Menoufia University

Computer Engineering and Sciences Department

Course Code: CES 325
Course Title: Digital Image Processing
Semester: Second - Spring

Dr Mohamed A Berbar FINAL Exam

Date: 16 Jun 2022 Duration: 180 minutes

Q1 [21] Q2 [9] Q3 [16] Q4 [15] Q5 [9] 70

Question 1: [21 Marks]

Match the mask name or its corresponding number from the following list:
1. Prewitt operator in x direction Gx
2. Prewitt operator in y direction Gy
3. Sobel Edge Detector in y direction Gy
4. Laplacian mask (in x and y directions)
5. Sobel Edge Detector in x direction Gx
6. Laplacian mask (second-order derivative in x direction)
7. Laplacian mask (second-order derivative in y direction)
8. Is used to find all the corners in a binary image using the hit-and-miss transform.
9. Laplacian mask (in x and y directions)
10. Produces boundary is 4-connected using hit-and-miss transform.
11. Is used to locate isolated points in a binary image using the hit-and-miss transform.
12. Produces boundary is 8-connected using hit-and-miss transform.
13. It is used for skeletonization with its remaining three 90° rotations by morphological thinning.
And write it underneath of the following Masks(kernels). [1.5 marks each]
 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
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Question 2: [9 Marks]
Identify the following statements as true () or false (×) statements:

1. Prewitt masks are simpler than Sobel to implement but are very sensitive to noise. ( )
2. Sobel edge detector more sensitive to diagonal edge than horizontal and vertical edges. ( )
3. Gaussian is a true low-pass filter ( )
4. The disadvantages of using Hough transforms to detect lines that it cannot locate the start and end
points of the detected line. ( )
5. Segmentation depends on an application, its semantics. ( )
6. There is no universally applicable segmentation technique that will work for all images. ( )
7. Noise reduction is obtained by blurring the image using smoothing filter.( ).
8. Dilation can repair breaks and intrusions. ( ).
9. Closing operation smooth regions - removes spurs - breaks narrow lines. ( ).
10. Opening fills gaps - holes in region - narrow gaps. ( ).
11. Gradient Edge Detection could be obtained using second derivative of the image function. ( ).
12. Erosion expands an object while Dilation shrinks it. ( ).
13. Segmentation depends on an application, its semantics. ( ).
14. There is no universally applicable segmentation technique that will work for all images. ( ).
15. Convolution is a segmentation method and concerns on modify individual pixels values. ( ).
16. Contrast Adjustment is to add or subtract a constant to all pixels values. ( ).
17. Equalisation/Adaptive Equalisation is specifically to make histogram not uniform. ( ).
18. Median filtering is an area process that does not fall under the category of convolution. ( )

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 Question 3: [Total 16 Marks]
a) Write a region growing algorithm showing how the algorithm is used to group regions of pixels and labels
them. [4 marks]

b) Apply binary erosion on the shown image bellow in Figure 1.

Figure Effect of erosion using a 3×3 square structuring element. [4 marks]

c) Find the opening of the binary image, F, in Fig.(a) by the structuring element H in
Fig.(b). You can use the grids in Fig.(c) and Fig.(d) to draw the intermediate and the final results. [4 Marks]
 d) What are the disadvantage of using template matching, Give some solutions for these
disadvantage. [ 4 Marks]

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Question 4: [Total 15 Marks]
4.1) If we convolve an image with the matrix given below, what would be the relation between the
original and modified image?

a) The image will be shifted to the right by 1 pixel

b) The image will be shifted down by 1 pixel
c) The image will be shifted to the left by 1 pixel
d) The image will be shifted up by 1 pixel
4.2) Which of the following is a correct way to sharpen an image? [2 Marks]
a)
1. Convolve the image with identity matrix
2. Subtract this resulting image from the original
3. Add this subtracted result back to the original image
b)
1. Smooth the image
2. Subtract this smoothed image from the original
3. Add this subtracted result back to the original image
c)
1. Smooth the image
2. Add this smoothed image back to the original image
d) None of the above
 4.3) The mask shown in the figure below belongs to which type of filter?

a) Sharpening spatial filter

b) Median filter
c) Sharpening frequency filter
d) Smoothing spatial filter

4.4) What does the total number of pixels in the region defines?
a) Perimeter
b) Area
c) Intensity
d) Brightness

4.5) Which of the following derivatives produce a double response at step changes in gray level?
a) First order derivative
b) Third order derivative
c) Second order derivative
d) First and second order derivatives

4.6) The objective of sharpening spatial filters is/are to ___________

a) Highlight fine detail in an image
b) Enhance detail that has been blurred because of some error
c) Enhance detail that has been blurred because of some natural effect of some method of image
acquisition
d) All of the mentioned

4.7) Which of the following fact(s) is/are true about sharpening spatial filters using digital
differentiation?
a) Sharpening spatial filter response is proportional to the discontinuity of the image at the point
where the derivative operation is applied
b) Sharpening spatial filters enhances edges and discontinuities like noise
c) Sharpening spatial filters deemphasizes areas that have slowly varying gray-level values
d) All of the mentioned

4.8) Consider the 3 images given below. The first image is the original image and the next two are
processed images. Explain what type of filters have produced the effects in these two images.
 Fig1 Fig2 Fig3

Fig2 is a result of ………… Fig2 is a result of ………… [2 marks]

4.9) In the following image, one can keep the big squares and remove all other objects by applying

a) Erosion then Dilation

b) Dilation and Erosion
c) Dilation
d) Erosion

4.10) Both the -------- and -------- filters are used to enhance horizontal edges (or

vertical if transposed).

a) Prewitt and Sobel

b) Sobel and Gaussian
c) Prewitt and Laplacian
d) Sobel and Laplacian

4.11) B is a 2-by-3 matrix and D is the ……….

---------------

a) reflection about x axis

b) reflection about y axis
c) reflection about origin

4.12) Suppose we want to reduce noise from an image with an added salt & pepper noise. Which filter
would you apply?. Is this filter linear or nonlinear?

The filter is --------- the filter is linear / nonlinear ? [2 marks]

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Question 5: [9 Marks]

a) Apply Roberts gradiant operators to the image I show your results.

b) Apply median filtering to the following image F using a 3x3 mask.

c) Images X and Y are shown below with crossing in the left bottom showing their correspondence. Design an
appropriate structure element that such that Y can be obtained after dilating X. ( black for 1 and white for 0)

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