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On binary soft topological spaces

Article in International Journal of Applied Mathematics · December 2017

DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v30i6.1

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International Journal of Applied Mathematics
————————————————————–
Volume 30 No. 6 2017, 437-453
ISSN: 1311-1728 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-8060 (on-line version)
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12732/ijam.v30i6.1

ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Shivanagappa S. Benchalli1 , Prakashgouda G. Patil2 ,

Abeda S. Dodamani3 , J. Pradeepkumar4 §
1,2,3
Department of Mathematics
Karnatak University
Dharwad, 580003, INDIA
4 Department of Mathematics

SKSVMA College of Engineering and Technology

Laxmeshwar, 581126, INDIA

Abstract: In the present paper, we introduce binary soft topological spaces

which are defined over two initial universe sets with a fixed set of parameters.
The notions of binary soft open sets, binary soft closed sets, binary soft clo-
sure, binary soft interior, binary soft boundary, binary soft neighborhood of a
point are introduced and their basic properties are investigated with the suit-
able examples. These results are fundamental for further research on binary
soft topology and will strengthen the foundations of the theory of binary soft
topological spaces.

AMS Subject Classification: 54A05

Key Words: binary soft topology, binary soft interior, binary soft closure,
binary soft neighborhood

1. Introduction and Preliminary

In order to solve complicated problems in economics, environmental areas and

Received: August 9, 2017 c 2017 Academic Publications

§ Correspondence author
438 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

engineering, Molodtsov [7] introduced the concept of soft sets, since no math-
ematics tools can successfully deal with various kinds of uncertainties in these
problems. In 2005, Pie and Miao [8] improved the results of Maji et al. [5].
Recently, in 2011 Shabir and Munaza Naz [9] initiated the study of soft topo-
logical spaces, further many researchers like Aygunoglu [2], Ahmad [3], Maji
[6], Hussain [4] continued work on soft topology.
In 2016 Ahu Acikgöz and Nihal Tas [1] introduced the concept of binary soft
set theory on two initial universal sets and investigated some properties. In this
study we initiate the notion of binary soft topological spaces which are defined
over two initial universal sets with a fixed set of parameters. Then we discuss
some basic properties of binary soft topological spaces and define binary soft
open and closed sets. In this paper, with the help of examples we have shown
that a binary soft topological spaces gives collection of parameterized family of
binary soft topologies on the two initial universal sets and the converse is not
true.
The notions of binary soft open sets, binary soft closed sets, binary soft
closure, binary soft interior, binary soft boundary, binary soft neighborhood
of a point are introduced and their basic properties are investigated with the
suitable examples. Binary soft topological spaces are more wide ranging and
generalized than the classical topological spaces and soft topological spaces.
The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews some
basic concepts about soft sets, binary soft sets and their related properties;
Section 3 we present some fundamental concepts in binary soft open sets, binary
soft closed sets, binary soft closure, binary soft interior, binary soft boundary,
binary soft neighborhood of a point and their basic properties are investigated
with the suitable examples. Section 4 is conclusion of the paper.

Definition 1. ([9]) Let X be an initial universe and let E be a set of

parameters. Let P (X) denote the power set of X and let A be a nonempty
subset of E. A pair (F, A) is called a soft set over X, where F is a mapping
given by F : A → P (X). In other words, a soft set over X is a parameterized
family of subsets of the universe X. For ε ∈ A, F (ε) may be considered as the
set of ε-approximate elements of the soft set (F, A). Clearly, a soft set is not a
set.

Let U1 , U2 be two initial universe sets and E be a set of parameters. Let

P (U1 ), P (U2 ) denote the power set of U1 , U2 , respectively. Also, let A, B, C ⊆
E.
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 439

Definition 2. ([1]) A pair (F, A) is said to be a binary soft set over U1 , U2 ,

where F is defined as follows: F : A → P (U1 ) × P (U2 ), F (e) = (X, Y ) for each
e ∈ A such that X ⊆ U1 , Y ⊆ U2 .

Definition 3. ([1]) A binary soft set (G, A) over U1 , U2 is called a binary

absolute soft set, denoted by Ø if F (e) = (U1 , U2 ) for each e ∈ A.

Definition 4. ([1]) The union of two binary soft sets of (F, A) and (G, B)
over the common U1 , U2 is the binary soft set (H, C), where C = A ∪ B and for
all e ∈ C,

(X1 , Y1 ),
 if e ∈ A − B
H(e) = (X2 , Y2 ), if e ∈ B − A (1)

(X1 ∪ X2 , Y1 ∪ Y2 ), if e ∈ A ∩ B


such that (F (e) = (X1 , Y1 ) for each e ∈ A and (G(e) = (X2 , Y2 ) for each e ∈ B.
We denote it (F, A)∪˜
˜ (G, A) = (H, C).

Definition 5. ([1]) The intersection of two binary soft sets (F, A) and
(G, B) over a common U1 , U2 is the binary soft set (H,C), where C = A ∩ B,
and H(e) = (X1 ∩ X2 , Y1 ∩ Y2 ) for each e ∈ C such that F (e) = (X1 , Y1 ) for
˜˜ (G, B) =
each e ∈ A and G(e) = (X2 , Y2 ) for each e ∈ B. We denote it (F, A)∩
(H, C).

Definition 6. ([1]) Let (F, A) and (G, B) be two binary soft sets over a
common U1 , U2 . (F, A) is called a binary soft subset of (G,B) if:
(i) A ⊆ B,
(ii) X1 ⊆ X2 and Y1 ⊆ Y2 such that F (e) = (X1 , Y1 ), G(e) = (X2 , Y2 ) for each
e ∈ A. We denote it (F, A) ˜˜⊆(G, B).

Definition 7. ([1]) A binary soft set (F, A) over U1 , U2 is called a binary

˜
null soft set, denoted by φ̃ if F (e) = (φ, φ) for each e ∈ A.

Definition 8. ([1]) The difference of two binary soft sets (F, A) and (G, A)
over the common U1 , U2 is the binary soft set (H, A), where H(e) = (X1 −
X2 , Y1 − Y2 ) for each e ∈ A such that (F, A) = (X1 , Y1 ) and (G, A) = (X2 , Y2 ).
440 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

2. Binary Soft Topological Spaces

Throughout the paper let U1 , U2 be two initial universe sets and E be a set of
parameters. Let P (U1 ), P (U1 ) denote the power set of U1 , U2 , respectively.

Definition 9. Let τ∆ be the collection of binary soft sets over U1 , U2 ,

then τ∆ is said to be a binary soft topology on U1 , U2 if
˜ ˜
(i) φ̃, X̃ ∈ τ∆
(ii) The union of any member of binary soft sets in τ∆ belongs to τ∆ .
(iii) The intersection of any two binary soft sets in τ∆ belongs to τ∆ .
Then (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) is called a binary soft topological space over U1 , U2 .

Definition 10. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 then the member of τ∆ are said to be binary soft open sets in U1 , U2 .

Definition 11. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 then the member of τ∆ are said to be binary soft closed sets in U1 , U2
′
if its relative complement (F, E) is belongs to τ∆ .

Definition 12. Let U1 , U2 be the two initial universe sets and E be a set
of parameters and τ∆ = ˜ X̃}.
{φ̃, ˜ Then τ∆ is called the binary soft indiscrete
topology on U1 , U2 and (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) is said to be a binary soft indiscrete
space over U1 , U2 .

Definition 13. Let U1 , U2 be the two initial universe sets and E be a set
of parameters and let τ∆ be the collection of all binary soft sets which can be
defined over U1 , U2 . The τ∆ is called the binary soft discrete topology on U1 ,
U2 and (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) is said to be a binary soft discrete space over U1 , U2 .

Example 14. Consider the following sets:

U1 = {a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 }
U2 = {b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 }
E = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 }
˜ ˜
and τ = {φ̃, X̃,
∆ (F , E), (F , E), (F , E), (F , E)},
1 2 3 4
where (F1 , E), (F2 , E), (F3 , E), (F4 , E) are binary soft sets defined as follows:
(F1 , E) = {(e1 , ({a1 }, {b1 })), (e2 , ({a2 }, {b2 })), (e4 , ({a3 }, {b3 }))}
(F2 , E) = {(e1 , ({a4 }, {b4 })), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })),
(e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 }))}
 ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 441

(F3 , E) = {(e1 , ({a1 , a4 }, {b1 , b4 })), (e2 , ({a2 , a3 }, {b1 , b2 })),

(e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })), (e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 , b3 }))}
(F4 , E) = {(e4 , ({a3 }}).
Clearly, τ∆ is binary soft topology.
˜ ˜
φ̃, X̃, (F1 , E), (F2 , E), (F3 , E), (F4 , E) are binary soft open sets.
˜ ˜ ′ ′ ′ ′
φ̃, X̃, (F , E) , (F , E) , (F , E) , (F , E) are binary soft closed sets.
1 2 3 4

Remark 15. Any binary soft collection of sets needs not to be a binary
soft topology. The following example shows this.

˜
˜ φ̃,
Example 16. τ∆ = {X̃, {(e1 , ({a4 , a5 }, {b2 , b3 }), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b4 })}
{(e1 , ({a2 , a3 }, {b1 , b4 })), (e2 , ({a2 }, {b1 })), (e5 , ({a1 , a3 }, {b2 )}}
{(e3 , ({a1 , a3 , {b2 , b3 })), (e4 , ({a1 }, {b1 , b2 }))}.

′
Remark 17. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) and (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be two binary soft
˜˜ τ ′ , E)
topological spaces over the same universal sets U1 ,U2 , then (U1 , U2 , τ∆ ∪ ∆
may not be binary soft topological spaces over U1 ,U2 .

Example 18. Let

τ∆ = {X̃, ˜ {(e , ({a }, {b })), (e , ({a }, {b })), (e , ({a }, {b }))},
˜ φ̃,
1 1 1 2 2 2 4 3 3
{(e1 , ({a4 }, {b4 })), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })),
(e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 }))}, {(e1 , ({a1 , a4 }, {b1 , b4 })), (e2 , ({a2 , a3 },
{b1 , b2 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })), (e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 , b3 }))},
{(e4 , ({a3 }))}},
′
τ = {X̃, ˜ {(e , ({a }, {b })), (e , ({a , a )}, {b , b })),
˜ φ̃,
∆ 1 2 2 5 3 4 1 3
(e8 , ({a1 , a3 }, {b2 }))}, {(e2 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b4 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a5 )}, {b3 })),
(e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}, {(e1 , ({a2 }, {b2 })), (e2 , ({a1 , a2 )}, {b4 })),
(e5 , ({a3 , a4 , a5 }, {b1 , b3 })), (e7 ({a1 }, {b1 , b3 }))}},
′
clearly, τ∆ and τ∆ are binary soft topological spaces. Then
˜˜ τ ′ = {X̃,
τ∆ ∪ ˜ {(e , ({a , a }, {b , b })), (e , ({a }, {b })),
˜ φ̃,
∆ 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
(e4 , ({a3 }, {b3 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a4 )}, {b1 , b3 })), (e8 , ({a1 , a3 }, {b2 }))},
{(e1 , ({a1 }, {b1 })), (e2 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b2 , b4 })), (e4 , ({a3 }, {b3 })),
(e5 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b3 })), (e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}, {(e1 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b1 , b2 })),
(e2 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b2 , b4 })), (e4 , ({a3 }, {b3 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a4 , a5 }, {b1 , b3 })),
(e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}, {(e1 , ({a2 , a4 }, {b2 , b4 })), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 })),
(e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a4 }, {b1 , b3 })), (e8 , ({a1 , a3 }, {b2 }))},
{(e1 , ({a4 }, {b4 })), (e2 , ({a1 , a2 , a3 }, {b1 , b4 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })),
442 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

(e5 , ({a3 , a5 )}, {b3 })), (e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}, {(e1 , ({a2 , a4 }, {b2 , b4 })),
(e2 , ({a1 , a2 , a3 }, {b1 , b4 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a4 , a5 )},
{b1 , b3 })), (e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}, {(e1 , ({a1 , a2 , a4 }, {b1 , b2 , b4 })),
(e2 , ({a1 , a2 , a3 }, {b1 , b2 , b4 })), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 })), (e4 , ({a3 , a5 )},
{b1 , b2 , b3 })), (e5 , ({a3 , a4 , a5 }, {b1 , b3 }))(e7 , ({a1 }, {b2 , b3 }))}.
Clearly, {(e5 , ({a3 , a4 )}, {b1 , b3 }))}∩ ˜
˜ {(e5 , ({a3 , a5 )}, {b3 }))} =
{(e5 , ({a3 }, {b3 }))} ∈ ˜
˜
/ τ∆ ∪ τ∆ .
′

˜
˜
′
Thus, τ∆ ∪τ∆ is not binary soft topology.

′
Theorem 19. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) and (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be two binary soft
topological spaces over the common initial universal sets U1 , U2 , then (U1 , U2 ,
˜˜ τ ′ , E) is a binary soft topological space over U , U .
τ∆ ∩ ∆ 1 2

˜ ˜ ˜ ′
˜ τ∆
Proof. (i) φ̃, X̃ belongs to τ∆ ∩ .
(ii) Let {(Gi , E)/i ∈ I} be a family of binary soft sets in τ∆ ∩ ˜˜ τ ′ .Then (G , E) ∈
∆ i
′
τ∆ and (Gi , E) ∈ τ∆ , for all i ∈ I, So ∪ ˜
˜ i∈I (Gi , E) ∈ τ∆ and ∪ ˜ ′
˜ i∈I (Gi , E) ∈ τ∆ .
˜˜ (G , E) ∈ τ ∩ ˜ ′
Thus ∪ i∈I i ∆ ˜ τ∆ .
(iii) Let the two binary soft sets (H, E), (I, E) ∈ τ∆ ∩ ˜˜ τ ′ . Then (H, E), (I, E) ∈
∆
′ ˜
˜
τ∆ and (H, E), (I, E) ∈ τ∆ . Since (H, E)∩(G, E) ∈ τ∆ and (H, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E) ∈
′
τ∆ , so (H, E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E) ∈ τ∆ ∩ ˜ ′
˜ τ∆ . Thus τ∆ ∩ ˜ ′
˜ τ∆ defines the binary soft topology
on U1 , U2 and
˜
˜ τ∆
(U1 , U2 , τ∆ ∩
′
, E) is a binary soft topological space over U1 , U2 . This completes
the proof. 

Definition 20. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 and (G, E) be the binary soft set over common universal sets U1 , U2 .
Then the binary soft closure of (G, E) denoted by (G, E) is the intersection of
all binary soft closed sets of (G, E). Thus, (G, E) is the smallest binary soft
closed sets over U1 , U2 which contains (G, E).

Theorem 21. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 and let (H, E),(I, E) are binary soft sets over U1 , U2 . Then:
˜ ˜ ˜ = X̃,
˜
(i) φ̃ = φ̃ and X̃
˜˜
(ii) (H, E)⊆(H, E) implies (H, E) is a binary soft closed set and (H, E) contains
(H, E),
˜˜
(iii) (H, E) is a binary soft closed if and only if (H, E)=(H, E),
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 443

(iv) (H, E) = (H, E),

˜
˜ E) implies (H, E) ⊆
(v) (H, E)⊆(I, ˜
˜ (I, E),
˜ ˜
˜ (I, E) = (H, E)∪
(vi) (H, E)∪ ˜ (I, E),
˜ ˜
˜
˜ (I, E)⊆(H,
(vii) (H, E)∩ ˜
˜ (I, E).
E)∩

Proof. (i) is obvious.

(ii) Let {(Hi , E)/i ∈ I} be the family of all the binary closed sets containing
(H, E). Then by definition, we know that
(H, E) = ∩ ˜˜ (H , E) → (1).
i∈I i
Now, we know that {(Hi , E)/i ∈ I} is a binary soft closed set ∀i ∈ I
⇒ ∩ ˜˜ (H , E) is also binary soft closed set. Since arbitrary intersection of
i∈I i
binary soft closed sets is binary soft closed.
(H, E) is a binary soft closed set (from (1))
⇒ Thus (H, E) is a binary soft closed set.
Now, we prove that (H, E)⊇(H, ˜
˜ E).
We know that ∀i ∈ I, {(Hi , E)/i ∈ I}⊇(H, ˜˜ E)
⇒ (H, E)⊆ ˜ ˜
˜ ∩i∈I
˜ (Hi , E)
⇒ (H, E)⊆(H, ˜
˜ E) [using (1)]
⇒ (H, E)⊆(H, ˜
˜ E).
Thus (H, E) contains (H,E). Hence (H, E) is a binary soft closed set and (H, E)
contains (H,E).
(iii) Let (H,E) is a binary soft closed set and to prove (H, E) = (H, E), Suppose
(H, E) is binary soft closed set. Now we have (H, E)⊃(H, ˜˜ E).
Therefore (H, E) is a binary soft closed set containing (H, E) → (1).
But (H, E) is the smallest binary soft closed set containing (H, E) → (2).
Therefore from (1) and (2) it follows that (H, E) is smaller than (H, E) that is
(H, E)⊆(H,˜˜ E).
But from (ii) of this theorem, we have (H, E)⊆(H, ˜˜ E) is always true. Therefore
we have (H, E)⊆(H, ˜
˜ ˜
˜
E) and (H, E)⊆(H, E). Thus (H, E) = (H, E). Conse-
quently, if (H, E) is binary soft closed set, then (H, E) = (H, E).
(iv) Since (H, E) is binary soft closed set, therefore by (iii) we have (H, E) =
(H, E).
˜
˜ E), then (H, E) ⊆
(v) If (H, E)⊆(I, ˜
˜ (I, E).
444 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

˜
˜ E), we know that (I, E)⊆(I,
Suppose (H, E)⊆(I, ˜˜ E),
˜
˜ E)⊆(I,
and we have (H, E)⊆(I, ˜
˜ E). Therefore (H, E)⊆(I, ˜˜ E).
Therefore (I, E) is binary soft closed set containing (I,E)→(1).
But (H, E) is the smallest binary soft closed set containing (H,E)⇒(2).
˜˜
From (1) and (2) it follows that (H, E) is smaller than (I, E), that is (H, E) ⊆
˜
˜ E), then (H, E) ⊆
(I, E). Thus, if (H, E)⊆(I, ˜˜ (I, E).
˜
˜
(vi) We know that (H, E)⊆(H, ˜ ˜˜
˜ (I, E) and (I, E)⊆(H,
E)∪ E)∪˜˜ (I, E).
˜
˜
Therefore, (H, E)⊆(H, E)∪˜ ˜˜
˜ (I, E) and (I, E)⊆(H, E)∪˜˜ (I, E).
˜
˜ E) implies (H, E)⊆(I,
Since (H, E)⊆(I, ˜
˜ E)
⇒ (H, E)∪ ˜
˜˜ (I, E)⊆{(H,
˜ E)∪˜ ˜ ˜˜ (I, E)}
˜ {(H, E)∪
˜ (I, E)}∪
(H, E)∪ ˜
˜˜ (I, E)⊆(H,
˜ ˜
˜ (I, E) →(1).
E)∪
Also from the binary soft closure property we have (H, E)⊆(H,˜˜ E) and (I, E)
˜
˜ E), thus (H, E)∪
⊆(I, ˜ ˜
˜
˜ (I, E)⊆(H, E)∪˜
˜ (I, E)
⇒ (H, E)∪˜ ˜˜ (I, E).
˜ (I, E) is the binary soft closed set containing (H, E)∪
˜
˜ (I, E) is the smallest binary soft closed set containing (H, E)∪
But (H, E)∪ ˜˜ (I, E)
→(2).
Comparing (1) and (2), we have (H, E)∪ ˜˜ (I, E) is smaller than (H, E)∪
˜˜ (I, E).

Thus from (1) and (2) we have (H, E)∪ ˜˜ (I, E) = (H, E)∪ ˜˜ (I, E).
˜
(vii) Since (H, E)∩ ˜
˜
˜ (I, E)⊆(H, E) and (H, E)∩ ˜˜ E), so by part (v)
˜˜ (I, E)⊆(I,

˜
(H, E)∩ ˜
˜
˜ (I, E)⊆(H, E) and (H, E)∩ ˜˜ E).
˜˜ (I, E)⊆(I,

˜ ˜
˜
˜ (I, E)⊆(H,
Thus (H, E)∩ ˜
˜ (I, E). This completes the proof.
E)∩ 

Definition 22. Let (H, A) be the binary soft set of a binary topolog-
ical space (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) over U1 , U2 . Then we associate point wise binary
soft closure of (F, E) over U1 , U2 , which is denoted by (H, A) and defined as
(H, A)(α) = (H, A)(α) , where (H, A)(α) is the binary soft closure of (H, A)(α) in
(U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) for each α ∈ A.

Theorem 23. Let (U1 , U2 , τα , A) be a binary soft topological space and

˜˜
(H, A) be a binary soft set over U1 , U2 , then (H, A)⊆(H, A).

Proof. For any parameter α ∈ E, (H, A)(α) is the smallest binary soft closed
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 445

set in (U1 , U2 , τα , A) which contains (H, A)(α) . Moreover, if (H, A)(α) = (L, A)
then (L, A) is also a binary soft closed set in (U1 , U2 , τα , A) containing (H, A)(α) .
This implies that (H, A)(α) = (H, A) ⊆(L, ˜˜ A). Thus (H, A)⊆(H, ˜˜ A). square
(α)

Theorem 24. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) be the binary soft topological space and
˜˜
(F,A) be the binary soft set over (U1 , U2 , then (F , A)⊆(F, A).

Proof. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) be the binary soft topological space over U1 , U2 .

˜˜
If (F , A)⊆(F, A), then (F , A) is a binary soft closed set and so (F , A)c ∈ τ∆ .
Conversely, if (F , A)c ∈ τ∆ , then binary soft closed set containing (F, A). By
above theorem (F , A)⊆(F,˜
˜ A) and by the definition of binary soft closure of
(F, A), any binary soft closed set over U1 , U2 which contains (F, A) will contains
˜
˜ , A), hence (F , A) = (F, A).
(F, A). Thus (F, A)⊆(F 

Definition 25. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 . (H, A) be a binary soft set and ex ∈ E. Then ex is said to be a binary
soft interior point of H, A) if there exists a binary soft open set (K, A) such
˜
˜
that ex ∈ (H, A)⊆(K, A).

Definition 26. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , A) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 . (F, A) be a binary soft set and ex ∈ A. Then (F, A) is said to be a
binary soft neighborhood of ex if there exists a binary soft open set (K, A) such
˜
˜
that ex ∈ (F, A)⊆(K, A).

Theorem 27. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

U1 , U2 . (F, E) be a binary soft set over U1 , U2 and ex ∈ E. If ex is a binary
soft interior point of (F, E), then ex is a binary soft interior point of (F, E)(α)
in (U1 , U2 , τα , E) for each α ∈ E.

The above theorem is not true in general.

Theorem 28. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

initial parameter sets (U1 , U2 , then:
(i) Each ex ∈ E has a binary soft neighborhood.
(ii) The intersection of any two binary soft neighborhood of a binary soft point
ex , is again binary soft neighborhood.
(iii) Every binary soft superset of a binary soft neighborhood of a point ex is
446 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

again a binary soft neighborhood of the point ex .

Proof. (i) For any ex ∈ X̃, ˜ so e ∈ X̃ ˜⊆ ˜ Thus X̃

˜˜ X̃. ˜ is a binary soft
x
neighborhood of ex .
(ii) Let ex be a binary soft topological space (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E). Let ex ∈ E be any
binary soft point and let (F, E) and (G, E) be any two binary soft neighborhoods
of ex . Now to prove (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E) is also a binary soft neighborhood of ex .
Now (F, E) is a binary soft neighborhood of ex implies there exist a binary
soft open set (K, E) such that ex ∈ (K, E)⊆(F,˜˜ E). Also (G, E) is binary soft
neighborhood of ex implies there exist a binary soft open set (L, E) such that
˜
˜
ex ∈ (L, E)⊆(F, E) → (1).
˜
˜
Now (K, E)∩(L, E) is binary soft open set, also we have from (1)

˜ ˜˜
˜ (L, E)]⊆[(F,
ex ∈ [(K, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)].
E)∩
˜˜ (L, E)] such that
Thus there exists a binary soft open set [(K, E)∩

˜ ˜˜
˜ (L, E)]⊆[(F,
ex ∈ [(K, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)].
E)∩

From the definition of soft binary neighborhood, it follows that [(F, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)]
is a binary soft neighborhood of ex . Thus, the intersection of any two binary
soft neighborhood is again binary soft neighborhood.
(iii) Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space. Let ex ∈ E be any
binary soft point, and let (F,E) be a binary soft neighborhood of ex . Let (G, E)
be any binary soft superset of (F, E). Now, since (G, E) is also a binary soft
neighborhood of ex therefore there exists a binary soft open set (H, E) such
that ex ∈ (H, E)⊆(F, ˜
˜ E) → (1).
Now, (F, E) is binary soft subset of (G, E) this implies (G, E)⊇(F, ˜˜ E) implies
˜
˜
(F, E)⊆(G, E) → (2).
From (1) and (2) we have ex ∈ (H, E)⊆(F, ˜˜ ˜˜
E)⊆(G, E), which implies ex ∈
˜
˜
(H, E)⊆(G, E). Thus there exists a binary soft open set (H, E) such that
ex ∈ (H, E)⊆(G,˜
˜ E). Therefore (G, E) is a binary soft neighborhood of ex .
Thus every binary soft superset of a binary neighborhood is again a binary soft
neighborhood of that point. 

Theorem 29. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space. Let

(F, E) be any binary soft subset over U1 , U2 . Then the following properties hold
true:
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 447

(i)(F, E)⊙ is an binary soft open set contained in (F, E),

˜˜
i.e. (F, E)⊙ is an binary soft open and (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F, E).
(ii) (F, E)⊙ is the largest binary soft open set contained in (F, E).
˜˜
(iii) (F, E) is binary soft open if and only if (F, E)=(F, E)⊙ .

Proof. (i) By definition of binary soft interior, we have (F, E)⊙ = ∪ ˜˜

λ∈Λ (H, E)λ
where {(H, E)λ : λ ∈ Λ} is the family of all binary soft open sets contained in
(F, E).
˜˜
(H, E)λ ⊆(F, E) ∀λ ∈ Λ
⇒ Union of all binary soft open sets
⇒ Binary soft open sets (By definition of binary soft topology).
Also, we have (H, E)λ ⊆(F, ˜
˜ E) ∀λ ∈ Λ
⇒∪ ˜ ˜
˜
˜ λ∈Λ (H, E)λ ⊆(F, E)
⇒ (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F,˜
˜ E). Hence (F, E)⊙ is a binary soft open set and (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F, ˜˜ E).
⊙
(ii) From (i) we have, (F, E) is a binary soft open set contained in (F, E).
Let (H, E) be any binary soft open set contained in (F, E). This implies
{(H, E)λ : λ ∈ Λ}= The family of all binary soft open sets contained in (F, E).
which implies (H, E)⊆ ˜
˜∪˜
˜ λ∈Λ (H, E)λ
˜
˜
⇒ (H, E)⊆(F, E) ⊙

⇒ (F, E)⊙ ⊇(H,˜

˜ E)
⇒ (F, E) is larger than (H, E). (F, E)⊙ is larger than every binary soft open
⊙

set (H, E) contained in (F, E). Thus (F, E)⊙ is the largest binary soft open set
contained in (F, E).
(iii) Suppose (F, E) is binary soft open. Therefore (F, E) is a binary soft open
set contained in (F, E) (i.e. (F, E)⊆(F, ˜
˜ E)). →(1).
⊙
But (F, E) is the largest binary soft open set contained in (F, E). → (2).
Therefore from (1) and (2) it follows that (F, E)⊙ must be larger than (F, E),
˜
˜
that is (F, E)⊙ ⊇(F, ˜˜
E) or (F, E) is smaller than (F, E)⊙ , that is (F, E)⊆(F, E)⊙
→(3).
But (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F,˜
˜ E) is always true. → (4).
From (3) and (4) we have (F, E)=(F, ˜
˜ E)⊙ . Note that the right hand side result,
⊙
that is (F, E) is a binary soft open set. Therefore left hand side of the result
that is (F, E) must be a binary soft open set. Consequently, (F, E) is a binary
soft open set. If (F, E)=(F, ˜
˜ E)⊙ , then (F, E) is a binary soft open set. Hence
(F, E) is binary soft open if and only if (F, E)=(F, ˜˜ E)⊙ . 

Theorem 30. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space.

448 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

Let (F, E), (G, E) be any two binary soft subset over U1 , U2 , then the following
properties hold true:
˜ ⊙=
(i) X̃ ˜
˜˜ X̃.
(ii) φ̃˜⊙ = ˜
˜˜ φ̃.
˜
˜
(iii) If (F, E)⊆(G, ˜
˜
E) then (F, E)⊙ ⊆(G, E)⊙ .
(iv) [(F, E)∩ ˜ ˜
˜ (G, E)]⊙ =(F,
˜ ˜
˜ (G, E)⊙ .
E)⊙ ∩
⊙ ⊙
(v) [(F, E) ] = (F, E) . ⊙

(vi) (F, E)⊙ ∪ ˜ ˜

˜
˜ (G, E)⊙ ⊆[(F, ˜
˜ (G, E)]⊙ .
E)∪

Proof. (i) We know that X̃ ˜ is binary soft open set. This implies X̃ ˜ ⊙= ˜
˜˜ X̃.
(Since (F, E) is open if and only if (F, E)=(F,˜˜ E)⊙ ). Therefore X̃˜ ⊙= ˜
˜˜ X̃.
(ii) The result follows from (i).
(iii) Suppose (F, E)⊆(G, ˜
˜ E), then we know that (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F,˜˜ E) and (F, E)
˜
˜
⊆(G, ⊙
E), therefore (F, E) ⊆(G,˜
˜ ⊙
E). Therefore (F, E) is a binary soft open set
contained in (G, E)→ (1).
But (G, E)⊙ is the largest binary open set contained in (G, E)→ (2).
From (1) and (2) we have (G, E)⊙ is the larger than (F, E)⊙ , that is (F, E)⊙
is smaller than (G, E)⊙ , then (F, E)⊙ ⊆(G, ˜˜ ˜˜
E)⊙ . Thus (F, E)⊆(G, E) which
⊙ ˜
˜
implies (F, E) ⊆(G, E) . ⊙

(iv) Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space, to prove

˜ ˜˜
˜ (G, E)]⊙ =(F,
[(F, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)⊙ .
E)⊙ ∩

We know that (F, E)∩ ˜ ˜

˜
˜ (G, E)⊆(F, E) and (F, E)∩ ˜˜
˜˜ (G, E)⊆(G, E), this implies
[(F, E)∩˜ ⊙ ˜
˜
˜ (G, E)] ⊆(F, ⊙
E) and [(F, E)∩ ˜ ⊙ ˜
˜
˜ (G, E)] ⊆(G, ⊙
E) (by (iii)).
This implies [(F, E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E)] ∩⊙ ˜
˜ [(F, E)∩˜ ⊙ ˜
˜
˜ (G, E)] ⊆(F, E)⊙ ∩ ˜˜ (G, E)⊙ .
Hence [(F, E)∩ ˜ ˜
˜
˜ (G, E)]⊙ ⊆(F, E)⊙ ∩ ˜
˜ (G, E)⊙ .
Also we have, (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F, ˜
˜ E) and (G, E)⊙ ⊆(G,˜˜ E)
⊙
(F, E) ∩ ˜ ⊙ ˜
˜
˜ (G, E) ⊆(F, E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E) which implies (F, E)⊙ ∩ ˜˜ (G, E)⊙ is a binary
soft open set contained in (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E) → (2).
˜
˜ ⊙
But [(F, E)∩(G, E)] is the largest binary soft open set contained in [(F, E)∩ ˜˜
(G, E)] → (3).
Therefore from (2) and (3) it follows that [(F, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)]⊙ is larger than
⊙
(F, E) ∩ ˜ ⊙
˜ (G, E) ,
that is (F, E)⊙ ∩ ˜
˜ (G, E)⊙ is smaller than [(F, E)∩ ˜˜ (G, E)]⊙ this leads to
(F, E)⊙ ∩ ˜
˜˜ (G, E)⊙ ⊆[(F,
˜ E)∩ ˜
˜ (G, E)]⊙ . → (4).
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 449

˜˜ (G, E)]⊙ =(F,

From (1) and (4) it follows that [(F, E)∩ ˜˜ ˜˜ (G, E)⊙ .
E)⊙ ∩
(v) We know that [(F, E) ] is binary soft open set. Let us assume (F, E)⊙ =
⊙ ⊙ ˜˜
(H, E). Therefore (H, E) is a binary soft open set, which implies (H, E)= ˜
˜
˜
(H, E)⊙ . Therefore (F, E)⊙ =[(F,
˜ E)⊙ ]⊙ , hence the result.
˜
˜
(vi) Since (F, E)⊆(F, E)∪˜ ˜˜
˜ (G, E) and (G, E)⊆(F, E)∪ ˜˜ (G, E). So by (iii),

˜
˜
(F, E)⊙ ⊆[(F, ˜˜ (G, E)]⊙
E)∪

and
˜
˜
(F, E)⊙ ⊆[(F, ˜˜ (G, E)]⊙ .
E)∪
˜ ˜
˜ (G, E)⊙ ⊆[(F,
So that (F, E)⊙ ∪ ˜ ˜ ˜˜ (G, E)⊙ is binary
˜ (G, E)]⊙ , since (F, E)⊙ ∪
E)∪
soft open set. Which completes the proof. 

Example 31. The following example shows that the equality does not
hold in 30 of (vi).
By using Example 14, let us consider,
(F, E) = {(e1 , ({a1 }, {b1 }), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 }),
(e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 }), (e4 , ({a5 }, {b2 })}
(G, E) = {(e1 , ({a4 }, {b4 }), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 }), (e3 , ({a2 }, {b3 }),
(e4 , ({a3 }, {b1 })}
(F, E)∪ ˜˜ (G, E)={(e
˜
˜ 1 , ({a4 }, {b4 }), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 }), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 }),
(e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 })}
[(F, E)∪ ˜˜ (G, E)]⊙ ={(e
˜
˜ 1 , ({a4 }, {b4 }), (e2 , ({a3 }, {b1 }), (e3 , ({a1 , a2 }, {b3 }),
(e4 , ({a3 , a5 }, {b1 , b2 })}
˜ ˜˜
˜ ˜
(F, E)⊙ = φ̃ which implies φ̃⊆[(F, E)∪ ˜ (G, E)]⊙ . Thus equality does not holds.

Definition 32. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be a binary soft topological space over

initial parameters U1 , U2 , then the boundary of binary soft set (H, E) is denoted
by (H, E) or bd(H, E) and is defined as (H, E) = (H, E)∩ ˜˜ (H, E)′ . Obviously
(H, E) is a smallest binary soft closed set over U1 , U2 containing (H, E).

Example 33. U1 = {c1 , c2 , c3 } - set of computers;

U2 = {m1 , m2 } - set of mobiles; , E = {e1 = expensive, e2 = outlook, e3 =
f unction};
˜
˜ φ̃,
τ∆ = {X̃, {(e1 , ({c1 , c3 }, {m1 }), (e2 , ({c1 , c3 }, {m2 }),
(e3 , ({c1 , c3 }, {m1 , m2 })}, {(e1 , ({c3 }, {m1 }), (e2 , ({c3 }, {m2 }),
(e3 , ({c3 }, {m1 , m2 })}, {(e1 , ({c2 , c3 }, {m1 }), (e2 , ({c2 , c3 }, {m2 }),
450 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

(e3 , ({c2 , c3 }, {m1 , m2 })},{(e1 , ({c1 , c2 , c3 }, {m1 }),

(e2 , ({c1 , c2 , c3 }, {m2 }), (e3 , ({c1 , c2 , c3 }, {m1 , m2 })}}
Now let (H, E) = {(e1 , ({c2 , c3 }, {m2 }), (e2 , ({c3 }, {m1 }),
(e3 , ({c1 }, {m1 })}.
Therefore,
˜˜ 1 , ({c3 }, {m2 }), (e2 , ({c3 }, {m2 }), (e3 , ({c3 }, {m1 , m2 })}.
(H, E)={(e

Remark 34. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space over
U1 , U2 and let (F, E) be any binary soft set then we always have

˜
˜
(F, E)⊙ ⊆(F, ˜˜
E)⊆(F, E).

Remark 35. (H, E)=[ ˜ ˜ − (H, E)]

˜ X̃
˜ − (H, E)]
bd(H, E) = bd[X̃
To prove; bd(H, E) = bd(H, E)∩ ˜ ˜ − (H, E)] →(1)
˜ [X̃

bd[X̃ ˜ − (H, E)]∩

˜ − (H, E)] = [X̃ ˜ ˜ − (X̃
˜ [X̃ ˜ − (H, E))]
˜ − (H, E)]∩
⇒ [X̃ ˜
˜ (H, E)

⇒ (H, E)∩ ˜ − (H, E)] = bd(H, E). Thus bd(H, E) = bd[X̃

˜˜ [X̃ ˜ − (H, E)].

Theorem 36. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space.

Let (H, E) be any binary soft subset of X̃.˜ Then the following properties are
true:
(i) bd(H, E) = (H, E) − (H, E)⊙ .
(ii)(H, E)⊙ = (H, E) − bd(H, E).
˜ =(H,
(iii) X̃ ˜˜ ˜
E)⊙ ∪ ˜ ˜ − (H, E)]⊙ .
˜ [X̃
˜ bd(H, E)∪

˜˜
Proof. (i) We know that bd(H, E) = (H, E)=(H, ˜˜ (H, E)′
E)∩
˜ − (X̃
⇒ (H, E) − [X̃ ˜ − (H, E)]
˜ − (X̃
= (H, E) − [X̃ ˜ − (H, E))]⊙
= (H, E) − (H, E)⊙ . Thus, bd(H, E) = (H, E) − (H, E)⊙ .
˜ − (H, E))]
(ii) Consider (H, E) − bd(H, E) = (H, E) − [(H, E) − (X̃
= (H, E)∩ ˜ − ((H, E)∩
˜˜ [X̃ ˜ ˜ − (H, E))]
˜ (X̃
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 451

= (H, E)∩ ˜˜ [(X̃˜ − (H, E))∪ ˜ ˜ − [(X̃

˜ (X̃ ˜ − (H, E))])]
= (H, E)∩ ˜ − (H, E))∪
˜˜ [(X̃ ˜
˜ (X̃ ˜ − (H, E)⊙ )])]
˜ − [(X̃
= (H, E)∩ ˜˜ [(X̃ ˜ − (H, E))∪ ˜
˜ [(H, E)∩˜
˜ (H, E)⊙ ].
Therefore, (H, E)⊙ = (H, E) − bd(H, E).
(iii) Consider, RHS (H, E)⊙ ∪ ˜
˜ bd(H, E)∪ ˜ − (H, E)]⊙
˜˜ [X̃
= (H, E)⊙ ∪ ˜
˜ bd(H, E)∪ ˜ ˜ − (H, E))
˜ (X̃

= (H, E)∪ ˜ − (H, E)) = X̃.

˜˜ (X̃ ˜ Further we know that bd(H, E) = (H, E) −
(H, E)⊙ , this implies bd(H, E) and (H, E)⊙ are disjoint → (1)
we replace by (H, E) with (X̃ ˜ − (H, E)⊙ ) are binary soft disjoint sets. Hence
˜ = (H, E)∪
X̃ ˜ ˜ − (H, E). Which is a binary soft disjoint union.
˜ (X̃ 

Theorem 37. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space. Let
(H, E) be any binary soft subset of U1 , U2 . Then (F, E) is binary soft closed if
and only if (F, E) ⊇ bd(F, E).

Proof. Suppose (F, E) is binary soft closed set, then

˜ ˜ − (F, E)]⊆(F,
˜ [X̃
bd(H, E) = (F, E)∩ ˜˜ ˜ − (F, E)]⊆(F,
˜˜ [X̃
E)∩ ˜˜ E).
˜
˜
Therefore (F, E)⊇bd(F, E). Hence (F, E) is binary soft closed if and only if
˜
˜
(F, E)⊇bd(F, E). →(1).
˜
˜
Conversely, suppose (F, E)⊇bd(F, ˜˜
E) that is bd(F, E)⊆(F, E) which implies
˜
˜
(F, E)∪
bd(F, E) = (F, E) = (F, E). Therefore (F, E) is binary soft closed. Thus
˜˜
(F, E)⊇bd(F, E) implies (F, E) is binary soft closed. → (2).
From (1) and (2) it is clear that (F, E) is binary soft closed if and only if
˜˜
(F, E)⊇bd(F, E). 

Theorem 38. Let (U1 , U2 , τ∆ , E) be the binary soft topological space.

Let (H, E) be any binary soft subset of U1 , U2 . Then (F, E) is binary soft open
˜ ˜
˜ bd(F, E)=
if and only if (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ φ̃.

˜ − (F, E)] is
Proof. Suppose (F, E) is binary soft open which implies [X̃
binary soft closed.
˜ − (F, E)]=[
⇒ [X̃ ˜
˜ X̃˜ − (F, E)].
452 S.S. Benchalli, P.G. Patil, A.S. Dodamani, J. Pradeepkumar

Now consider (F, E)∩ ˜

˜ bd(F, E)
˜˜ [(F, E)∩
⇒ (F, E)∩ ˜ ˜ − (F, E))]
˜ (X̃
⇒ (F, E)∩ ˜ − (F, E))∩
˜˜ [(X̃ ˜ ˜ Therefore (F, E)∩
˜ (F, E)] = φ̃. ˜˜ bd(F, E)= ˜ Thus (F,
˜˜ φ̃.
E) is open implies (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ bd(F, E)=˜ φ̃˜ → (1).
˜
Conversely, suppose (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ bd(F, E)=˜ φ̃˜
˜
⇒ (F, E)∩ ˜
˜˜ [(F, E)∩ ˜ − (F, E))]=φ
˜ (X̃ ˜
˜
˜˜ (F, E)∩
(F, E)∩ ˜ ˜ − (F, E))]=φ
˜ [(X̃ ˜
˜
⇒ (F, E)∩ ˜
˜˜ [(X̃ − (F, E))]=φ˜
˜
⇒ (F, E)⊆ ˜ − [(X̃
˜˜ X̃ ˜ − (F, E))]=φ ˜
˜
⇒ (F, E)⊆˜ ˜ ˜
˜ X̃ − [X̃ − (F, E) ]⊙
˜˜
⇒ (F, E)⊆(F, E)⊙ . But (F, E)⊙ ⊆(F,˜
˜ E) is always true. Therefore (F, E) =
⊙
(F, E) .
Therefore (F, E)∩ ˜
˜ bd(F, E)=˜ φ̃˜ implies (F, E) is binary soft open.
˜
From (i) and (ii) we have that (F, E) is binary soft open if and only if

˜ ˜
˜˜ φ̃.
˜ bd(F, E)=
(F, E)∩ 

3. Conclusion

The soft set theory is very important tool to study the concepts of classical and
non classical logic. Recently the binary soft set theory has been introduced by
Ahu Acikgöz and Nihal Tas. In this paper, we introduce binary soft topological
spaces which are defined over two initial universe sets with a fixed set of pa-
rameters. Many basic results like binary soft open sets, binary soft closed sets,
binary soft closure, binary soft interior, binary soft boundary, binary soft neigh-
borhood of a point are introduced and their basic properties are investigated
with the suitable examples. These results are important for further research on
binary soft topology.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India
for its financial support by UGC-SAP DRS-III under F-510/3/DRS-III/2016
ON BINARY SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES 453

(SAP-I) dated 29th Feb 2016 to Department of Mathematics, Karnatak Univer-

sity, Dharwad, India. Also this research was supported by the University Grants
Commission, New Delhi, India, under No F1-17.1/2013-14/MANF-2013-14-
MUS-KAR-22545.

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