Physics 12-01 Einstein’s Postulates and Time Dilation Name: _____________________________

Definitions
Event
 Physical _________________ in a certain _________________ at a certain _________________.
Reference Frame
 Coordinate _________________ (x, y, z) and _________________
Inertial Reference Frame
 Reference frame where _________________ Law of _________________ is _________________
 No _________________
 No _________________
Einstein’s Postulates
The Relativity Postulate
 The laws of _________________ are the _________________ in _________________ inertial reference frame.
The Speed of Light Postulate
 The speed of light in a _________________, measured in ____________ inertial reference frame, _____________ has the _____________
value of c, no matter how fast the _________________ of light and the _________________ are moving ______________ to each other.
Consequences of Relativity Postulate
 _________________ inertial reference frame is as _________________ as any other.
 You _________________ say any reference frame is _________________ at _________________.
 There is no _________________ velocity or rest, only velocity _________________ to the _________________ frame.
Explanation of Speed of Light Postulate
 The observer on the truck _________________
speed of _________________ to be _________________
since he is _________________ the light.
 Logic says the observer on the _________________
measures the speed of _________________ to be
_________________, but he doesn’t.
 The observer on the _________________ measures speed of light to be _________________ also.
 Verified by ____________________ many times.
Simultaneous
 Just because two events _________________ simultaneous to _________________ observer does not mean _________________
observes see the _________________ simultaneously
Time Dilation
 Astronaut measures __________
by aiming a ______________ at a
mirror. The light _____________
from the mirror and hits a
_________________.
 The person on
_________________ says that the
time of the event must be _______________ because she sees the laser beam go ________________.
𝛥𝑡0
𝛥𝑡 =
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
 Where Δt0 = proper time measured in a reference frame at rest relative to the event, Δt = dilated time measured in a
reference frame moving relative to the event, v = relative speed between the observers, c = speed of light in a vacuum

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 12-01 Einstein’s Postulates and Time Dilation Name: _____________________________
1
𝛾=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Let’s say the USS Enterprise’s 1/3 impulse speed is one-quarter the speed of light. If Spock, in the ship, says the planet will
blow up in 10 minutes, how long does the away team have to beam up?

Picard is on Rigel 7 and needs to go to Earth 776.6 light-years away, but the Enterprise’s warp drive is broken. If full impulse
is ¾ the speed of light, how long will a Rigelian think it will take the Enterprise to get to Earth?

How long will the Enterprise’s crew think it will take?

Homework
1. Which of Einstein’s postulates of special relativity includes a concept that does not fit with the ideas of classical physics?
Explain.
2. Is Earth an inertial frame of reference? Is the Sun? Justify your response.
3. When you are flying in a commercial jet, it may appear to you that the airplane is stationary and the Earth is moving
beneath you. Is this point of view valid? Discuss briefly.
4. Does motion affect the rate of a clock as measured by an observer moving with it? Does motion affect how an observer
moving relative to a clock measures its rate?
5. To whom does the elapsed time for a process seem to be longer, an observer moving relative to the process or an observer
moving with the process? Which observer measures proper time?
6. (a) What is γ if v = 0.100c? (b) If v = 0.900c? (OpenStax 28.2) 1.00504, 2.29
7. Particles called π-mesons are produced by accelerator beams. If these particles travel at 2.70 × 108 m/s and live 2.60 ×
10−8 s when at rest relative to an observer, how long do they live as viewed in the laboratory? (OpenStax 28.3) 𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟖 s
8. Suppose a particle called a kaon is created by cosmic radiation striking the atmosphere. It moves by you at 0.980c, and it
lives 1.24 × 10−8 s when at rest relative to an observer. How long does it live as you observe it? (OpenStax 28.4) 𝟔. 𝟐𝟑 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟖 s
9. A neutral π-meson is a particle that can be created by accelerator beams. If one such particle lives 1.40 × 10−16 s as
measured in the laboratory, and 0.840 × 10−16 s when at rest relative to an observer, what is its velocity relative to the
laboratory? (OpenStax 28.5) 0.800c
10. If relativistic effects are to be less than 1%, then γ must be less than 1.01. At what relative velocity is γ = 1.01? (OpenStax
28.7) 0.140c
11. (a) At what relative velocity is γ = 1.50? (b) At what relative velocity is γ = 100? (OpenStax 28.9) 0.745c, 0.99995c

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 12-02 Length Contraction Name: _____________________________
Length Contraction
 Since the ________________ moving ________________ the event measures a different ________________ than the observer
________________ moving with the event, are the ________________ different?
o 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡
o Both ________________ agree on ________________
1
o t is different by 2
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
1
o So x must be different by 2
also
√1−𝑣2
𝑐

 The ________________ measured by a person at ________________ with the event is ________________ than that measured by
person at ________________ with respect to the ________________.

𝑣 2 𝐿0
𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − =
𝑐2 𝛾
o Where L0 = proper length (Length between 2 points as measured by person at rest with the points.)
 Length only contracts along the direction of ________________, the others ________________ the ________________
When the Starship Enterprise travels at impulse (v = 0.7c), a ground based observer measures the ship as 707 ft long. How
long does the crew measure the ship?

Homework
1. To whom does an object seem greater in length, an observer moving with the object or an observer moving relative to the
object? Which observer measures the object’s proper length?
2. Relativistic effects such as time dilation and length contraction are present for cars and airplanes. Why do these effects
seem strange to us?
3. Suppose an astronaut is moving relative to the Earth at a significant fraction of the speed of light. (a) Does he observe the
rate of his clocks to have slowed? (b) What change in the rate of Earth-bound clocks does he see? (c) Does his ship seem to
him to shorten? (d) What about the distance between stars that lie on lines parallel to his motion? (e) Do he and an Earth-
bound observer agree on his velocity relative to the Earth?
4. A spaceship, 200 m long as seen on board, moves by the Earth at 0.970c. What is its length as measured by an Earth-bound
observer? (OpenStax 28.12) 48.6 m
5. How fast would a 6.0 m-long sports car have to be going past you in order for it to appear only 5.5 m long? (OpenStax
28.13) 0.400c
6. (a) How long does it take the astronaut in to travel 4.30 ly at 0.99944c (as measured by the Earthbound observer)? (b)
How long does it take according to the astronaut? (c) Verify that these two times are related through time dilation with
γ=30.00 as given. (OpenStax 28.16) 4.303 y, 0.1434 y, 30.0
7. (a) How fast would an athlete need to be running for a 100-m race to look 100 yd long? (b) Is the answer consistent with
the fact that relativistic effects are difficult to observe in ordinary circumstances? Explain. (OpenStax 28.17) 0.405c, yes
8. (a) Find the value of γ for the following situation. An astronaut measures the length of her spaceship to be 25.0 m, while an
Earth-bound observer measures it to be 100 m. (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are
unreasonable or inconsistent? (OpenStax 28.18) 0.250, γ must be ≥ 1, The earthbound observer must measure a
shorter length, so it is unreasonable to assume a longer length.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 12-03 Relativistic Addition of Velocities Name: _____________________________
Relativistic Addition of Velocities

Classical physics
𝑣𝐵𝑇 + 𝑣𝑇𝐺 = 𝑣𝐵𝐺
𝑣𝐵𝑇 = −𝑣𝑇𝐵
What if the combination of the _____________ and the
_______ added to be more than the speed of _________?
 The _______________-based observer would
observe the ball to travel _______________ than light.
 This _______________ happen.

Relativistic Addition of Velocity

𝑣𝐿𝑇 + 𝑣𝑇𝐺
𝑣𝐿𝐺 = 𝑣 𝑣
1 + 𝐿𝑇 2 𝑇𝐺
𝑐
At what speed does the ground based observer see the
light travel?

Doppler shift for relative velocity

𝑢
1+
𝜆𝑜𝑏𝑠 = 𝜆𝑠 √ 𝑐
𝑢
1−
𝑐
 u is relative _______________ of _______________ to _______________
o Positive if moving _______________
𝑢
1−
𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 √ 𝑐
𝑢
1+
𝑐
The starship Enterprise moves at 0.9c relative to the earth and a Klingon Bird-of-Prey moves the same direction at 0.7c
relative to the earth. What does the navigator of the Bird-of-Prey report for the speed of the Enterprise?

If the Enterprise has blue (𝜆 = 475 nm) lights, what wavelength does the Klingon ship see as it leaves?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 12-03 Relativistic Addition of Velocities Name: _____________________________
Homework
1. Explain the meaning of the terms “red shift” and “blue shift” as they relate to the relativistic Doppler effect.
2. What happens to the relativistic Doppler effect when relative velocity is zero? Is this the expected result?
3. Is the relativistic Doppler effect consistent with the classical Doppler effect in the respect that 𝜆𝑜𝑏𝑠 is larger for motion
away?
4. Suppose a spaceship heading straight towards the Earth at 0.750c can shoot a canister at 0.500c relative to the ship. (a)
What is the velocity of the canister relative to the Earth, if it is shot directly at the Earth? (b) If it is shot directly away from
the Earth? (OpenStax 28.20) 0.909c, 0.400c
5. Repeat the previous problem with the ship heading directly away from the Earth. (OpenStax 28.21) -0.400c, -0.909c
6. If a spaceship is approaching the Earth at 0.100c and a message capsule is sent toward it at 0.100c relative to the Earth,
what is the speed of the capsule relative to the ship? (OpenStax 28.22) 0.198c
7. If a galaxy moving away from the Earth has a speed of 1000 km/s and emits 656 nm light characteristic of hydrogen (the
most common element in the universe). (a) What wavelength would we observe on the Earth? (b) What type of
electromagnetic radiation is this? (c) Why is the speed of the Earth in its orbit negligible here? (OpenStax 28.24) 658 nm,
red, it’s v << c
8. A space probe speeding towards the nearest star moves at 0.250c and sends radio information at a broadcast frequency of
1.00 GHz. What frequency is received on the Earth? (OpenStax 28.25) 775 MHz
9. If two spaceships are heading directly towards each other at 0.800c, at what speed must a canister be shot from the first
ship to approach the other at 0.999c as seen by the second ship? (OpenStax 28.26) 0.991c
10. When a missile is shot from one spaceship towards another, it leaves the first at 0.950c and approaches the other at
0.750c . What is the relative velocity of the two ships? (OpenStax 28.28) -0.696c away
11. Near the center of our galaxy, hydrogen gas is moving directly away from us in its orbit about a black hole. We receive
1900 nm electromagnetic radiation and know that it was 1875 nm when emitted by the hydrogen gas. What is the speed
of the gas? (OpenStax 28.30) 0.01324c

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Physics 12-04 Relativistic Momentum Name: _____________________________
Relative Momentum
Law of Conservation of Momentum
 The ______________ momentum of a closed ______________ does not ______________.
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
 However, when ______________ approaches ______________, we must adjust the ______________
𝑚𝑣
𝑝=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
 _________________ momentum is always ______________ than ______________________
momentum because
𝑣2
 √1 − <1
𝑐2

 Since we ______________ by the radical in the formula, the result is a ______________

number.
 Notice that when the ______________ is near 0, the _________________ momentum is
near the _______________________.
 When the speed is near c, the __________________ momentum increases
_______________________.
In a game of Dom’Jot, a small ball (0.5 kg) is hit across a table. If the ball moving at 3 m/s
and the speed of light in a vacuum is 4 m/s, what is the relativistic momentum of the
ball?

The nonrelativistic momentum?

Homework
1. Find the momentum of a helium nucleus having a mass of 6.68 × 10–27 kg that is moving at 0.200c. (OpenStax 28.35)
𝟒. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 kg m/s
2. What is the momentum of an electron traveling at 0.980c? (OpenStax 28.36) 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏 kg m/s
3. What is the velocity of an electron that has a momentum of 3.04 × 10–21 kg⋅m/s? Note that you must calculate the velocity
to at least four digits to see the difference from c. (OpenStax 28.39) 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s
4. Find the velocity of a proton that has a momentum of 4.48 × 10−19 kg⋅m/s. (OpenStax 28.40) 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s
5. (a) Calculate the speed of a 1.00-μg particle of dust that has the same momentum as a proton moving at 0.999c. (b) What
does the small speed tell us about the mass of a proton compared to even a tiny amount of macroscopic matter? (OpenStax
28.41) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 m/s, mass of proton is tiny

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Physics 12-05 Relativistic Energy Name: ____________________________

Relativistic Energy
The ______________ energy of an ______________
𝑚𝑐 2
𝐸=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
If the object is ______________ moving, the ______________ energy is
𝐸0 = 𝑚𝑐 2
How much energy is in a 5-gram pen at rest?

How long will that run a 60-W light bulb?

If the object is ______________, then the total ______________ is 𝐸 = 𝐸0 + 𝐾𝐸

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 −1
𝑣 2
√
( 1 − 𝑐2 )
______________ and ______________ are the ______________
 A change in ______________, means a change in the ______________.
 For example, you pick up your backpack and increase its _____________________ ________________ energy.
o Since the ______________ increases, the mass must ______________.
o So when you ______________ your backpack, it is actually ______________ than when it is on the ______________.
The sun radiates electromagnetic energy at 3.92 × 1026 W. How much mass does the sun lose in 1 year?

A ______________ consequence
 Objects with ______________ cannot reach the ______________ of ______________.
 This is because it would take an ______________ amount of ______________.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 12-05 Relativistic Energy Name: ____________________________
Homework
1. How are the classical laws of conservation of energy and conservation of mass modified by modern relativity?
2. Consider a thought experiment. You place an expanded balloon of air on weighing scales outside in the early morning. The
balloon stays on the scales and you are able to measure changes in its mass. Does the mass of the balloon change as the
day progresses? Discuss the difficulties in carrying out this experiment.
3. Given the fact that light travels at c, can it have mass? Explain.
4. What is the rest energy of an electron, given its mass is 9.11 × 10−31 kg? Give your answer in joules and MeV. (OpenStax
28.43) 0.512 MeV
5. Find the rest energy in joules and MeV of a proton, given its mass is 1.67 × 10−27 kg. (OpenStax 28.44) 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 J,
939 MeV
6. A supernova explosion of a 2.00 × 1031 kg star produces 1.00 × 1044 J of energy. (a) How many kilograms of mass are
𝛥𝑚
converted to energy in the explosion? (b) What is the ratio of mass destroyed to the original mass of the star?
𝑚
(OpenStax 28.47) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟕 kg, 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
7. There is approximately 1034 J of energy available from fusion of hydrogen in the world’s oceans. (a) If 10 33 J of this energy
were utilized, what would be the decrease in mass of the oceans? (b) How great a volume of water does this correspond
to? (c) Comment on whether this is a significant fraction of the total mass of the oceans. (OpenStax 28.50) 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 kg,
𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 m3, no
8. A muon has a rest mass energy of 105.7 MeV, and it decays into an electron and a massless particle. (a) If all the lost mass
is converted into the electron’s kinetic energy, find γ for the electron. (b) What is the electron’s velocity? (OpenStax 28.51)
208, 0.999988c
9. Alpha decay is nuclear decay in which a helium nucleus is emitted. If the helium nucleus has a mass of 6.80 × 10−27 kg and
is given 5.00 MeV of kinetic energy, what is its velocity? (OpenStax 28.54) 0.0511c
10. (a) Beta decay is nuclear decay in which an electron is emitted. If the electron is given 0.750 MeV of kinetic energy, what is
its velocity? (b) Comment on how the high velocity is consistent with the kinetic energy as it compares to the rest mass
energy of the electron. (OpenStax 28.55) 0.914c
11. A positron is an antimatter version of the electron, having exactly the same mass. When a positron and an electron meet,
they annihilate, converting all of their mass into energy. (a) Find the energy released, assuming negligible kinetic energy
before the annihilation. (b) If this energy is given to a proton in the form of kinetic energy, what is its velocity? (c) If this
energy is given to another electron in the form of kinetic energy, what is its velocity? (OpenStax 28.56) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 J,
0.0467c, 0.943c

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
 Physics
Unit 12: Special Relativity

1. Define inertial reference frame, proper time, dilated time, proper length, contracted length, relativistic momentum,
nonrelativistic momentum,
2. Know the relativity postulates and their consequences.
3. An astronaut travels at 1x108 m/s for 24 hours as measured by ground control. What is the time as measured by the
astronaut?
4. An alien flies by a football game at 0.90c and measures the time it takes to kick a field goal as 0.50 s. What is the proper
time for the kick?
5. A meter stick is measured to be 50 cm long. How fast must the meter stick be traveling?
6. What is the relativistic momentum of an electron traveling at 0.99c?
7. A car is 500 kg at rest. What is the increase in its energy when it is traveling at 0.90c?
8. How much energy will be released when 2 kg of pencil is converted to energy?
9. What is the ratio of relativistic kinetic energy to classical kinetic energy for a 500 kg car traveling at 0.90c?
10. The Enterprise moves at 0.9c relative to earth and the Klingon Bird-of-Prey moves at 0.7c relative to earth. What does the
navigator of the Bird-of-Prey report for the speed of the Enterprise?
11. The Klingon Battle Cruiser moving at 0.7c relative to earth fires a torpedo at 0.5c relative to the Battle Cruiser. What is the
speed of the torpedo as observed from earth?
12. The Klingon Battle Cruise approaches earth at 0.7c relative to earth. It passes the Ferengi Shuttle at 0.5c relative to the
shuttle. What is the speed of the Shuttle relative to the earth?
13. The starship Enterprise approaches the planet Risa at a speed of 0.5c relative to the planet. On the way, it overtakes the
intergalactic freighter Astra. The relative speed of the two ships as measured by the navigator on the Enterprise is 0.1c. If
the Astra has a red ( = 650 nm) navigation light, what wavelength will the Enterprise see as they approach the Astra.
 𝑚
3. 𝛥𝑡 = 24 ℎ, 𝑣 = 1 × 108 , 𝛥𝑡0 = ? 𝑚 2
𝑠 𝐸 = (2 𝑘𝑔) (3 × 108 )
𝑠
𝛥𝑡0 𝟏𝟕
𝛥𝑡 = 𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑱
2
√1 − 𝑣2
1
9. 𝐾𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑐 2
2
𝛥𝑡0 1 𝑚
24 ℎ = 𝐾𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐 = (500 𝑘𝑔) (0.90 (3 × 108 ))
2 𝑠
𝑚 2
)(1 × 108 𝐾𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 1.82 × 1019 𝐽
√1 − 𝑠
𝑚 2 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 5.82 × 1019 𝐽 (see #7)
(3 × 108 )
𝑠 5.82 × 1019 𝐽
𝛥𝑡0 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟎
24 ℎ = 1.82 × 1019 𝐽
√1 − 1 10. 𝑣𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐸 = 0.9𝑐, 𝑣𝐾𝐸 = 0.7𝑐, 𝑣𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐾 = ?
9 𝑣𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐸 + 𝑣𝐸𝐾
8 𝑣𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐾 = 𝑣 𝑣
24 ℎ √ = 𝛥𝑡0 1 + 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐸2 𝐸𝐾
9 𝑐
𝜟𝒕𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔 𝒉 0.9𝑐 + −0.7𝑐
𝑣𝐸𝑛𝑡𝐾 =
4. 𝑣 = 0.90𝑐, 𝛥𝑡 = 0.50 𝑠, 𝛥𝑡0 = ? (0.9𝑐)(−0.7𝑐)
1+
𝛥𝑡0 𝑐2
0.50 𝑠 = 𝒗𝑬𝒏𝒕𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝒄
(0.90𝑐)2 𝑣𝐾𝐸 = 0.7𝑐, 𝑣𝑇𝐾 = 0.5𝑐, 𝑣𝑡𝐸 = ?
√1 − 11.
𝑐2
𝑣𝑇𝐾 + 𝑣𝐾𝐸
2
0.50 𝑠 √1 − 0.90 = 𝛥𝑡0 𝑣𝑇𝐸 = 𝑣 𝑣
1 + 𝑇𝐾 2 𝐾𝐸
𝜟𝒕𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝒔 𝑐
5. 𝐿0 = 1 𝑚, 𝐿 = 0.5 𝑚, 𝑣 = ? 0.5𝑐 + 0.7𝑐
𝑣𝑇𝐸 =
(0.7𝑐)(0.5𝑐)
𝑣2 1+
𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑐2
𝑐2
𝒗𝑻𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟗𝒄
𝑣2
0.5 𝑚 = 1 𝑚 √1 − 12. 𝑣𝐾𝐸 = 0.7𝑐, 𝑣𝐾𝑆 = 0.5𝑐, 𝑣𝑆𝐸 = ?
𝑐2
𝑣𝑆𝐾 + 𝑣𝐾𝐸
𝑣2 𝑣𝑆𝐸 =
0.25 = 1 − 𝑣 𝑣
𝑐2 1 + 𝑆𝐾 2 𝐾𝐸
𝑐
𝑣2
0.75 = −0.5𝑐 + 0.7𝑐
𝑐2 𝑣𝑆𝐸 =
𝑣 = √0.75𝑐 (−0.5𝑐)(0.7𝑐)
1+
𝑐2
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒄 𝒗𝑺𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝒄
6. 𝑣 = 0.99𝑐, 𝑚 = 9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔, 𝑝 = ? 13. 𝑢 = −0.1𝑐, 𝜆𝑠 = 650 𝑛𝑚
𝑚𝑣
𝑝=
√1−𝑣2
2 𝑢
𝑐 1+
𝜆𝑜𝑏𝑠 = 𝜆𝑠 √ 𝑐
𝑚 𝑢
(9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔) (0.99 (3 × 108 )) 1−
𝑠 𝑐
𝑝=
(0.99𝑐)2 −0.1𝑐
√1 − 1+
𝑐2 𝑐 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒏𝒎
−𝟐𝟏 𝜆𝑜𝑏𝑠 = (650 𝑛𝑚)√
𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒎/𝒔 −0.1𝑐
1−
7. 𝑚 = 500 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣 = 0.90𝑐, 𝐾𝐸 = ? 𝑐

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 −1
√ 𝑣2
( 1 − 𝑐2 )

1
𝐾𝐸 = (500 𝑘𝑔)(𝑐 2 ) −1
0.90𝑐 2
√
( 1 − 𝑐2 )
𝑲𝑬 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑱
8. 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔, 𝐸 = ?
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2