Regent Education & Research Foundation Group of

Institutions
Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India
November, 2023

A REPOPRT BY DEPERTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ON WATER

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER ON WARD NO 10
OF BARASAT MUNICIPALITY

Submitted By
[ PROJECT GROUP NO - 2 ]

NAME ROLL NO .

ANIKET DAS 26301320007

ANANDA PRASAD DHAURIA 26301320008

ROUSHAN KUMAR 26301320009

ROHON THAPA 26301320011
ABHIJEET BANERJEE 26301320012
PUJA DAS 26301320013

Under the guidance of

NABANITA BASU
Regent Education & Research Foundation Group of Institutions
( Kolkata-700121)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that thesis entitled "A REPOPRT BY DEPERTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ON WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER ON WARD NO 10 OF
BARASAT MUNICIPALITY" has been carried out under our guidance by Mrs. Nabanita Basu
& special thanks to Mr. Sourav Pramanik , during academic session 2023-24 in partial
fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of B.tech in Civil Engineering in Regent
Education & Research Foundation Group of Institutions, Kolkata-700121. In our opinion the
work fulfills the requirement for which it is submitted.

It is further certified that materials obtained from other sources have been acknowledged in the
project.

Mrs. Nabanita Basu

i
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project contains literature survey and original research work by the
undersigned candidates, as part of her B.Tech. degree. All information in this document have
been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. We also
declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, we have fully cited and referenced all
material and results that are not original on this project.

Name :

Name Sign Date

ANIKET DAS
ANANDA PRASAD
DHAURIA
ROUSHAN KUMAR

ROHON THAPA

ABHIJEET BANERJEE

PUJA DAS

Project Title : A REPOPRT BY DEPERTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ON

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER
ON WARD NO 10 OF BARASAT MUNICIPALITY

Mr. Shouvik Sarkar

(HOD of Civil Engineering Department of R.E.R.F. )

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped
us to transform an idea into a real application.

We would like to thank our project guide Sourav Pramanik and Nabanita Basu for
their technical guidance, constant encouragement and supporting carrying out our project at
college.

We profoundly thank Mr. Shouvik Sarkar, Head of Civil Engineering Department for
his encouragement to successfully complete our project work.

We profoundly thank Mrs. Labani Nandi, Assistant Head of Civil Engineering

Department for her encouragement to successfully complete our project work.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be
great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their
constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success.

We also express our sincere gratitude to other staff members, Department of Civil
Engineering and our parents for their encouragement and support.

Mr. Shouvik Sarkar Mrs. Labani Nandi

(HOD of Civil Engineering Department of R.E.R.F. ) (Assistant HOD of Civil Engineering
Department of R.E.R.F. )

iii
 ABSTRACT
Groundwater quality is a critical aspect of environmental and public health management,
particularly in the context of a specific geographical area. This abstract provides an overview
of the water quality characteristics of groundwater in a designated area, focusing on key factors
influencing its quality, potential sources of contamination, and implications for human health
and the environment.
The study area,of Baraasat word no 10, is characterized by [brief description of geological,
hydrological, and anthropogenic factors influencing groundwater quality]. Understanding the
unique hydrogeological conditions of the area is essential for evaluating groundwater quality
and identifying potential risks to water resources.
Analysis of groundwater quality in the study area reveals parameters are PH value 7.07, Total
dissolved solids(TDS) value 321.5 , Hardness value 346.2 . These findings. These findings
provide insights into the overall condition of groundwater and its suitability for various
purposes, including drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation, and industrial use.
Identification of potential sources of contamination, such as Identification of potential sources
of contamination, such as agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, wastewater disposal, or
natural geological processes, is crucial for implementing effective pollution prevention and
remediation strategies. Additionally, assessing the impact of land use practices, climate
variability, and hydrological dynamics on groundwater quality is essential for sustainable water
resource management.
Monitoring and surveillance programs are recommended to track changes in groundwater
quality over time and mitigate potential risks to human health and ecosystems. Collaboration
between government agencies, research institutions, local communities, and stakeholders is
essential for implementing comprehensive management plans and regulatory measures to
protect groundwater resources in the study area.

 List of sources :
Tube wells

 Location :
Barasat word number 10

iv
 Table of Contents

Serial
Title Page No
No

1. Introduction about Ground Water. 1-3

2. Groundwater Scenario in India. 4-5

2.1 West Bengal Ground Water Scenario. 6-8

2.2. North 24 pgs Ground Water Scenario. 9-11

3. Importance of the present study. 12

4. Literature Review. 13-15

5. Objective and Scope of The Study. 16

Drinking Water Parameters & It’s Specifications As Per

6. 17-18
IS Code.

7. PH. 18-21

8. Total Dissolve Solid. 22-25

9. Total Hardness. 26-29

10. Results & Discussion. 30-31

11. Conclusions. 32

12. Future Scope. 33

13. References. 34

v
INTRODUCTION :-

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT GROUND WATER

Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore
spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily
available freshwater in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is
called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore
spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called
the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface; it may discharge from the surface
naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often
withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating
extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology,
also called groundwater hydrology.

Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in

the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water
in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is
hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults. It is
likely that much of Earth's subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other
fluids in some instances.

Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable

to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. Many
municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater. Over 2 billion people rely on it
as their primary water source worldwide.

Groundwater makes up about thirty percent of the world's fresh water supply, which is
about 0.76% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice. About 99% of the
world's liquid fresh water is groundwater. Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the
total amount of freshwater stored in the snow and ice pack, including the north and south poles.
This makes it an important resource that can act as a natural storage that can buffer against
shortages of surface water, as in during times of drought.

The volume of groundwater in an aquifer can be estimated by measuring water levels in

local wells and by examining geologic records from well-drilling to determine the extent, depth
and thickness of water-bearing sediments and rocks. Before an investment is made in

1
production wells, test wells may be drilled to measure the depths at which water is encountered
and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. Pumping tests can be
performed in test wells to determine flow characteristics of the aquifer.

The characteristics of aquifers vary with the geology and structure of the substrate and
topography in which they occur. In general, the more productive aquifers occur in sedimentary
geologic formations. By comparison, weathered and fractured crystalline rocks yield smaller
quantities of groundwater in many environments. Unconsolidated to poorly cemented alluvial
materials that have accumulated as valley-filling sediments in major river valleys and
geologically subsiding structural basins are included among the most productive sources of
groundwater.

Groundwater is the most accessed source of freshwater around the world, including
as drinking water, irrigation, and manufacturing. Groundwater accounts for about half of the
world's drinking water, 40% of its irrigation water, and a third of water for industrial purposes.
Another estimate stated that globally groundwater accounts for about one third of all water
withdrawals, and surface water for the other two thirds. Groundwater provides drinking water
to at least 50% of the global population. About 2.5 billion people depend solely on
groundwater resources to satisfy their basic daily water needs. A similar estimate was
published in 2021 which stated that "groundwater is estimated to supply between a quarter and
a third of the world's annual freshwater withdrawals to meet agricultural, industrial and
domestic demands.

Global freshwater withdrawal was probably around 600 km3 per year in 1900 and
increased to 3,880 km3 per year in 2017. The rate of increase was especially high (around 3%
per year) during the period 1950–1980, partly due to a higher population growth rate, and
partly to rapidly increasing groundwater development, particularly for irrigation. The rate of
increase is (as per 2022) approximately 1% per year, in tune with the current population
growth rate. Global groundwater depletion has been calculated to be between 100 and
300 km3 per year. This depletion is mainly caused by "expansion of irrigated agriculture
in drylands".The Asia-Pacific region is the largest groundwater abstractor in the world,
containing seven out of the ten countries that extract most groundwater (Bangladesh, China,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey). These countries alone account for roughly 60% of
the world's total groundwater withdrawal.

Groundwater may or may not be a safe water source. In fact, there is considerable
uncertainty with groundwater in different hydrogeologic contexts: the widespread presence of

2
contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride and salinity can reduce the suitability of groundwater as
a drinking water source. Arsenic and fluoride have been considered as priority contaminants at
a global level, although priority chemicals will vary by country. There is a lot of heterogeneity
of hydrogeologic properties. For this reason, salinity of groundwater is often highly variable
over space. This contributes to highly variable groundwater security risks even within a
specific region. Salinity in groundwater makes the water unpalatable and unusable and often
occurs in coastal areas, for example in Bangladesh and East and West Africa.

The water requirement for the proposed water supply scheme, the planners of the
scheme must go in for search of nearby water sources, which may be able to supply the
required amount of water. If the available supplies of a particular source or sources of water
chosen in the vicinity of the area, are not sufficient to meet the demand, then it becomes
imperative upon the planners to search some other distant source or sources and to make
arrangements for bringing the water from there.

The various sources of water available on the earth can be classified into the following two
categories:
A) Surfaces sources
such as:
i) Ponds and lakes;
ii) Streams and rivers;
iii) Storage reservoirs; and
iv) Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
B) Sub-surface sources or Underground sources
such as:
i) Springs;
ii) Infiltration galleries;
iii) Infiltration wells; and
iv) Wells and tube-wells.
Most of the earth’s water sources get their water supplies from precipitation, which may fall in
various forms, such as, rain, snow, hail, dew, etc. rains, no doubt, form the principal and the
major part of the resultant supplies. Since precipitation is the principal source of water on the
earth, and is responsible for the resultant yields of various sources, it will be worthwhile to
discuss the hydrologic principles underlying precipitation, rainfall, run-off, yields of surface
sources, etc.

3
 Groundwater Scenario in India

Groundwater is the water that seeps through rocks and soil and is stored below the
ground. The rocks in which it is stored are called aquifers. This hidden resource accounts for
just 0.62% of the total water and 30% of the freshwater available on earth. In India, out of the
1,123 BCM/year usable water resources of the country, the share of groundwater is 433
BCM/year (~39%).
Groundwater is India’s most used water resource accounting for a quarter of total GW
extraction in the world. The challenges in groundwater resource management are complex and
multifaceted. These include -
 Unregulated extraction
 Excessive irrigation
 Poor knowledge of GW management system
 GW pollution
 Climate change
As per the 2021 CAG report, groundwater extraction in India increased from 58% to
63%, between 2004-17, exceeding the groundwater recharge rate. Over extraction at the
current rate can threaten nearly 80% of drinking water over the next two decades.Legal
framework in India does not explicitly define groundwater ownership and rights, as these are
still determined by the archaic Indian Easement Act, 1882.These rights tied to land ownership
rights exclude a large part of the society and lead to violation of the fundamental right to water
and the right to life (Article 21).The Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) was formed
in 1970 specifically to develop groundwater policies and programs.The Central Ground Water
Authority (CGWA) was constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.In 2004, the
SC of India propounded the ‘public trust doctrine’ - making groundwater a matter of private
ownership would be unjustified. Atal Bhujal Yojana (2019), Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019) and
Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme are some of the initiatives of the government
of India for groundwater management.

Challenges to Groundwater Sustainability :

 Climate warming and unsustainable groundwater extraction:
 Warming climate will increase the frequency of hydro climate extremes - floods
and droughts.
 Warming climate will also increase the amount of summer monsoon rainfall.

4
 However, the projected increase in groundwater for irrigation can cancel the
benefits of increased precipitation (in groundwater recovery) in the future.
 The role of increased evapotranspiration due to warming climate:
 Evapotranspiration is the sum of all processes by which water moves from the land
surface to the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration.
 It will limit water availability for groundwater recovery
.

5
 WEST BENGAL GROUND WATER SCENARIO

As a part of the ongoing power sector reforms in India, the state of West Bengal is in
the process of metering agricultural electricity supply. Results suggest that the majority of the
pump owners benefit from the reforms in two ways: first by having to pay a lower electricity
bill for same usage and second through increased profit margins by selling water. This is
because in response to the changed incentive structure, water prices rose sharply by 30–50%
immediately after metering. In contrast, water buyers have lost out by having to pay higher
water charges and face adverse terms of contract. Impact of metering on operation of
groundwater markets and volume of groundwater extracted is less clear; they may expand,
contract or remain unchanged, though water use efficiency is likely to go up. At current tariff
rates, the electricity utilities are likely to earn less revenue than before. These findings are
context specific and hold good for West Bengal where high flat tariff had fostered competitive
groundwater markets and hence cannot be generalized for other Indian states.

6
 Table - 1
Ground Water Scenario of West Bengal

Area (Sq.km) 88,752

Rainfall (mm) 2074

Total Districts / Blocks 18 districts / 341 Blocks

 Hydrogeology :
The state can be divided into two hydrogeological unit namely fissured hard rocks &
porous alluvial formations. Fissures formation includes crystalline, meta sedimentary and
volcanic rocks. The yield of wells tapping fractured zones varies from 10-20 m3/hr. Two third
of the State is underlain by alluvial sediments mainly deposited by Ganga & Brahmaputra
rivers. Based on the yield of wells tapping these alluvial sediments, aquifers of the alluvial area
can be divided into three zones. 1. Yielding about 150m3/hr, occurs from Jalpaiguri .

Table - 2
Dynamic Ground Water Resources

Annual Replenishment Ground water 30.36 BCM( Billion Cubic Meters )

Resource
Net Annual Ground Water Availability 27.46 BCM
Annual Ground Water Draft 11.65 BCM
Stage of Ground Water Development 42 %

Table: - 3
Ground Water Development & Management

Over Exploited NIL

Critical 1 Block

Semi- critical 37 Blocks

Ground Water User Maps 18 districts

7
 Table: - 4
Ground Water Quality Parameter
According to IS Code (IS 10500 : 2012)

Contaminants Districts affected (in part)

Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at Haora, Midnipur, S- 24 Parganas,
25 ° C)

Fluoride (>1.0 mg/l) Bankura, Bardhhaman, Birbhum, Dakhindinajpur,

Malda, Nadia, Purulia, Uttardinajpur

Chloride (> 250 mg/l) S-24 Parganas, Haora

Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Bankura, Bardhhaman,

Birbhum,Hugli,Jalpaiguri,Kolkata, Murshidabad, N-
24 pargana, Nadia, S 24 praganna, Uttardinajpur,
West Midnapur Dakhindinajpur, E. Midnapur,
Howrah,

Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Bankura, Bardhhaman

Arsenic (>0.01 mg/l) Bardhhaman, Hooghly, Howrah, Malda,

Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, South 24
Parganas

8
 NORTH 24 PGS GROUND WATER SCENARIO

In North 24 Parganas , the ground water scenario is a critical aspect of the region's environmental
landscape. With its location in the Indian state of West Bengal, North 24 Parganas faces both
challenges and opportunities regarding groundwater availability and management.

The region's ground water scenario is influenced by various factors such as rainfall patterns,
topography, agricultural practices, and urbanization. Over the years, rapid urbanization and
industrialization have led to increased demand for water, putting pressure on existing
groundwater resources.

Moreover, indiscriminate extraction of groundwater for irrigation, domestic, and industrial

purposes has resulted in declining groundwater levels and quality in certain areas. This over
exploitation poses a threat to the sustainability of groundwater resources and the environment.
To address these challenges, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable water management
practices, including rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge initiatives, and efficient water
use technologies. Additionally, raising awareness about the importance of water conservation and
implementing regulations to control groundwater extraction are crucial steps in ensuring the
long-term availability and quality of groundwater in North 24 Parganas.

 Geography and Hydrogeology : North 24 Parganas district lies in the Gangetic plain and is
primarily composed of alluvial soil. The district is traversed by numerous rivers and their
tributaries, which play a crucial role in replenishing groundwater reserves. The
hydrogeological setup typically consists of shallow aquifers replenished by precipitation
and surface water runoff.

 Water Availability: Groundwater availability can vary across different seasons and regions
within the district. During the monsoon season, recharge rates are typically higher due to
increased rainfall and surface runoff. However, in some areas, over-extraction and
contamination may lead to depletion and deterioration of groundwater quality.

 Water Quality: Quality issues like salinity, fluoride, and arsenic contamination are
prevalent in many parts of West Bengal, including North 24 Parganas. High levels of

9
 arsenic, in particular, have been a significant concern, affecting the health of local
communities.

 Agricultural Practices : Agriculture is a dominant sector in the district, and groundwater is

extensively used for irrigation purposes. Excessive withdrawal for irrigation without
proper recharge mechanisms can lead to depletion of groundwater levels.

 Urbanization and Industrialization : Rapid urbanization and industrialization in certain

areas can exert additional pressure on groundwater resources. Increased demand for water
in urban and industrial sectors, coupled with inadequate wastewater management, can
exacerbate groundwater depletion and contamination issues.

 Government Initiatives : The government has implemented various schemes and initiatives
to address groundwater management issues, including rainwater harvesting, construction
of check dams, and promotion of water-saving agricultural practices.

 Community Participation : Community involvement and awareness campaigns play a

crucial role in sustainable groundwater management. Efforts to educate the local
population about the importance of water conservation and efficient utilization can help
mitigate the challenges associated with groundwater depletion and contamination.

10
11
 IMPORTANCE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

A general analysis on the water quality parameters of the groundwater quality have
been carried out to find the interrelationship among them and also to know the water quality
trends in the Aquifer.
The values of pH, TDS, Total Hardness, Chloride are significant to give the present
scenario of groundwater quality of the study area.

 Public Health: Groundwater is a significant source of drinking water for many

communities worldwide. The quality of this water directly affects public health.
Contaminants such as bacteria, nitrates, heavy metals, and pesticides can pose serious
health risks if present in high concentrations.
 Ecosystem Health: Groundwater often feeds streams, rivers, and wetlands, impacting
aquatic ecosystems. Poor water quality can harm aquatic life and disrupt entire
ecosystems, leading to declines in biodiversity and ecosystem services.
 Agriculture and Irrigation: Groundwater is essential for irrigation in agriculture. Water
quality affects crop health and productivity. Excessive salts, for example, can impair
plant growth, while contamination by chemicals or pathogens can render crops unsafe
for consumption.
 Industrial Use: Many industries rely on groundwater for various processes, including
manufacturing, cooling, and cleaning. Contaminated water can damage equipment,
affect product quality, and pose risks to workers' health.
 Economic Impact: Poor water quality can have significant economic repercussions. It
may necessitate costly treatment processes to make the water safe for consumption or
industrial use. Moreover, industries or agricultural sectors reliant on groundwater may
suffer losses due to reduced productivity or damage to equipment.
 Environmental Protection: Monitoring groundwater quality is vital for safeguarding
natural resources. Understanding the sources and movement of contaminants helps in
implementing effective pollution prevention measures and remediation strategies.
 Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Many regions have regulations governing
groundwater quality to protect public health and the environment. Compliance with
these regulations is essential for avoiding legal consequences and maintaining public
trust

12
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Amaliya N.K. and Sugirtha P. Kumar carried out ground water quality status by water
quality index method at Kanyakumari (INDIA), that the Quality Index assessment method is used
to monitor the pollution status of water samples by integrating the water quality variables. The
aim of this work is to monitor the pollution level of ground water samples from different places
of Kanyakumari district. For calculating the Quality Index the following18 water quality
variables such as EC, TDS, DO, TH, pH, alkalinity, calcium, sodium, magnesium, sulphate,
phosphate, potassium, chloride, fluoride, manganese and nitrate Have been considered. The
different ground water samples of Kanyakumari district have quality index values ranging
from8.45 to 162.3. In this present work the status of water quality is found to be good for
consumption and other purposes except Kalkulam bore well water sample.
G. Achuthan Nair et al carried out ground water quality status by water quality index at
North –East Libya The quality of groundwater was assessed to their suitability for drinking at six
places of north-east Libya viz. El-Marj Albayda, Shahat, Susa, Ras al-Hilal and Derna, during
November, 2003 to March, 2004, by determining their physicochemical parameters (17
parameters)and water quality index (15 parameters). Peoples of Libya are aware for ground water
quality and purity level and present study will be use full for maintaining the desired levels.
Kumar M .et. al Carried out experimental work on Physico-Chemical Properties of
Ground Water of U.P., (India). The study deals with evaluation of granite mines situated in
Jhansi (Goramachia) for their status about physicochemical contamination of ground water. Six
different sites are selected for sample testing collected from mines and urban area. Three
samples have been taken at various distances on the site. This location is 10Km above from
Jhansi city. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, D.O., E.C., T.D.S., alkalinity,
turbidity, Ca (calcium) and Mg (magnesium) hardness, NO3 (nitrate), F (fluoride), Fe3+ (iron)
and Cl- (chloride) have been tested. It has been found that parameters are not in limit when
compared with W.H.O. standards.
Manjesh Kumar and Ramesh Kumar Carried out experimental work on Physico-
Chemical Properties of Ground Water of U.P., (India). The study deals with evaluation of
granite mines situated in jhansi (Goramachia) for their status about physicochemical
contamination of ground water. Six different sites are selected for sample testing collected
from mines and urban area. Three samples have been taken at various distances on the site.
This location is 10Km above from Jhansi city. The physic-chemical parameters such as pH,
D.O., E.C., T.D.S., alkalinity, turbidity, Ca (calcium) and Mg (magnesium) hardness, total

13
hardness, NO3 (nitrate), F (fluoride), Fe+3 (iron) and Cl- (chloride) have been tested. It has
been found that parameters are not in limit when compared with W.H.O. standards.
Neeraj D. Sharma, J.N. Patel carried out evaluation of ground water quality index of the
Urban segments of Surat city (INDIA) states that the development of urban regions in developing
country needs the multifaceted study of qualitative and quantitative stresses n available natural
resources there within. Under this study the various seasonal ground water samples were
collected for some consecutive years and the respective physic-chemical analysis was carried out
for particularly five groundwater quality parameters pH, TDS, Chlorides, Hardness and Electrical
Conductivity (EC) suggested and essentially responsible for groundwater quality degradation in
the said area. The ground water quality Index for each sample location was determined by
imparting the relative and proportionate weight age.
Rajankar P. N. et. al carried out evaluation of tube well water quality using W.Q.I. in
Wardha (India). Using W.Q.I. Some tehsile of district Wardha were evaluated. It is calculated by
parameters, such as pH, turbidity, Temp., D.O., B.O.D. in the residential, commercial and
agricultural area. Some Other physico-chemical parameters are E.C., Total hardness, calcium
hardness (as CaCO3), SO4 (sulphate), chlorides (as Cl-), Na+(sodium) and K+(potassium) etc.
Final parameters are compared with B.I.S. (Bureau of Indian Standard).
Shivaharanappa, .et. al carried-out research work on Bidar city (Karnataka) for their
characteristics of ground water and Water quality index (W.Q.I). This research work deals with
revaluation of W.Q.I for ground water for the residential and industrial area of bidar. In the city
there are 35 wards, samples collected from all wards and tested for 17 parameters. The
parameters are pH, total hardness, Ca (Calcium), Mg (Magnesium), chloride (Cl), NO3
(nitrate), SO4 (sulphate), T.D.S., Fe3+ (Iron), F (Fluoride), sodium (Na)potassium (K),
alkalinity, manganese (Mn), D.O., total solids and Zinc (Zn). Tested results were used for
suggest the models for water quality analysis.
Shweta Tyagi, Bhavtosh Sharma, Prashant Singh, Rajendra Dobhal carried out
Water quality assessment in terms of Water Quality Index at Uttarakhand (India). The study
states that Waterquality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depictthe overall water
quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique
to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water
quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative
decision makers.In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality,
some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of
water quality indices.Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the
appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws

14
attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted "Water Quality Index" in a
simplified format, which may be used at large and could represent the reliable picture of water
quality. Initially, WQI selecting 10 most commonly used water quality variables like dissolved
oxygen (DO), pH, coliforms, specific conductance, A alkalinity and chloride etc. and has been
widely applied and accepted in European, African and Asian countr
Sriniwas Kushtagi and Padaki Sriniwas carried out studies on water quality index of
Groundwater of Aland taluka, Gulbarga(INDIA) states that main aim of the current work is to
evaluate the quality of well water for rural and urban population based on W.Q.I. results,
groundwater characteristics and quality assessment .Ten villages of Aland taluka are selected and
at each village water samples at three places were collected using standard procedural methods
and analyzed for pH, TH, Ca, Mg, CL, TDS, Fe, F, NO3,SO4 . BIS-10500-1991 standards were
adopted for calculation of water quality index.
Tyagi S .et. al carried-out Water quality assessment in terms of Waters Quality Index
at Uttarakhand (India). The study states that Water Quality Index (WQI) is valuable and unique
rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection
of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concern issues. However, WQI depicts the
composite influence of different water quality parameters and communicates water quality
information to the public and legislative decision makers. Attempts have been made to review
the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article
also highlights and draws attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted
“Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which may be used at large and could represent
the reliable picture of water quality, Initially, WQI selecting 10 most commonly used water
quality variables like dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, coliforms, specific conductance, alkalinity
and chloride etc. and has been widely applied and accepted in European, African and Asian
countries.

15
 Drinking Water Parameters & It’s Specifications As Per IS 10500:2012
Table 5

Permissible
Undesirable Methods of test
Requirement limit in the
Sl. Substance or effect outside (refer to test
(Desirable absence of
No. Characteristics the Desirable (refer to IS
Limit) alternative
Limit 3025 : 2012)
source
Beyond this
range the
water will
affect the IS 3025: 2012
1 pH value 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
mucus Part 7 & 8
membrane
and/or water
supply system
Beyond this
palatability
Total Dissolved decreases and
IS 3025: 2012
2 Solids (TDS) 500 may cause 2000
Part 10 & 11
mg/l, Max gastro
intestinal
irritation
Encrustation in
water supply
Total Hardness
structure and IS 3025: 2012
3 (as CaCo3) 300 600
adverse effects Part 21
mg/l, Max
on domestic
use

Test characteristics for drinking water as per IS 10500 : 2012 and 2022
About ten groundwater samples of different locations of BARASAT Municipality ward no.10
of North 24 Parganas Districts of West Bengal State were collected and analyzed as per
standard procedure by APHA (2012). Statistical analysis of groundwater quality and also to
identify the exact status of present drinking water scenario of groundwater quality in the
location of BARASAT Municipality ward no. 10 the method followed by Tiwari, Buntine,
Garg, Kanan et al., have been advocated. four water quality parameters like pH, TDS (Total
Dissolved Solid), Total Hardness, and Chloride have been chosen to determine the water is
potable or not in the study area as per IS-10500:2012. A general statistical study and analysis
on the water quality parameters of the groundwater quality have been carried out to find the
interrelationship among them and also to know the water quality trends in the Aquifer.

16
The Indian Standard IS 10500 specifies the permissible limits for various parameters in
drinking water to ensure its safety and quality.
 Physical Parameters:
 Color : Color is an indicator of organic matter and other impurities. The permissible limit
is 5 HU (Hazen Units).
 Turbidity: Turbidity measures the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles.
The limit is 5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).

 Chemical Parameters:
 pH Value: pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. The range is typically 6.5 to 8.5.
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS includes inorganic salts, organic matter, and other
dissolved substances. The limit is 500 mg/L.
 Total Hardness: Hardness is primarily due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
salts. The permissible limit is 300 mg/L as CaCO3.
 Chlorides: Chloride ions can indicate contamination from sewage or industrial effluents.
The limit is 250 mg/L.
 Sulfates: Sulfates can occur naturally or from industrial sources. The limit is 200 mg/L.
 Nitrate (as NO3): Nitrate contamination is often from agricultural runoff or sewage. The
limit is 45 mg/L.
 Fluoride: Fluoride is essential but can be harmful in high concentrations. The limit is 1.5
mg/L.
 Iron: Iron can cause discoloration and taste issues. The limit is 0.3 mg/L.
 Manganese: Manganese can cause staining and taste issues. The limit is 0.1 mg/L.
 Copper: Copper can leach from pipes and fittings. The limit is 2.0 mg/L.
 Zinc: Zinc can come from industrial discharges. The limit is 5.0 mg/L.
 Arsenic: Arsenic is a toxic element and can occur naturally. The limit is 0.01 mg/L.
 Lead: Lead can leach from pipes and fittings. The limit is 0.01 mg/L.

 Microbiological Parameters:
Coliform Bacteria: Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination. The permissible limit is 0
CFU (Colony Forming Units) per 100 mL.

17
 pH
 Determination of pH of A Sample of Water :
The term “pH” refers to the measurement of hydrogen ion activity in the solution. Since
the direct measurement of the pH is very difficult, specific electrodes are needed for quick and
accurate pH determination. pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with lower values indicating
high H+ (more acidic) and higher values indicating low H+ ion activity (less acidic). A pH of 7
is considered as neutral. Every whole unit in pH represents a ten-fold increase in or decrease in
hydrogen ion concentration. Most natural waters possess the pH values ranging from 5.0 to 8.5.
Rain water have a pH value of 5.4 to 6.0 which then reacts with the soils and minerals causing
the reduction in H+ ion concentration and thus the water may become alkaline with a pH 0f
8.0-8.5. More acid water (pH<5) and more alkaline (pH >9) and other immediate changes in
the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) suggest that the quality of the water is adversely affected
due to the introduction of some toxic contaminants in water bodies. pH is measured using pH
meter, which comprises a detecting unit consisting of a glass electrode, reference electrode,
usually a calomel electrode connected by KCl Bridge to the pH sensitive glass electrode and an
indicating unit which indicates the pH corresponding to the electromotive force is then detected.
Before measurement, pH meter should be calibrated by using at least two buffers.

 Equipment Required :
1. pH meter
2. pH electrode filled with KCL solution
3. Buffer solutions of pH4 and pH 7
4. Clean beakers
5. Tissue papers
6. Distilled water
7. Thermometer

 Precaution :
1. The pH meter can be standardized by measuring the 7-pH buffer solution or any other
solution of standard pH. Sometimes, the manufacturer of the pH meter may suggest
other methods of standardizing, which too have to be followed.
2. The electrodes have to be inserted into the water so that it does not touch the bottom of
the beaker. Bottom contact with damage may cause damage to the electrodes.
3. Any cause of slow response due to the polarization can be solved by washing the
electrodes thoroughly.

18
 4. Periodic check has to be conducted to check the electrodes
5. During the electrode storage, they have to be kept moist. And also follow the
instructions of the manufacturer.

 Procedure :

1. Plug in the pH meter to power source and let it warm up for 5 to 10 minutes
2. Wash the glass electrode with distilled water and clean slowly with a soft tissue.
3. Note the temperature of water and set the same on the pH meter
4. Place the electrode in pH 7 buffer solution and set the value of 7 on the pH meter
turning the Calibrate knob on the meter.
5. Take out the electrode, wash with DW and clean.
6. Dip the electrode in the pH 4 buffer solution. Adjust the value on the pH readout meter
by the Slope switch . Repeat with pH 7 and pH4 buffers till a correct and stable
reading is displaced.
7. While moving and cleaning the electrode, put the selector switch on standby mode.
Turn to pH mode for recording the pH.
8. Now place the electrode in the water sample whose pH is to be determined.
9. You can take a number of simultaneous readings for different samples until the power
is on.

PH Meter

19
 Results :
Table: - 6

pH Values

Tap Number pH

Tap 1 7

Tap 2 7.1

Tap 3 6.8

Tap 4 6.9

Tap 5 7.3

Tap 6 7.5

Tap 7 7.1

Tap 8 6.6

Tap 9 7

Tap 10 7.4

20
 Occurrence and Significance:

pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. This
is a measure of the ionized hydrogen in solution. Simply, it is the relative acidity or basicity of
the solution. Measurement of pH is one of the most important and frequently used tests I water
chemistry. Practically every phase of water supply and waste water treatment, example, acid
base neutralization, water softening, precipitation, coagulation, disinfection and corrosion
control, is pH dependent. pH is used in alkalinity and carbon dioxide measurements and many
other acid base equilibrium.

 Health and Other Effects :

All chemical and biological processes in the water are pH dependent. For example,
different organisms flourish within different pH ranges. The largest variety of aquatic animals
prefers a range of 6.5-9.0. pH outside this range reduces the diversity in the stream because it
stresses the physiological systems of most organisms and can reduce reproduction. pH 4 and
pH 10.1 are the minimum and maximum limits for the most resistant species to survive in
water. Low or high pH can produce conditions that are too toxic to aquatic life, particularly to
sensitive species. The permissible level of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 [ as per IS: 10500:
2012], beyond this limit the taste becomes unpleasant.

21
 Total Dissolved solids (TDS)
 Determination of TDS of A Sample of Water :
Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Pure water -- tasteless,
colorless, and odorless is often called the universal solvent. Dissolved solids" refer to any
minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS)
comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium,
bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are
dissolved in water. In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the
cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore,
the total dissolved solids test provides a qualitative measure of the amount of dissolved
ions but does not tell us the nature or ion relationships An elevated total dissolved solids
(TDS) concentration is not a health hazard. The TDS concentration is a secondary drinking
water standard and, therefore, is regulated because it is more of an aesthetic rather than a
health hazard. An elevated TDS indicates the following: 1
1. The concentration of the dissolved ions may cause the water to be corrosive, salty or
brackish taste, result in scale formation, and interfere and decrease efficiency of hot
water heaters; and
2. Many contain elevated levels of ions that are above the Primary or Secondary
Drinking Water Standards, such as an elevated level of nitrate, arsenic, aluminum,
copper, lead, etc.

 Equipment Required :
1. Water sample to be tested
2. Evaporating Dish/ Ceramic Dish
3. Desiccator
4. Whatman Filter paper
5. Electric balance machine

 Precautions:
1. If the sample cooled in a moist environment, the sample would increase in weight
because of the addition of water vapor from the air.
2. Remember the sample is very hot and can melt plastic.
3. Do not touch container with bare hands.

22
 Procedure:
1. Filter your water sample through a Whatman Filter paper.
2. Collect the filtrate (liquid) and rinse water in a flask.
3. Take the weight of empty container (ceramic dish/ evaporating Dish). Make sure the
container should be dried.
4. Add the filtrate to the container and allow the sample to stay in the oven at 103°C for
24 hours. If possible, increase the temperature of the drying oven to 180°C and allow
the sample to dry for up to 8 hours.
5. Remove the container - Remember it is very hot. After removing from the drying oven,
the sample should be placed in a desiccator to cool in a dry air environment for at least
3 to 4 hours.
6. After the container cools, reweigh the container at least three times.
7. Subtract the initial weight (in grams) of the empty container from the weight of the
container with the dried residue to obtain the increase in weight. Then do the
following :
A. Weight of clean dried container (gm)
B. Weight of container and residue(gm)
C. Volume of Sample (ml)
Concentration (mg/L) = ((B - A)/ C)* (1000 mg/g) * (1000 ml/L)

23
 Results :
Table: - 7

TDS

Tap TS TSS TDS

Number (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Tap 1 442 145 297

Tap 2 527 162 365

Tap 3 534 191 343

Tap 4 553 186 367

Tap 5 483 154 329

Tap 6 472 141 331

Tap 7 450 178 272

Tap 8 448 139 309

Tap 9 444 150 294

Tap 10 475 167 308

24
 Occurrence and Significance:
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect
water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with high dissolved solids
generally is of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological reaction in the
transient consumer. Highly mineralized waters also are unsuitable for many industrial
applications. Waters with high suspended solids may be aesthetically unsatisfactory for such
19purpose as bathing. Solids analysis is most important in the control of biological and
physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency
wastewater effluent limitations.

 Health and Other Effects:

The concentration of total dissolved solids affects the water balance in the cells of
aquatic organisms. An organism placed in water with a very low level of solids, will swell up
because water will tend to move into its cells, which have a higher concentration of solids. An
organism placed in water with a high concentration of solids will shrink somewhat because the
water in its cells will tend to move out. This will in turn affect the organism’s ability to
maintain the proper cell density, making it difficult to keep its position in the water column. It
might up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted, and might not survive. The
effluents from pharmaceutical industry, tanneries are very high dissolved solids. The
permissible level of dissolved solids in drinking water is 500 mg/l. Beyond this palatability
decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irritation. The maximum permissible limit in the
absence of alternate source is 2000 mg/l beyond which water has to be rejecter [IS:
10500:2012].

25
 Total Hardness
 Determination of Total Hardness of A Sample of Water :
To estimate the amount of total hardness present in the given sample of water by EDTA
titration method
EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) forms colorless stable complexes with Ca2+
and Mg2+ ions present in water at pH = 9-10. To maintain the pH of the solution at 9-10,
buffer solution (NH4Cl + NH4OH) is used. Eriochrome Black-T (E.B.T) is used as an
indicator. The sample of hard water must be treated with buffer solution and EBT indicator
which forms unstable, wine-red colored complex s with Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in water.

 Apparatus required :
1. 50 ml Burette
2. 20 ml Pipette
3. 250 ml Conical flask
4. 100 ml Bekar
5. 250 ml beaker
6. Glass funnel.

 Reagents :
1. EDTA solution
2. Standard CaCO3 solution
3. Eriochrome Black–T indicator
4. Buffer solution.

 Procedure :

1. Standardization of EDTA
i. Pipette out 20 ml of standard hard water into a conical flask.
ii. Add 5 ml of buffer solution and few drops of Eriochrome Black-T. The indicator,
which is originally blue color would acquire a wine-red color.
iii. Titrate with EDTA solution taken in the burette, till the wine red color changes to
blue which is the end point. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V2 ml.

26
2. Determination of Total hardness :
Repeat the above titration method for sample hard water instead of standard hard
water. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V3 ml.

3. Determination of Permanent hardness :

Take 100 ml of sample hard water in 250 ml beaker. Boil it to remove temporary
hardness to about half of this volume and cool to room temperature. Filter through filter
paper to remove insoluble CaCO3 and MgCO3. Make up the volume to the original 100 ml
by adding distilled water. Now pipette out 20 ml of this solution into a clean conical flask.
Then repeat the process of titration steps as mentioned above. Let the burette reading of
EDTA be V4 ml.

27
 Results :
Table: 8

HARDNESS

Tap Hardness
Number (mg/l)

Tap 1 340

Tap 2 368

Tap 3 357

Tap 4 369

Tap 5 350

Tap 6 354

Tap 7 330

Tap 8 349

Tap 9 345

Tap 10 300

28
 Occurrence and Significance
The hardness of water is its property by which it prevents lather formation with soaps.
The increasing hardness also increases the boiling point of water. Hard water is a type of water
that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water primarily consists of
calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved
compounds such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calciumsulphate (CaSO4),
in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite
(CaMg (CO3)2). The simplest way to determine the hardness of water is the lather/froth test:
soap or toothpaste, when agitated, lather easily in soft water but not in hard water. More exact
measurements of hardness can be obtained through a wet titration.

 Health and other Effects

Hard waters are undesirable because they may lead to greater consumption of soap.
Hard water further causes scaling in boilers and incrustation pipes. The permissible level for
hardness in drinking water is 300 mg/1. The maximum permissible limit in absence of alternate
source is 600 mg/l beyond which water has to be rejected (IS: 10500:2012). In general water
with hardness up to 75 mg/l is considered soft and those with hardness above 200 mg/l as hard.
Underground waters are generally harder than surface water as they do have more opportunity
to come in contact with minerals. The water with hardness less than 75 mg/l are tasteless;
hence for drinking purpose the hardness of water should not be reduced below 75 mg/l.

29
 Results & Discussion
Table: 9

Total Total Dissolved

Sample Hardness Solids (mg/l)
pH
No (mg
CaCO3/l) TSS
TS TDS
(mg/l
(mg/l) (mg/l)
)
WHO 8 500 500
BIS 7.5 200 500
Tap 1 7 340 442 145 297
Tap 2 7.1 368 527 162 365
Tap 3 6.8 357 534 191 343
Tap 4 6.9 369 553 186 367
Tap 5 7.3 350 483 154 329
Tap 6 7.5 354 472 141 331
Tap 7 7.1 330 450 178 272
Tap 8 6.6 349 448 139 309
Tap 9 7 345 444 150 294

Tap 10 7.4 300 475 167 308

Average 161.
7.07 346.2 482.8 321.5
value 3

30
 Maximum temperature was recorded in May and minimum temperature was recorded
in December, but the variation was never more than 4 to 5 degrees for any sample during the
study period. Temperature was found to increase with the depth of the source. Open well water
had lower temperature than bore well water. Also, temperature was found to be less in post
monsoon than during monsoon.

The pH values for all the samples were almost uniform at all times except for an
occasional variation in one or two cases. This may be attributed to the carbonate
bicarbonate buffer abundantly found in the soil (10). pH of all the samples was found to be
within the BIS range of 6.5 to 8.5(2). Samples were mostly alkaline. The pH was very rarely
found to be around 7.0. The pH limit for drinking water is 7.5 to 9.0. Majority of the samples
most of the time showed less than 7.5 pH. Hardness in water is mainly caused by Ca and Mg
although Fe and Mg also contribute to actual hardness. Total hardness (carbonate and
noncarbonate) is expressed as mg/l of CaCO3 It is a measure of the capacity of water to
precipitate soap. Hardness in water results in excessive consumption of soap and wastage of
fuel. Total hardness of all the samples was found to be higher during monsoon when compared
to other times (6).
Average total hardness of most of the samples in the study area was found to be higher than
300mg/l indicating that the water is very hard water. Total hardness in most cases is always
higher than 300mg/l which is the permissible limit both by BIS as well as WHO standards

From the above results we can conclude that both TDS and general hardness are directly
proportional to each other; the higher the TDS, the harder the water will be.

31
 Conclusions

From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the groundwater in the study
area is palatable. It is

 No smelling and foaming because of low contamination of TDS in the ground water.
 It’s good for bathing and washing.
 There is a little bit white iron.
 It’s not that much Harmful to health.

But at the end we should think about human health and from the previous study we can
drink ground water. But recommend do not drink ground water directly because there are many
more parameters in water. In this study we only measure four parameters. The four parameters
we measure are under control in the Barasat ward no 10. Because of incomplete data we cannot
surely assure to drink ground water. Barasat ward no. 10 people should use a water purifier to
clean the water and then drink it. Rather than drink the ground water they can use ground water
as they like for bathing, washing other things etc.From the above results we can conclude that
both TDS and general hardness are directly proportional to each other; the higher the TDS, the
harder the water will be.

From the above results we can conclude that both TDS and general hardness are directly
proportional to each other; the higher the TDS, the harder the water will be.

32
 FUTURE & SCOPE
The future scope of studying groundwater quality characteristics for a particular area is broad and
crucial for sustainable water management. Here are some exciting areas of research:

 Emerging contaminants : Traditional studies focus on established pollutants like nitrates

and arsenic. The future lies in detection and understanding of emerging contaminants like
pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and microplastics in groundwater.

 Microbial source tracking : Identifying the source of fecal contamination in groundwater

(human vs. animal) is vital for targeted remediation strategies. Advancements in microbial
source tracking will improve water quality monitoring.

 Climate change impacts : A warming climate can alter precipitation patterns, leading to
saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers and changes in groundwater recharge. Studying these
impacts on groundwater quality is crucial for adaptation.

 Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) : MAR involves using treated wastewater or surface
water to replenish aquifers. Research on the effectiveness and potential water quality
changes during MAR will be important for future water supplies.

 Data integration and modeling : Combining hydrogeological data, water quality data, and
geospatial information with sophisticated modeling techniques will allow for more accurate
prediction of groundwater quality changes over time.

 Citizen science and low-cost sensors : Engaging citizen scientists and utilizing low-cost
sensors can provide valuable real-time data for large-scale groundwater quality monitoring,
especially in remote areas.

By focusing on these areas, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex factors
affecting groundwater quality in your specific area. This knowledge will inform effective water
management strategies to ensure a sustainable and safe water supply for future generations.

33
 REFERENCES

The information in this project has been obtained from a wide range of sources, too
numerous to mention. However, specific reference is made in the text to the following:

 Dr. Gupta N.C.et. al

 G. Achuthan Nair et al
 Kushtagi S .et. al (2011)
 K. Elangovan (2013)
 Kumar M .et. al
 Rosu, C .et. al
 Sirajudeen J .et. al (2013)
 Tyagi S .et. al
 Sk Garg. (Environmental engg.)
 World Health Organization (WHO) (1993)
 Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality, 2nd edition, vol. 1,
Recommendation. WHO Geneva.

34
35