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Lecture 3 MTH301

This document discusses key concepts of three dimensional geometry including distance formulas between points, finding midpoints, direction angles and ratios, intersections of surfaces, planes and common 3D shapes like spheres, cones and cylinders.

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37 views

Lecture 3 MTH301

This document discusses key concepts of three dimensional geometry including distance formulas between points, finding midpoints, direction angles and ratios, intersections of surfaces, planes and common 3D shapes like spheres, cones and cylinders.

Uploaded by

student
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

Lecture No-3 Elements of three dimensional geometry

Distance formula in three dimension

Let P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) be two points such that PQ is not parallel to one of the
coordinate axis Then PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2 Which is known as Distance
fromula between the points P and Q.

Example of distance formula


Let us consider the points A (3, 2, 4), B (6, 10, −1),
and C (9, 4, 1)
Then
| AB | = (6 − 3)2 + (10 − 2)2 + (− 1 − 4)2 = 98 = 7 2
| AC | = (9 − 3) + (4 − 2) + (1 − 4) = 49 = 7
2 2 2

| BC | = (9 − 6)2 + (4 − 10)2 + (1 + 1)2 = 49 = 7

Mid point of two points


If R is the middle point of the line segment PQ, then the co-ordinates of the middle
points are
x= (x1+x2)/2 ,
y= (y1+y2)/2 ,
z= (z1+z2)/2

Let us consider tow points A(3,2,4) and B(6,10,-1)


Then the co-ordinates of mid point of AB is

[(3+6)/2,(2+10)/2,(4-1)/2]
= (9/2,6,3/2)

Direction Angles
The direction angles α β , γ of a lineare defined as
α = Angle between lineand the positive x-axis
β = Angle between line and the positivey-axis
γ = Angle between line and the positive z-axis.
By definition, each of these angles lies between 0. and π

Direction Ratios
Cosines of direction angles are called direction cosines
Any multiple of direction cosines are called direction numbers or direction ratios of
the line L.

Given a point, finding its Direction cosines

y-axis
3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

P(x,y)
From triangle we
β can write
r
y cos α = x/r
cos β = y/r
α
O x x-axis

Direction angles of a Line

The angles which a line makes with positive x,y and z-axis are known as Direction
Angles. In the above figure the blue line has direction angles as α,andwhich
are the angles which blue line makes with x,y and z-axis respectively.

Direction cosines:
Now if we take the cosine of the Direction Angles of a line then we
get the Direction cosines of that line. So the Direction Cosines of the above line are given
by
x x
cos α = OP = x2 +y2 +z2
y y
cos β = OP = x2 +y2 +z2
Similarly,
z z
cos γ = OP = x +y2 +z2
2

c os 2 α + c os 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 .

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points

•For a line joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, x2) the direction ratios are
3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

x 2 - x1 y 2 - y1 z -z
x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1 and the directions cosines are , and 2 1 .
PQ PQ PQ
Example For a line joining two points P(1,3,2) and Q(7,-2,3) the direction ratios
are
7 - 1, -2 – 3 , 3 – 2
6 , -5 , 1
and the directions cosines are
6/√62 , -5/√62 , 1/ √62
In two dimensional space the graph of an equation relating the variables x and y is the set
of all point (x, y) whose co-ordinates satisfy the equation. Usually, such graphs are
curves. In three dimensional space the graph of an equation relating the variables
x, y
and z is the set of all point (x, y, z) whose co-ordinates satisfy the equation.
Usually, such graphs are surfaces.

Intersection of two surfaces

•Intersection of two surfaces is a curve in three dimensional space.


•It is the reason that a curve in three dimensional space is represented by two equations
representing the intersecting surfaces.
Intersection of Cone and Sphere

Intersection of Two Planes


If the two planes are not parallel, then they intersect and their intersection is a straight
line. Thus, two non-parallel planes represent a straight line given by two simultaneous
linear equations in x, y and z and are known as non-symmetric form of equations of a
straight line.
3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

REGION DESCRIPTION EQUATION

xy-plane Consists of all points of the form (x, y, 0) z=0

xz-plane Consists of all points of the form (x, 0, z) y=0

yz-plane Consists of all points of the form (0, y, z) x=0

x-axis Consists of all points of the form (x, 0, 0) y = 0, z = 0

y-axis Consists of all points of the form (0, y, 0) z = 0, x = 0

z-axis Consists of all points of the form (0, 0, z) x = 0, y = 0

Planes parallel to Co-ordinate Planes

General Equation of Plane


Any equation of the form
ax + by + cz + d = 0
where a, b, c, d are real numbers,represent a plane.

Sphere
3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

Right Circular Cone

Horizontal Circular Cylinder


3-Elements of three dimensional geometry VU

Horizontal Elliptic Cylinder

Overview of Lecture # 3

Chapter # 14
Three Diamentional Space
Page # 657

Book CALCULUS by HOWARD ANTON


3-Elements of three dimensional geometry
VU

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