A person who supports an extreme right wing political system.
• Ebro – The name of a river.
 The Homework

Q.2 What does the old man symbolize in "Old Man at the Bridge"?
A. The old man symbolizes war's destructive impact on the innocent. Like the animals he
leaves behind, the old man has no idea what the war means.

Q.3 Why was the old man the last to leave town in "Old Man at the Bridge"?
A. The old man explains to the soldier at the bridge that he was the last one to leave the
town of San Carlos (the story takes place during the Spanish Civil War) because he had to
take care of his animals.

Q.4 What is the narrator's attitude towards the old man in Hemingway's "Old Man at the
Bridge"?
A. The narrator is clearly sympathetic towards the old man. He's a soldier, and so he has
firsthand experience of the horrors of war, especially the damaging impact it can have on
innocent civilians.

‫ملخص المحاضرة السادسة‬

Q. What is characteristics Shakespearean age of the Elizabethan? Or

Q. Mention the names of Shakespearean age?
A. • The Golden Age of England.
• The Renaissance.
• The Shakespearean Age.
• The 1st great age of Drama & the 2nd great age of Poetry.

Q. What are the characteristics of Shakespeare's period?

A. Elizabethan age was remarkable for its religious tolerance, strong national spirit,
patriotism, social content, intellectual progress & unbounded enthusiasm. Lyrics, songs, &
sonnets were produced in huge amount. Sonnet was popularized in this period. It was
introduced by Thomas Wyatt early in the 16th century. For the first time in the history of
English literature, prose was of first-rate importance.

Q. Describe or write an overview of writer Willem Shakespeare? Or

Q. Mention or write or explain about William Shakespeare?
A. William Shakespeare was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor born in 1564 in
Stratford-upon-Avon. His birthday is most commonly celebrated on 23 April (see When was
Shakespeare born), which is also believed to be the date he died in 1616.

Q. Write about Willem Shakespeare's works? Or

Q. Numerate or Explain or What are the William Shakespeare works?
A. Altogether Shakespeare's works include 38 plays, 2 narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and a
variety of other poems.
Q. Explain the meaning of the underlined sentence? “No original manuscripts of
Shakespeare's"
A. Shakespeare's plays are known to exist today, the First Folio (Folio' refers to the size of
the paper used). It contained 36 of his plays.

Q. Write about the works of William Shakespeare? Or

Q. Write about the sonnet 116 of William Shakespeare? Or
Q. Explain the summary William Shakespeare 116 sonnet? Or
Q. Write examples from the story?
A. Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments; love is not love

Q. What the general meaning of summary sonnet 116?

A. This sonnet attempts to define love, by telling both what it is and is not. In the first
quatrain, the speaker says that love—”the marriage of true minds”—is perfect and
unchanging; quatrain, the speaker tells what love is through a metaphor: a guiding star to
lost ships (“wand’ring barks”) that is not susceptible to storms In the third quatrain, the
speaker again describes what love is not: it is not susceptible to time. Though beauty fades
in time as rosy lips and cheeks come within “his bending sickle’s.

Q. What does William Shakespeare say about challenge in his sonnet?

A. In the final lines of the sonnet, Shakespeare challenges anyone to prove him wrong.

Q. Explain the metaphor which uses in Sonnet 116?

A. Shakespeare says that "Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments".

Q. What is the moral message?

A. In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare gives the message that true love is unchanging and eternal
despite any obstacles that might stand in the way or difficulties that might arise.

Q. Why did the writer William Shakespeare use “personification”?

A. To show how Love and Time affect one another.

Q. Define sonnets?
A. The sonnet is one of the most famous forms in English poetry.

Q. Explain define sonnets?

A. The sonnet is one of the most famous forms in English poetry. A poetic form is a type of
poem: each form has its own “rules” and is associated with particular themes. Sonnets are
associated with desire: for centuries poets have used the frame of the sonnet to explore the
complicated human experience of romantic love.
 The Homework

Q. 1 What is the meaning of Sonnet 116?

A. In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare affirms the nature of true love as eternal, unchanging, and
impervious to everything that anyone or anything, including nature, Time, and Death, can
bring against it. In the final lines of the sonnet, Shakespeare challenges anyone to prove him
wrong.

Q.2 Explain the metaphor which uses in Sonnet 116?

A. Shakespeare uses a metaphor comparing marriage to the love of two like-minded people
to emphasize that there should be no reason, "impediments," why people who truly love
each other should not be together. Shakespeare says that "Let me not to the marriage of
true mindsAdmit impediments".

Q.3 What is the basin idea of sonnet 116?

A. The basic idea of this sonnet (Sonnet 116) is that love is constant and unchanging.

Q.4 What is the message in Shakespeare's Sonnet 116?

A. In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare gives the message that true love is unchanging and eternal
despite any obstacles that might stand in the way or difficulties that might arise.

Q.5 What is a use of personification in Sonnet 116?

A. Shakespeare uses personification in Sonnet 116 to show how Love and Time affect one
another. He uses personification to show the effect that Time has on the Lover.

Q.6 Define sonnets?

A. The sonnet is one of the most famous forms in English poetry. A poetic form is a type of
poem: each form has its own “rules” and is associated with particular themes. Sonnets are
associated with desire: for centuries poets have used the frame of the sonnet to explore the
complicated human experience of romantic love.

‫ملخص المحاضرة السابعة‬

Q. Write a note about the life of Alice Munro? Or

Q. Explain about the life of Alice Munro?
A. Alice Munro (born July 10, 1931, Wingham, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian short-story
writer who gained international recognition with her exquisitely drawn narratives. The
Swedish Academy dubbed her a “master of the contemporary short story” when it awarded
her the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013.

Q. Write a note of the works of Alice Munro? Or

Q. Exemplify the works of Alice Munro? (Maybe just one or two works)?
A. As Dance of the Happy Shades (1968). It is one of three of her collections—the other two
being Who Do You Think You Are? (1978; also published as The Beggar Maid: Stories of Flo
and Rose) and The Progress of Love (1986).

Q. Numerate the short stories themes of Alice Munro?

A. Just the titles:
• Mother/Daughter Relationships.
• The Impact of the Wilderness upon the Civilized.
• The central theme of the stories.
• The collection of short stories explores the various reasons why women feel the need to
escape.

Q. Explain the idea of identity of women in stories of Alice Munro?

A. The stories in "Runaway" also touch on identity, ambition, and choice, particularly in
relation to women's rights to freedom and the struggle for identity.

The Homework

Q.1 Why does the writer chose this title?

A. The title "A Very Short Story" hints at the brevity of the narrative, as it can be read quickly.
Hemingway's ability to convey profound emotions and complex themes within a concise
piece of writing demonstrates his mastery as a storyteller.

Q.2 Write a short summary of the story?

A. In the story, a World War I soldier and a nurse named "Luz" fall in love as she tends to
him over the course of three months in a hospital in Padua. They decide to marry, but when
the soldier returns home to the United States, he receives a letter from Luz with the news
that she has fallen in love with an officer. Later she writes that she has not married, but the
soldier ignores her.

Q.3 Mention the themes of the story?

A. • Love.
• Loss.
• Coming of age.
• Wartime romance.

Q.4 Mention the symbols of the story?

A. • The hospital where Luz and the soldier begin their relationship is a symbol of adversity
which brings people together.
• The Duomo where the couple, and other people as well, go to pray, is a symbol of hope.
• The train is a symbol of separation and departure.

Q.5 Write a note on the characters of the story?

A. The main character, an American soldier who has been injured overseas, is never named.
Cared for in an Italian hospital in Padua, he falls in love with his nurse, Luz. Luz is a very
popular nurse who works more than she has to, but is admired by all the patients. The
soldier and Luz sit on the roof together at night, and as their love grows, they decide to get
married.

‫ رضا محمد‬:‫إعداد الطالب‬