!#"%$'&)(+*,"

-/.103245064,03798;:=<?>9@45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4BF<GBIH/0J9@D</K?.103L;4CE7MBIH?CA4+0N8=COBDC1<=7PKN:RQGST?UNVXWZY/V\[D]
^ __\`badc e <=J:f<?gihkjml=nobhkjml=prq/jsRhkjt!nio9hvuwxzy|{~}+CA..K/0€J9@D034,037?BF0N8'BD<
/
<=790GJ/@D0F>97=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :Z@D0328/0N@†}‡H/<ˆ4,03798/4iCE7Z45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4+K/03gr<=@D06BIH/0G890328?.ACA790 a)‰ H/0
890 e CE4IC1<=7;<?g9BIH/0‡0N8=COBF<=@ŠCE4Œ‹97/2N. a
 0}+CA..Ž<=7=. :J9@ƒCE7?B!45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4!BD<J/@D</K=.E0NLG4LG2@F08‡}+CBIH627G2N4IBD0N@ƒCE45) Cg
}‡0+@D0 e 03C ‚=0iBIH/03L’g1@D<=L“4IBD>b8/0N7?Bƒ4ŒCE7G”X@ƒ28/0 • <=@–>9798903@Œ1<=@!0—?>/CO‚?23.1037?B <=@–CAg/∗}‡ ‘ 0
@D0 e 03C ‚=02+>97=C1—?>b0‡45<?.A>=BDCE<=7G<=@!2‡”30N7903@ƒ2N.C™I2XBDC1<=7 a I
‘ ˜
‰ H?CA4ŠL;<=7?BIHŽš 4|—?>b0N4FBDC1<=7/4–2N@D08=@ƒ2X}7+g1@D<=L›BIH/0‹9@ƒ4IBœ27/7=>923.9:=J92XBDCE2 e <=7?BD0N4FB
gr<=@”X@ƒ28/0  4FBD>b89037?BD4m@D>97+KN:BIH/0†ž2N7/28?CE2N7)ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 4žœ<=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7 aœ‰ H=2794
BF<;z27)¡–2N798903@£¢9>9@D”3HG2N798Z-=0\BF03@ŒžŽ@DCAJ9J=CE7gr<=@|LG2NCE79”BIH/034,0—?>b0N4FBDC1<=7/4†2\‚?2NC.E2K=.E0 a

¤¥i¥+¦’§G¨ª©«–¨¬‡­9®’¯k°+±²–³œ´Iµ
¶5·i·¸ ²©ª©Mµ
¹ µ»ºf¼Œµ«i½+¾¿²Œ¬ÁÀ~¬Pµ ¹ µ«œÃ
Ä µ†­Ž«–­ŽµŪ´ ·+Æ ²ŒÇ+­b´DÈM¤¥i¥+¦
· a E 2 žŽ2@ƒ.Ž2+>97 e 03@ƒBƒ2NCA7G79<=LMK=@D0‡890iBD>/CA.E0N4 e 2@D@X0NÉ 0N4†LM034„>9@ƒ2N7?B e H=2 e >9790 e L“4„>9@
e L a ‘ r..1034ŠJ/.A2 e 0i8/0LG27=CD0NÊ @D062
Ê gr<=@DLM03@m>97)”X@ƒ2798 e 2@D@X0i É 8/<=7?Bm.1034 e3<Ë B30NÉ 4ŠL;10N4I>9@D0N7?B
1 e L’0\B e <=7/4FBD2XBF0i—?>œš C./@D034IBD0 BD>/C.1034|79<=7‡>=BDCA.CE40É 034 aÌ š CA.=2X‚?23CB2N..1<=79”/0
É .E0N4 e3<Ë BX03É 4
n8=>)”X@ƒ2N798 e 2N@F@X0Œ É Í1>945—=>œšr2 Ê 92 e L CA..>/C2N>9@ƒ23CBœL;2N79—=>–0 É BD>/CA.E0N4Jb<?>9@œ@X0XÉ >9454ICE@
a ž<=LMK?C1037;˜ 890ªBD>/C.1034ž[email protected]FBIFCA.\Î 100
Ê gr<=@DLM03@|.E0‡”X@ƒ2N798 e 2N@F@X0 É (n+2)
2+
1K CE2N790 . š 2LC10P890Zž2N@D. 2N@F@ƒCO‚=0P2\‚=0 e >9790Z”X@D<=45450PJ/C.10P890ZK?.1< e 4 e H=2 e >97
\0 É BD2N7?B‘)>97 Ï e >bK90i˜ 89<=7?B.E0N4|2N@ 0\Ë BF034|LM ˜ 034„>9@D037?B e L a ž2N@D.=J9@D03798‡>9790iJ/2@ÐBDC10i89˜ 034ŒK?.1< e 4
0XB CA27906”X2N@D890).E0)@D0N4FBF0 a ž2N@D.>=BDC.ACA4,0‡4,034i1K=.E< e 4J9<?>9@ŒBD0N7?BD0N@8/0)gr<=@DLM03@†>97P”X@D<=4
e >bK9Ï 0€89<=7?B.103462@ 0XË BD0N4L;0N4I>9@D0N7?B eL L;23CE4)C. e <=7/4IBƒ23BD0€—=>œš CA.Œ.>/C†LG279—?>b0
K=.E< e 4 a CA2790G@X03É >94„4„COB2G Ê gr<=@DLM03@>97~ 8 ”X@D<=4 ˜ e >bK/0M037Z>=BDCA.CE4„27?BBD<?>94+4,034K=.E< e 4 amÌ š 24
C.E4
>=BDCA.CE450N7?Ï BBF<?>94+.1034)K?.1< e 4)—?>b0 CA2790M2ˆ2NJ9J9<=@ƒBX03É 4 C.E4Jb0X>?‚=0N7?Bªgr<=@DLM03@ª>97єX@ƒ2798
e >bK90P8/<=7?Bª.1034‡2@ 0XË BD0N4)<=7?B e Ï LÒ8/0ˆJ=.A>94)—=>b0 e 03˜ ..1034)8=>'”X@ƒ2N798 e >bK90P8/0 CA2790 a
2
žœ<=L;K=CE0N7):G2FBIFCA.b890 e >bK9034037BD<?>=B9Î Ï

Ób[„TNÔzTÕ/Ö?VXWPV\՜×؎ÙÚÓb[IT9YNÔ\ÛV WPVÑQR܊ž<=L;L;0~8/2N7/4.E2~—=>b034IBDCE<=7 E2 ž2N@D.J=.E2 e 0

Ê gr<=@FL;0N@+>97'”X@ƒ2798 e 2N@F@X0Z
,4 034‡BD>/C.10346890PLG27=CD0NÊ @D0Ú2ˆ É 0\BC.|.A>/C!@D0N4FBF0 ‘F˜ BD>/CA.E0N4)79<=7
>=BDCA.CE40É 034 a -=<?>9@ªgr<=@FL;0N@ª>97 e 2N@F@X0ˆ É J/.>946”X@ƒ2N798 C.!2\Íz<?>=BF0M>97 e 03@ƒBƒ2NCA92 7R79<=L;K/@D0P890
BD>/CA.E0N4Ñ2 Ê e H=2—=>b0 e3<Ë B30Ñ É 8?> e 2@D@X0~ É J/@X0 É e 0É 8/0N7?BG0\˜B e <=7/4FBD2XBF0~—=>œš CA..A>/CL;2N79—=>b0
BD>/CA.E0N4ŒJ9<?>9@ e <=L;J=.D0\É BF03@Š.E0 e 2N@F@X0 É a ž<=LMK?C1037G890ª79<=LMK=@D0N4†8=C݌03É @D0N7?Bƒ48/0iBD>/C.1034†ž100 2N@D.
Jb0X>=BIIC.Ž2\‚=<?CE@/Î
¤ aNÞ 2X‚?C103@Š0XBߎ‚=<=7/790iJ/2@ÐBDC e CAJb037?B2i Ê >97+Íz03> a3c >80NÉ J/2@ÐB CA.:‡2i>97 e 03@ƒBƒ2NCA7)79<=LMK=@D0
8 0ˆJ=CD0 Ê e 034)890MLM<=7/7/23C10MJ/.A2 e 0NÉ 0N4)0N7ÑJ=CA.E0N4 amÞ 2X‚?C103@Íz<?>b0G
9 ˜ BF<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4.10MJ9@D03LGCE0N@ a c Ê
BF<?>9@–890@ <?Ë .E0 e H=2 e >976037=.D0£Ê ‚=0i23>6L;<?CE7/4Š>9790J/CD0 Ê e 0ª8Žš >9790i4503>/.E0J/C.10 abà 2iJ90N@ƒ45<=7/790
˜ 8903@F7=CD0NÊ @D0J=CD0 Ê e 0”X2”X790 a
—=>/C037=.D0£Ê ‚=0+.A2‡


E2 Ì š C.\:28/03
> †J/C.1034 e <=7?BD0N7/2N7?B e H=2 e >9790!BF@D<?CA4œJ/CD0 Ê e 0N4m8/0ŒLM<=7/7/23C10 803É LM<=7?BF@D03@
‘ —=>œš ߎ‚=<=7/790Jb0X>=B!4Xš 24„4„>9@D03@Œ8/0ªBD<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4”X2”X7903@ a ˜

rK Ì š C.=:2+>9790+J/C.108/0 J/CD0 Ê e 0 >9790J=CA.E08/0 J=CD0 Ê e 0340XBŠ>9790+J/C.108/0 J/CD0 Ê e N0 4

‘ 803É LM<=7?BF@D03@Œ—?>œš ߎ‚=<=7/1790Jb0X>=B! ˜ 4Xš 24„4„>9@D03@Œ8/0ª
2BD<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4”X2”X7903@ a 3 ˜

Ób[„TNÔzTÕ/Ö?VXWPV\՜×؎Ù6Ób[„T9YNÔXÛV WPV ^ Ü Ì š CA.?:2iBF@D<?CA4ŒJ/C.1034 e <=7?BD0N7/2N7?B 0\B J/CD0 Ê e 0N4

— >b0X.–Íz<?>b0X>9@”X2”X7903@ƒ2P4IC e H=2 e >97~1g 23CBBF<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4.10ML;˜ 03C.A.E03>9@ e H/<?C 2!˜ Î4J=5.ACE—=>[email protected] ˜
=
4IBF@ƒ2XB30É ”\CE0‡”X2”X7/27?BD0 a
¦ a 790€45J9H0NÊ @D0€2~>97f8?CE2NLÑ0\Ê BF@D0Ñ8/0 e L a 7 e3<=Ë 790~8/@D<?COB62€>9790~H=2N>=BD03>9@890
e L 0XB4„2K=24500N4FBŽ>97 e 03@ e .10†89<=7?BŽ.10108?CE2NLÑ0\Ê BF@D0†LM034„>9@D0 e L a=à 034–890X>4,<?.C18/0N4
10@D0NJ9<=4,037?B4„>9@œ>97904I>9@Dg12 e 0H/<=@DCO™„<=7?BD23.10 aÌ C>97)J=.E2N7)H/<=@DCO™„<=10 7?BD23. e <?>9Jb0.E24„JbHm03Ê @D0i0\B
.10 e3<=Ë 790 .E2 e <?>9J90!BF@ƒ27/4ƒ‚=03@ƒ4523.10034IBŽ>97 e 0N@ e .E08=27/4m.E0N4890X >  e 2N4 e <=L;L;0Œ. š CE798?C1—?>b0
.10Œ8=CA2”X@ƒ˜ 2NL;L;0 a 0\É BF03@FL[email protected]†H=2N>=BD03>9@8?>+J=.E2N7ª—=>/CXgr<=@FL;0†8/03 >  ˜ e 0N@ e .E0N4m890!L 03Ë LM0
2NCA@D0 a Ï

......................................... .........
6
.
...... ........ ......
... ... ...... .....
... ..... ...
. .. . ...... ....
.
.
... ...
... ... ..
..
10 cm
..
... .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
... .... .... ....... ...... .... ....
........................................................................................... . ..........
.. ..
.. .....
......................................................................................... ......................................

6
.
... . . ...
.
..
.
..
.
....................... ...
. .
...
... ...............
.. ...
... . . . . . .....
.. ................ ....
..
... .. . . ......................... . . . .
... ... .. ..
... ...
h cm
... ...
... ... ...
..
... .... ....

? ?
. . ....... ..
.. .... .... .... .... .. .... .....
.. ... .... .... .. ...... ........
. ........
............................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. .............
....................................................
 10 cm -......
...
...

Ób[„TNÔzTÕ/Ö?VXWPV\՜×9؎٪Ób[IT9YNÔ\ÛV WPVÜ  790†4„JbHm03Ê @D0890†8=CA2LÑ0XÊ BF@D0 0\BŽ>97 e3<=Ë 790 e CA@ e >/.E23CE@D0
8/@D<?COB 8/<=7?Bª.E2PK/2N4,0M2ˆ>97R8=CA2LÑ0XÊ BF@D0 d 4I>9@Dg12 e 0PH/<=@ƒC™„<=7?Bƒ2N.E0 a
@D0NJ9<=4,037?B4I>9@ª>9790ˆ
˜ d ˜
27/4 e 0 e 2N4 .E2)H=2N>=BD03>9@†8=> e3<=Ë 790)034IB+0NÉ ”X2N.E0‡2N>M@ƒ2X:=<=7M890.A2)45J9H0NÊ @D0 a 03É LM<=7?BF@D03@
—=Ï >b0Œ4ICX>97iJ/.A2˜ 7ªH/<=@ƒC™„<=7?Bƒ2N. e <?>9Jb0|.1034m890X
> 45<?.ACE89034 .A2Œ4,<=LGLM0Œ8/0!.zš 23CE@D0ŒÏ 8/0N4 e <?>9J90N4
BF@ƒ27/4ƒ‚=03@ƒ4523.1034034IB–BF<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4 e <=7/4IBƒ27?BD0 a ˜

aŒà 0 e 2@D@X0 É 2ˆJ9<?>9@ª4,<=LGLM0\BD4 0XB a

N0 J=>/CE4>97PJ9ABCD <?CE7?B Ê .zš 0 NBX03É @DCE03>9@8?> e 2N@FA(1,
2) @X0 É <=4)7P8?˜ CB(5,
B—?>œš >94)7P˜ 45C(5,<=L;L;8)0XB˜ 8=> e D(1, É 8)
2@D@X06 0N4FB
‚=Ï CA4„CEK=.E0i4IC/<=76J903>=BP.10@D03.C103@2 Ê 2N>6LM<3:=0N768˜ š >9764,0N”XLM037?B|8/0ª8/@D<?COBF0ª—?>/C/790iJ92N45450
J92N4M2 P
Ê BF@ƒ2\‚=0N@ƒ4i.10 e 2N@F@X0 É abc CE7/4IC–8903J/>/CA4ª>97€J9<?CE7?B Ê .zš 0 NBX03É @DCE03>9@8=> e 2@D@X0 É CA.:Z2
2G
BF<?>?Íz<?>9@ƒ4+8/03 > ;<?>ˆBF@D<?CA4i4,<=LGLM0\BD4ª8?> e 2@D@X0 É —=>/CmP4,<=7?B!‚=CA4„CEK=.E0N4 a–à š 23CE@D0‚=CA4„CE˜ K=.E0890
0N4FB.zš 23CE@D0G8?>PBF@DCA279”\.E0G<?>Z.A2G4,<=LGLM0G8/06. š 2NCA@D0G89034+890X > GBF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034igr<=@FLÑ0NÉ 4ª0N7
P @D03.CE2N7?B 23
> )890X > 6<?>BF@D<?CA4†4,<=LGLM0\BD4|‚?CE4IC1K?.10348=> e 2@D@X0 É a
P
E2 N0 É L;<=7?BF@D0N@+—=>b0M.zš 23CE@D0‚=CA4„CEK=.E0ˆ8?>'J9<?CE7?B 0N4FBM0É ”X23.10'2 Ê >97=COB30NÉ 4
‘Pe Ï 2N@F@X0É 034 a P (2, −6) 20

rK 0NÉ L;<=7?BF@D0N@;—?>b0R.zš 23CE@D0€‚?CE4IC1K?.10R8=>dJ9<?CE7?B 0N4FBG2N>94„4„C0É ”X23.10d2 Ê

‘Z>9Ï 7=CBX03É 4 e 2N@F@X0É 034 a Q(11, 0) 20

e à š 037/4,03LMK?.10G8/0N4ªJ9<?CE7?Bƒ4 —?>/C–<=7?B>97902NCA@D0‡‚?CE4IC1K?.10890 >97=COB30NÉ 4 e 2@D@X0NÉ 0N4

‘ 0N4FB2NJ9J903.D0) É . š 0N7/450NL;K=.E0 P a ž0XB037/4,03LMK?.1062).E2)gr<=@DLM20
08Žš >97PJ9<?.O:=”3<=790 a
0XÉ BD0N@DLGCA790N@Š.10+J–03É @DCALÑ0\Ê BF20/20
@D0‡8/0+.zš 037/4,03LMK?.10 a
Ï 20/20
 

Ób[„TNÔzTÕ/Ö?VXWPV\՜׊؎Ù;Ób[IT9YNÔ\ÛV WPV ` Ü 03J/>/CA4>97;Jb<?CA7?B†—=>b0X. e <=79—=>b0 2

Ê . š 0 3B30NÉ @ƒC10X>9@
8š >97 e >bK/0!>97=CBƒ2NCA@D0 <?> 45<=L;L; Ï 0XBƒ4m8=> e >bK/0Œ4,<=7?B/‚?CE4IC1K?.1034m8=27/P4œ˜ .E0ŒL 0NË L;0Œ450N7/4
—=>b0ªJ9<?>9@–.E0 e 2N@F@X0 É a=˜ Ì 4C9˜ <[email protected].10iJ9<?CE7?B 2 Ê e H=2 e >97G8/0 e 0N4!45<=L;L;0XBƒ4 <=7</KBDC1037?B
<?> J:=@ƒ2LC18/0N4‡2‡ Ê K/2N4,0 e 2N@F@X0É 0—=>/CbPgr<=@DLM037?B!.E0‚=<?.A>9L;0i‚?CE4IC1K?.108/ ˜ 0 aà š 0379
1 ˜ 2
4,03LMK?.10 3 0N4FB!. š 0N7/450NL;K=.E0)890+BF<?>94.E0N4Jb<?CA7?BD4-ˆ—?>/Cm<=7?B!>97‚=<?.A>9L;P 0ª‚=CA4„CEK=.E0
890 a r.20/20
b2.A2+gr<=@FL;0‡8Žš >97;J9<?.O:0Ê 8=@D0 a >b0X.A.E00N4FB|.zš 23CE@D0iBF<Bƒ2N.E0890 e 0+Jb<?. :0NÊ 8/@D0|Î
20
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

¤¥i¥+¦#¯ °+±+²–³m´F²»§G¨ª©†³mµ†®Ž³ ¶ 9­ ²Åµ ·i· Ã

 µŪ©µ†®|Å+²Œ° '±­b´DÈ +
· Æ G ¤ ¥i¥+¦

· a E2  >b0N7?BDCA7PH=2N42)7=>9LMK/0N@<?gm4,—?>92@D0+BDCA.E0N4 0N2 e H;LM0324I>9@DCA79” e L KN: eL a

0)BF@D‘ CE0N4BF<ˆJ/>=B†BIH/0N45045LG2N..45—=>92N@D06BDC.1034BD</”30X˜ BIH/03@†BF<Mgr<=@FL 2.A21@D”303@4,—?>921@D0G<?g
4„CE890ª.E0N79”£BIH e L K?>=B|‹b798=4!BIH=23B!H/0H=24 BDCA.E0N4!.E03gAB!<N‚=03@ a rgH/0H=286CE7 e @D0324508
BIH/0)4IC18/0.10379n ”£BIHM<?˜ gBIH/0.A2@D”303@†45—=>92N@D0BD< 92 e L H/0ª}‡<?>/.18MH=2\‚=0)K90N0N7
BDCA.E0N44,H/<=@ÐB<?g e <=LGJ/.E0XBDCA79”BIH/0;.E2N@D”30N@ª45—=(n 0 a 2)<}»˜ LG27:ZBDCA.E0N4‡89</034  >b037?100
>92N@D+ BDCE7
H=2X‚=0NÎ
1K  >b037?BDCE7š 4Œg1@ƒC103798 Ž>/gE>94†2@D@DC ‚=0N4Š}+COBIH62K?C1”J/C.10+<?g9C18/0N7?BDC e 23.ŽK?.1< e 4 0N2 e H
CE7+BIH/0i‘ 45H=2J90i<?g92 e >bK90 a  >b037?BDCE7Bƒ2034|4,<=L;0i<?g?BIH/0iK=.E< e 4Š2798>/gE>94–BD20N˜ 4–BIH/0
@D0N4FB a  >b0N7?BDCA76>94,034†H?CA4†K=.E< e 4|BD<‡BF@z:‡BF<)LG20ª2ª.E2N@D”30 e >bK/0}+COBIH K?.1< e 4Œ2N.E<=79”
0N2 e H~0N89”30 K=>=B‹b798=4ªBIH=23BªH/0GCA4 K?.1< e 445H/<=@ƒB a >/gE>94 <=7ZBIH/80;<BIH/0N@ªH=2N798
L;2N7/2”3034BD˜ <M0 N2 e BD.O:MLG20)2).A2@D”30 24e >bK/0‡>94„CA79”‡2N..m<?gH?CE4K=.E˜ < e 4 a rgBIH/0,:M>9450)2N.. ˜
<?gŽBIH/03CA@†K?.1< e 4ŒBF</”30\BIH/0N@ BIH/0,:;2@D02K?.10ªBD<GL;20‡2 e <=L;J=.10\BF0 e >bK90i}‡H?C e H;H=2N42
4„CE890).10379”£BIH;BIH=23BCA4 K=.E< ˜ e 4.E<=79”30N@ŒBIH=27Ž>/gE>94Xš e >bK90 a +<}’LG27:ZK?.1< e 4i2@D0
BIH/0N@D0+CA76BF<Bƒ2N.EÎ 2

9× V\Õ TÕZ×zTœQÜ c 4ŒCA7  >b0N4FBDC1<=7 E2  >b037?BDCE76BF@DCE0N4!BD<L;202+.E2N@D”3045—=>92N@D0

< >=B<?g–4,—?>92@D0)BDC.1034i2N798ZH=24
? BDC.1034.10X‘FgA˜ B<3‚=0N@ a z7P27P23BƒBD0NLGJ=B†BD<ˆL;2024,0 e 
92
<=798ˆ4,—?>92@D0 H/0)CA7 e @D0N2N4,034BIH/064IC18/0).E0N79”£BIHˆ<?gœBIH?CE4‹b@ƒ4FB4,—?>92@D0KN:ˆ27M>97979<}7
7=>9LMK/0N@!<?g9BD˜ C.1034Œ2N7986‹b798=4!BIH=2XB!H/0ªCA4 BDC.1034Œ4,H/<=@ÐB!<?g e <=LGJ/.E0XBDCA79”BIH/0+45—=>92N@D0 a
100
<} LG27:G8=CÝm03@D0N7?B!7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4<?g9BDCA.E0N4ŒCA4ŒCB|Jb<=4„4„CEK=.E0ªgr<=@  >b037?BDCE76BD<GH=2X‚=0NÎ
¤ aœÞ 2\‚=CE0N@–2N798+ß<?.E2N798/2i2N@D0iJ=.E2\:=CA79”2ª”X2L;0i4IBƒ2@ÐBDCE79”Œ}+COBIH‡4,<=L;0 e <?CE7/4|2N@F@ƒ2N79”308
EC 7PJ/C.1034 a+Þ 2X‚?C103@2N. }2X:=4ª”3</0N4‹b@ƒ4FB 2798MBIH/0)BÐ}‡<ˆJ=.E2\:=0N@ƒ4Bƒ20)BD>9@D7/4ª@D0NL;<N‚?CE79”
<=790<=@œLM<=@D0 e <?CA7/4g1@D<=L 27:<=790J=CA˜ .E0 aœ‰ H/0J/.A2X:=03@b}‡H/<iBƒ2034mBIH/0†.A24FB e <?CA7i}+CA7/4 a

E2 rgiBIH/03@D0'2N@D0~BÐ}‡<fJ/C.1034P<?g e <?CE7/4}+CBIH e <?CA7/4MCE7 0N2 e HkJ=CA.E0 45H/<}ÁBIH=2XB

‘ ß<?.E2N798/2 e 2N7M”\>92N@ƒ27?BD00ªBIH=2XB!4,H/0+2N. }2X:=4|
3 }+CE7/4!BIH/0”X2L;0 a ˜

rK rg+BIH/0 ”X2NLM0Ú4FBD2N@ƒBƒ4M}+CBIH / J C.1034€<?g 2N798 e <?CE7/4/ØbÜÚBIH=@D00ÚJ/C.1034

‘ N2 .OBF</”30\BIH/0N@ 0 J=.E23CE7~H/<}  2˜ 7~
ß <?.A2798=2 1e  2 ˜ ”\>92@ƒ2N7?3BF0N0BIH=23Bi45H/0;23.O}2\:/4}+CE7/4
BIH/0‡”X2NLM0 a ˜

9× V\Õ TÕk× T  ^ ÜMrgŒBIH/0Z”X2NLM0P4FBD2N@ƒBƒ4}+COBIHÑJ/C.1034<?g 2N798 e <?CE7/4 ‡} H?C e H

J .A2X:=03@†}+CA7/4iCAgŠK9<BIHPJ=.E2\:=0N@ƒ4ª2N. }2X:=4ªLG20)BIH/03CA@K9034IB2J9˜ <=445˜ 4IC1K?.106LM
/ 5 <3‚=0Î ˜  /
J .A2NCA7
BIH/0i}+CE7/7=CA79”ª4IBF@ƒ2XBF0N”,: a


¦ a z7RBIH/0~8=CA2”X@ƒ2NL BIH/0€45J9H/0N@D0~H=242Ñ8=CA2L;0XBD0N@6<?g e L a c .A4,< BIH/0€@ƒC1”3HB

e CE@ e >/.A2@ e <=790H=24Š2iH/˜ 0XC1”3HB–<?g e L 2N798COBD4|K=2450H=24Š2i10 8=CA2L;0XBD0N@<?g ˜ e L am‰ H/0
45J9H/0N@D02798 e <=7904ICB<=7P2;H/<=10 @ƒC™„<=7?Bƒ2N˜ .m4I>9@Dg12 e 0 a rgŠ2;H/<=@ƒC™„<=7?Bƒ2N.mJ=.E2N79010e >=BD4+K/<BIH
BIH/0;45J9H/0N@D0;2N798PBIH/0 e <=790 BIH/0 e @D<=4545„450 e BDCE<=7/4}+CA..ŠK9<BIH€K90 e CA@ e .1034 24+45H/<}7 a
CA798PBIH/0MH/03CE”3HB+<?gBIH/0MH/<=˜ @DCO™„<=7?BD23.–J/.A2790BIH=2XBª”\CO‚=034 e CA@ e >/.E2N@ e @D<=4545„˜ 450 e BDCE<=7/4+<?g
BIH/045J9H/0N@D0+2798 e <=790‡<?g0—?>92N.Ž2N@D0N2 a

........................................... .........
6
.
...... ........ ......
... ..... ....
..... .....
... ... .... ....
... .... .. .....
... ... ...
10 cm
..
... .. ..
.. .
... .... .... ....... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . ....
............................................................................................ ....
. ..
...
........... . ........................................................................................ ........... ....
. ......................................

6
..
... . .
...
.
...
..................... ... ..
.
... ................
.. ... . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . . . . . . ................. . ...
.
..
... ... .
.. .
............. ..
... ... .. ..
... ...
h cm
... ...
... .... .
...... ..
.
... ...
? ?
.. ... .... .... .... .... .... ....
. ..... ....
.. ... .... .
..... .......
............................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. . ..
...
...
.......
.............................................
 10 cm -......
...
...

9× V\Õ TÕM× T  =Ü c 45J9H/0N@D0+<?gb8=CA2L;0XBD0N@ 2798)2ª@DCE”3HB e CE@ e >/.A2@ e <=790}+CBIH‡2+K/2N4,0

<?g|8=CA2L;0XBD0N@ 4FBD2N798€<=7Z2MH/<=@ƒC™„<=7?Bƒ2N.4I>9d@Dg12 e 0 a z7ˆBIH?CA4 e 2450 BIH/0GH/03CE”3HBª<?gBIH/0
e <=790CE4|0—?>92N.BD<+BIH/0@ƒ28=C>94Œ<?g?BIH/045J9H/0N@D0 a–Ì H/<} BIH=23B gr<=@2N7˜ :)H/<=@DCO™„<=7?BD23.=J/.A2790
d
BIH=23B e >=Bƒ4iK9<BIHGBIH/0 e <=79062N798GBIH/064„JbH/03@D0 BIH/064I>9L <?gœ˜ BIH/0)2N@D0N2N4i<?gœBIH/0 e CE@ e >/.A2@
e @D<=4545„450 e BDCE<=7/4ŒCA4†2N. }2X:=4!BIH/04„2L;0 a ˜

aŠÌ —?>92@D0 H=24–‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4 2N798 a @D<=L

2 Jb<?CA7?B
; ABCD
<?>=BD4IC18/06BIH/0G4,—?>92@D0 2) A(1, 0 P˜ B(5,
‚=0N@ÐBF4) 4)4,˜ —?C(5,
<?gBIH/0G CA4+˜ 4„2NCE8ˆBFD(1,
>92@D08) <ZK/0)8)‚=CA4„CEK=.E0Cg
CB e 2N7ÑK90 P e <=7/790 e BD08ZBD< KN:€2M ˜ 4IBF@ƒ23C1”3HB.ACA790BIH=23Bª89</03479<BªJ/24„4ªBIH=@D<?>b”3HZBIH/0
P
4,—?>92@D0 a6‰ H?>94 g1@D<=L 2N7:ZJ9<?CE7?B <?>=BD4IC18/06BIH/04,—?>92@D0 0XCBIH/03@BÐ}‡<P<=@†BIH=@D00G<?g
BIH/0‚=03@ƒBDC e 034<?g/˜ BIH/0+45—=>92N@D0+2N@D0‚?CEP4IC1K?.10 a‰ H/0‚?CE4IC1K?.10i2@D032‡ ˜ <?g CA4|BIH/0ª2@D032‡<?g9BIH/0
<=790)BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10<=@†BIH/04I>9L <?gœBIH/02@D0324ª<?gmBIH/0‡BÐ}‡<;BF@DCA279”\.E0N4 Pgr<=@DLM0N8ZKN:;Íz<?CA7=CE79”
BD<)BIH/0ªBÐ}‡<<=@–BIH=@D00i‚?CE4IC1K?.10‚=03@ƒBDC e 034<?gbBIH/045—=>92N@D0 a
P
E2 Ì H/<}BIH=23BŠBIH/0‚=CA4„CEK=.E0+2@D032)<?g CA4 45—=>92N@D0+>97=CBƒ4 a
‘ P (2, −6) 20
rK Ì H/<}BIH=23BŠBIH/0‚=CA4„CEK=.E0+2@D032)<?g CE4†23.E45< 45—=>92N@D0+>97=CBƒ4 a
‘ Q(11, 0) 20
e ‰ /H 0+4,0\BŒ<?gJb<?CA7?BD4 gr<=@–}‡H?C e H)BIH/0i‚=CA4„CEK=.E0+2@D032)0—?>92N.A4 4,—?>92@D0+>97=COBD4†CA4
‘ e 23A. .E08‡BIH/0 45P0XB 2N7986CE4Œ2+J9<?.O:=”3<=7 a 0\BF03@FLCE790BIH/0+ 20
Jb03@DCALM0\BF03@!<?g9BIH/0
450XB a 20/20 ˜ Ï
20/20
9× V\Õ TÕ;×zT  ` Ü?@D<=L 27:‡J9<?CE7?B <?>=BD4IC18/02>97=CB e >bK90 <=@ ‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4Š2@D0
‚=CA4„CEK=.E06CE7ˆBIH/0452NLM04,037/4,02N4iCE7ˆBIP H/0 e 2N4,0G<?gBIH/0G45—=>92N@D0 ˜ a 4ž˜ <=67/˜ 790 e 7BDCA79”J9<?CE7?B
BF<6032 e H)<?g/BIH/0N450‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4Œ”\C ‚=0N4 <=@ 4,—?>92@D0N5K=245086J:=@ƒ2LC18=4 }‡H?C e H)LG2P0
>9J‡BIH/0‚=CA4„CEK=.E0†‚=<?.>9LM0i<?g am‰ H/0 1 ˜ 2 ˜ 3450XBmCE4–BIH/04,0\BŠ<?g923.A.=J9<?CE7?Bƒ4 ˜ gr<=@œ}‡H?C e H
BIH/0†‚?CE4IC1K?.10Œ‚=<?.>9LM0CE4 P2N798CA4Š2iJ9<?.O:/H/08=@D<=7 am H=23BmCA4BIH/04I>9@Dg12 e 0P2@D032ª<?gBIH?CE4
20/20
20 ˜
4,0\BIÎ
20/20
 

    ’ #    

ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 2N.–ŸR2\:9H/03L K/0”X2N7;CE7 
 24h!3x#"Fw%$&('3x)Ðw& *'#+,-

n 0/%1%2=w=wx3*'#+546'
 7
&(8 -12($3+'%8 a 1B e <=7?BDCE7=>b034 }+COBIH6BIH/0452NLM0‡03L;J9H=24ICE4
.
24†27CA7?BF0N”X@ƒ2N.bJ92N@ƒBŒ<?g:9;=<=>?A@BDCFE=G@BIHKJL%;<*GNMOHPBQC5˜ ?A@BQCFEG@BKHIJ@=RS?A@T*CFE=G a ˜
‰ H/0PŸR2\:9H/03L /8?CBD<=@CE4 Ì H=2X}7VUŠ</8=CA7~PW!BƒBD2\}2;ž[email protected]<=7 CE4FBF@DC e B Ìe H/</<?.
¢Ž<=2@D8 
a ‰ H/0 454ICE4FBD2N7?BŸR2\:9H/03L /8?CBD<=@ŠCA4YX5</H=7ZUŠ@ƒ2N7?BŸ
c \
e à Ï
<?>b”3H?.CE7G  7=C ‚=0N@ƒ4ICBz:
<?g[i0£} ‘ ¢b@ƒ>97/4F}+C e  a;‰ H/0M<BIH/03@i4FBD23ÝÚL;0NL;K903@ƒ42N@D0 à 2@D@z: C e 0;  7=C ‚=0N@ƒ4ICBz:~<?g
 23BD0N@ƒ.1</< 2N798 27P‘ ŸR2 e2\ CA7/79<=7MPW!BƒBD2\}2)žŽ2@ƒ.10\BF<=7 CA4IBF@ƒC e B Ìe H/</<?.¢Ž<=2@D8 a
‘ Ï Ï ‘

] ^`_badc5e fhg.ikjml%c5eon

p
qrs t tPqvuxw
yrzZ{}|I~=w*zv€q={K{}|qƒ‚yz€zy2tIr*{„sPy=w%z€~r(5†|y%‡t=ˆq €qz`‰
rZ†|(Šq zqw{.w#rdŠq |y

~%‚(~=w
{tPq#‹*Œ ¸Ž ¸ Œ*‘’ ¸2“ Œ ¸:”2•=•2–#—=˜ qzzy2tIr*{„sPy=w%z3|q%š ™ r%q(z#~†|
ˆq z š q{K{IqS‰~%{Pq›wqœzq|y=w
{2†|Ks0zqz
qw š y= †F{Iq.
r*qYzž s t
w
yrzŸ|qz{IqO‰
r {Iq†
z¡~%‚v~=w{t0~¢†œr%‡t s š ~%{„sPy=wx‰q(z¡zy2tIr%{„sPy=w*z —
£¤ ~*
r%q5†|y%‡tˆq ¥qƒzq|I~m†œr%‡t sm Šq ‰~=w%ztPqz¦‰q=rmt0~=w*§r*qz¨y© š sPqvt tPqz¦‰
r £ ~=w%~*‰~
ª ~=w*§2t0~2s0z«q={6¬„|I~=wFš ™ ~2s0zI­ —S® ~=w*ztPq(z w#rdŠq |yz«¯(°Ÿ±°Ÿ²`q={O³´°›tDž ~=w§2t0~2s0z.†|Šq š Šq ‰q|I~µtPq¬!|I~=wFš ™ ~2s0zQ°
q={F‰~=w*z¡tPq(zŸwr=dŠq |yz:¶°·°œ¸q={F¹°
tPq:¬!|I~=wFš ™ ~2s0zS†|Šq š 2Šq ‰q|I~OtDž ~=w*§2t0~2s0z —
˜ ~ƒ|Šq ‰~ š {„sPy=w¨zyr ¤ ~2sP{Iq`|q€q| š sPq|¢º2q~=w
»´¼5~=| š¥½ q|Q|IsPq|µq={ ¼5~=|´{„s„w¿¾œy2t}‰z{Pq(s„w°‰q
tDž!À3wsP‚q|IzsP{O Šq ‰q¼my=w
{}|(Šq ~2t °F‰#ž ~%‚y2s„|Ÿ{}|I~*‰
rsP{
tPqzS†|y%‡tˆq ¥q(z —

Á · a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V:à ›Ä[YŎ[£Ù
ÆIVÇ%È3Ä
É ÊVX[D]:ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×*V à ÌfVXWPT[}Ä3Ô9Ø9VxÍ3VX[F[IVÎISV?Ù?UNV\]

Ç ×´ÏÐXTÈ/ÕŸÑ „]S€Ò a
/
Ì >9@ . š H:/J9<B30NÉ 7=>9450 8Žš >97 BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 @D0 e BD2N79”\.10
<=7)8/0N4„4„CA790>97 AB e 2N@F@X0 É 8/0LG27=CD0NÊ @D0—=>b0
ABC
0N7~45<?CB>97~Jb<?CA7?BiCA7?B30NÉ @ƒC10XABDE >9@ a W†7Ñ8/0N4„4„CA790M0N7/4I>/CBD0 B.........................................................................................................................................D
C
>97 BF@DCA279”\.E0 @D0 e Bƒ279”\.E0 8?CE@D0 e BF03LM037?B 4,03LMK?.E2K=.E0 .....
... .. ............
.......... .........

8/0i45<=@ƒBD0ª—?>b0 45<?CB2N>94„4„C?>97)Jb<?CA7?BCE7?BX03É @DCE03>9@

.... .... ............ .. .
.. ...
... ... ... .
.. ..
..............
. .. ...
........... .. ..
BDG
8=> e 2@D@X0 É a W†7 8/0N4„4„CAG
... ...
.. .............................. .. .....
790 ‹b7/23.103LM037?B€8/03 > fBF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034
.
... .. ... ..
. .
.. G
... ... .. .....
... ... ....
@D0 e Bƒ279”\.E0N4 CA798=CA@D0 e BD0NL;0N7?B 450NL;K=.A2K?.1034 0XB
.... .. .. ...
... ..
. ...
. ....
... .. .
EDH
. .. ....
BD03.A4Š—?>b0 0\B 45<?C1037?Bm8/0N4–J9<?CE7?Bƒ4CA7?B30NÉ @ƒC10X>9@ƒ4
.. .. .
... F ...
.
... ... .. ...
.
... .......... .. P
. . ....
˜
. .
..
AEF H F ...
...........

.
8=> e 2N@F@X0 É abÌ <?CB .10‡J9<?CE7?B†8š CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e BDCE<=7ˆ890 0XB
.

. .. .......... .. ....
............H ....
... .. .................. ..
.
... .. . ... ............... .. ....
P
a 0XÉ BD0N@DLGCA790N@.zš 23CE@D08?>)—?>928=@DC.E2XB30NÊ @D0 BC 037
... .. ..
....... C
....
...........

. . ..................
...
.

.
... . . . . .
.............
..... ..... ...
EFe Ï
. ..
..... .................... ..
. ..
.
..................................................................................................................................
gr<=7 BDC1<=7+8/0N4 e3<Ë BX03É 4 0\B 8=>iBF@DCA279”\.EDGP
0†@D0 e BD2NH79”\.10 A E
CA CB
<=@DCE”\CE7/23. a
Á · `Ó a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V
à ›Ä[ÔŒU  Ø ÐÙ#ÎÕSÄ/Y[zV£Ô¡Ö EÕmÙ3]ŸÅœÄXÔDÆFV X× QÎ2×Ä3ÔKÆIV=ÄN]:ؖTbÙNW5ÄÕ  V a
‰ @D<?>?‚=0N@BD<?>94–.E0N479<=LMK=@D0N4Š7/2XBD>[email protected] J9<?>9@œ.E0N45—=>b0X.E4
n n ˜ n+2 ˜ n+6 ˜ n+8
0XB 4,<=7?B|J9@D03LGCE0N@ƒ4 a
n + 14



Á · à ›Ä[ÌfTÈ3ÄNW;WPVØ
OÄ ÔPÄ3]SÇ/×r[Ä XY/TbÙ[ÐÖN][Ä՜ÆIV a

Æ a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V
Ì <?CB 0XB BF@D<?CE4|79<=LMK=@D0N4!J9<=4„COBDCAg14|452XBDCE4Ig12NCA452N7?B a Ÿ'<=7?BF@D03@
a˜ b c a+b+c = 1
—=>b0
1 a
(ab)5/4 + (bc)5/4 + (ca)5/4 <
4
Á ·  à ›Ä[ŠÔ´Ñ ŽÙ„Âà VØ9V€ÌbÄÊ%ÈV\W a
a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V
à 08=CA2LÑ0XÊ BF@D08Žš >97;”X@ƒ2798 e 0N@ e .E00N4FB!8=C ‚=CA40+ É 0N7 J92N@ƒBDCE0N40NÉ ”X2N.E0N4 .......
............
.........................
........

e 0N@ e .E0N4†J/.>94Jb0\BDCBƒ4 e <=LGLMn

.....
.....
Jb<?>9@ e <=7/4IBF@ƒ>/CE@D0 0‡8=27/4Œ.E2+‹Ž”\>9@D0 a
....
.... ...
..

452 e H=2n7?Bª—?>b0G.10G@ƒ2J/Jb<=@ÐB+03˜ [email protected]š 23CE@D0;H=2 e H?>9@X0É 0M0XB

. ...
... ...

‰ @D<?>?‚=0N@
........................ ....... .........
.
.... ..... ... ··· ..... ........ ......
n ˜ ....................... ......................

. š 2NCA@D079<=7;H=2 e H?>9@X0É 0‡8?>ˆ”X@ƒ2N798 e 03@ e .100N4FB a

.. ..
.
...
... ...
3:1 .... ..
..... ....
....... .
........
.


........... ...
............................

Á · a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V
à ›Ä[ ×bVN؎Ù3Ô}ÄS¥Ï›ÌdÙN[,×IÊ3]ŸÖiT?UNVX[D]–Ó !]Ë¡Ç a
Ì <?CB 0\B a=‰ @D<?>?‚=0N@|.A2ª‚?23.10X>9@Œ8/0
x > 1˜ y > 1˜ z > 1 x2 = yz

a
logzx xy 4 z logxy xyz 4

Á · a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V:
à ›Ä[YŎ[£Ù
ÆIVÇ%È3Ä
É ÊVX[D]:ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×*V à ÌfVXWPT[}Ä3Ô9Ø9VxÍ3VX[F[IVÎISV?Ù?UNV\]
Ç ×´ÏÐXTÈ/ÕŸÑ „]S€Ò a
/
Ì <?CB >97 BF@DCA279”\.E0›@D0 e BD2N79”\.10 890 ;0NÉ @D<=7’Jb<=4„40NÉ 8/2N7?B'.A2 J/@D<=J9@ƒCD0\É B30 É
4„>/C ‚?27?BD0 N45ABC<=723CE@D0ª0N4FB gr<?CA4Œ45<=76J–03É @DCALÑ0\Ê BF@D0 2\‚=0 e >97G0N7?BDCE0N@ŠJ9<=4„COBDCAg a‰ @D<?>?‚=03@
BF<?>=BD0N4ª.E0N4ª45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4 λ a   7ˆBF@DCA279”\.E0;˜ 890ˆ;0NÉ λ@D<=7€0N4FB>97PBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10;8/<=7?B.E2
.1<=79”\>b0X>9@Œ89034 e3<Ë BX03É 40X(a,B|.zš 23b, λ)4,<=7?B!8903479<=L;K/@D034037?BDC103@ƒ4 a
CE@D0+
‘
Á · Ó ¥ a Ób[IT*ÂT ›V à ›Ä[ Œ[Ä=Ø Ê |ÔÐ×1]SÇ%ÄÕxÐXT XV£ ] !]Ë6Ç a
Ì <?CB!890X>)79<=LMK=@D0N4 e <=LGJ/.E0 034 0XB 452XBDCE4Ig12NCA452N7?BŠ.1034 e <=798?CBDCE<=7/4
z1 z2
z1 + z 2 = −(i + 1) ˜
a
z1 · z 2 = −i
Ì 27/4 e 2N. e >/.103@ 0XB BF@D<?>?‚=0N@ a
z1 z2 ˜ z1 · z 2
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Á · a Ób[„T*ÂT \V؀YʦŎ[£ÙÆFV`Ç%È3Ä
É ÊVX[D]OÌfVXWPT[}Ä3Ô œ Ë Õ zUNVX[  ×IÊMT!SV%ÉÐTbÙNÕØFÎ
PÔ ÄNÕØ]SÇ/×´ÏÐXTÈ/ÕŸÑ „]S€Ò a
c 45—=>92N@D0 CE4'8=@ƒ2X}7 <=7›BIH/0 H:/J9<BF037=>94,0
<?g†@ƒC1”3HABDE BiBF@DCA279”\.E0 45<€BIH=2XB .C1034‡CA7~BIH/0 B.........................................................................................................................................D
AB CE7?BD0N@ƒC1<=@ˆ<?gªBIH/0Ú4,—?>92@D0 ABC a c 8=CA@D0 e BD. :dC 4„CALGC.E2N@;@DCE”3HB ..... ........... ........
... .. ............
BF@DCA279”\.E0 CE4 8=@ƒ2X}7 45< BIH=23B .ACE0N4'CA7 BIH/0
... ... ............ .
.. ...
... .. ............ .. ..
... ... ............ .. ..
... ..... ........................ .. ...

CE7?BD0N@ƒC1<=@Z<?BDG gBIH/0f4,—?>92@D0 a z798?CE@D0 e BD.O: G4„CALGC.E2N@ˆ@DCE”3HB ... ................. ... ...

.
... ... .. ...
... G .. .....
... ..
... ..
BF@DCA279”\.E0N4 2798 2@D0€8/@ƒ2\}7Ú4,<~BIH=23B
... ... .. .....
... .. ... ...
... .. ..
EDH AEF H
.. .. ....

2798 .ACE0;CE7ZBIH/0MCA7?BF03@DCE<=@+<?gŠBIH/0ˆ45—=>92N@D0 aÚà 0XB

...
... F ..
.
... .
. .. ....
.. .
... .......... ... P
. . .. ....
....
F BC
...
...........

2798 CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e B623B a 0XBD0N@DLGCA790€BIH/0~2N@D0N2R<?g

.

. . ....... .
............. .
. ...
............ H ...
... .. ..
... .. ... ............. ...
Ï
.
EF P
... .. ... ............ ..... ....

—=>928/@ƒCA.A23BD0N@ƒ23. CA7+BD0N@DL;4Š<?g?BIH/0.E0”X4 2798 ..... C

... ...
...........

.. .
. ..
. . ....
.

..... .. . . . . .
............
. . ........ .
. ...
. ...
..... ................ .......
....................................................................................................................................
DGP H
<?gbBIH/0<=@DCE”\CE7/23.b@DCE”3HB|BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 a CA A E
CB
 


Á · `Ó a Ób[IT*ÂT XVN؈YÊ5ԌU  Ø ÐÙ#ÎÕSÄ/Y[zV£Ô¡Ö EÕmÙ3]ŸÅœÄXÔDÆFV X× QÎ2×Ä3ÔKÆIV=ÄN]:ؖTW5ÄNÕ }Ä a

CA798)23.A.=7/2XBD>9@ƒ2N./7=>9L;K903@ƒ4 gr<=@œ}‡H?C e H 2798

n n˜ n + 2˜ n + 6˜ n + 8˜ n + 14
2@D0+J9@ƒCEL;07=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4 a

Á · Æ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVN؈YÊÌfTÈ3ÄNW;WPVØ
OÄ ÔPÄ3]SÇ/×r[Ä XY/TbÙ[ÐÖN] 

 [´ÄN՛ÆFV a
à 0XB K/0BIH=@D00)J9<=4„COBDCO‚=0‡7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4452XBDCE4Ig:=CA79” a -9@D<N‚=0
BIH=23B a˜ b˜ c a+b+c = 1

1 a
(ab)5/4 + (bc)5/4 + (ca)5/4 <
4

Á ·  a Ób[IT*ÂT XVN؈YÊG×IȎV€ÌbÄÊ%ÈV\W 3×}Ä

‰ H/0M8?CE2NLM0\BF03@i<?g|2G.E2N@D”30 e CA@ e .10CA4K/@D</037ZCE7?BD< 0—?>92N.–J92N@ƒBƒ4 .......

...........
............................
.......

0XnBD0N@DLGCA790
.....
....
BF< e <=7/4FBF@D> e B 4„L;23.A.E0N@ e CE@ e .E0N4 2N4)4,H/<}7 a 45<
....
.... ...
..

<?g!BIH/0ˆ45H=28/08Ñ2N˜ @D0N2MBD<ZBIH/0M>97/Ï 4,H=2890N8R2@D03n2ˆCE7

. ...
..
n
..

BIH=23BiBIH/0ˆ@ƒ23BDCE<Ñ
.
......................... ...... ..........
.
···
.
.... .... .. ..... ........ .....
....................... ......... ..........

BIH/0+.E2N@D”30 e CA@ e .10ªCA4 a

..
.. ..
.
.
... ..
3:1
.... ..
.... .
.....
..... .
......... .....
......................................

Á ·  a Ób[IT*ÂT XVN؈Yʃ×bVN؎Ù3Ô}ÄS¥Ï›ÌdÙN[,×IÊ3]ŸÖiT?UNVX[D]–Ó !]Ë¡Ç a

à 0XB 2N798 a 0\BF03@FLCE790iBIH/0i‚?23.A>b0<?g
x > 1˜ y > 1˜ z > 1 x2 = yz Ï

a
logzx xy 4 z logxy xyz 4

Á · a Ób[„T*ÂT \V؀YʦŎ[£ÙÆFV`Ç%È3Ä
É ÊVX[D]OÌfVXWPT[}Ä3Ô ËœÕ zUNVX[  ×IÊMT!SV%ÉÐTbÙNÕØFÎ

PÔ ÄNÕØ]SÇ/×´ÏÐXTÈ/ÕŸÑ „]S€Ò a
c @DCE”3HBI„2N79”\.10N8f+0N@D<=7~BF@DCA279”\.E0 H=24‡BIH/0ˆgr<?..1<}+CA79”MJ9@D<=J90N@ÐB : 6BIH/0
2@D032CE4 BDCEL;0N4BIH/0J90N@ƒCEL;0XBD0N@ }‡H/03@D0 ABC CA4i2GJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0)CA7?BF0N”30N@ a 0XBD0N@DLGCA7902N..
4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/λ4 a  c +0N@D<=7'˜ BF@DCA279”\.E0Z
λ CE4G2ZBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10ˆ}+CBIHRCE7?BD0ϔ303@64IC18/0N4G2N798
CE7?BD0”303@!2@D03(a, 2 a b, λ)
‘
Á · Ó ¥ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVN؈YÊ Œ[Ä=ØÊ|ÔÐ×1]SÇ%ÄÕxÐXT XV£]!]Ë6Ç a
à 0XBŠBÐ}‡< e <=LGJ/.E0 ‡7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4 2798 452XBDCE4Ig:)BIH/0 e <=798=COBDC1<=7/4
z1 z2

z1 + z 2 = −(i + 1) ˜
a
z1 · z 2 = −i
 CBIH/<?>=B e 2N. e >/.E2XBDCE79” 2798 ‹b798 a
z1 z2 ˜ z1 · z 2
 ••



f iml_d^ (n  
fd^ƒg¢^ ƒi

 i²–³ r® ³ +µ“Ū´~µ­bµ©+«–µ ¶ ²­³ ¤–Ã

!#"%$'&)(+*,"

 H/0N7i.A24FB9}‡0ŒL;0XB CA7BIH/0iŸR2N@ e HiCA454I>b0  ••   }‡0†K90N”X27+<?>9@Ž27/23.O:=4„CA4

< g4,0N—=>b037 e 034ªKN:M.E</</CA79”‡
? ˜ 23BŒBIH/0)4,0N—=>b037 e 034ª<?g–8?CAݜ0N@D037 e ˜ 034 450 e <=798P8?CAݜ0N@D037 e 034
2798€4,<€<=7 a~à 0\B,š 4450N2N@ e HZgr<=@[email protected]<=7/4,H?CAJÑK/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7PBIH/0M˜ 8=CÝm03@D0N7 e 0N42N798ZBIH/0 ˜
<=@DCE”\CE7/23.Ž450—?>b0N7 e 0 a
žœ<=7/4IC18/0N@–BIH/0+4,0N—=>b037 e 0 a z7PŸR2@ e H }‡0+7=>9L;K903@D086BIH/0iBF03@FLG4ŒCE7;<?>9@
e
4,0N—=>b037 034ª4FBD2N@ƒBDCA79”+}+COBIH {t n K?>=B79<} }‡0˜ }‡<?>/.18M.C10‡BD<M4IBƒ2@ÐBŒ}+COBIH
}
n = 1 ˜
14ICE7 e 0+BIH?CA4!}+CA..ŽLG20‡<?>9@!gr<=@DLG>/.A24†.E</</)7=C e 0N@ a| 0@D0 e 23.A.9BIH/079<BD2XBDC1<=7 n = 0
gr<=@BIH/0i450—?>b0N7 e 0+<?g9‹9@ƒ4IBŠ8=CÝm03@D0N7 e 0N4 gr<=‘ @mBIH/0ª450—?>b0N7 e 0+<?gb450 e <=79868=
{1CÝmd03n@I}
0N7 e 0N4 2798G45<G<=7 a ˜ { d
2 n }
˜‰ @z:+BF<‡0 NBD0N798+BIH/0gr<?..1<}+CA79”ŒBƒ2K?.10<?g98=CÝm03@D0N7 e 0N4Š>97?BDC.=2iJ/23BƒBD0N@D7603LM03@D”30N4 a
<¥'/w*@D0328;<=7>97?BDC./:=<?>;4500iBIH/0J/23BƒBD0N@D7 a
Ï
aXa3a
tn 1 dn 2 dn
t0
−t0 + t1
t1 t0 − 2t1 + t2 aXa3a
−t1 + t2
t2 t1 − 2t2 + t3 aXa3a
−t2 + t3
t3 t2 − 2t3 + t4
−t3 + t4
t4
aa aa aa
a a a

H=2X‚=037š BŒ23.E@D0328: 
rg:=<?>ZH=2X‚=060 3 BF0379890N8;BIH/0BD2K=.E0‡BD<GBIH/0

8=CÝm03@D0N7 e 0N4iABF@z:;CB†79<}
< >;45H/<?>/.18GH=2X‚=0ªgr<?>97986BIH=523BŠBIH/<=450‡037?BF@DCE0N4†2N@D0
:=?
Cg:=<?>
‘F˜

−t0 + 5t1 − 10t2 + 10t3 − 5t4 + t5

−t1 + 5t2 − 10t3 + 10t4 − 5t5 + t6
aa
a

e =
=2 e H
 
< 7/450 e >=BDC ‚=0P
8=CÝm03@D0N7 e 045003L;4BD<K90272N.OBF03@F7/2XBDCE79”4I>9L <?g/L>/.BDCAJ/.E0N4|<?g
n BD0N@DL;46g1@D<=L%BIH/0~<=@ƒC1”\CA7/2N.†450—?>b0N7 e 0 a ‰ H/0ZLG>/.OBDCEJ=.10342@D0MÍ1>94In B+
BIH/10

K=CA79<=LGCA2N. e </0 e CE0N7?Bƒ4 a‰ H?>94
˜
k
k a
X  
k dn = (−1)i tn+k−i
i=0
i
 •

 0 e 27'>9450PBIH/0€K=CA79<=LGCA2N.ŒCA7‚=0N@ƒ4IC1<=7'gr<=@DLG>/.A2є\C ‚=0N7 KN:kª23BIH/<?>=B‡CE7RBIH/0

Ì 0NJ?BF03LMK/0N@ ••? CA454I>b0  •• BF<”30XB
n  
X n a
tn+k = i dm
i=0
i
rg–BIH/0G”\CO‚=037Z4,0N—=>b037 e 0 CE4ª@D032N..O:P2GJb<?. :/79<=LCE23.mCA7€8=CA4,”\>/CA4,0 BIH/0N7Z2XB4,<=L;0
CA..bn23}.A.ŽK/0ª™„03@D<G12N4!}‡0+4„2X}.E2N4IB–BDCEL;0 ”\CO‚?˜ CE79”i>94
Jb<?CA7?BŠBIH/0‡8?CAݜ0N@D037 e 034!}+{t
‘F˜
n   r  
n n
˜
X X
tn = i d0 = i d0
i=0
i i=0
i
}‡H/0N@D0 CE4†BIH/0)890N”X@D006<?gBIH/0‡Jb<?. :/79<=LCE23. a [<BF0+BIH=23B!BIH/0‡7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4 CA7GBIH?CE4
r 2@D0iBIH/0ªBF<=J;0N7?BF@ƒC1034ŒCE76BIH/0 e <?.>9L;7/4<?gbBIH/0ªBƒ2K?.10<?gœ8?CAݜ0N@D037 e i03d4 0a
gr<=@FL>/.E2
à 0XB,š 4@D0\BD>9@F76BF<)BIH/0+J9@D</K?.103L’BIH=2XB–}‡04FBD2N@ƒBD08‡}+CBIHGK=2 e CE7PŸR2N@ e H
ÒÐ׃×EÔzVYÐXTÈ/Õ9Õ  VªV\՛ÆFTbÙÕ× V\[×IÈVÐTNÔÔ T#É EÕ/ÖÔ  XלT9՜ÙWZY/V\[ ] ] ] ]
] ] Ï
xÈ3Ä=×  ª×IÈViÕVbלÕmÙNWZY/VX[ EÕP×IÈVÔ  X×
 12 49 62 57
40 17 . . .
žœ<=7/4FBF@D> e BDCA79”+2‡8=CÝm03@D0N7 e 0ªBƒ2K?.10ªgr<=@ŠBIH?CA4†J9@D</K?.103L :=CE03.E8/4

tn 1 dn 2 dn 3 dn 4 dn
12
37
49 −24
13 6
62 −18 0
−5 6
57 −12 0
−17 6
40 −6
−23
17
 04500iBIH=2XBŠBIH/0‡<=@ƒC1”\CA7/2N.b4,0N—=>b037 e 0i}2N4†2 e >bK=C e @D0X.E2XBDC1<=7G 2798)BIH=23B
r = 3‘
r  
X n
tn = i d0
i=0
i
n n n n
       
= 12 + 37 − 24 +6
0 1 2 3
n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)
= 12 + 37n − 24 · +6·
2 6
= 12 + 37n − 12n2 + 12n + n3 − 3n2 + 2n
a
= n3 − 15n2 + 51n + 12
037 e 0 }‡0+4,0N0iBIH=23BŠBIH/0+790 3 B!7=>9LMK/0N@|CE7 à COBƒBD.10X5</H=7/7:Žš 4†.CE4FBŠCE4 a

=
 ˜ 0 e 27>9450ªBIH/034,[email protected]<=7/4,H?CAJ94†23.E45<6CA7 e 2N4,034|}‡H/0N@D0iBIH/04,t0N6—==
>b03−6
7 e 0‡? < g
8 CÝm03@D0N7 e 0N4ªCE4+79<}7€K=>=Bi79<B†Í1>94IB e <=7/4FBD2N7?B.C10CA7PBIH/0GJ9<?.O:=79<=LGCA2N. e N2 4,0 an
 0 
}+CA..0 N2NLGCA79045<=LM0†4I> e H e 2450N4–ACE7 e .>b8=CA79”!BIH/0H/<=L;0\}‡<=@Fg1@D<=L BIH/0ªŸR2N@ e HªCA454I>b0
CE7;<?>9@|790 3B!CA7/4IBƒ2N..EL;0N7?B a ‘
 •

  k   % 
 


   &

   &)&‡( /&

‰ H/0G‹b@ƒ4FBiJ9@D</K?.103L 4,0\B}‡0;”\CO‚=0BIH?CA4+CA454I>b0GCA4ªBIH/0m[23BDCE<=7/2N. <?>9798~<?gŠBIH/0

 
ÞŠÞ–Þ  ¡ Ì J/27=CA4,HkŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 23. WŒ. :/LGJ/CA28Ú<?g†BIH/0 0N23. Ì < e CE08=28kŸR23BD0NLÑ23É BDC e 2
=4„J92 97 <?.E2 a ‰ H=2794G”3<~BD<'žœH=@ƒCE4FBF<=J9H/0N@ Ì L;23.A. ž2N7/28?CE2N7 ‰ 0N2NL à 0328/0N@ªBF<~BIH/0
DŸbW gr<=@ e <?.A.E0 e BDCA79”BIH/034,0+J9@D</K?.103L;4Œgr<=@Œ˜<?>9@Š>94,0 a

   "!# 31 25$4 76/&198;% : =</'$6?(>  *),+-)/.  *0

˜
¾ Z¼ 3¼¯ Á
 z
+¯ `Á
†
3§ Á 
@ BA
 &(8 :*-
· aŒà 0\B 2N798
45<)BI+H=231B ˜
4 3 2 4 3 2
}+CBIH P (x) @D= 0N23x +L;ax
.Ž7=>9 K903@ƒ+42bx
798 + cx +a 1CA798 e Q(x) <=798?CBD=
CE<=7/x4<=+7 cx +2bx 798 + ax
a2˜ 79b8 ˜ c a 6
= c a ˜ b ˜
H=2\‚=0BÐ}‡< e <=L;L;<=7€@D</<BD4 a z7PBIH?CA4 e 2N4,0 4,<?. ‚=06BIH/0M0N—=>92XBDC1<=7/4 c
P (x) Q(x) a ˜
P (x) = 0 ˜ Q(x) = 0
¤ am‰ H/0‹Ž”\>9@D045H/<}4–24FBF@D00\BmJ/.A27‡<?gBÐ}‡0X.O‚=04,—?>92@D0K=.E< e 4 a
c J90N@ƒ45<=7 ”3</0N4g1@D<=L J9<?CE7?B BD<ˆJ9<?CE7?B 2N798P2450 e <=798
H/0N˜ L 
P”3</0N4)g1@D<=L A B
Jb03@ƒ4,<=7 BF< a ¢Ž<BIH'<?gŒBIB 2798
‘
................................................................................
.....
Q B A P Q
... ... ... ...

.1032X‚=0P23B+BIH/0P452NLM0MBDCALM0;}+CBIH~BIH/0P452NLM0P4„Jb0N08 gr<?.A.E<}+CE79”
.... ... ... ... ...
...........................................................................................

4,H/<=@ÐBF034IB+J92XBIH=4<=7€BIH/0Z”X@ƒC18 a~c B0N2 e H e <=@F7903@ªBIH/˜ 0,: e H/</<=4,0

... ... ... ... ...
.... ... ... ... ...
...........................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...

2L;<=79”ªBIH/0)J9<=454IC1K?.10‡4FBF@D00\BD4Œ}+COBIHM0—?>92N.J9@D</K=2K?CA.CBz: a† H=2XB

.... .... .... .... ...
..............................................................................
A
CE4!BIH/0J/@D</K/2K=C.ACOB :)BIH=23B L;00\BD4 Î
P Q
¦ a žŽCA@ e .1034 2798 CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e B|23B|Jb<?CA7?BD4 2798 aœc .CE790 BIH=@D<?>b”3H CA7?BF03@I
,4 0 e BD4 2N79C8 1 2”XC232CE72XB|Jb<?CA7?BD4 2798 A @D0N4„JbB0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: a r-9@D<N‚=0BIH=23B–BBIH/0N@D0ªCA4
2J9<?CE7?CB 1 }‡CH?2C e Hˆ8/0NJ90N798=4+<=7=. :PP<=r7 2Q79r8 ˜ 4„> e HGBIH=2XB†BIH/0)Jb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@
M
K=CA4,0 e BF<=@!<?g ˜ J/24„4,034!BIH=@D<?>b”3H a C 1 C2 ˜

CA
P r Qr M

1%%,w'#+ :*-

a ?<=@†2N7:;CE7?BD0”303@ .10\B 890379<BF0BIH/0‡CA7?BF0N”30N@†J/2@ÐB<?g a CA798GBIH/0‡.E2N@D”30N4FB

CE7?BD0”303@ 4„23BDCA4„g:?CE79”xBI˜ H/0+gr<?bxc
..1<}+CA79” e <=798?CBDCE<=7/4 x
N
E2  N  H=2N4ŒBIH=@D0N0+C18/0N7?BDC e 23.Ž8=CE”\CBƒ4 2N798
‘ ˜

D
3
r K  N  CE4!BIH/04„>9L»<?g e <=7/4,0 e >=BDCO‚=0+Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0+CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ44FBD2N@ƒBDCA79”+2XB BIH=2XB!CA4
‘ BIH/30N@D0ªCE4†2Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªn
CE7?BD0”303@ 4I> e H6BIH=2XB 1 ˜
n
j
N
k a
= 1 + 2 + · · · + (n − 1) + n
3
 •

Ó a ?<?>9@)J9<?CE7?Bƒ42@D0ZJ/.A2 e 08RCE7Ú2€45—=>92N@D0~<?g4IC18/0 a Ì H/<} BIH=2XBBIH/0~8?CE4FBD2N7 e 0

K90\BÐ}‡0037;45<=LM0iBÐ}‡<<?gbBIH/03L“CE4Œ.E0N4„4!BIH=2N7M<=@!0N—=>923.91
BF< a
1
Æ aŠÌ H/<}BIH=23BŠBIH/03@D0+CE4†79<6gE>97 e BDCE<=7 4„> e H)BIH=2XB a
f : → f (f (n)) = n + 1

c 4œ2Œ4,0 e <=798450XB/BIH?CE4ŽCE4„4„>b0–}‡0Œ”\C ‚=0ŠBIH/0 ••• ‰ 2NC }27‡ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 23.%WŒ.O:=L;J=CE28 a

‰ H=2N7942”X2NCA7;”3<)BF<žœH=@ƒCE4FBF<=J9H/0N@ Ì LG2N.. a

$ " "! + 1 2 '$ % 4 8 $( *) +-)/.

 ¶
Ú§ÿÁ +¯ Á
    
N§ Á   *0


 
l% Z{Žyµ=w%$&(8
· a CA798G23.A.bJ/2NCA@ƒ4 <?gJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0ªCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ44I> e H)BIH=23B 2 a
(x, y) y x = xy+2
¤ a z7G272 e >=BD0ªBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 }+COBIH .E0XB K/0ªBIH/0+LC18/„J9<?CE7?B!<?g
aà 0\B BD>b8/0ªg1@D<=L |AC|
K90ªBIH/0+2N.OBDCABC 2798 > |BC|K90ª˜ BIH/0+2NM
.OBDCBD>b8/0ªg1@D<=L a‰ H/034,0
AB
2N.OBDCBD>b8/0N4iAP
L;00\B2XB 2N798MBIH/0).ACA790N4 A 2BQ
798 LM0N0XB2XB B
a -9@D<3‚=0‡ BIH=23B†BIH/0
BÐ}‡<6.CE79034 2N798 H ˜ 2N@D0J90N@DJb03798=AB
C e >/.E2N@ a P Q R
RH CM
¦ aà \0 B 2798.10\B 8/0N79<BD0ªBIH/0g12NLGC.O:G<?g2N..Ž4I>bK/450XBƒ4
<?g I4 > S
e H;= 2XB ˜ 2 ˜ 3 ˜ . . . aª
IB H={1 ˜ 100}
 062N˜ 454IC1”X7;BD<ˆ0NP2 e Hˆ450XB CE7 26.E2K90X.œg1@D<=L»BIH/0)4,0\TB
S |T e |H/= 49 T P
<=450N7623BŠ@ƒ2N7989<=L aŠÌ H/<}dBIH=23BBIH/0N@D0+0 CA4IBƒ4!2+4I>bK/450XB <?g
{1 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ˜ 100} ˜ e
}+ CBIH 4I> HBIH=2XB!gr<=@†032 e H BIH/0+.E2K90X.œ<?g B†0—?>9S2N. ˜
CE479<M
BF< a |M | = 50 ˜ x ∈ M˜ M \{x}
x

12


4 8

 
l% Z{Žyµ=w%$&(8
a =<=@!032 e HJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0ªCA7?BF0N”30N@ .E0XB 8/0N79<BD0ªBIH/0+7=>9LMK/0N@Œ<?gŽJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªCE7?BD0
k˜
3” 0N@ƒ4 4„23BDCA4„g:?CE79” 2N798 ϕ(k) aÌ >9J9J9<=4,0ŒBIH=23B
ϕ(5a m −1) = 5n −1
gr<=@!45<= n
LM0+J9<=4„COBDCO‚=0ª gcd(n, k) = 1 a
CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 <N‚=≤
-9@Dn 0iBIkH=23B
m˜ n gcd(m, n) > 1
Ó aÚà 0\B }‡H/03@D0 CA4‡2ˆJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0GCE7?BD0”303@ aˆc 4I>bK/450XB+<?g
CE4ZÆITÕ/AÕV%= ؀CA˜ g!2CB ˜ 3e <=˜ 7/.4„.CA.4IBƒ˜ 46n}
Æ5× VN{1 <?g†˜ <=790Z0X.103n LM037?B‡<=@+45<=LM0 e <=7/450 e >=BDC ‚=0ˆCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 a
A
0XBD0N@DLGCA790BIH/0+”X@D0323BD0N4FB–CE7?BD0”303@ gr<=@œ}‡H?C e H e <=7?BD23CE7/4 8?CE4FBDCE7 e BŠ4I>bK/450XBƒ4
Ï 4I> e HBIH=23BbBIH/0!CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 ke BDCE<=7+<?g27:ABÐ}‡<i450XBƒ4 k2N798 0N8 1 a˜
CA4 e <=7/790 e BFA
A2 ˜ . . . ˜ A k Ai Aj
Æ a†à 0XB K/0‡8/03‹97908;KN:
f : → ∪ {0}
2N798 a
f (1) = 0 ˜ f (n) = max {f (j) + f (n − j) + j} ˜ ∀n ≥ 2
1≤j≤b n
2c

0XBD0N@DLGCA790 a
Ï f (2000)
 •

c 42PBIH?CA@D8Ú450XB)<?gJ/@D</K=.E0NLG4 }‡0€”\C ‚=0ˆBIH/0P‹b@ƒ4FB)2N798'‹97/2N.Œ@D<?>9798/4G<?g†BIH/0

BF<GžH=@DCA4IBD<=JbH/03@ Ì L;23.A. ž2N7/28?CE2N7 ‰ 0N2NL à 0328/0N@ŠBD<)BIH/0

BIH/0NL“gr<=@!<?>9@|>9450 a ˜

• •• i>979”X2@ƒCE2N7d[23BDCE<=7/2N.SWŒ. :/LGJ/CA˜ 28Ggr<=@Œ45J90 e CA2N.C™„0N8;LG23BIH e .A24„4,034 a!‰ H=2N794”3<
DŸbW gr<=@ e <?..10 e BDCE79”
˜

¤¥i¥i¥

¯ !   4  1 "!8 4 > ! '$(1 2  + ! 8 1*),+- )/.

Á   *0


· Œ
@  0&(8( Žw%$'#+
a à 0\B 2798 890379<BF0Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0@D032N.?7=>9L;K903@ƒ4 032 e Hª.103454mBIH=27 a -9@D<N‚=0†BIH=2XB
x˜ y ˜ z ˜ 4
23BŠ.10324FB!<=790<?g9BIH/0+7=>9L;K903@ƒ4 1 1 1 1 2N798 1 1 CE4†”X@D0N2XBF03@
+ ˜ + ˜ +
BIH=27;<=@Œ0N—=>923.9BD< a x 4 − y y 4 − z z 4 − x
1
¤ a CA7986BIH/0+CA7?BF0N”30N@|4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4†<?g a
5x2 − 14y 2 = 11z 2
¦ a CE798ZBIH/0GBF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034gr<=@}‡H?C e HZBIH/0ML;08?CE2N7Ñ2798~23.BDCOBD>b890M4FBD2N@ƒBDCA79”Gg1@D<=L BIH/0
54 2NLM0;‚=0N@ÐBF0 ~2@D0Z4ƒ:=L;L;0XBF@ƒC e 2N.|BF<~BIH/0P279”\.E0€K=CA4,0 e BF<=@4IBƒ2@ÐBDCE79”Mg1@D<=L%BIH/0P452NLM0
‚=0N@ÐBF0  a

a rg J/@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B CA4†2‡8=C ‚=CA4,<=@!<?g

1 ≤ m ≤ n˜ m
n n n n a
       
m−1
n − + − · · · + (−1)
0 1 2 m−1
Ó a CE798ÑBIH/0€45LG2N..1034IB‡@D032N.†7=>9LMK/0N@ }+COBIHÑBIH/0Zgr<?..1<}+CA79”PJ/@D<=Jb03@ƒBz: ¦W†7'BIH/0
Jb03@DCALM0\BF03@|<?gb2N7:BF@DCA279”\.E0 BIH/0N@D0i2@D0BÐc}‡<‡Jb<?CA7?BD4 4,03J92N@ƒ23BD086KN:62+8?CE4FBD2N7 e 0ª<?gb2XB
LM<=4FB BDCEL;0N4!BIH/0J90N@ƒCEL;0XBD˜ 0N@ BIH=23BŒ8?CO‚?C18/0ªBIH/0+Jb03˜ @DCALM0\BF03@|CE7?BD<)BÐ}‡<G0N—=>923.ŽJ/2@ÐBD4 a
˜
@
c

0'3x Žw%$'#+
· Œ a à 0\B 8/0N79<BD02Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0CA7?BF0N”30N@ 2N798.E0XB 2N798 K90†BIH/07=>9LMK/0N@<?g
8=C ‚=CA4,<=@ƒ4 c <?g }‡H?C e HGH=2\‚=0ª.E2N4IB!8=CE”\CB ˜ 1 8 ˜ c3 ˜ @D
2c79 c03745˜ J90 e BDC c
‚=903. :GECA76BIH/0890 e CELG2N.
4ƒ:/4FBF03L a -9@Dc<3‚=0ªBIH=2XB 1˜ 3˜ a 7˜ 9˜
‘ c3 + c 7 ≤ c 1 + c 9
¤ a žbCE@ e .E0N4 2798 2798€2MJb<?CA7?B 2@D0M”\C ‚=0N7€CE7€2MJ/.A2790 a žœ<=7/4FBF@D> e Bª2;.CE790
J92N454ICE79”BIH=@D<?k>b1”3H k
}‡2H?C e H6LM0N0XBƒ4!BIH/0 Pe CE@ e .E0 23B 2N798 CE74I> e H62i}2\:)BIH=2XB
BIH/0N@D0€0 CA4IB‡J9<?CE7?BƒP4 <=7 4I> e HÑBIH=2XB ki Ai Bi a
 1B–CA4!79<BŠ790 e 03454„2@z:C i ‹9798‡kBIiH/0i7=>9LMK/0N@|<?
BD<‡ Ag914,C <?.1>=BD= C1<=7/B 4 179C<=1@BI= H/0 A e <=279C8=2COBDC1<= =7‡grB <=@ 2CBIH/20
0 NCE4FBF037 e 0<?g4„> e H2+.ACA790 a ˜
‘
¦ a€ 0ˆH=2X‚=0;CE7?BD0”303@ƒ46”X@D0323BD0N@BIH=27 890379<BF0N8RKN: a
‚=03@z: CE4BIH/0†J/@D</8=> e Bm<?g27+0,‚=0N7ª7=>91LM˜ K/0N@œ<?g?179<B790 ae 0N14„˜ [email protected].O:ª ˜ a8?kCE4F˜ BDCEb7 1e ˜ B . J9
. .@ƒCE˜ L;b0Nm4 a
 0+H=2Xa ‚=0i e H/<=450N764,<=L;0iCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4!g1@D<=L BIH/0 ”\CO‚=0376CE7?BD0”303@ƒ4†1J9<=454IC1‘ K?.O:)79<=790
k + m
<=@!2N..Ž<?gbBIH/0NL 4I> e H6BIH=2XBŒ0,‚=0N@z: H=2N427;0,‚=0N7G7=>9LMK/0N@Œ<?gœ8=C ‚=CA4,<=@ƒ4†2L;<=79”iBIH/0
e H/<=4,037CE7?BD0”303‘@ƒ4 a z7MH/<}›L;2N7:)} bi2X:=4 e 2N7)}‡0LG20+4„> e H2 e H/<?C e 0Î
 •

c 4–2‹b7/23.4,0\B<?g?J9@D</K?.103L;4gr<=@b:=<?>9@mJ=>=™D™F.ACA79”†J=.10324I>9@D0<3‚=0N@ŽBIH/0ržŽ27/28=CA27
4„>9LGLM03@ }‡0+”\CO‚=0iBIH/0+J/@D</K=.E0NLG4<?g9BIH/0 ••• \
>9@ƒ4 e Hm2É 6ž<=7?BF034IBŠg1@D<=L i>979”X2@z: ‘ a
‰ H=2N7942˜ ”X2NCA7;”3<)BF<žœH=@ƒCE4FBF<=J9H/0N@ Ì LG2N..bgr<=@|J/@D<N‚?C18?CE79”BIH/0N450J/@D</K=.E0NLG4 a

¤¥i¥i¥
¼†§ˆ¯ 
¹ C+ ! $(% $
§ ‡¼
· a ?<=@m2J9<=4„COBDCO‚=0†CE7?BD0”303@ e <=7/4IC18/0N@BIH/045—=>92N@D0CE7ªBIH/0ižŽ2@ÐBF034„CA27J=.E2N790†}‡H/<=450
‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4+2@D0 n˜ 2798 a;‰ H/0M”X@DCE8€J9<?CE7?Bƒ4‡<?g–BIH/0
CE7?BD0”303@.E2XBƒBDC e A(0,
0CA7/4„0) ˜ B(n,
CE890G BIH/˜ 0;
<=@i<=7ˆ0) C(n,
K/<?>979n)
8/2N@z:~<?gD(0,
BIH?CA4+n)
45—=>92N@D0G2@D0 e <?.1<?>9@D0N8€03COBIH/0N@
@D08€<=@i”X@D0N0N7ZCA7€4I> e HZ2)}2X:ˆBIH=2XBi0,‚=0N@z:P>97=CB4,—?>92@D0CA7PBIH/0.A23BƒBDC e 0GH=24+0 N2 e BD.O:
BÐ}‡<@D0N8)‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4 a <}›L;2N7:G4„> e H e <?.1<?>9@ƒCE79”X4†2@D0+Jb<=4„4„CEK=.E0Î
¤ a†à 0XB K90+2Jb<?CA7?B|CA76BIH/0+J/.A2790<?gbBIH/0+79<=7950N—=>/C.E2XBF03@ƒ2N./BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 }‡H?C e H
CE48?CAݜ0N@DT037?B!g1@D<=L’BIH/0i‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4<?gŽBIH/0ªBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 aà 0XBŠBIH/0+.ACA790N4 ABC 2N798
LM0N0XBœBIH/0 e CE@ e >9L e CE@ e .E0i<?g?BIH/0BF@DCA279”\.E023B 2N798 @D0NAT4„Jb0 ˜ e BDBT
CO‚=0X.O˜ : a -9@DCT
<N‚=0
BIH=23BBIH/0N@D02@D00 N2 e BD. :ªBÐ}‡<+Jb<?CA7?BD4 A ˜ B ˜ C ˜
2798 TCA7+BIH/T0J=.E2N790grT<=@Ž}‡H?C e HiBIH/0†BF@DCA279”\.E0N4
2N798 2@D060—?>/PCA.A23BD0N@ƒ23Q. a -9@D<3‚=0 gE>9@ƒBIH/03@FL;<=@D0 BIH=23BŒBIH/0).CE790
AP BJ/P2C 4„4,034!BIH=@D<?>b”3H6BIH/0 e CA@ e >9L e 0N7?BF@D0‡<?gbBIH/0iBF@DCA279˜ ”\.E0
P A Q B Q C Q a ˜
PQ ABC
¦ a!à 0XB 890379<BF0279<=79„790N”X23BDC ‚=0†CE7?BD0”303@ ac 4„4„>9L;0!BIH=23BŽBIH/0†CE7?BD0”303@ƒ4
\” CO‚=02XBœk
.10324FB 8=CÝm03@D0N7?Bm@D0NLG2NCA798903@ƒ4m}‡H/0N7‡8=C ‚=CE890N8‡KN: a -9@D<N‚=0ŒaBI1H=˜ 23.Bm. 4,. <=˜ L;
an0
2k
<?gbBIH/0+CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4†28/8>9JBF<62‡7=>9L;K903@†8?CO‚?CE4IC1K?.10+KN: n
a + k
n+k

c 7~03@F@D<=@iH=24+K90N0N7€J9<?CE7?BD08€<?>=BªKN: /8}2@D8 ‰a  a 279”  C.Ag1@ƒC18 à 23>9@DCE0N@

 7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :  [email protected]</< W [ a z7BIH/0f4IBƒ23BD0NL;0N7?B€<?gˆ-9@D</K=.E0NL ˜  <?g‡BIH/0 ••
ª>979”X2N@z:9,z45@ƒ203.Œ¢9CE7/2XBDC1˜ <=7/23.!ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4ªžœ<=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7 •
•
˜   BIH/0‡}‡<=@D8
 <=790 G45H/<?>/.18RK/0  79<=790  ˜ 4ICE7 e 0;BIH/0Z8?CE4DÍz<?CE7?B+4„>bK=4,0\BD4CE7~BIH/0ˆJ/@D</K=.E0N˜ LÒ89<~79<B
0 NCE4FB|Cg27:G<?gbBIH/07=>9L;K903@ƒ4†CE4”X@D0323BD0N@ŠBIH=2N7 a
60

 0€79<} BD>9@F7f<?>9@)23BƒBD0N7?BDCE<=7RBF<'@D0N28903@ƒ4XšŠ4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4)BD<ÚJ/@D</K=.E0NLG4;<?gBIH/0
 0NK/@ƒ>92@z: •• 7=>9L;K903@|<?g?BIH/0ŽT[FÕV\[ a CA@ƒ4IB}‡0ªH=2\‚=0i45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4–BD<‡J9@D</K?.103L;4!<?g
=
BIH/0i¡|C10\BF7/2L;0N4506ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 2N.œWŒ. :/LGJ/CA28 


žŽ23BD0”3<=@z: c  ••  a
˜
· aŠÌ <?.O‚=0iBIH/04ƒ:=4IBD0NL#<?gœ0N—=>92XBDC1<=7/4

(1 + 42x−y )51−2x+y = 1 + 22x−y+1


y 3 + 4x + 1 + ln(y 2 + 2x) = 0
Ç=TNÔzUNVØ+YʏÌfTÈ3ÄNW;WPVØ OÄ  AÔ}ÄN]
Ç/×r[Ä XY/TbÙ[ÐÖN][Ä՜ÆIV ÄNÕØ+ÓÄ?U\ÔzT YÌbÄ[ÄNÖ?TbÙ=Ø
Ä   „]
Ò?V  /TÖPÄ3] /[IV×zV\]:՜[„VNVÆFV
Ï
6 V Ö zUNV)×IÈVxÉ[Ð×zVÎ5ÙÂ~T¡ÌhÄN[´Ä3Ö=TbÙ?Ø
Ä  %Ï
à 0XBƒBDCA79” BIH/+0 ‹9@ƒ4IBŒ0N—=>92XBDC1<=7;K/0 e <=LM034 }‡H/0N@D0
t = 2x − y ˜ f (t) = 0 ˜
t 1 t 4 t a



f (t) = 1 + 2 · 2 − 5 · 5
−5· 5
Ì EC 7 e 0)BIH/0)gE>97 e BDCE<=7 CA4i4FBF@DC e BD.O:;CE7 e @D0324ICE79” IB H/0</KN‚?C1<?>94i45<?.A>=BDCE<=7 CA4BIH/0
a ‰ H?>94 f
<=7=.O:4,<?.>=BDC1<=7 m
˜ 2x − y = 1 D BIH=23B|CA4 ˜
˜ y = 2x − 1
a t = 1
 •

‰ H/0450 e <=798;0N—=>92XBDC1<=76BIH/037MK/0 e <=LM034 }‡H/03@D0

g(x) = 0 ˜
a
g(x) = (2x − 1)3 + 4x + 1 + ln(4x2 − 2x + 1)
 0‡0324ICA. :6‹9798

16x2 + 2 a
g 0 (x) = 6(2x − 1)2 + 2 2
> 0
3x + (x − 1)
‰ / H 03@D03gr<=@D0 CE4!4FBF@DC e BD.O:‡CA7 e @D0N2N4„CA79” 2798‡BIH/0ª</KN‚=CE<?>94!4,<?.>=BDC1<=7 CE4ŠBIH/0ª<=7=.O:
4,<?.>=BDC1<=7 a ˜ gCE7/23.A. : ˜ a x=0
˜ (x, y) = (0, −1)
¤ aŒà 0\B
0 K90†BIH/0@D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0LC18/„J9<?CE7?Bƒ4|<?g?BIH/02@ e 4 79<B
CE79” ˜ BJ9<?˜ CEC @ e >9L ˜ eCA
CA@ e .1˜ 0 AB ˜ BIH/0
0 0
e <=7?Bƒ2NCA7=A 7?Bƒ4 @D0345J90 e BDC ‚=03. : <?gkBIH/0 e CABC <?gk
BF@DCA279”\.E0 aŒ‰ H/0)A 4IC1˜ 8/0NB
4 ˜ C˜ 2N798 ˜ CA7?BF03@ƒ4,0 e B!BIH/0‡J923CE@ƒ4<?gœ4,0N”XLM037?BD4
ABC BC2N˜ 79CA 8 ˜ AB
0 0 2XB9BIH/0ŒJ/2NCA@ƒ4<?gNJb<?CA7?BD4
(C 0 A0 , A0 B 0 ) ˜ (A0 B 0 , B 0 Ce 0 ) ˜
798ˆ<=N7=. ): ˜
0 0
2N798 @D0N4„Jb0 BDCO‚=0X.O: a (B -9@D<3C‚=0, BICH=23A
B ) CAgm2(M,
(P, Q) ˜
CAgbBIH/0iBF@DCA279”\.E0 (R, S) ˜ CE40N—=>/C.E2XBF03@ƒ2N. a M N = P Q = RS
ABC
Ç=TNÔzUNVØ6YÊ #È/[ X× T*›ȎVX[FÐ%Ï3Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]6Ŏ[ 3×zTNÔE]¢Ë
SՖVT [„V=Ê 
Ï ›ÄNÕØ
ÄXÔAÔA]«ÄWPØ9V\Õ/]
SÍ,]OË6Ç 3ÄNÕ؃ÍNT È zT€Ç=V1W PÊ*ÄN]›Ä
ÉÄ Ä A]
Ð2Ä=›ÄÕSÏ
6VÖ zUNV Ç?V EW IÊ*ÄFÑ  É[Ð×zVÎ5ÙÂ:Ï

A ......................................................................
.................. ...........
........... .... ..... ..........
.... ............ .. ... ........
.. ... ........
....... ..
2α ... .......
.. .
........ .
..
. .. .......
........ ..............................
. .....
... . ... ....
... .. .... ....
. .... .
.
. .. ....
....
...
. .. ...
0
... . .... ....
B
.. .
. . ...
. . ...
... .. ..
Q .....................
. . ....
... ..
. . . ... ... .... . ... ...
......
. ....
. ..
.
... ........................ ...
R
... ..
. .. ..
....
. ....
... ................ ...
. .. ...................................... ...
...
... ...................................... ..
0............................................................................... ...
C ...
... ..
..
.... . ... ... ...
... ...... ... ... ... ...
. ... .
... ...... ... ... ... ...
..
.... .... .. .
... .
. ...
... .... ... ... ..
. ..
... .... .
.. ... ..
. ..
... . ... .. ...
.... .... ... ... . . ...
.. .... .
. ... ..
... .... ... ...
... .. . ...
.. .... ... . .. ..
... .... .. ... . . ..
... . .. .. .
.
P
..... .....
S .... .
... ... ...
.. ... .... ... .... ..
... .. ... ... ..... ..
... ... ...... .. .
. ...
.. .. .... . ... .
.
..
.. .. .... ... ... ..
... .. .... ... ... ...
.. .... .. ... ..
... .. .. ... ..
... ............... .... .
. ...... .
.
... ... ......
....
... .. .. ...
... .... .... .....
.... .... ... ... ... ......
2β 2γ
..
M N
... ...
.... ... .. .. .. . .
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
α α C
......... ... ... ........
B .... ......... ....
..
... ........ .....
β +γ
..... .... ..
..... ...... .... .. ...... ..........
.......
....... ...... .. ...
β
.... . ...... ......
γ
........ .... .... ..................... . .... ..... ..
......... . . .. . .. ...
....
.......... ...... ....
... .... .... .. .... ..
..... ...... .........
............ ..........
....................... ..................... ..................................
....................................

A0
 0ÚJ/>=B 2N798 aÁ‰ H/037
∠BAC 4!BIH/˜ 0+∠ABC
aŠÌ CA7 e 0 =0 EC 2α LGCE89IJb<?CA=
7?BŒ<?2⠘ 02N@ e ∠ACB
gbBIH/ =2\‚=02γ
}‡0H=
α + β + γ = π2 A BC ˜
a
∠A0 AB = ∠A0 CB = ∠A0 BC = ∠A0 AC = α
c .E45< 2N798 a +0N7 e 0
˜ ∠B 0 A0 C = ∠B 0 BC = β ∠BA0 C 0 = ∠BCC 0 = 㠘
∠A0 N M = ∠A0 CB + ∠B 0 A0 C = α + ⠘
 •

2798
a
∠A0 M N = ∠A0 BC + ∠BA0 C 0 = α + γ
‰ H/037

∠M A0 N = 180◦ − ∠A0 N M − ∠A0 M N

a
= 180◦ − (2α + β + γ) = β + γ
à 0XB K90iBIH/0 e CE@ e >9LG@ƒ28?CA>94<?g a‰ H/0N7
R 4ABC
a 
BA0 = 2R sin ∠A0 CB = 2R sin α ‘
c J9J=.O:?CE79”BIH/0 à 2\} <?g Ì CA790N4!BF< 2798 }‡0”30XB
4A0 BM 4A0 M N ˜
M A0 sin ∠A0 BM sin α sin α sin α
= = = = ˜
BA0 sin ∠A0 M B sin(π − α − γ) sin(α + γ) cos β
2798
MN sin ∠M A0 N sin(β + γ) cos α a
0
= 0
= =
MA sin ∠A N M sin(α + β) cos γ
037 e 0
˜
MN MN M A0 cos α sin α a 
= · = · ‘
BA0 M A0 BA0 cos γ cos β
1B|gr<?.A.E<}4Œg1@D<=L# 2798; BIH=2XB
‘ ‘
sin α cos α sin2 α cos α R(sin 2α)2 a
MN = · BA0 = 2R =
cos β cos γ cos β cos γ 2 cos α cos β cos γ
Ì CELCA.A2@ƒ.O: }‡0H=2X‚=0
˜
R(sin 2β)2 2N798 R(sin 2γ)2 a
PQ = RS =
2 cos α cos β cos γ 2 cos α cos β cos γ
‰ H?>94 CAg–2N798Z<=7=.O:MCAg
}‡H?C e HM ˜ M
EC 4N =Cg–P2Q
BF@ƒ>b06 798P=<=7=RS
.O:MCAg (sin 2α)2 = (sin a+‰ H?2β)
2
CA4iCA4ª0=
—?>/(sin 7?B†BF< ˜
CO‚?23.1032γ)
2

}‡H?C e HGL;0N2N7/4ŒBIH=sin 2XB 2α = sin CA42β

0—?>/=
CA.A23sin
BD0N@ƒ232γ
.a
α = β = 㘠4ABC
¦ a à 0XB 2798 K90'BÐ}‡< 450—?>b0N7 e 0N4Ñ8/03‹97908 @D0 e >9@ƒ4ICO‚=0X.O:2N4
∞
gr<?.A.E<}4 {xn }n=0 {yn }∞ n=0

x0 = 1 ˜ x1 = 4 ˜ xn+2 = 3xn+1 − xn ˜
y0 = 1 ˜ y1 = 2 ˜ yn+2 = 3yn+1 − yn ˜
gr<=@!23.A. a
n = 0˜ 1˜ 2˜ . . .
12 -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B
‘
x2n − 5yn
2
+4 = 0
gr<=@!23.A.b79<=79I790”X2XBDCO‚=0+CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 a
n
rK Ì >9J9J9<=4,0+BIH=23B 2@D0+BÐ}‡<GJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ44„> e HBIH=2XB 2 a
-9@D‘ <N‚=0!BIH=2XBŽBIH/03@D00 aNCE˜ 4FbBD4m279<=79I790”X2XBDCO‚=0ŒCE7?BD0”303@ 4„> e 
2
H BIH=23B a − 5bN2 798+ 4 = 0 a
k xk = a yk = b
 •

Ç=TNÔzUNVØZYÊ5ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԢŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]OØTbÙ=V\Õ/] [´ÄN՛ÆFV .ØT9Y/VX[,×OÅÔ EÕ  E]OÔÙ/×r[IVXWPTÕ×1]


Ó V\[F[„V ÅmT[FÕ \× V1Õ=]VÌbÄ  XTÕ *ÎÒ%Ā׃×zV\] [´ÄN՛ÆFV dÄÕŽØ #È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[ZÐ%Ï`Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]
Ŏ[ X× TNÔA]Ë YÏ
6 V b[ 3×Ö UNV¥ÅœÄ=×PÄAÔÔ VÑ +×r[„V=Ä/×rWPV\՜זT–×IÈV Â[IT9YNÔ V\WVÏ
12 ‰ H/0+4,0N—=>b037 e 034 L;2\:;K/0‡890X‹b790N8;0—?>/CO‚?23.1037?BD.O:GKN:
‘ {xn } ˜ {yn }

  
xn+1 xn
x0 = y0 = 1 ˜ = A ˜ ‘
yn+1 yn
}‡H/0N@D0 890379<BF034!BIH/0ªL;2XBF@DC  3/2 5/2 a z79890N08  ”\CO‚=034
 
A ˜ ‘ x1 = 4 ˜ y 1 = 2 ˜
1/2 3/2

xn+2 = 23 xn+1 + 25 yn+1 = 23 xn+1 + 25 12 xn + 23 yn

= 32 xn+1 + 45 xn + 32 xn+1 − 23 xn = 3xn+1 − xn ˜

2798 14ICELCA.A2@ƒ.O: a [<} BIH/0M@D0—?>/CE@D0N8R@D034„>/.OBªgr<?.A.E<}4‡KN:

CE798?> eyBDn+2
1C <=7 = 3y
>94„AC 79 BIH/0@D−0X.E2XyBDnC1<=7/4 2
”n+1 ‘ ˜ 2798
˜ x0 − 5y02 + 4 = 0
3

2
2
x2n+1 − 5yn+1
2
+4 = x
2 n
+ 52 yn −5 1
x
2 n
+ 32 yn +4
2 2 a
= xn − 5yn +4
à 0\B 2798
rK K/0Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0CE7?BD0”303@ƒ4!4I> e H+BIH=2XB 2 a žb.1032@ƒ.O:
Cg a ‘
b<=@ aœc .A4,< }‡0i4500BIH=23B 279a8 −H=5b 2X‚=0+BIH/40=452N0LM0J92N@DCOB : a˜
2

D
a=b=1 a=1 b=1 ˜   a  b
[i<} 4I>9J9J9<=4,0 2N798 a†à 0XB a1 a BIH=23B|CA4
˜ a>1 b>1 = A−1 ˜
b1 b
3a − 5b 2N798 −a + 3b a
a1 = b1 =
2 2
‰ H/037 2N798
2@D0iCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 2798 2 am 0+H=2\‚=0
a1 b1 ˜ a1 − 5b21 + 4 = a2 − 5b2 + 4 = 0
5b − a 2N798 a − b a†‰ H/0‡gr<?..1<}+CA79” e 23. e >/.A23BDCE<=7/445H/<} BIH=2XB
a − a1 = b − b1 =
2 2N798 2@D0+2N..bJb2<=4ICBDC ‚=0
a1 ˜ b 1 ˜ a − a 1 ˜ b − b1
(3a − 5b)(a + 3b) = 4(ab − 3) > 0 ˜
(3b − a)(3a + 5b) = 4(ab + 3) > 0 ˜
(5b − a)(5b + a) = 25b2 − a2 = 4(a2 + 5) > 0 ˜
a
(a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2 = 4(b2 − 1) > 0
rg <=@ BIH/037 2798
a1 = 1 b1 = 1 ˜ a 1 = b 1 = 1 = x 0 = y0
x1 a
     
a x0
= A =
b y0 y1
W!BIH/0N@ }+CE450 }‡0PCBD0N@ƒ2XBF0ˆBIH/0ZJ9@D< e 0N4„4>97?BDC.|}‡0€”30XB }‡H?C e H~}+CA..
˜ < eFe >9@ 4„CA7 e 0}‡0H=2X‚=0890 e @D0N2N4„CA79”)4,0N—=>ba
790 e 0N4„452N@DC.O:P 037 k e 03= < 1g–J9=
4+? <=4„CObBDkCO‚=0)CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 a
‰ H/037 ˜ ‘

BIH=23B|CA4
 
a
b
2798
= Ak
 
ak
bk
= Ak
a
 
x0
y0
=
 
xk
yk
D
˜ a = xk b = yk
 •

SV 9×VÉiVkÖ UNV ÅmT[FÕ\× V1Õ¡Ñ  É[Ð×zVÎ5ÙŽ]bÉÈ DÆ´È ÂT EÕœ×  TbÙ=× \TWPVE՜×zVX[IV X× 1Õ=Ö
ÆITÕ/ÕV%Æ5×  TÕ %Ï
12 Ì <?.O‚?CE79”BIH/0+@D0 e >9@D@D0N7 e 0‡@D0X.E2XBDC1<=7/4 ‡} 0ª‹97986BIH=23B gr<=@|2N..
‘ ˜ ˜ n = 1˜ 2˜ . . . ˜
 2n−1
1
xn = ϕ2n−1 + −
ϕ
 2n−1
1 1 1
yn = √ ϕ2n−1 − √ − ˜
5 5 ϕ
√
}‡H/0N@D0 1 + 5 CE4†BIH/0UŠ<?.18/0N7 Ž2XBDC1< a  4„CA79”;¢9CE790\B,š 4 ?<=@FL>/.E2 }‡068/08?> e 0
ϕ= ˜
BIH=23B 2
2798
xn = L2n−1 yn = f2n−1 ˜
}‡H/0N@D0 CA4iBIH/0 C1K/<=7/2 eFe CŠ450—?>b0N7 e 0M1890X‹b790N8ÑKN: 2N798
0 à 1> ˜ fe 224Š=
450—?1>b˜ 0N7 e 0
∞
{fn }n=1
gr<=@m2N.. 2798 CAf41BIH/=
f 03‹979=
r8/n+2 08;fKNn+1
: + fn ˜ n =2N7918 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ‘I˜ ∞
{Ln }n=1 gr<=@|2N.. a
L = 1 ˜ L = 3 ˜ L
 4„CA79”6¢9CE1790\B,š 4 =<=2@DLG>/.A2 CB|CA40N2N = L + L ˜
4ƒ:)BF<‡‚=03@DCg:6BIH=2XB gr<=@!23.A.
n+2 n+1 n n = 1 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ‘
˜ ˜ n = 1˜ 2˜ . . . ˜
a 
5fn2 + 4(−1)n = L2n ‘
1B!gr<?..1<}4|BIH=2XB 2 2 a
xn − 5yn + 4 = 0
rK ‰ H/0+gr<?..1<}+CA79”BIH/0<=@D03L“CE479<}7;14500  
‘ ‘
lNw& a ?COBIH/0N@ 2 2 <=@ H=2N4)2ˆ4,<?.>=BDC1<=7 CA7
Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªCE7?BD0”303@ƒ4†CA5x +<=7=
gŽ2798; 4. :6
=CAg y 5x − 4 = rg y<=2@|4,<=L;0
2
aza (x, y)
(x, y) = (fn , Ln ) n
?@D<=L% } 0ˆH=2\‚=0
‡ a žœ<=7/450—?>b0N7?BD. : BIH/0M4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4‡<?g
‘I˜ CA7ÑJb<=4ICBDC ‚=5f 2
7?BF0N+
0MCA2n ”30N4@ƒ4)= L22n
2N@D0; BIH/0ˆJ/2NCA@ƒ4 ˜
4ICBDC ‚=)0 ˜
2 2
5x
}‡H/0N@D0 − 4 = y aG‰ H/037ZBIH/0;45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4<?g 2 (x, y) = (f2n−1 ,L
CA7€ Jb<=2n−1
n = 1 ˜ 2 ˜ . .
CE7?BD0”303@ƒ42@D0iBIH/0J/2NCA@ƒ4 . }‡H/03@D0 a − 5b 2
+ 4 =
a 0

 œ)Q&'#
(a, b) = (xn , yn ) ˜ n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .

  a <=7/45K903@D”30N@ b Ì Ä/×IȎVXW5Ä=× DÆQÄ3Ô:ՖVXW
 Ÿ c–c J a 
a

˜ ˜ ˜
aŒà 0XB K/0@D0N23.=J9<=4„COBDCO‚=07=>9L;K903@ƒ4!4I> e HªBIH=23B a 0\BF03@FLCE790
2XBF˜ 03b4I˜ B!cJ9<=454IC1K?.10‚?2N.>b0‡<?gbBIH/0ªgr<?.A.E<}+CE79”ª0 J9@D03abc
BIH/0‡”X@D0Na 454IC1<=+7 a + c = b Ï

2 2 3 a
P = − +
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
Ç=TNÔzUNVØZYÊ5ÌkTÈ#ÄW;WPVNØ OÄ ÔPÄ3]ŸÇ/×r[Ä XY/TbÙ[ÐÖN] [´ÄN՛ÆFV ¢ÌKÆ´ÈV,ÔYŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]OØTbÙ=V\Õ/]
[Ä՜ÆIV !ÓzVX[F[IV`ÅmT[FÕ \× V1Õ=]:ÌbÄ  XTÕ *ÎÒ%Ā׃×zV\][´ÄN՛ÆFV #È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[¡Ð%Ï6Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]
Ŏ[ X× TNÔA]«Ë 6ÄՎبÌdÙN[F[´ÄÊZÇ#Ï ŽÔPÄNW  1Õ=]«ËœÕ zUNVX[  ×IÊMT |Ô Y/VX[,×}ÄN] 9Ø?WPTÕ× TÕ=] ÅŸÏ

6ViÖ zUNV¥ÅœÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV#Ñ  XTNÔÐÙ/× zTÕ6Ï
à 0XB K90G@D0N23.–Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0G7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ44I> e HˆBIH=23B a€à 0XB
a ˜ b2N˜ 79c8 
a ‰ /
H N
0 7 N
2 9
7 abc
8 +a+ E
 „
4 A
C c7 e =
0 b a
α = tan−1 a β = tan−1 b α ˜ β ∈ (0, π2 ) α<β a < b‘
‰ H?>94 }‡0H=2\‚=0 2798 b−a a
˜ a = tan α ˜ b = tan ⠘ c= = tan(β − α)
1 + ab
 N•

 0LG2X:@D0£}@DCOBF0 2N4
P

P = 2 cos2 α − 2 cos2 β + 3 cos2 (β − α)

a
= 3 cos2 (β − α) + 2 sin(β + α) sin(β − α)
≤ 3 cos2 (β − α) + 2 sin(β − α) = f (β − α) ˜
}‡H/0N@D0 aÑÌ CE7 e 0 0 BIH/0
L;2 CALG>9fL (x)‚?2N= 3<?cos
.>b0Z g
2
<=x7~+BIH/20ˆsin
CA7?BFx03@z‚?2N. f (x) A
C )
4 3
2 =
ƒ
B ƒ
B N
2 2
A
C 9
7 cos

0 Ñ
8 3
2 x(1
B − 3 sin x) ˜ a
f (0, π2 ) x0 = sin−1 ( 31 )
‰ H/06LG2 NCEL>9L»CE4 a 1B†gr<?..1<}4†BIH=2XB BIH/0
f (x ) = 3(1 − 91 ) + 32 = 10 P ≤ 10 ˜
‚?2N.>b0 10 K90XCE79”ª2XBƒBD23CE790N0 8)}‡H/037 π N
2 9
7 8 3 a 3

‰ 3H/034,0 e <=798?CBDCE<=7/4‡<=7 2Nβ 798 + α:?= C10X.18 2 β − α = x2N0798 a

π
037 e 0 α β 2α = 2
− x0 2β = π2 + x0
˜
1 − tan2 α π
 
1
2
= cos 2α = cos − x0 = sin x0 = ˜
1 + tan α 2 3

g1@D<=L%}‡H?C e HRCBCE40N2N4ƒ:Ú890N8=> e 0PBIH=23B

tan α =
√

2
2 BIH=2XB‡CA4
˜ a =
√
D √

2
2 a ‰ H/0N7

π √ 2N798 2a
 
b = tan − α = cot α = 2 ˜ c = tan(β − α) =
z7 e <=27 e .>94„CE<=7 BIH/0LG2 NCEL>9L‚?2N.>b0<?g >9798903@œBIH/045J90 4e C‹Ž0N8 e <=798=COBDC1<=7/4
˜ √ P˜ √ ˜
CE4 10 }‡H?C e H6CA4†23BƒBƒ2NCA7908‡}‡H/0N7 2 √ 2798 2a
˜ a= ˜ b = 2˜ c=
3 2 4
a z7 BIH=@D0N0„8=CALM037/4„CE<=7/2N.4„J92 e 0 .E0XB K90~gr<?>9@79<=79IJ/.A27/2N@
8=CA4IBDCA7 e Bi@ƒ2\:/4ª4„> e HˆBIH=2XBBIH/0;2N79”\.103˜ 4K/0XBÐ}‡
5 Ox0N0N˜ 7ZOy ˜ Oz
27:ˆ ˜ Ot
BÐ}‡<Z <?gBIH/0NL H=2\‚=06BIH/0G452NLM0
LM0324I>9@D0 a
12 0XBD0N@DLGCA790ªBIH?CA4 e <=L;L;<=7GLM0324I>9@D0 a
‘†Ï
rK à 0\B K90279<BIH/03@Œ@ƒ2X:M8?CAݜ0N@D037?BŒg1@D<=L’BIH/0‡2K/<N‚=0gr<?>9@Œ@ƒ2\:/4 aià \0 B
K90ª‘ BIH/0+2Or
79”\.E0N4Œgr<=@DLM0N8;KN: }+CBIH @D0345J90 e BDC ‚=03. : a / >=B ˜ ⠘ 㠘 δ
- α
Or Ox ˜ Oy ˜ Oz ˜ Ot ˜

p = cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ ˜

a
q = cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ
-9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B 2N798 2@D0ªCE7‚?2N@DCA27?B–}‡H/037 @D<BD2XBF034†2K/<?>=BŠBIH/0J9<?CE7?B a
p q Or O
Ç=TNÔzUNVØ YÊ #È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[ZÐ%Ï`Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]kŎ[ 3×zTNÔE] Ë ¥ÄNÕØ Ì Ù[F[ÄÊ Ç3Ï ŽÔPÄNW  1Õ=]
ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×PʒT|Ô Y/VX[,×}ÄN] /Ø?WPT՜×zTÕ/] ÅŸÏ
6VdÖ zUNV ŽÔPÄNW  1Õ¡Ñ \TNԃÙ=×  TÕÄՎØ
Ö=V\ÕV\[´ÄXÔ  Ä/× zTÕ6Ï
12 ‰ H?CA4iCA4i2;79<}7P@D0N4I>/.BŒ}‡H?C e HZH=2N4ª0,‚=0N7P2J/Jb032@D0N8PCA7MBIH?CE4Íz<?>9@D7/2N.mgr<=@
@ƒ2\‘ :/4ŒCE7 a
n + 1à 0XB E n K902i@D0N”\>/.E2N@mBD0XBF@ƒ2H/08=@D<=7}+COBIH e 037?BF@D0 2N798 e CA@ e >9L;@ƒ28=C>94 a
à 0XBŽBIH/0†gr<?XY >9@>97=ZTCBb‚=0 e BD<=@ƒ4g1@D<=L BD< 2N798 K/089O0379<BF0N8‡KN: 2N7918
O X ˜ Y ˜ Z ˜ T
@D0345J90 e BDC ‚=03. : a‰ H/0N450ªgr<?>9@‚=0 e BF<=@ƒ4ŒL;200N—=>923.b279”\.E0N4Š}+CBIH032 e H<BIH/0N@ aœc .E45< x ˜ y ˜ z ˜
t˜ 4„CA7 e 0 CE4!BIH/0 e 037?BF@D<?C18 a  J92N798=CA79” ˜
x +
}‡0+”30XB y + z + t = 0 ˜ O
<=@ }‡H/0N@D0 |x + y + z + t| 2
=
CE4ŠBIH/0+2N79”\.10+K/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7 0 ˜
27:6BÐ}‡< 4 <? +gb12
BIH/0cos‚=0 e θBD<==@ƒ4 0a ˜ θ = cos−1 (−1/3) ˜ θ
 

rK à 0XB K90BIH/0‚=0 e BF<=@<?gœBIH/0)gr<=@DL 4„> e HGBIH=2XB

‘ v
CE4J/2@ƒ23.A.E03.9BF<)BIH/0‡@ƒ2X: N2 798 P
Or
3
c0 x + c1 y + c2 z + c 3 t
ck = 1

a 1BŠ}+CA..Ž4I> e 0+BF<4,H/<}BIH=23B 2N798
v
p q
2@D0ªCE798/0NJ90N798/0N7?B†<?g 2N798
k=0 a 0‡H=2\‚=0
c0 ˜ c1 ˜ c2 ˜ c3
v c0 − 31 (c1 + c2 + c3 ) 4c0 − 1
cos α = x · = = ˜
|v| |v| 3|v|
}+CBIH4ICELCA.A2@!0 J/@D0N4„4„CE<=7/4Œgr<=@ 2N798 aœc .A4,<
cos ⠘ cos 㠘 cos δ ˜
3
X 2X
|v|2 = c2k − ci cj
3
k=0 i<j
3 3 3
! !
X 1 X 1 X a
= c2k − 1− c2k = 4 c2k −1
3 3
k=0 k=0 k=0

037 e 0 1 3 2798
˜ p= (4ck − 1) = 0 ˜
P
3|v| k=0
3 3 3
!
1 X 1 X X
q = (4ck − 1)2 = 16 c2k −8 ck + 4
9|v|2 k=0 9|v|2 k=0 k=0
3
!
4 X
2 4 a
= 2
4 ck − 1 =
9|v| k=0
3
‰ H/034,0@D034„>/.OBD4+”303790N@ƒ23.ACO™„0)BF< n }‡H/03@D0)}‡0GH=2\‚=0 e <=7 e >9@F@D037?Bi@ƒ2\:/4
„4 > e HBIH=2XBŽBIH/0†279”\.E0K/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7+2N7:iBÐ}‡ E<ª ˜<?gNBIH/0NL H=24œBIH/0†452NnLM+ 0†L;1 0N2N4„>9@D0 aœ 0†4IBƒ2@ÐB
}+CBIH >97=COBŠ‚=0 e BD<=@ƒ4 g1@D<=L“BIH/0 e 0N7?BF@D<?CE8BF<6BIH/0i‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4<?g
2‡@D0N”\>/n.E2N+@!4„1CAL;J=.10  ˜ x0 ˜ x1 ˜ a ...J/˜ 2x79n8?˜ CE79” ”\CO‚=034
2
X0 X1 · · · X n |x0 + x1 + · · · + xn | = 0
 
n+1
n+1+2 2 cos θ = 0 ˜
}‡H?C e H‡:=CE03.E8/4 <=@ a
B θ = −1/n ˜
[i0 NB .10\cos θ = cos−1 (−1/n) 4„> e H‡BIH=23B–BIH/02N79”\.10K/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7
˜ v = c 0 x0 + c 1 x1 + · · · + c n xn v
2798 CA4 2798 P
n a–‰ H/0N7
xk αk ck = 1
k=0
n
v (n + 1)ck − 1 2N798 X a
cos αk = xk · = n|v|2 = (n + 1) c2k − 1
|v| n|v| k=0

037 e 0 n 2798
˜
P
cos αk = 0
k=0
n
 
c2k − 1
P
n (n + 1) (n + 1)
X k=0 n+1 a
cos2 αk = 2 2
=
k=0
n |v| n
 [i0 NBŒ}‡0BD>9@F7MBF<MJ9@D</K?.103L;4ª<?gœBIH/0¡|C10\BF7/2L;0N450MŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 2N.¡WŒ. :/LGJ/CA28



ž2XBF0N”3<=@z:Z¢ ”\CO‚=037  ••   a
˜
· a†à 0XB K90+2‡450—?>b0N7 e 0‡890X‹b790N8;KN:
{un }∞
n=1
2798
u1 = 1, u2 = 2 un+2 = 3un+1 − un
gr<=@!23.A. a -9@D<3‚=0ªBIH=2XB
n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .

u2n+1
un+2 + un ≥ 2 +
un
gr<=@!23.A. a
n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .
Ç=TNÔzUNVؒYÊ ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԨŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]bؖTbÙ?VXÕ=] [´ÄN՛ÆFV  Ó  V\[F[„VAÅmT[FÕ  \×zV EÕ/]¿ÌbÄ  XTÕ *Î
Ò%Ä €×ƒ×zV\
] [Ä՜ÆIV #È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[YÐ%Ï:Ŏ[Ä=ØÔzV=ÊN].Ŏ[ X× TNAÔ ]µË
¡ÄՎØk×bV؎ÙXÔPÄMS¥ÏŸÌ  Ù [,×PÊN]
ÖiT?UNVX[D]–Ó !]Ë¡Ç Ï
6ViÖ UNV¥ÅœÄ=×PÄAÔÔ VÑ «É[Ð×zVÎ5ÙÂ:Ï
à 0XB K90BIH/0ª>94I>92N. CEK9<=7/2 eIe C94,0N—=>b037 e 0 8/03‹97908GKN: 2N798
{fn } gr<=@–2N../Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0CE7?BD0”303@ƒ4 a b ž ˜ .1032@ƒ.O: f1 = 2N79f8 2 = 1 a
f = f
Ì >9J9J9<=4,0ªBIH=2XB
n+2 n+1 + f n 2798 n gr= ˜ u = f
< @|4,<=L;0ªCE7?BD0”303@
1 1 ua
2‰ =
H/0Nf7 3
uk = f2k−1 uk+1 = f2k+1 k≥1

uk+2 = 3uk+1 − uk = 3f2k+1 − f2k−1

a
= 2f2k+1 + f2k = f2k+1 + f2k+2 = f2k+3
‰ H?>94 gr<=@|23.A. rKN:CA798=> e BDCE<=7 a
˜ [i<} rg <=@|2N7:GJb<=4ICBDC ‚=n0ª≥
un = f2n−1
CA7?BF10N”30N@ ‘
˜ n˜

u2n+1 − un un+2 2
= f2n+1 − f2n−1 f2n+3
2
= f2n+1 − f2n−1 f2n+1 − f2n−1 f2n+2
= f2n+1 f2n − f2n−1 f2n+2
2
= f2n + f2n−1 f2n − f2n−1 f2n+2
2
= f2n − f2n−1 f2n+1 = (−1)2n+1 = −1 ˜
}‡H/0N@D0}‡0H=2\‚=0ª>94,0N8)BIH/0}‡03..1„79<}[email protected]<=7 2
‚?2N.C186gr<=@!23.A. amc 4Œ2‡@D034„>/.OB fm − fm−1 fm+1 = (−1)m+1 ˜
m≥2 ˜

u2n+1 1 a
un+2 + un − = un +
un un
‰ H/0‡8/0N4ICE@D0N8CA790—?>92N.CBz:gr<?..1<}4 „4 CA7 e 0 gr<=@!23.A.bJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0 a
˜ x + x1 ≥ 2 x
¤ aGà 0\B K/02)BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10)CE7/4 e @DCEK90N8ˆCA7MBIH/0 e CE@ e .E0 aGà < e 2XBF0‡BIH/06Jb<=4ICBDCE<=7P<?g
BIH/0Jb<?CA7?ABCBD4 79<Bœ.O:?CE79”ŒCE7ªBIH/0 e CE@ e .E0 <?gBIH/0J/.A2790 O }+COBIHªBIH/0J/@D<=Jb03@ƒBz:
BIH=23B–BIH/0ª.ACA79P0N4 ˜ e B–˜ BIH/0 e CA@ e .10
CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 O 2(ABC)
”X2NCA7G2XB|Jb<?CA7?BD4 0 0 0
4„> e H)BIH=23B 0 P0 A0 ˜ CE4† P2 B@D˜ CE”3PHC
BI„2N79”\.10N8CE45<=4 e 03.E0N4|BF@ƒCE2NO79”\.10}+CBIH 0 0 0
A ˜ B ˜ Ca
◦
ABC ∠A B C = 90
 

Ç=TNÔzUNVØYÊ
#È/[ X× T*›ȎVX[Ð%Ï
Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]œÅŽ[ X× TNÔA]:Ë ÄՎØÍ3T 2È  TÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3] œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]
Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ6Ï
6ViÖ UNV«Ç=V1W PÊ*ÄœÑ  \TNԃÙ=×  TÕSÏ

.......
.......
E
.....
.....
....
.........
..... ...
... ..... .......
... .... ...
...
... ..... ...
... ... ...
. .. ..
. ...
.. ... ...
.
. .. ..... ..
..
... ..
. ...
... .... ..
..
.. ....
P
. ...
..
. ... ...
.. .... ..............................................................
...
. ... .....................................................
. . .................
............
.. .... . .......... .......... .... .. ... ...........
. .. .
...... ................ ..... ... .... .. . . ..........
... . .. .... . .........
... ..... ...... ................ ..... ... .... ........
.......
... ............. ............... ..... ...... ... .... .......
... .......... ............. . ....
.
.
... ... .. .......
.....
....................... . ..
A . .. . . .. . .....
..................... .... .... . ...
. .....
0.... ....
. .
. .. .
. ... ....
B
... . . . . ..
..
..
...........
.
. .. . . ....
. . .. . ..
............................... ..... .................... . .. .
...... . .
. .. ....
..
......... ............. ........ ...... ........ ...
.. ..
..
.
. ...
... ....
.................. ........ ........................................................... ... ....
0 ......................................................................
. .
A
... . .. .
. ....
◦
 45
.... .... .. .... .
.
. .
. .
. ...
. . .
...... .. ... ... .. .. . . .
.......... .. ...

. . .. . . . . .. . . ...
.
... ....... ..... .... .... ... ... . ...
... ........... ...... ...


. .. ...
.. ...... .............. .. ...

.. ......... .. .. . . ...
. . . .... ...... .. .. .. .. .
.... ................. . . ... . . . .
... .... .... . ... . . . . . ...
...
... .. ... ......... ......
. . . .
... .... ...... .... . .
. .. .. ...
... .. ... .......... . .
. . . .
............... ... ........... ...
O ...
...
...
.
.
. .. ...
. ...
.
. .. ....
. . .
..... . . .......
.......
... .... ...... .
.
.. C
.... .
......... ....... ...... .......
.
.
.
... ......................
.
.
..
.
..
..
..
..
.. .. ... ..... ................ ....... ....
. .... ..
.. . .. .... ... . . . . . . . .
.. ... ... ..... . . ..
..
.. . . ......... .......... ........... ... ...... ....
..
..
...
.. .. .. ...
. . . . . ......... . . ....... ..... ............... .... ...... ....
. ..
............ . . ..... ...... ....... .. ... ....
............................................................... ... .. ...... . . . . . .. . . ...
...................................................................... ............ .... ...
0
.
◦
. .... ...
B C
. .. . ..
.... ....................... ....
45 . .. .. ...
.... .......... ............. .. ..... ....
..... ..
... ........ ......... . .. ........ .. ...
........... ......... ... ....
... ............................................... .... ..
...
.... ......... ....
......... .... ..
..
..
.........
......... ..... .
....
... ......... ..... ..
... .. ......... ...... .
.. ......... .... ...
..
...
.........
......... ....
.... ...
......... ..
..
.. ......... ....
.. ...
......... .... .
... ......... .... ..
... ......... .... ..
......... .... ..
.. ......... ..
..
.. ......... ....
.. ..
.
.. ......... .... .
... ......... .... ...
... .........
.........
....
.... ...
... .... ..
...
.........
......... .... .....
... ......... .... ..
... ......... .... ...
... ......... .... ...
.... .........
......... ....... ....
....
.... ......... .... ....
.
......... .... ..
....
.... ............ ......
... ............ ...
.....

.....
......
.. ......
D
......

z7BIH/0!gr<?.A.E<}+CE79”|45<?.A>=BDCE<=7}‡0Œ2N454I>9LM0|BIH=2XB ◦ 2798 ◦ a ¢9>=B

BIH/0gr<?..1<}+CA79” e <=7/4FBF@D> e BDCE<=72N798J/@D</<?g}‡<=@FCE7<BI∠A H/0N@ >
e 24545 LGCA79>
0N4}+CBIHª∠C <=@ 45
e H=279”3034 a
à 0XB K90!BIH/0J9<?CE7?Bm<=7 J9@D</8?> e 0N8‡K/0,:=<=798 4I> e HiBIH=2XB
2798G.E0XB DK/0+BIH/0Jb<?CA7?B†<=7 ACJ9@D</8?> e 0N8MK90,:=<=798 C 4I> e H6BIH=23B ∠CBD = 45◦ a˜
◦

à 0XB K/E 0BIH/0‡CA7?BF03@ƒ4,0 e BDC1<=7ˆ<?AB

gBIH/0 e CE@ e >9L e CE@ e .E0N4<?g A 2798 ∠ACE =<45 BIH/0N@
BIH=27 P a 4ABD 4BCE
B
q9x„*  a‰ H/0N7 CE4!BIH/0J9<?CE7?B}‡02N@D0+.E</</CA79”igr<=@ a
P
Ó [„T/T a†à X0 B 0 0 2N798
b 0 K/0iBIH/0+Jb<?CA7?BD4†<?gbCE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e BDCE<=7G<?g 2N798
e e
}+CBIH CA@ 1. 0 A ˜ B ˜
< BIH/0N@–BIH=27
 C 2N798 a‰ H/0N7 P A˜ P B ˜ PC
O A˜ B ˜ C

∠B 0 A0 C 0 = ∠B 0 CP = ∠BB 0 C − ∠BP C
= ∠BAC − ∠BEC = ∠ACE = 45◦ ˜
2798
∠B 0 C 0 A0 = ∠B 0 AP = ∠AB 0 B − ∠AP B
a
= ∠ACB − ∠ADB = ∠CBD = 45◦
037 e 0 CE4†2@DCE”3HBI„2N79”\.10N8CE45<=4 e 03.E0N4|BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10}+CBIH a
˜ 4A0 B 0 C 0 ∠A0 B 0 C 0 = 90◦
 ¦ a žœ<=7/4IC18/0N@|@D0N23.Ž7=>9L;K903@ƒ4 4I> e H6BIH=2XB!2N..b@D</<BD4<?g9BIH/0‡0N—=>92XBDC1<=7
a˜ b

ax3 − x2 + bx − 1 = 0
2@D0+@D0N23.Ž2N798GJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0 a
0XBD0N@DLGCA790ªBIH/04„L;23.A.E0N4FB|Jb<=4„4„CEK=.E0‚?23.A>b0<?gbBIH/0+gr<?..1<}+CA79”+0 J/@D0N4„4„CE<=7
Ï
5a2 − 3ab + 2 a
P =
a2 (b − a)

Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕZYʃ×bVN؎Ù3Ô}ÄS¥Ï›ÌdÙN[,×IÊ3]:ÖT=UNV\[D]ŠÓ !]Ë6Ç Ï

à 0XB K90iBIH/0@D</<Bƒ4<?g9BIH/0‡”\C ‚=0N7;0—?>923BDCE<=7 a‰ H/037
r1 ˜ r2 ˜ r3
1 
r1 + r 2 + r 3 = ˜ ‘
a
b 
r1 r2 + r 2 r3 + r 3 r1 = ˜ ‘
a
1 a 
r1 r2 r3 = ‘
a
Ì 9> J9J9<=4,0 N2 @[email protected]798ˆJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0 ai‰ H?CA4CELGJ/.C1034BIH=2XB 2N798
a  4ICE79”BIH/r01 ˜ c rŸ 2 ˜ rUŒ3Ÿ z790N—=>923.ACOB :)}+COBIHG0N—=>92XBDC1<=7/4 2798;  }‡a0> < K0BD23CE7
/
b>0 ‘ ‘F˜
1 √ a 
≥ 3 3 ‘
a
 4„CA79”BIH/0CA790—?>92N.CBz: 2 }+CBIH)0N—=>92XBDC1<=7/4
 2798; +H/r0337 re 10 ) ≤ (r1 + r2 + r3 )
}‡0</K?Bƒ2NCA7 3(r1 r2 + r22r7938;
‘ ‘F˜ 3ab ≤ 1 ˜ ˜
5a2 − 3ab + 2 5a2 + 1 a
P = ≥
a2 (b − a) a2 (b − a)
‰ H/0ªCA790—?>92N.CBz: ”\C ‚=0N4!>94
(r2 + r3 − r1 )(r3 + r1 − r2 )(r1 + r2 − r3 ) ≤ r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 1 a
   
− 2r1 − 2r2 − 2r3 ≤

D
a a a a
‰ H?CA4 +} COBIHG0—?>923BDCE<=7/4  2N798;  :?C10X.18=4 BIH=2XB|CE4
˜ ‘F˜ ‘F˜ ‘F˜ 9a2 − 4ab + 1 ≥ 0 ˜
2 a
5a + 1 ≥ 4a(b − a)
‰ H/037
4a(b − a) 4 √
P ≥ = ≥ 12 3˜
a2 (b − a) a
}‡H/0N@D0ªBIH/0ª.E2N4IB|4IBD0NJgr<?.A.E<}4†KN:; a
‘
/—?>92N.CBz:'CE423BƒBƒ2NCA7908Ñ}‡H/037 √
3 2798 √ ECA7R}‡H?C e H e 2N4,0PBIH/0
a = 9
b = 3
<=@DCE”\CE7/23.b0N—=>92XBDC1<=7)CA4  3 a 0 e <=7 e .A>b8/0BIH=23BBIH/0i45LG2N..1034IBœ‚?23.A>b0ª<?g
x
√ −1 = 0‘
CA4 √ a 3
P 12 3
 a†à 0XB K/02 e <=7?BDCA7=>b<?>94†gE>97 e BDCE<=7M8/03‹97908;<=7 4„> e H)BIH=23B
f (x) [0, 1]
EC
‘ f (0) = f (1) = 0 ˜
ECC   a
‘ 2f (x) + f (y) = 3f 2x+y 3
∀ x ˜ y ∈ [0, 1]
-9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B gr<=@!32 .A. a
f (x) = 0 x ∈ [0, 1]
Ç=TNÔzUNVؒYÊ ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԨŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]bؖTbÙ?VXÕ=] [´ÄN՛ÆFV Ó V\[F[„VAÅmT[FÕ  \×zV EÕ/]¿ÌbÄ  XTÕ *Î
Ò%Ä €×ƒ×zV\ ] [Ä՜ÆIV ›ÄNÕØGÓÄ?U\ÔzT ÌhÄN[´Ä3Ö=TbÙ?Ø
Ä  5]¡Ò?V  =TÖ }ÄN]/[„V× V£]ŸÕœ[„VNVÆFV
Ï
6VÖ zUNV
ŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV#Ñ  \TNԃÙ=×  TÕ=]WPT/Ø  VØIÔ AÖÈ×EÔIÊYÊ×IÈV‡VNØ Ð×zT[Ï
Ì CE7 e 0 CE4 e <=7?BDCA7=>b<?>94<=76BIH/0 e .E<=4,0N862798GK9<?>9798/086CE7?BD0N@z‚?23. BIH/03@D0

|f
0 NCE4FBD42)@D032N.
(x)| ≤ |f
|f7=|>9L;K903@

(a)| = M
a∈ [0,
gr<=@ 2N.1]
.
x
23BŠ}‡H?C e H
∈ [0, 1]
|f | 0‡}+C.A.m4,H/<} BIH=2XB
a)
M = 0˜
D
23BƒBƒ2NCA7/4COBD4L;2 CALG>9L [0, 1]BI˜ H=2XBŒCA4
M }‡H?C e H ˜
CELGJ/.C1034!BIH=23B CE4!BIH/0i™„0N@D<)gE>97 e BDC1<=7 a
f
qF%8
1a
à 0XB0 ≤ a ≤ 2 2798 aщ H/037 2N798
a1 = 2a/3 b1 = 5a/3 0 ≤ a1 ≤ a ≤ b1 < 1
2a1 + b1 a +0N7 e 0 >94„CA79”+ECC
a= ˜ ‘F˜
3
2a1 + b1
 
2
M = |f (a)| = f = 3
f (a1 ) + 31 f (b1 )
3
≤ 2
3
|f (a1 )| + 31 |f (b1 )| ≤ 2
3
M + 13 M = M ˜
g1@D<=L }‡H?C e H‡}‡08/08?> e 0ªBIH=23B a
1BF03@ƒ23BDCA79” }‡0 e = < 7/4FBF@D> e |f
B(a
2Ñ4510)|—?>b
=M
0N7 e 0 4I> e H'BIH=23B
2798 ˜ gr<=+@ 2N..ŒJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0MCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ{a
∞
4 n }a n=1
Ì CE7 e 0 e <=a n03@D=
7‚= ( 32BD< )n a
”30N4‡
IB H/0 e |f
<=7?(aBDCA7=n>/)|CBz:;
=<?g M CAL;J=.ACE0N4!BIH=2XB n {an } a 0˜
f M = lim |f (an )| = |f (0)| = 0
qF%8
n→∞
1 a
à <a≤1
0XB 2 am‰ H/037 452XBDCE4I‹Ž034Š23.A.BIH/0”\CO‚=037 e <=798=COBDC1<=7/4|<=7 2N798
g(x) = f (1 − x) f˜
BIH/0)LG2 NCEL>9L <?g CA4 2XBƒBD23CE79g0N8;23B a†Ì CE7 e 0 ‡
} ‡
0 G
L 2X:
2J/J/. :;ž2N4,0 BF<)BIH/|g| e BDC1˜ <=7
0ªgE>97 M BF<G8/08?> e10ª−BIH=a2XB 0 a ≤ 1 − a < 12 ˜
g M =0

5 a†‰ H/06K=2450‡4„CE8902N@D20€ 798BIH/0)23.BDCOBD>b890)<?gœ2)@D0N”\>/.E2N@H/0 N2”3<=7/23.œJ/@DCA45L

0—?>92N.!BD< 2N798 B‡4„C ~J=.E2N790N4 ˜
@D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: a -9@D<3‚=0ˆBIH=23ABCDEF
A0 B 0 C 0 D 0 E 0 F 0 a h˜ 2N798 2N@D0)Bƒ279”3037?BBD<
(AB 0
BIH/0452NFLM)0+ ˜ (CD 0
a ˜ (EF
4„JbH/03@D0B)
0
CA790ª˜ BI(D
0XBD0N@DLGD)
0
e 0N7?BF@D˜ 0+(F
H/0 EC)
0
27986AE)BIH/0+@ƒ28?CA>9(B
0
4<?CA)
gbBIH?CE4†4„JbH/03@D0 a
Ï
Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕZYÊ #È/[ X× T*›ȎVX[6Ð%ÏSŎ[Ä=ØÔzV=ÊN]:Ŏ[ 3×zTNÔE]
Ë ]WPT/Ø  œVN؈YÊG×IȎV‡VNØ Ð×zT[Ï
CA@ƒ4IB 79<BF06BIH/0;LGCA45J/@DCA7?BCE7PBIH/0M—?>b0N4FBDC1<=7 BIH/0;450 e <=798~<?g–BIH/0;4IC MJ=.E2N790N4
,4 H/<?>/.E8ZK/0 ˜ 79<B a 9Ø aª‰ H?CA4ªH=24ªK/0037 e <=@F@D0 e BF0N8P23.E@D0328:ˆCA7
03LM˜ 037?B!2(CD
0 0 0
BIH/0J9@D</K?.103L# (CD4FBD2XBFB) K/<N‚=0 a B
 )
 06CA7?BF@D</8=> e 0G@D0 e BD2N79”\>/.E2N@ e </<=@D8=CA7/23BD0N4 4I> e HMBIH=2XBBIH/0H/0 N2”3<=7/4
2N798 A
. E
C ‡
0 E
C G
7 I
B /
H 6
0 =
J E
. (x,
N
2 9
7 N
0 y,
4 z) 2N798 @D0345J90 e 
24Œ0gr<?..1<}z4 = h ˜
0 0 0 0 0 0
ABCDEF
BDCO‚=0X.O: 2798)BIH/0 e </A<=@DB 8?CE7/C2XBFD
034E <?g F 2z@D0+=
˜ A˜ B ˜ C ˜ D ˜ E ˜ F
 √   √ 
1 3 1 3
A = a − , ,0 ˜ B = a , ,0 ˜ C = a(1, 0, 0) ˜
2 2 2 2
 √ √
a
   
1 3 1 3
D = a ,− ,0 ˜ E = a − ,− ,0 ˜ F = a(−1, 0, 0)
2 2 2 2
‰ / H 0 e </<=@D8=CA7/23BD0N4)<?g 0 0 2N@D0;BIH/0ˆ452NLM0ˆ0  e 0NJ?BªBIH=2XBªBIH/0XCE@
H/0i˜ ‚?B
23.A>b˜ 0 C ˜ CE7/D 4FBF03˜ 2E
8G<?˜ g F a
0 0 0 0
 e </<=@D8?CE7/2XBF034H=2\‚=0ªBIA
z [i<BD0+BIH=2XB|BIH/0+BIH=@D0N0‡J=.E2N79h0N4 0‘ 2798 2N@D0‡J=.E2 e 0N8
4ƒ:/LGLM0\BF@DC e 23.A. :€2N@D<?>9798ZBIH/0;J/@DCA45L >9798903@ª2M@D(CD
(AB 0
F ) ˜ 0
<Bƒ23BDCE<=B)7~<?˜ g (EF N
2 
4
0
D) N
2 D
@ 
0 BIH/0BIH=@D0N0
†
a ‰ 120◦ ˜
J/.A279034 
2 9
7 8 /
H 3
0 D
@ 3
0 r
g =
< D
@ 0 A
C 
g I
B /
H 3
0 D
@ ‡
0 E
C 
4 )
2 5
4 9
J /
H 0N@D0+}+COBIH
H/0 ˜ „2 (F }‡H?C e ˜ H€CE4+Bƒ(B 037?BªBD<ZBIH/0MJ/.A27903˜ 4
0 0 0
e 037?BF@D0P<=(D 7€BIEC) CA4ªAE) 279”3CA) 
2 9
7 8
BIH/0N76BIH?CE4†45J9H/0N@Dz0}+CA..ŽK90iBD2N79”30N7?BŠBF<62N..b4„C ‡J/.A279034 a (AB 0 F ) (D 0 EC) ˜
‰ H/0J=.E2N790N4 0 2798 0 H=2X‚=0ªBIH/0+@D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=00—?>923BDCE<=7/4
(AB F ) (D EC)
x 1 y z 2798 x √ y z a
−√ − +1 = 0 − 3 − −1 = 0
a 3a h a a h
  0 79<} .1</</gr<=@m2Jb<?CA7?B }‡H?C e HªCE4BIH/0452NLM08?CE4FBD2N7 e 0 g1@D<=L›BIH/0N450BÐ}‡<
J/.A279034 a‰ H?CA4 e <=798?CBDCE<=7;”\CO(0, 0, k)
‚=034†>94 r

a k a k
r = 1− = 1+ ˜
µ h ν h
}‡H/0N@D0
r  2 2N798
r  2 a
4 a a
µ = + ν= 4+
3 h h
Ì <?.O‚?CE79”igr<=@ }‡0</K?Bƒ2NCA76BÐ}‡<45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4 +} COBIH e <=@D@D0N4„Jb<=798?CE79”‚?2N.>b0N4Œgr<=@
k˜ ˜ r

k =

ν−µ
ν+µ

h =
3
8
(ν − µ)2 h ˜ r=
3
4
a(ν − µ) D
a
 
ν +µ 3 3
k = h = ˜ (ν + µ)2 h
r = a(ν + µ)
ν −µ 8 4
 0H=2\‚=0†gr<?>9798×QÉiT45J9H/0N@D034mBIH=2XBœLM0N0XBŽBIH/0@D0N—=>/CA@D0NL;0N7?Bƒ4CE7iBIH/0J/@D</K=.E0NL a
‰ H/0XCE@ e 037?BF@D0N4!2N@D0ª<=7‡BIH/0i2 NCE4!<?g94ƒ:/LGLM0\BF@z:6<?g/BIH/0iJ/@DCA45L 2XB }‡H/03@D0BIH/0
k) ˜
BÐ}‡<ª‚?2N.>b0N4!<?g 2N798BIH/0 e <=@D@D0N4„Jb<=798?CE79”Œ‚?2N.>b0N4!<?g=BIH/0i@ƒ28?CA>9(0,
4 0, 2N@D0ª ”\CO‚=037KN:BIH/0
0—?>923BDCE<=7/42K9<3k‚=0 a r

Æ a‰ }‡<4,0N—=>b037 e 034 2N798 2@D0890\BF03@FLCE790N8G@D0 e >9@ƒ4ICO‚=0X.O:;KN:

{xn }∞
n=1 {yn }∞
n=1
2798
x1 = 1 ˜ y1 = 2 ˜
xn+1 = 22yn − 15xn ˜
yn+1 = 17yn − 12xn ˜
gr<=@!23.A. a
n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .
12 -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B
‘
EC 2798 2N@D079<BŒ0N—=>923.9BD<)™„0N@D<)gr<=@!23.A. a
‘ {xn } {yn } n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .
ECC ‰ H/0Œ4,0N—=>b037 e 034 2798 e <=7?BD23CE7CE7=‹97=CBD03. :ªLG27:iJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0|BD0N@DL;4
2798CA7=‹b‘7=COBF0X.O:L;2N7:G790N”X{x
23BDC n } BD0N@DL;{y
‚=0ª 4 a n}
rK c @D0iBIH/0 1945 th BF03@FLG4<?g9BIH/0+4,0N—=>b037 e 0 2798)BIH/0+450—?>b0N7 e 0
8=C ‚=‘ CA4„CEK=.E0KN: (1999 < BIÎ )
<=@|79 {xn } {yn }
7
 

Ç=TNÔzUNVØfYÊ'Ó V\[F[„VdÅmT[FÕ\× V1Õ=]€ÌbÄ  XTÕ * ÎÒ%Ā׃×zV\] [´ÄN՛ÆFV €ÄNÕØ #

 È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[ Ð%Ï
Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]:Ŏ[ X× TNÔA]Ë YÏ
6ViÖ zUNV¥ÅmT[FÕ\× V1 Õ¡Ñ  XTNÔÐÙ/× zTÕ6Ï
12 E C @D<=L’BIH/0+@D0 e >9@D@D0N7 e 0‡@D0X.E2XBDC1<=7/4 }‡0”30\B
gr<=@!23.A. ‘ ‘ a‰ H/0N7 rg <=@|2N.. ˜ 17xn+1 − 22yn+1 = 9xn ˜
n = 1˜ 2˜ 3˜ . . . ˜ n = 2˜ 3˜ . . . ˜
a 
xn+1 = 22yn − 15xn = 2xn − 9xn−1 ‘
Ì CELCA.A2@ƒ.O:
˜
a 
yn+1 = 2yn − 9yn−1 ‘
[ <BD0iBIH=2XB
i 2798 a– 0+8/08?> e 00N2N4„C.O:6KN:
CE798?> e BDC1<=76BIH=23B x1CA4 =</189˜ 8Gx2N279=
8 29 ˜ y1 = 2 ˜gr<=y@!
2 23=
.A. 22 a 1B|gr<?..1<}4
IB H=23B 2N798 x2Nn@D079<BŒ0N—=>923.9yBD<n ≡a 2 mod 4 ˜ n = 1˜ 2˜ . . .
xn yn 0
ECC ? @D<=L# gr<=@!23.A. }‡0H=2\‚=0
‘ ‘I˜ n = 2˜ 3˜ . . . ˜
a
xn+2 = −5xn − 18xn−1
rg 2798 H=2\‚=0BIH/0)452NLM0‡4IC1”X7 BIH/0N7 2N798 H=2X‚=0)<=J9J9<=4„COBF0‡4„CE”X7/4 a
@z:+gr<?>9@ e <=7/4,0 e >=BDCO‚=0†BD0N@DL;˜ 4|<?gBIH/x0n+2
‰ H?x>9n4 CE7‡0,‚=x0Nn−1 4,0N—=>b037 e 0 xn BIH/03@D02N@D02N. }2X:=4
BÐ}‡<G}‡ ˜ H?C e HPH=2\‚=0G<=J/Jb<=4ICBD064IC1”X7/4 a 1Bgr<?..1<}4BIH=2XB†BIH/06450{x —?>bn0N}7 ˜ e 0 e <=7?BD23CE7/4
CE7=‹97=CBD03. :GLG27:GJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0BF03@FLG42N798CE7=‹97=CBD03. :GLG27:790”X2XBDCO‚=0iBF03@F{x LGn4 a }
 0J/@D<N‚=0iBIH/04„2L;0@D034„>/.OB|CE76BIH/0+452NLM0}2\:gr<=@–BIH/0450—?>b0N7 e 0 a
{yn }
r K ?@D<=L  }‡0H=2\‚=0 gr<=@†2N.. a
‘ BIH=23B
Ì >9J9J9<=4,0 ‘F˜ 4,<=L;0
rg <=@i xn+1}‡≡ 0MH=2(x 2\‚=0 n − xn−1 ) (mod 7) ˜ aM‰ ≥H/0N27
n
˜ n ≥ 2˜ xn ≡ xn−1 6≡ 0 (mod 7)
xn+1 ≡ 0 (mod 7) ˜ xn+2 ≡ 5xa–nÌ 6≡e 0 (mod 7) ˜ xn+3 ≡ 3xn 6≡ 0 (mod
2798 CA7 0 }‡0ª8/08?> e 0ª7) KN: ˜
x ≡ 3x
CE798?> e BDC1<=76BIH=23B
n+4 n ≡
6 0 (mod 7) ˜ x
CAg2N798;<=7=. :Cg1 ≡ x 2 ≡ 1 (mod 7) ˜ a
[i<} 4ICE7 e x0 n ≡ 0 (mod 7)
‡
} 
0 =
H X
2 =
‚ 0
n ≡ 3 (mod 4)
˜ 32 ≡ 1 (mod 4) ˜
1945 1945 a
1999 ≡ 3 ≡ 3 (mod 4)
‰ H?>94 CE48?CO‚?CE4IC1K?.10KN: }‡H/0N7 a
˜ xn 7 n ≡ 19991945
?@D<=L  }‡0~H=2\‚=0 gr<=@)2N.. a
Ì >9J9J9<=4,0 ‘F˜ yn+1gr<=@ ≡45<=2(y
LM0 n − yn−1 a‰ )H/03(mod
7 7) ˜ n ≥ 2a
Ì CE7 e 0 yn+1 ≡ 0 (mod 7) }‡n 0†”3≥
0XB 4 ˜ yn ≡ yn−1 (mod aœ‰ H/0N7)7
4„CA7 e 0 n y ≡ 2(y n−1 −y n−2 ) (mod 7) ˜ y
}‡08/0n−1 ≡ 2y
8?> e 0BIH=2XB n−2 (mod 7) a˜
‰ H?>94 Cn−1 y g ≡ 2(y n−2 − y )
n−3 BIH/037 (mod 7) ˜ a y n−3 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
˜ yn+1 ≡ 0 (mod 7) ˜ yn−3 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
¢=:PCA798=> e BDCE<=7 COBgr<?.A.E<}4BIH=2XBi2XB.10324FBi<=790G<?gBIH/0‹9@ƒ4IB‹?‚=06BD0N@DL;4<?gBIH/0
4,0N—=>b037 e 0 LG>94F˜ BŒK/0‡8=C ‚=CA4„CEK=.E0KN: a ¢9>=B|CB|CA40N2N4ƒ:)BF<‡‚=03@DCg:6BIH=2XBŠBIH?CE4ŒCA4†79<B
BIH/0 e 2N4,0 a (y n ) 7
‰ H?>94 gr<=@2N.. a z7PJ/2@ÐBDC e >/.A2@
gr<=@ ˜ yn 6≡ a 0 (mod 7) n ≥ 1 ˜ yn 6≡ 0 (mod 7)
1945
n = 1999
 %

[i0 N B}‡0BD>9@F7BD<‡45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4–BD<J9@D</K?.103L;4!<?g?BIH/0
WŒ.O:=L;J=CE28 ”\C ‚=0N7 ••   a
¢b2N.EN27GŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 2N.

˜
· a U–C ‚=0N7ˆ27ˆ2 e >=BF0N„2N79”\.10N8;BF@DCA279”\.E0 .10\B K90BIH/06LGCE89IJb<?CA7?B<?gœBIH/062N@ e
<?gBIH/0 e CE@ e >9L e CE@ e .E0Ñ<?g <B e <=7?˜ BD23CE7=D
79ABC CA79” a‰ H/0~J9<?CE7?Bƒ46}‡H?C e HÚ2@D0
BC
4ƒ:/LGLM0\BF@DC e BF< }+CBIHª@D0345J90 e BbABCBF<BIH/0†.CE790 2798BIH/0Ae 0N7?BF@D0<?gNBIH/0 e CA@ e >9L e CA@ e .10
2@D0i8/0N79<BD08)KND : 2798 @D0345J90 e BDC ‚=03. : a BC
CA7/2N..O: .10\B 4FBD2N798gr<=@œBIH/0LGCE89IJb<?CA7?B
<?g E
a -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B F ˜ ˜ K
[EA]
12 BIH/0 e CE@ e .E0~J/24„4„CA79”PBIH=@D<?>b”3H'BIH/0~LGCE89IJb<?CA7?BD4M<?gBIH/0Ñ08/”30N4M<?gBIH/0€BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10
ABC ˜
‘ 2N.A4,<6J/24„4,034!BIH=@D<?>b”3H
rK BIH/06.ACA790J92N454ICE79”BIH=@D<?>b”3H
K
2798MBIH/0LGCE89IJb<?CA7?Bi<?g
D
CE4iJb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@
BF< ‘ a K [BC]
AF
Ç TNÔzUNVØYÊ
#È/[ X× T*›ȎVX[Ð%Ï
Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]œÅŽ[ X× TNÔA]:Ë
= ÄՎØÍ3T 2È  TÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3] œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]
Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ6Ï
6ViÖ UNV«Ç=V1W PÊ*ÄœÑ  Ä
Æ(ÆFTbÙÕ×´Ï

F
...............................................................................
.............. ............ ..... ...........
.......... ........... ........
................................... ..
.... ........
A
.
. .. .......
....... ........... .......
..
. . ................. ...
.
. .....
. . . ................. ..
.
.
....
....
.. . .. ... ............ .
.
.
. ....
.
.... .... ................ ..
.
.
....
....
..
.. .. ....... .....
. .
.
. ...
.... .. ... ...... ......
. .
.
.
. ...
.. .. .. .. .... .
. ...
. . . .
.. .... ..... .
. ...
..
. ...
. ... .... .....
.
.
.
. ...
..
. .
. ... .... ......
.
.
. ...
.. ..
. . . .
.
K
. . .. ... ..... . ..
.... ... .. ...
.. .......
....
.
..
.
.
..
..
... ... .. ......... ............. . ..... .. .
. ..
...
... ..
. ... ..
.. . .
... ... ..
. .
. ... .
.
.... ................. .... ......... ............................
N
... ..
..
... ............. .. .. ... .............
L .............................................................................................................. ..
... ..
.. .
.. ...... ..
. .. ....
. . ... .....
.
. ...
... . .....
. ..
. .. .... . ... .....
.
. ..
... .
. .... .. ... ... . . .
. ...
. ..... ..
.. .
. .. .... .. .
.. ... .. .. . .
. . ...... .
.
... . .. .
... .... .. .. ... .. .. . .... ..
.

-
.. ..
. .... .. .. ... ... ... .. ..
... .... ... .. ... .. . .... ..
.. ..
.. ....... ....
.. ....
E
... .... .. ..
.. ... .... ..
.... .. ............................................
....
.... ..
... .. ..
... ....
.
................ .. ......
. ... .
.........
..
.
....
.. ...
.
..... . .. .......... .... .
... .
.. ......... ......... .... ......... ......... ... ...
... ......... ....... ... ....... .........
......... ....... ..
... ..... ......... ...
... .. ......... .. .... .. .... ......... ....
......... ... ......
.... .. .................. .. ... .....
... ....... .. . .. .
........... .. .
.................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B ...............
.... ..........
....... .......... M
.. ...
.. ..
.. ...
. ............... .........
.... .
......... .... C
....... .. .. .. . .. ...
........ ................. .. .. ......... .............
........ .. .. ... ......... .
.......... ................. .. .. ......... .................
............ . . .........
..............................................................................................
.............. .......... .
D
12 à 0\BƒBDCE79” 2N798 K90€BIH/0ÑLC18/„J9<?CE7?Bƒ4ˆ<?g 2N798
@D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‘ ‚=0X.O: }‡0‡H=L2\˜ ‚=0 M ˜ N 2798 a‰ H?>94 AB ˜ BC ˜ CA ˜
˜ LM k AC M N k AB ˜
a
∠LM N = ∠LAN = ∠BAC
Ì CE7 e 0 CE4ªBIH/0MLC18/„J9<?CE7?B+<?g }‡0;4,0N0GBIH=2XB 2N798 a
‰ H?>94 K 0 ˜ CA4ŒBIH/0@D0
Ž0 e BDC1LK
aŠÌ CE7 e AE <=7;<?g k BE
}+CBIH@D0345KN J90 e BŠBFk< EC
}‡0‡H=2\˜ ‚=∠LKN
0 = ∠BEC 27986EBIH/037 D a 037 e 0 BC ˜
∠BEC = ∠BDC ˜ ∠LKN = ∠BDC ˜
◦ a
∠LKN + ∠LM N = ∠BDC + ∠BAC = 180
‰ H/03@D03gr<=@D0 2798 2N@D0 e <=7 e : e .C eXa
˜ L˜ M ˜ N ˜ K
rK Ì CA7 e 0 CA4–BIH/0iLGCE89IJb<?CA7?BŠ<?g/BIH/02@ e }‡0iH=2X‚=0 am‰ H?>94
‘ CA426@IH/D
<=L;K=>94 2798 CE7?B˜ <?g
CE4†BIH/06LC18/„J9<?BC aªÌ CABD
7 e 0 = DC
2798 2@D0 ˜
BDCE
LGCE89IJb<?CA7?BD4<?g 2N798 ˜ M
@D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: }‡0”30XB DE a K M
AE DE ˜ ˜ KM k AD
 N

Ì CE7 e 0 CE4Š4ƒ:/LGLM0\BF@DC e BD< }+CBIH@D0345J90 e BœBF<ªBIH/0 e 0N7?BF@D0i<?g=BIH/0 e CA@ e >9L e CA@ e .10
< g
?
BIH=234ABC
B|CA4 ˜
˜ AD ⊥ AF
F}‡04,0N0BIH=2XB
aŠÌ CE7 e DF
0
CA4!D2ª8=CA2L;0XBD0N@Š<?g=BIH?CA4 e CA@ e .10 am‰ H?>94
KM k AD ˜
}‡0</K?Bƒ2NCA7
KM ⊥ AF
˜ ∠DAF
a = 90◦ D
¤ a†à 0XB K902J/@DCALM0+7=>9LMK/0N@!4„> e H)BIH=2XB 8=C ‚=CE89034 aà 0\B
p>2 3 p−2
2N@D0+CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 a
S = {y 2 − x3 − 1 | x ˜ y ˜ 0 ≤ x ˜ y ≤ p − 1}
-9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B!2XB!LM<=4FB 0X.103LM037?BD4<?gbBIH/0450XB 2@D08=C ‚=CA4„CEK=.E0KN: a
p−1 S p
Ç=TNÔzUNVØfYÊ'Ó V\[F[„VdÅmT[FÕ\× V1Õ=]€ÌbÄ  XTÕ *ÎÒ%Ā׃×zV\] [´ÄN՛ÆFV €ÄNÕØ #
 È9[ 3×zT*›ÈV\[ Ð%Ï
Ŏ[´Ä?ØÔ V=Ê3]:Ŏ[ X× TNÔA]Ë YÏ
6ViÖ zUNV¥ÅŽ[´Ä?ØÔ V=ÊFÑ «É[ × VÎ,Ù=Â:Ï
Ì CE7 e 0 CE42ˆJ/@DCALM0ˆ<?gŠBIH/0;gr<=@DL }‡0ˆH=2\‚=0 3k+1
rg <=@ p KN: =03@FLG23B,š 4 ‰ H/3k 0N<=+@D0NL 2 ˜ a Ì CE7 e 0 k ≡ 1 (mod }‡0~45p)
00
BIH=23B 3 k 6 ≡ 0 (mod p) ˜ CAL;J=.ACE0N4BIH=2XB 3 - (3k + 1)
a“Ì >9J/Jb<=450R79<} BIH=23B˜
h ≡ 1 (mod2N79 p)8 h ≡ 1a’(mod ‰ H/037 p)−1 3
s 3
≡ t
CELGJ/.C1034;BIH=2XB
3
(mod p) s ˜ t ≡
6 a 1Bgr<?.A.E<}4GBIH=2XBBIH/0 (t
0 (mod p) e @D0N4I≡
e >bK?C s) C18?>b10N4ˆ (mod
L;</8=>/p).E<
2@D0 t ≡ s (mod p) a  0P2N.A4,<'H=2\‚=0 3 a +0N7 e 0
3k + 2 1˜ 2˜ 3˜ . . . ˜ p − 1 <=7 e 00N2 e H24 0 @ƒ≡ 2N79”300N4Œ(mod
g1@D<=L p)BD< a ˜
x3 ≡ 0 ˜ 1 ˜ 2 ˜ 3 ˜ . . . ˜ p − 1 (mod p) x 0 p−1
‰ H/037 gr<=@†032 e H)‚?2N.>b0)<?g 2 }‡H/03@D0 BIH/03@D0CE4<=790‡2N798
<=7=.O:;<=790ª‚?23˜ .A>b0)<?g 3 4I> e HBIH=2XyB − 2
1
3
0 ≤ y ≤ p − 1 ˜ a–c
CA48=C ‚=CA4„CEK=.E0‡KN: B!‹b@ƒ4FBŒ4IC1”3HB!COB
2J/Jb032@ƒ424BIH/<?>b”3HGxBIH/03@D06LG2X:ˆK9y0)2N− x2N7−
4L; :M124 03.E0NL;0N7?Bƒ4i<?g p 8=C ‚=CA4„CEK=.E06KN: a
<}‡0,‚=03@ 2XBm.10324FBBÐ}‡<‡<?g?BIH/03L 7/2NLM0X.O: 2 p 2N798 2 S3 2N@D0i0—?>9p2N.
˜
BF< a +0N7 e 0 BIH/03@D02@D0+23B|LM<=4FB ˜ 1 − 0 3
− 1 3 − 2
03.E0NL;0N7?Bƒ4<?g BIH=23B!2N@D0‡8?CO‚?CE4IC1K?.10KN: a − 1 ˜
0 ˜ p−1 s p
¦ a;à 0XB
Jb03@FJ90N798?ABC
K902N7Z2 e >=BF0N„2N79”\.10N8MBF@DCA279”\.E0
C e >/.A2@ƒ4ªg1@D<=L BIH/0 e 037?BF@D<?C18 D
<?gBIH/0)M
2798 2N@D0)BIH/06gr00\B<?gBIH/0
BF@DCA2˜ 79N”\.E0>9Jb<=P7PCBƒ4+4IC18/0N4
AB ˜ BC
2798 @D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: a -9@D<3‚=0iBIH=23B G
CA

4 area(M N P ) 1 a
< ≤
27 area(ABC) 4
Ç=TNÔzUNVؒYÊ ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԨŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]bؖTbÙ?VXÕ=] [´ÄN՛ÆFV Ó V\[F[„VAÅmT[FÕ  \×zV EÕ/]¿ÌbÄ  XTÕ *Î
Ò%Ä €×ƒ×zV\] [Ä՜ÆIV #È/[ X× T*›ȎVX[ZÐ%ÏZŎ[Ä=ØÔzV=ÊN]kŎ[ X× TNÔA] Ë
`ÄÕŽØ YÊAÌdÙN[F[´ÄÊ Ç#Ï
ŽÔPÄNW  1Õ=]ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×PÊT |ÔÐY/V\[,×PÄ3] /Ø?WPT՜×zTÕ/] ÅŸÏ
6ViÖ UNV¥ÅœÄ=×PÄAÔÔ VÑ  XTNÔÐÙ/× zTÕ6Ï
c 4>94„>923. .10\B 2798 2N798M.10\B 890379<BF0
˜ a = BC ˜ b = CA ˜ c = AB ˜ [XY Z]
BIH/0ª2@D032<?g a†à 0\B [M N P ] am 0}+C.A./J/@D<N‚=0BIH=2XB 2 }‡H?C e H
4XY Z ρ= 9
< ρ ≤ 41 ˜
CE4†4I.ACE”3HBD.O:4IBF@D<=79”303@ŠBIH=2N7G@D0—?>b0N4F[ABC]
BF0N8 a
e
CA@ƒ4IB†@D0 23.A.ŽBIH=2XB 1 a‰ H?CE4gr<?..1<}4
e [GBC] = [GAC]
23B|<=7 0+K/0ª@D03L;2N@INCE79”BIH=23B gr<=@CE7/4FBD2N7 0 e = [GAB] = [ABC]
CA4!2iBIH?CA@D8<?g/BIH/0i2N.OBDCBD>b8/0ig1@D<=L
3
CE7 a [<} 4ICE7 e 0 ˜ ˜ GN A
4ABC ˜ ∠M GN = 180 − ∠B ˜ ◦

2[GM N ] = GM · GN · sin B
2[GAB] 2[GBC] 4 [ABC]2 a
= · sin B = sin B
c a 9 ac
 •

Ì CELCA.A2@|@D0N4I>/.Bƒ4H/<?.186gr<=@ 2798 a‰ H?>94

[GN P ]
[GM P ] ˜
2[ABC]2 sin A sin B sin C a
 
[M N P ] = + +
9 bc ca ab
Ì CE7 e 0 CBŠgr<?.A.E<}4!BIH=2XB
[ABC] = 1
2
ab sin C = 1
2
bc sin A = 1
2
ca sin B ˜
a
ρ = 1
9
(sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C)
¢=:6BIH/0ª>94„>923.9BF@ƒC1”3<=79<=L;0XBF@ƒC e gr<=@FL>/.E2N4 ‡} 0”30\B
˜
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 23 − 21 (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C)
a
= 2(1 + cos A cos B cos C)
/ØœÏ ‰ ?
H CE4 e 2N. e >/.E2XBDC1<=76CE4†”\CO‚=037CE7GL;<=@D0890\BD23CA.9CA76BIH/0+4,<?.>=BDC1<=7)BF<6J9@D</K?.103L 
 •• 3  a  Ì CE7 e 0 CE4‡2 e >=BF0N„2N79”\.10N8 2798
H/0N7 e 0 a >9@ÐBIH/0N@DLM <=@D0 KN:)BIH/0 à 2X} <?gœžœ<=4ICE˜ 79cos
4ABC 034 A cos B cos C > 0 ˜
ρ > 92 ˜ ˜
(b2 + c2 − a2 )(c2 + a2 − b2 )(a2 + b2 − c2 ) a
cos A cos B cos C =
8a2 b2 c2
¢=:6BIH/0 c Ÿ UŒŸ z790—?>92N.CBz:
˜
= c2 ˜
p 1
(b2 + c2 − a2 )(c2 + a2 − b2 ) ≤ 2
(2c2 )
(c2 + a2 − b2 )(a2 + b2 − c2 ) ≤ a ˜
p 2
p a
(a2 + b2 − c2 )(b2 + c2 − a2 ) ≤ b2
ŸÑ>/.BDCAJ/. :=CA79”iBIH/034,0ªCE790N—=>923.ACOBDC1034”\CO‚=034

(b2 + c2 − a2 )(c2 + a2 − b2 )(a2 + b2 − c2 ) ≤ a2 b2 c2 ˜

}‡H?C e H~CAL;J=.ACE0N4BIH=2XB 1 aщ H/0MCE790N—=>923.ACOB : 1 gr<?..1<}4
CELGLM0N8=CA23BD03. : a cos A cos B cos C ≤ 8
ρ ≤ 4

ŽÔPÄNW  1ÕdÆFTW;WPVXÕ× ‡TÕÑ×IȎV 1ՎVŽÙ%Ä3Ô Ð× zV  ]

ÉÈ KÆ´ÈmŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV«È3Ä OÂ[IT=UNVNØÄ=Y/T=UNVÜ 2 < sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ≤ 49

‰ H/0‡>9J/Jb03@K9<?>9798ˆ<?g 9 CE479<}7GBF<MH/<?.E8;gr<=@Œ2N..bBF@DCA279”\.E0N4 }+CBIHM0N—=>923.ACOB :

CAg|2798~<=7=.O:PCAg–BIH/0BF@DCA279”\.E0G4CE40—?>/CA.A23BD0N@ƒ23.|14500   aM‰ H/0G.1<}‡03@ª˜ K/<?>9798Ñ<?g CA4
79<}7MBF<PK/0)BIH/0GK/0N4FBJb<=4„4„CEK=.E0)gr<=@2 e >=BF0)BF@ƒCE2N79”\.103‘ 4+E2”X23CE7 4,0N0   a W†790 2e 27
”30XBi2@FK=COBF@ƒ2@ƒCA. : e .E<=4,0)BF<ˆBIH?CA4+.E<}‡0N@iK/<?>9798Zgr<=@BF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034‡<?g|˜ 2N79”\.1034 ‘
}‡H/0N@D0 CE4†2N@IK?CBF@ƒ2N@DC.O:45LG2N.. a 2ε ˜ 90 − ε ˜

œ)Q&'#
90 − ε ε

 `W a ¢Ž<BƒBF03L;2
a  a Íz<=@D8Íz0,‚?C e É a a X„27=CzeÉ aÌ9a ŸÑCOBF@DCA79<N‚?C e

É  - a Ÿ a ¡–24IC e É
ՖVTWPV×r[DÆ zՎVŽÙ%˜ Ä3Ô Ð× zV  Ï Š U @D<=7=CA79”30N˜ 7 


J a – ˜ Ï a ˜
˜ ˜ ˜

 T[FՎVX[ aÌ 0N798+LM0!:=<?>9@m7=C e 045<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4

‰ H=2XB e <=LGJ/.E0XBD0N4mBIH?CA4–7=>9LMK/0N@<?gBIH/0 Ž
2798;”303790N@ƒ23.ACO™I23BDCE<=7/4 a
   


  

 &)‡"Á$ 
?"   & †„*5"
[zVXՎØÔIÊ`ÌhÄ=×IÈV\W5Ä/× KÆ  ŽTW`ÂV×  ×  TÕÜ 
/V=Ä[ ªT¢Í3VÄNW¨ÉiT[EÕ rÕØ } ÄÕ#Ä
/8?CBD08ZKN:C e ƒU–C.A.AL;2N7 J=>bK=.CE45H/08ZKN:RŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4 c 4545< e CE2XBDC1<=7P<?g c M
L 03@DC e 2
••? ˜ ˜
Ì ¢6[ •  
 •   J/2J90N@FK9<?>9798 

9
J 2”30N4 Ì
a

a 
ؖV3U  V%ÉiVØYÊ  "!$#%"&('*),+--.0/21435
˜ ˜ –]k˜ËœÕ zUNVX[  ×IÊkT)SVÉ ÅŽ[£ÙÕ É KÆ  ]
[IVØ9V\[DÆ5×zTÕ/]–S€Å a
 ‰ H/0 @DCE0N798?.O:  N2NL €CA4ˆBIH/0ÚJ9<=J/>/.A2@M7=C e 7/2NLM0 <?g27d27/7=>923.+>9798/0N@F
”X@ƒ28?>923BD0ZL;2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4 e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7ÑBIH=2XB‡K90N”X27RCA7 N

2XB  2K/2N4,HRžœ<?..10N”30
z798=CA27/2 a!‰ H/0 e <=L;J90XBDCOBDC1<=7;H=24”X@D<}7GCE7;4 e <=J90g1@D<=L“CBƒ4†CE7 e 0NJ?BDC1<=7;242 e <?..10N”30 ˜
e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7BD<CA7 e .A>b8/0†J/2@ÐBDC e CAJ92XBDC1<=7g1@D<=L.A2@D”303@Ž4IBƒ23BD0!>97=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COBDC1034BIH=@D<?>b”3H/<?>=B
z798=CA27/2 a
z7ÚBIH/0~<=Jb037=CE79”ZJ/2”3034M<?g†BIH/0ÑK/</</ BIH/0~H?CE4FBF<=@z: <?gBIH/0 e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7ÚCA4
4ƒ:/79<=J/4„CO™„08790N2XBD.O:›KN:’-?23>/. ‰a ŸÑC10X.10k12 ˜ K=>/C.18/0N@€<?g‡BIH/0 e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7 2N798
0 3BF0379890N8»>9J9<=7 KN: ŽC e U–C.A.AL;2N7 12N7 0N7?BIH?>94ICE2N4IBDC e 4„>9J/Jb<=@ÐBF03@f4„CA7 e 0 ‘ K90XCE79”
CE7?BF@D</8?> e 0N8ÚBD<'BIH/0 e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7ÚCE7 
 24G2~g12 e >/.Bz: LM03LMK/0N@62XB¡–2N.AJ92N@ƒ2NCA4,<
 7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB : a‰ H/0ªH?CE4FBF<=@ƒC e 2N.=Jb03@ƒ45J90 e BDC ‚=0i2798BIH/0BD<=790ª<?g9J9@D034,037?BD2XBDC1<=7 e <=L;K=CA790
BF<'<?Ým03@‡2ˆ‘ ‚?23.A>92K=.E0Z28/8=COBDC1<=7ÑBF<~BIH/0Z4I>bK/450—?>b0N7?B e <?.A.E0 e BDCE<=7Ú<?gJ9@D</K?.103L;42N798
4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4 ac 4f2 @D0,‚=CE0\}‡03@ CBÑ}2N4 0,‚?C18/0N7?BRBF<’L;0BIH=2XB'BIH/0 e <=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7
@D0NJ/@D0N450N7?BD08G2‡4IC1”X7=C‹ e 27?B|L;2X˜ BIH/0NLG23BDC e 23. e <=L;L>97=CBz:;0,‚=0N7?B a
‰ H/0 e <=@D06<?gBIH/06K9</</6CA426J9@D034,037?BD2XBDC1<=7ˆ<?gBIH/0   N2NL;4 +  BF< 
2N798
BIH/0G45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4gr<=@ N

BD< ••• CA7 e .A>94ICO‚=0 a‰ H/0 e <=7?BD0N4FBCE4BF032L;5K=24508ˆCA7ˆ‘ BIH=2XB
BF032LG4–<?gNBIH=@D00†4IBD>b8/0N7?Bƒ4 e <?..E2K9<=@ƒ2XBF0!>9Jb<=7iBIH/0—?>b0N4FBDC1<=7/4mJb<=4508iCA7BIH/0 e <=7?BF034IBƒ4 a
=2 e H e <=7?BD0N4FB e <=7/4ICE4FBD4<?g BD<  J9@D</K?.103L;4 a‰ H/0)J9@D034,037?BD2XBDC1<=7P<?gœBIH/0)J9@D</K?.103L;4
gr<=@+032 e H~0 N2L CE4J9@D0 e 0N890N8€CE7ZBIH/0ˆK/</</PKN:~2MJ92N@ƒ2”X@ƒ2NJbH€CE89037?BDCAg:?CE79”6BIH/0ˆH/<=4FB
CE7/4FBDCBD>=BDCE<=7 7/2NLM034Œ<?g}+CE7/7=CA79”BD0N2NL L;0NL;K903@ƒ4 2N798)2N7:‡CA7/4IBF@ƒ> e BDC1<=7/4|Jb03@ƒBDCA790N7?B
BF<RBIH/0ÑJ/2@ÐBD˜ C e >/.A2@6J/2J90N@ a ‰ H/0€CE7 e .>94„CE<=7f<?gi4I˜> e HÚCE7=gr<=@DL;2XBDC1<=7 @D03CA7=gr<=@ e 034GBIH/0
08?CBD<=@DCA2N. e <=LGLGCOBFLM037?BBF<Z4,H=2N@DCA79”;2M4IBD<=@z:~@ƒ2XBIH/0N@BIH=2N7Ñ4ICELGJ/. :€J9@D034,037?BDCE79”;<?.18
J92NJb03@ƒ4 amc BF<Bƒ2N.Ž<?g 9 J/2”3034<?gJ/@D</K=.E0NLG4†CE4Œgr<?.A.E<}‡08GKN: • J/2”3034<?gœ890\BD23CA.E08
4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4 a =2 e HR45<?.A>=BDCE<=7 e <=7 e .A>b8/0N4+}+CBIHÑ2P4IBƒ23BD0NL;0N7?B4„> e HÑ2N4  à </</P>9798/0N@
c .1”30NK/@ƒ23C e†Ì BF@ƒ> e BD>9@D0N4†CA76BIH/06z798/0 ‡gr<=@|4„CALGC.E2N@|J9@D</K?.103L;4  a
‰ H/0i‹b7/23.b450”XL;0N7?B!<?g/BIH/0K/</</+CE4†037?BDCBD.E08;z79890 )KN:P-9@D</K?.103L ‰ :/J90 a =2 e H
J9@D</K?.103L’H=2N4!K90N0N7 e .A24„4„C‹Ž0N8CA7?BF<‡<=790i<?g=BIH/0gr<=@ƒBz: e 2XBF0N”3<=@DCE0N4 a–Ì <=L;0 e 2XBF0N”3<=@DCE0N4
4„> e HÑ2N4 c @ e .E0N79”£BIHZ}+COBIHR<=790ˆJ/@D</K=.E0NL%45003LÁ>97/790 e 0N4„452N@z: J/2@ÐBDC e >/.A2@ƒ.O: ”\C ‚=0N7
BIH=23Bd2#4„L;23.A.~7=>9L;K903@<?gRJ9@D</K?.103L;4›H=2X‚=0#K/0037 e .A24„4„C‹Ž˜ 0N8ÁŸÑCE4 e 0X.A.A2˜ 790N<?>94 a
<}‡0,‚=03@ BIH/0 z79890  4,03@z‚=0N4ˆ2 K/0N790X‹ e CA2N.i@D<?.10ÑCA7 J9@D<3‚=CE8=CA79”R2'4„>9@z‚=0,:d<?giBIH/0
e <=7?BD0N7?Bi2N˜ 798€24ª2;4,<?>9@ e 0M<?gŠJ9@D</K?.103L;4ªg1@D<=L J92N@ƒBDC e >/.E2N@2@D0324<?gŠL;2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4 a
=<=@+0 N2NL;J=.10 BIH/03@D0ˆ@ƒ279”30Mg1@D<=L N• BF<  J9@D</K?.103L;4CE7R0N2 e HÑ<?g|BIH/0Mgr<?.A.E<}+CE79”

D D DD DD DD
e 2XBF0N”3<=@DCE0N4 c ˜ 7/2N. :?BDC e UŠ0<=L;0XBF@z: =7=>9L;0N@ƒ2XBDC1<=7 UŠ0<=L;0XBF@z: z7?BF0N”X@ƒ23BDCE<=7 à CELCB
D
‚?23.A>92XBDC1<=7 ŸR23BF@ƒC  c .E”30K=@ƒ2 [>9LMK/0N@ ‰ H/0<=@z: -9@D</K/2K=C.ACOB : -=<?.O:=79<=LGCA2N.A4 2N798
0N23.1ƒ¡–2N.>b08 >97 e BDC1<=7/4 a
 
1B)CA4GH=2@D8RBF<ÑC18/0N7?BDCg:RBIH/0Z.10,‚=0X.<?g8=C e >/.OB : <?gJ9@D</K?.103L;4 a W†790~<?g†BIH/0
CE7?BF@D</8?> e BF<=@z:R@D03L;2N@I464I>b”3”30N4FBD4BIH=23BiBIH/0ˆ.E0,‚=03.|CE4)2P79<B e HRK90X.1<}#BIH/0R-/>=BF7/2NL
žœ<=7?BD0N4FB aªc K/2N4„C e }‡<=@INCE79”679<}+.E08/”30G<?g e 23. e >/.>94ª2N798ˆ.ACA790N2N@23.1”30NK/@ƒ2G2NJ9J90N2N@ƒ4
BF<ªK90†2N70 J90 e Bƒ23BDCE<=7 a >9@ÐBIH/0N@ 4,<=L;0—?>b0N4FBDC1<=7/42898=@D0N4„4L;<=@D0†45J90 e C‹ eme <=7 e 03J=Bƒ4
e <=7 e 0N@D7=CE79”ŠBD<=J/C e 4CA7i23.1”30NK/@ƒ2 e ˜ 2N. e >/.A>94 <=@bJ/@D</K/2K=C.ACOB : aœ‰ H/0Œ@ƒ279”30!2798i—=>923.ACOB :i<?g
J9@D</K?.103L;4m2N798ª45<?.A>=BDCE<=7/4m<?Ým03˜@Ž2†@ƒC e H@D0N˜ 45<?>9@ e 0!gr<=@b>9798/0N@D”X@ƒ28=>92XBF034–<=@Ž4,037=C1<=@ŽH?C1”3H
4 e H/</<?.4IBD>b8/0N7?Bƒ4CA7?BF03@D0N4FBF0N8MCA7 e <=L;J90XBDCOBDC1<=7/4 a‰ H/06J/@D</K=.E0NLG42@D0)23.E45<6‚?2N.>92K?.10
gr<=@H?CE”3HÚ4 e H/</<?.ŒBD0N2 e H/0N@ƒ4;<=@‡>97=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :'g12 e >/.OB : }‡H/0XBIH/03@}‡<=@FCA79”M}+CBIH'4„> e H
4IBD>b8/0N7?Bƒ4–<=@b4„CAL;J=.O:4,0N0NCE79”|LG23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 2N.NJ/@D</K=.E0N˜ LG4œgr<=@Ž45<?.O‚?CE79”!<=@b4,H=2N@DCA79”–}+COBIH
<BIH/0N@ƒ4 a
‰ H=@D0N0J9@D</K?.103L;4†2@D0+J9@D<3‚=CE890N8;H/0N@D0ªBD<G<?ݜ0N@|2457/2NJ945H/<B
- 
  9aŽc 9 J <?.O:=”3<=7+H=2X‚?CE79”Œ23.A.3CBƒ42N79”\.1034–0N—=>923.2N798ª27+</898ª7=>9L;K903@m<?g3‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4
CE4ŒCA7/4 e @ƒ1C K/086CE7G2 e CA@ e .10 a -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B|COB!LG>94FBŒK90+@D0”\>/.A2@ a
- 
  ac g123CE@ e <?CE7GCA4ŒBD<=4545086BD0N7BDCALM034 a CE7986BIH/0J9@D</K=2K?CA.CBz:BIH=2XB|BÐ}‡<)BD23CA.A4
89<679<B!2J/Jb032@|CA7G4„> eFe 03454IC1<=7 a
- •••  9a žŽ2N..!2Z7=>9L;K903@ ÐT[,×DÙNÕ3Ä=× VGCgŒCB e 27'K90G}@DCOBƒBF037~}+COBIH~gr<?>9@‡0—?>92N.
8=CE”\CBƒ4ŒCE7G45<=LM0K=2450 N + a

D
b∈
1 2 žb.1032@ƒ.O: CA4Œgr<=@ƒBD>97/2XBF0 }‡H:CA4 gr<=@ƒBD>97/2XBF0NÎ
‘ 2222 2000
1K  CE798)BIH/0‡”X@D0323BD0N4FB|gr<=@ƒBD>97/2XBF07=>9L;K903@|.103454!BIH=2N7 a
‘ 2000
‰ H/06<=@D”X27=CO™I23BDCE<=7P<?gœBIH/0)J9@D</K?.103L;4g1@D<=L J/24FB e <=7?BF034IBƒ4CE7?BD<M2K9</</6gr<=@FL
CE4;79<B6>97=>94I>92N. a z7fg12 e B ž2N7/28?CE2N7fCA7=CBDCA23BDC ‚=0N4;4I> e H 24BIH/0RžŽ2@ƒC1K/</<fžœ<?..10N”30
ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 4+žœ<=7?BD0N4FB BIH/˜ 0¦[i0£}+gr<?>9798=.A2798P2798 à 2K/@ƒ289<=@ Ì 037=C1<=@iªCE”3H Ìe H/</<?.
ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 4 à 032”\>b0 ˜ 2N798 ‚?2@ƒC1<?>94 žŽ27/28=CA27 ŸR23BIH/03L;2XBDC e 4 žœ<=LGJb0\BDCBDCE<=7
e <=7?BD0N4FBD4M<?ݜ0N@)4„> e H 0 N˜ 2NL;J=.1034 a Ì > e HfK/</</4G4,H/<?>/.E8fK90Ñ037 e <?>9@ƒ2”308 246BIH/0,:
0 3BF03798›BIH/0Ú}‡<=@Id2798 0XÝm<=@ÐBD4R<?g e <?..10 e BDCO‚=034~CE7?BD<›2 K=@D<=28/0N@~8/<=L;23˜ CE7 }‡H?C.10
<?Ým03@DCA79”CE7/4IC1”3HBiCE7?BD<PBIH/0ˆ0 CA4IBD0N7 e 0ˆ<?g!<BIH/0N@iCA7=CBDCA23BDC ‚=0N4+23Bª@D0N”\C1<=7/23. 7/23BDCE<=7/2N.
<=@|CA7?BF03@F7/2XBDC1<=7/23.b.E0,‚=03.A4 a ˜ ˜

z7»4I>9L;LG2@z: BIH/0’ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 23. c 4„4,< e CA23BDCE<=7#<?g c LM03@DC e 2 45H/<?>/.18#K90

e <=LGLM0379890N8gr<=@ZJ=˜ >bK=.CE45H?CE79” 2 e <?..10 e BDC1<=7›<?g)J9@D</K?.103L;4~2N798›4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4 a ‰ H/0
J/>bK?.AC e 2XBDC1<=7 CA4 4IBF@D0379”£BIH/0N790N8 KN:»BIH/0 CE7 e .>94„CE<=7 <?gÑ2“H?CA4IBD<=@DC e 23. e <=7?BD0 3BfBD<
4„>9J/J/.E0NL;0N7?B–BIH/0ªLG23BD0N@ƒCE23. a  
[zVXՎØÔIÊ¥ÌbÄ/×IȎVXW5Ä=× DÆ 
ŽTW`ÂV× Ð× zTÕœÜ /V=Ä[ T
ÍNV=ÄW¨ÉiT[  EÕ zÕŽØ PÄNÕ3Ä}‡<?>/.E8»K/0 2›}‡0X. e <=LM0 28/8=COBDC1<=7’BF< BIH/0 45H/03. ‚=0N4 <?g
.ACEK/@ƒ2N@DCE0N4 8903J92N@ƒBFL;0N7?Bƒ2N..E<?>979”30N4 <=@BIH/<=450G<?gBIH/0CA798=C ‚=CE8=>923.–J/@D</K=.E0NL 45<?.O‚=03@ƒ4
BIH/0NLG4,0X.O‚=˜ 034 a ˜
 

] ^
e¿e  c5g   «^Zl l%c

$   ˆ =*5"  "6(   
F 5*,"
c J/@D</K=.E0NL J9@D<=J9<=4,0N8ZKN:Zž a [ aÌe H=L;23.A.  ª}24BD<ˆ45H/<} BIH=2XB2L;<=79”)2N..
54 J9H/0N@ƒC e 2N.ŠBF@DCA279”\.E0N46 e <=7‚=0  H=2\‚=CA79”GBIH/0P4„2L;0PK/2N4,0ˆ2N798'0N—=>923.Œ23.BDCOBD>b89034 BIH/0
CE45<=4 e 03.E0N4BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10H=2N4BIH/0”X‘ @D0N2XBF034IB!‚=0N@ÐBDC e 2N.m2N79”\.10 2N798P23.E45<GBD<ˆ45H/<} BIH=23BŒ˜ BIH?CE4
}24ŒBF@ƒ>b0gr<=@!J/.A27/2N@|BF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034 aŠ‰ H/04,<?.>=BDC1<=7;KN: '˜ a X a=‰ H/<=L;0ª}2N4</KBD23CE790N86‚?CE2
e 23. e >/.>94 a 1BiBD>9@D7/46<?>=BiBIH=23B gr<=@BIH/0M45J9H/0N@ƒC e 2N. e 2N4,0 BIH/0N@D0}24+BIH/0;gr<?.A.E<}+CE79”
J9@ƒC1<=@|79<=79 e 2N. e >/.A>94†4,<?.>=BDC1<=7G˜ KN: 'a [C e <?.A.A4 ˜

A
.....
..... .....
... ... ....
.. ..... ...............
. .. ....
... .......
.................. A2 .......
..
... .... ....
.. A1....
... . ....
....
. ....
... ... ....
... ..... ....
....
... ... ....
..
. .... ....
.. ... ....
. ....
... h
.. .. ....
. . ....
... .. ....
... .
... ....
..
. . ....
... ..... ....
....
..
. ..
. ....
... .... ....
....
.. ..
. ....
. ....
... ....
... ..... ....
....
.. .......... .
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.
B x D y C
 @D<=L BIH/0G@ƒC1”3HBBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10
? }‡0G”30XB 2 798Pg1@D<=L

@DCE”3HB|BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 }‡0‡”30\B ADB ˜ cot A >94 sin h cot x ˜
a‰ 1 H?=
ADC ˜ cot A2 = sin h cot y ˜
−1 −1

a
cot A = cot cot (sin h cot x) + cot (sin h cot y)
Ì CE7 e 0 }‡0H=2X‚=0
cot(u + v) = (cot u cot v − 1)/(cot u + cot v) ˜

sin2 h cot x cot y − 1 sin2 h cos x cos y − sin x sin y

cot A = = ˜
sin h(cot x + cot y) sin h sin a
}‡H/0N@D0Z}‡0ÑH=2\‚=0Ñ4,0\B  0N8kK=2450 a
BIH/0~.E0N79”£BIHf<?gBIH/0€‹   4ICE79”PBIH/0
C18/0N7?BDCOBDC1034 a = x + y˜

2 cos x cos y = cos(x − y) + cos(x + y) ˜

2 sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y) ˜
}‡0‡”30\B
(cos a)(1 + sin2 h) − cos(x − y) cos2 h a

D
cot A =
2 sin h sin a
=<=@ BF<;K90)2)LG2 N CEL>9L }‡0‡LG>94FBH=2X‚=0 2)LGCA7=CEL>9L BIH?CA4< eIe >9@ƒ4Œ}‡H/0N7
A a–‰ H/0N@D0Xgr<=@D0 ˜
BIH/0ªBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10}+CBIH‡BIH/0‡”Xcot
@D0N2XA
BF034IB–‚=03@ƒBDC e 23.b279”\.E0+CA4ŒCE45<=4 e 03.E0N4 a
x=y ˜
 0ª79<} ”\C ‚=0ª2+4,<?.>=BDC1<=7‡BIH=2XBŠCE4Œ”\>/C18/08KN:)BIH/0igr<?.A.E<}+CE79”2NJ9J/@D<=2 e H‡BD<‡BIH/0
J/.A27/2N@ŠBF@DCA279”\.E0 e 2450 a

 "!$# %'&'( c )+**', -+."- /# -+.10-2(2&3'45-2(6# 78-+9:+"76# 36($

 ....
A00
.............................................................................
............. ...........
.......... ...
..... .......... ...
...
.........
........
.
........ ....
........
.......... .
.
.....
.....
......
. ..
. .....
....
....
..
A 0
A
... ....
.... .... ..
..... .
...........
. . .................................................................................................................
..
. . ....
................ ............. ...................... ............
.
....
.... .........
. .....
... ... .... ..........
.... .....
....... .... .....
... .
.. ... .... . ........ . .
... ........ ....... ....... ..... .....
.. ....... ... .... ..... ....... ............
.. ...... ... ... ... .
.........
... ..
.. ..... ... ... ...
....... ........
.... ..
...
...
..
....... ..... .
.
...
.... .
..... .... ... ...
.. ... .... .....
.
... ...
.
...
....
. .
.
..
... .......
.
.... . ...... ..... ..
..
. ... . .... ............
. .
... ... ..
.... ... .... .
. .. . ...
... .... .
... ..... .
..
............ ... ...
. . ...
.. .. ... ....
. ... ...... ...
... . ....
... .......... ...
. .. ... .... . ..
... ... .. ... ........ .... . ..
... ...
.
....
. . .. .. ......
....
..... ... .....
b b
... .. .... ...
... .. .
. .
... ..
. .... ...
....... ...
.
...
..
... ...
. .. ..
... .
. ... . ...... ....
. ...
. ... ... ..
... . . ..... ... ... .
... ... . .
.
.
. .... ...
... . . ... .. ..
.
.. .. .. ...... .
.....
... ..
..
.. .... ...
... ....... ...
... ... ... ..
.. ...
.. ..
.. .. ......
...
............
.
......
.......
h ...
....
.
.
...
...
...
.
.... .. ...
.... ... ...
.
. .
. .
.
.. .. .. ...... .
....
... .
... .... ....
... .. ... ...... ...
... ... ... ........ .... ...
... ..... .... ...
... ... ... ........ .... ... ... . ..
...... ................. . ... .. .....
.
..... .. ...... ... ... .........
.... .........
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

B a C

z7ªBIH/0†‹Ž”\>9@D02K/<N‚=0 CA4mBIH/0†CA4,<=4 e 0X.1034œBF@DCA279”\.E0!}+CBIH+”\C ‚=0N7‡K=2450 2N798

2N.OBDCBD>b8/0 aà 0\B 0 K9˜0)ABC 2N79<BIH/0N@!BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10ª}+CBIHBIH/0)4„2L;06K=2450)2798M23.BDCOaBD>b890
2798‡}+CBIH h 0 <=76A BC
BIH/0+ 4„2L;0+4„CE890<?g 24 a‰ H/0N76BIH/0+J92N@ƒBŒ<?g9BIH/0 e CA@ e >9L e CA@ e .10 ˜
<?g 0 A
<=76BIH/0+4„2L;0+4„CE890<?g BC A
24 0 e <=7?Bƒ2NCA7/4!BIH/0+J92N@ƒBŒ<?g9BIH/0 e CA@ e >9L e CA@ e .10
<?g A BC <=7MBIH=2XB4IC18/0<?g a+BCÌ CE7 e 02NA 79”\.1034CE7/4 e @DCEK90N8MCE7ˆ2G”\CO‚=037P4,0N”XLM037?B2@D0
0—?>9ABC
2N. BC
a
˜ ∠A > ∠A00 = ∠A0
c J9J=.O:?CE79”BIH?CE4Œ2NJ9J/@D<=2 e H)BD<‡BIH/0+4„JbH/03@DC e 23. e 2450ª@D0—?>/CE@D03479<}+CA79”+H/<} BIH/0
279”\.E0N4|CE7/4 e @DCEK90N8)CA7‡BIH/0ª452NLM0i450”XL;0N7?B|<?gb2ª45LG2N.. e CE@ e .E0ªK90NH=2X‚=0 a žœ<=7/4IC18/0N@–79<}
BIH/0)2K9<3‚=0‡‹b”\>9@D0)24†BIH/0‡45J9H/0N@ƒC e 2N. e 2N4,0 a CE@ƒ4FB†79<BF0+BIH=2XB CE4†CE45<=4 e 03.E0N4 a
‰ H/0Rg12 e BGBIH=2XB 4A00 BC
r
g ?
< 
. 1
. 
< 
} M
4 1
g D
@ =
< L 2798
∠A00 < ∠A ‡
} /
H N
0 D
@ 0 9
8 3
0 cot(A/2)
9
7 
< F
B 3
0 
4 I
B /
H 
0 3
2 =.BDCOBDsin
b
> 9
8 G
0 h <?cot(a/2)
g 2N798
2N..O: }‡0+4,˜ H/<} BIH=23hB
00 0 0
cot(A
CE4Œ.E0N4„4!BI/2) H=27 = sin a hCA7/cot(a/2) a A00 BC
π/2 ˜ ∠A0 < ∠A00

2θ .......................... A
@
................. .. .................r .........
........... .. . .. ..................
........... ..
... .. ...
@
.. .......
.
.........
. . ....... .... ....
.
. ......
.....
..... ... .. ... ....
.... ...... .... ...
@
....
∠AP B = 2β + 2θ
... ... . ....
..... .... ... ... ... ...
... . .
.. . ... ... ....
... @ .. ... R
.. .. ...
... .... .. ... ...

R
@
. . ...
∠AP C = 2β − 2θ
.. . ...
. . ... . .... ...
... .
.. .
. ..
.
. ..... ........... ...
... ..
.... .... . .
. ..
2β
. . . . ...
∠BP C = 2α
... ..... .
.
. ... ...
... .............. ...
P
.. .. .. . ... ...
... ....
. ... ..... . ..
... .... .... ...........r .
. ..
..
... ..
. .......... ... ............. ... ..
... R ................. R
... ... ...
. .. ...
α
. .. ........ .... .......... . .. ...
α
... .. .
. .
. ..
... .....
.......... . ..
.. .... .......... . ... ... .
.
... . .
... ............. .
.. ...... .................. ... .......... .... ...
.. ... .......... . .......... .. ...
..............
...r.............................................................................................................................................................................................r

B C
z7BIH/0‹b”\>9@D0i2K9<3‚=0 CA4Š2BF@DCA279”\.E0CA7/4 e @ƒC1K/08CA7)24,0N”XLM037?BŠ<?g/245LG2N..
e CE@ e .E0 }‡H/0N@D0 ˜ ABC
aª 0645H/<} BIH=23B CE42G890 e @D0N2N4„CA79”‡gE>97 e BDC1<=7Z<?g a
Ì CE7 e 0 ˜ EC 72@DCE”3HαB+BF@DCA22β
79”\.E=
0Œ}+πCOBIHK/2N4,0279”\.E0N4 ∠A 2N798 2798‡H:=Jb<BD0N7=>9450 <=790H=2θ4
˜ x α
BIH/037 KN:Z8/@D<=J/J/CA79”6Jb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@ƒ4ªg1@D<=L R ˜
BF<;BIH/04IC18/0N4
cos R279= 8 cot α}‡cot 0450x0i˜ BIH=2XB ˜ P
AB AC ˜
a
cos R = cot(β + θ) cot A1 = cot(β − θ) cot A2
037 e 0
˜
cos R cos R
    
−1 −1
cot A = cot cot + cot
cot(β + θ) cot(β − θ)
cos2 R − cot(β + θ) cot(β − θ)
=

cos R cot(β + θ) + cot(β − θ)
(cos2 R) sin(β + θ) sin(β − θ) − cos(β + θ) cos(β − θ)
=
cos R sin 2β
−(cos 2β)(1 + cos R) − (cos 2θ)(sin2 R) 2
=
2(cos R)(sin 2β)
c 4 CE7 e @D032450N4ˆg1@D<=L BIH/0т?2N.>b0f<?g CA7 e @D0N2N4,034 CELGJ/. :=CA79”ÑBIH=2XB
890 e @Dθ0NN2 4,034 a 0˜ − cos 2θ ˜ A

‰ <€K/0XBƒBD0N@>9798/0N@ƒ4FBD2N798P}‡H=2XBCE4”3<?CA79”G<=7~H/0N@D0 }‡0>94,0 e </<=@D8?CE7/2XBF034 aG 0

Jb<=4ICBDCE<=7PBIH/0;4„JbH/03@DC e 23.BF@DCA279”\.E0M<=7PBIH/0;45J9H/0N@D0 2 ˜ 2 2N445H/<}7
2N798 = 1 ˜
2
K90X.1<} CA7M4I> e H;2+}2X:6BIH=23B x +y +z
}‡H/0N@D0 ˜ 2N798 2 C = (a, a  b,4„0) ˜ B
CA79”‡ 4FBD2N= 2N@D8M−b,
798/(a, 0N@ƒC ˜ e 2N. e </A
45J9H/0) <=@D=
8=CA7/(x,
23BD0Ny, }‡0 ˜
4 z)
H=2X‚=0 a ˜ b > 0 a + b 2
= 1 2798 a rgmBIH/062N79”\.106K90\BÐ}‡0037 ˜
2x798 = cosCE4 θ sin φBIH/˜ 03y7 = sin θ sin 2φ79˜ 8 z = cos a φ
OB OC 2α ˜ a = cos α b = sin α
Z
6
.......................................................
.............. ..........
.......... .........
......... .......
.......
......
.
.
......
..
A .......
.....
.....
....
... ...
...
..... .....
...... .... ....
... . ... ... ....
.
. . .
. . ...
..... ....... ...
... ...
...
..
. ...... ... ...
... .....
. .
... ..
.
... .... .. ..
... ...
. .
.
..
...
.
... .... ... ..
... . .... . ...
... .. . .
... ..... ..... ..... ..... ........ ..... ..... ..... ...
.. ... .. ..... .....
... ..... ..... ... .. .
-
..
. .
..
..
. .
. ..... ....
O
....... . .
... .. .. ..


...... .
.
. .
.
.
.
.... ..
. .
.........
Y
........... . ..
................. ... .. ...............

................................. .
. .... ..
... ...
. .........
...
..........................................................................
B C


/
X
‰ H/0+gr<=@DLG>/.A2>945086CE76BIH/0+2K/<N‚=0+4,<?.>=BDC1<=7GKN:¨[C e <?.A.A4!BD20N4!BIH/0+gr<=@DL

cos2 φ cos(α + θ) cos(α − θ) − sin(α + θ) sin(α − θ) a

cot A =
cos φ sin 2α
‰ H?CA4 e 27;K90+4„CAL;J=.AC‹Ž0N8)BF<

y 2 + (a2 z 2 − b2 ) a 
cot A = ‘
2abz
‰ / H 0.E2XBƒBF03@gr<=@DLG>/.A2 e 2N7623.E45<)K/0ª0N4FBD2K=.CE45H/0868?CE@D0 e BD.O:ª}+CBIH‡4,<=L;0‚=0 e BF<=@–23.1”30NK/@ƒ2 a
1BŒCA4 e .E0N2N@|g1@D<=L  BIH=2XB }+COBIH 0NJ?B e <=7/4IBƒ27?B†E4,<6BIH=2XB†4„JbH/03@DC e 23.bBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10
ABC
H=2N4 e <=7/4IBƒ27?‘ BŠ2N.OBDCBD˜ >b8/0 z > 0CA4ŒLCE7=CALGCO™„08}‡H/037
L;2 CALGCO™„08‡}‡H/037
ABC
CE4ŒCA4,‘F<=˜ 4 cot
e 0X.103A4 a y=0
}‡H/037 e 0
˜ ∠A
CA4
D
 ‰ H/0+gr<=@DLG>/.A2) 2N.A4,<”\CO‚=03445<=LM0ªCE7/4IC1”3HB|CA7?BF<)BIH/0‡K/0H=2\‚=CE<=@Œ<?g 2N4ŒBIH/0
J <?CA7?B
b ‚?2N@DCE‘0N4!<3‚=0N@œBIH/04„JbH/03@D0}+COBIH 2N798 ‹08 a =<=@œCE7/4F∠A
BD2N7 e 0 BIH/0
.1< e >94<?A(x,
gJ9<?CEy,
7?Bƒz)
4 4I> e H)BIH=23B CA4 e <=7/4FBD2N7?B!45B
2XBDCE4I‹Ž034 C ˜
A ∠A

y 2 + a2 z 2 − b2 = 2abkz ˜
}‡H/0N@D0 2 2 2 2798 CA4†2 e <=7/4IBƒ27?B a‰ H/0J/@D<Íz0 e BDCE<=7;<?gbBIH?CE4
45J9H/0N@ƒC e x2N. e + >9@zy‚=0i+
<=7?zBD<ªBI= H/0 1 J/.Ak279=0CAcot
4|2N7‡ A2@ e <?g/27)03..ACAJ9450 e 037?BF03@D08‡23B
2798dH=2X‚?CE79”Ñ4,03LGCE„LCE79<=@Gyz 2 NCE4 √ 2
2798 4,03LGCE„LG2XÍz<=@G2 CA4 √ (0, bk/a) a
‰ H?CA40X.A.CEJ/4,0+J/24„4,034!BIH=@D<?>b”3H b 1 + k a b 1 + k2 /a
2798
‰ H/0Œ.1< e >94–<?g?J9<?CE7?Bƒ4 gr(b,
<=@b}‡ 0)H?C e H (−b, 0) CE4–<?gCE7?BD0N@D034IB a z7iBIH?CE4 e 2N4,0 }‡0
J=.E2N790H=24!BIH/00—?>923BD˜ CE<=7
◦
H=2X‚=0 A
2798)BIH/0+J9@D<Íz0 e BD∠A C1<=7G<==7?BF90 <‡BIH/0
k = cot A 2 =7+003.˜ .ACAJ9450 e 0N7?BD0N@D0N8+2XB yz
}+CBIHi4,03LGCE„LCE79<=@Ž2 NCE4 2798ª4,03LGCE
Íz<=@Œ2 zCA4 = b a˜ z7;J/2@ÐBDC e >/.A2@ CAg
2 2 2 2
y L;2\+a (0, 0) √ BIH/0J9@D<Íz0 e BDC1<=7GCA4ŒbBIH/0‡03..ACAJ9450
b/aa [i<BD0‡BIH=2XB†CA7;BI˜ H?CE4 ae 2 =450 b BI=H/0)1/ .E< e >924˜ COBD4503.g–<=7GBIH/064„JbH/03@D0 e <=7/4„CA4IBƒ4
2 2
2y + z = 2
<?gBÐ}‡<;J90N@DJb03798=C e >/.E2N@2N@ e 4<?g”X@D0323B e CA@ e .1034ŒÍz<?CE7=CA79”

2798 BF<BIH/0‡79<=@ƒBIH;J9<?.10
B C
(0, 0, c1)
4|2N760 03@ e CE450 BIH/0@D0N28903@–LG2X:ª‚=03@DCg:BIH=2XBgr<=@ ◦ BIH/0iJ/@D<Íz0 e BDCE<=7
<?gbBIH/0+.E< e >94<=7?BF<)BIH/˜ 0 J/.A2790+CA4†27G2N@ e <?gbBIH/0‡H:=Jb∠A03@IK/<?= H=2X‚?˜ CE79”+0—?>923BDCE<=7
.E2‡90
xy
a
a2 x2 − b 2 y 2 = a 2 − b 2
 H/0N7 √ BIH?CE48/0”303790N@ƒ2XBF034CE7?BD<;2)J/2NCA@<?gœJb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@†4FBF@ƒ2NCE”3HB
.ACA790N4 a a = b = 1/ 2 ˜
œ*&
 ‰ H/0@D0Xgr0N@D0N0‡H=24†79<BF0N8G45<=LM0+J/@D0,‚=CE<?>94„. :>97/J=>bK=.CE45H/08)}‡<=@I)<?g CE0XBD0N@
>b<?Ýk2N798VX a žH=@DCA4 CE45H/0N@ªCE7€}‡H?C e HR<?>9@@D034„>/.OB+CE4)J9@D<3‚=08R246<=790ˆCA7R2K=Ï 4,<?.>=BF0
”30<=L;0XBF@z: a Ž>b<?ÝZ2N798 CA4,H/03@,š 4†J9@D</<?gŽgr<?..1<}4!CELGLM0N8=CA23BD03. :G2N4†J92N@ƒBƒ a
œ)Q&'#
 'ž a [ aÌe H=LG2N.. 9- @D</K?.103L /
c L;0N@ a ŸR23BIH a Ÿ'<=7?BIH?.O:X{ i 

% ?% a
˜ ˜ ‘I˜

U a a žH=203@DCA27 Ÿ aÌ9aœ\ .E2NLMNCE7

N0 Ï J/2@ÐBFLM037?B†<?g–ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4 03J92N@ƒBFL;0N7?BŒ<?g–ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4
 Ï 7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :;<?gž23.ACgr<=@F7=CA2 Ï  7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :;<?g c .1K/0N@ÐBD2
2X‚?CE4 ž c
? =8/L;<=7?BF<=7 c ¢ ‰ U U
Ï Ì\c ˜ ˜
[email protected]
 ] ^
*e ¿e  c5g  µ^l l%c 
 
G& "6(  +     i* 

lNw& W†7M2).CE790 e <=7/4„CE8903@!BIH/0 e <=79”X@ƒ>b0N7?B450”XL;0N7?Bƒ4 2798 0 0 }+COBIH

LGCE89IJb<?CA7?BD4 2N798 ` @D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: aŒà 0XB 9
K i
0 ª
2 b
J ?
< A
C ?
7 Š
B 9
7 
< AB
|
B =
< 7 N
2 9
7 A
)
8 .EB 0XB K90
M M 0
˜
BIH/06gr</<B<?gœBIH/0J90N@DJb03798=C e >/.E2N@g1@D<=L P
FB < a+‰ H/0N7 ` ˜ A
C ;
L =
J A
. E
C N
0 
4 QBIH=2XB
a P ` QM < QM 0
0 0
∠A P B < ∠AP B
Ób[„T/T am 0‹b@ƒ4FB e <=7/4IC18/0N@BIH/0 e 2N4,0†BIH=2XB 2N798 0 0 / K 03.E<=79”ŒBF<ªBIH/0452NLM0
ƒ@ 2X:Gg1@D<=L }+COBIH 2N798 ABa† 0‡@DA
< ƒ
B 3
2 BBD0 2K/<?>=B
Q QA < QB QA0 < QB 0 4P A0 B 0 P
CE7?BD< 00 00 }+COBIH 00 <=7)BIH/0@ƒ2X: −→
a
4P A B ˜ A PA
P ..........r..................................................
. . .. ..
.... .................................................
.... ... ..... ................. ..............
... ... ..... ................. ..............
.... ... ..... ................ .........
.........
.... ... ..... ....... .......... .........
.... .. .... ..... ........ .........
.. .... ...... ........ .........
... ..
.. .... .... ...... .........
.........
.... .. .... ....... ....... .. .........
.... ..
.. .
.... ....... ........ ... .........
.........
.... .. ..... .
...... ........ .. .........
... .. .... ....... ..... .........
.... ..
.. .... ..... ............ .........
.........
.... .. .... ..... ....... .........
.. .... ..... ....... .........
.... ..
.. .... ..... ........ .........
.... .. .... ....... .
.......... .........
.........
... ..
.. . .... ....... .......... .........
.... .. ..... ....... .......... .........
.........
...
0 0
..
M
. ..
B
. . . .........
rA A B
.............. .. .... ..... ....... .........
... .
.... .. ..... .......... .......
. ...
` ................................................ r .
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. . r . r ..
r r ... r
0
Q M
.. .... . .. ...... . ....... . ..............
.. ..... . . ..... .......... ..
. .........
.. .... ..... ....... .........
.. .........
..
.. .... ...... .....
.....
.......
....... . .........
.. .... ..... ....... ... .........
.. .
... . .... .. .
... ........
.. .. .... ...... ........
.. ..... ....... .......... .. .
.. ....... . ... .
.
.. .... ...... ........
00 ................................................................................................................................................... .........
r .. ....... . r .. ....
A .. ...........
.. ........ B
....
....
∗ ... .....
. .....
....
. ............
.......
.......
.. ........ .... ....... .......
.. .. ............. ..... .. . .
..... .......
.. ........ . .......
.. ........ ..... . ...... .......
.. . . .. . .. . .. .......
.. ........ .... .. ..... .......
.. ............. . ....... .......
..
.. ........ ...... . . ..
.. ........ ... .. ....
.. .
........ ....
.. .......... ...
.. r ....
00
..
B
..
..
.

Ì CE7 e 0 0 BIH/0J/@D</<?g–CA4i@D08?> e 0N8ˆBD<ˆ4,H/<}+CA79”BIH=23B

CA7 e ˜ 0‡BIH=2XBCAL;J=.ACE0N4BIH=23B
00
.ACE0N4CE7;BIH/0)CE∠A 7?BD0N@ƒC1P B<?00g = ∠A0 PE4„B
<=@ B 00a
∠AP B ∠AP B > ∠A P B 00 ‘ 00
‰ <GBIH?CA4i03798 }‡0BF@ƒ27/4I.E2XBF0‡4,0N”XLM037?B 23.1<=79”@ƒ2X: −→ CA7?BF< 00 ∗ a‰ H/0)4„CE89034
<?gŠ2N7P279”\.E0G˜ ”X@D<}’gE>9@ÐBIH/0N@2J/2@ÐB24BIAB H/0G8=CA4IBƒ27 e 06g1@D<=PL ABIH/0‡‚=03A @ƒBD0 B  CE7 e @D032450N4
CE7RK/<BIHÑH:=Jb03@IK/<?.AC e 2798 ?> e .C18/0N2N7R”30<=L;0XBF@z: a€‰ H/0ˆ4„2L;0;CA4+BF@D>b0;PCE7~45J9H/0N@ƒC e 2N. ˜


”30<=L;0XBF@z:gr<=@–BIH/0+‹9@ƒ4IBŒH=23.Agœ<?gbBIH/0‡8?CE4FBD2N7 e 0ªg1@D<=L BF<6COBD4†2N7?BDCEJ9</8/23.ŽJ9<?CE7?B a =<=@
79<} .10\B‡>94G2N454I>9LM0ˆBIH=2XB
BIH/060N˜ 798}‡0‡4,H=23.A.4500+BIH=23B!A
00 ∗ 9
8 /
< 3
0 6
4 E
C 9
7 /
8 
0 N
0 Ú
8 
. 1
C P0Z4I> e CE0N7?BD. : e .E<=4,0ˆBD<
B2N454I>9L;J?BDC1<=7 e <=LM034Œ}+CBIH/<?>=BŒ.E<=454<?g”303790N@ƒP23.ACOB : a
BIH?CA4
2XB
D
‰ H?>94 CA7;2N..9BIH/0 e .E2N454IC e 2N.Ž”30N<=LM0\BF@DCE0N4 ∗ .ACE0N4†CA7BIH/0CA7?BF03@DCE<=@Œ<?g
a [<BF0
BIH=23B}+ ˜ CBIH€<?>9@24„4„>9LGJ=BDCE<=7~<=7 K/<˜ BIHB  N
2 ∠AP
9
7 8 B
}+˜ CBIH ∠P A00 B ∗ = ∠P ABaG ‘ 00 00
Q ∠P BD</A ”30XBIB
 0 0 2@D0G23B.10324FB 00 ∗ ‰ H=23B H/03@
}+CBIH = ∠P A B ‘ ;
L N
0 N
2 π/2
/
7 
4 I
B =
H X
2 B ∠P 1
Í A
9
> I
4
00 00
†
B B N
2 4 > ∠P9
K X
0 1
. A
=
< 9
7 B
X
” †
4 F
B 6
< I
B /
H ‡
0 A
C ˜ ?
7 F
B 3
0 D
@ E
C =
< †
@ <?g
A00 B @D08 Ba ˜ B 00 ˜ B∗ ˜
00 00 ∗
2N489= 034„CAA
∠AP B ˜
 "!$# %'&'( c )+**', -+."- /# -+.10-2(2&3'45-2(6# 78-+9:+"76# 36($
 

=<=@mBIH/0ª@D03L;23CE7=CA79” e 2450N4}‡0ªLG2X:)24„4„>9L;0}+CBIH/<?>=B–.E<=454!<?gŽ”303790N@ƒ23.ACOB :‡BIH=2XB

N2 798 0 2N@D0d8=CA4FÍz<?CA7?B
27: <N‚[email protected]J e <?>/.18 K/0d4I>bK?BF@ƒ2 e BF0N8›g1@D<=L K/<BIH
AB 279”\.E0N4~gr<=@P ABI0 B
H/0kJ/>9@DJb<=450d<?g e <=L;J/2@ƒCE79”ÚBIH/03L a ‰ }‡<›4ICBD>92XBDC1<=7/4RH=2\‚=0fBD< K90
e <=7/4IC18/0N@D0N8 –BIH=23B<?g K/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7 2N798 2798GBIH=23B<?g K/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7 2N798 0a
Q[<BF0;BIH=2XB}‡0ˆ4FBDCA..|Q 24„4„>9L;0 A B 2N˜ 798 Q a ¢Ž<BIH Be 2450N4‡A 2@D0
2798?.10N‘ 8 a z7ÚBIH/0~.A23BƒBD0N@
0 0
—=>/C e . :f@D0N8=> e 08ÚBF<RBIH/0R<=790ZQA <H=2NQB
BIH=23BG 4;2N.A@D0N28:f QA K90N0N7k <H=QB
e 2N4,0 4ICELGJ/. :ˆ@D0 b0 e B 0 0 CE7;BIH/06.CE790 BF<GBIH/0G<BIH/03@4„CE890145<;BIH=2XB 2N798
BIH/0€CE˜ LG2”30~<?g 0 0 A K90XB .1<=79”ˆBD<RBIH/0€452NP LMQ0€@ƒ2X:'g1@D<=L a z7'BIH/0Zgr<=@FL;AB 0N@ e 2N4,0
AB Q‘ ˜
890X‹b790 000 BF<~K90GBIH/0ˆJ9<?CE7?B<=7 −→ BIH=23B+4„23BDCA4„‹b0N4 BIH/037ÑJ9@D<3‚=0
B QB a QB = AB ˜
000
BIH=23B 000 0 0
∠AP B > ∠QP B > ∠A P B
CA7/2N..O: }‡0+@D0XBD>9@D7BF<‡BIH/0‡—=>b034IBDCE<=7;<?gbBIH/0‡8?CE4FBD2N7 e 0ªg1@D<=L’BIH/0i‚=03@ƒBD0  BD<
BIH/064,0N”XLM037?B ˜ 0 0 a C )BIH/064„CE89034ª<?g 2798 0 0 
2 9
7 8 e /
H /
< =
< 5
4 6
0 
2 P790£}
Jb<=4ICBDCE<=7 gr<=@ A BK/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7 2N798 23BCE42NB@IK?CBF@ƒ2N@D∠A
BIH=∠AP C.O: e P.E<=B 4,0!BD< a žœ<=7/4IC18/0N@ŽBIH/0
Jb037 e CA.Ž<?gà @ƒ2X:=4!}‡ AH?C e HJ92N454!BIA H=@D<?>b”3H6 P BIH?CA4†790\} J9<?CE7?B 2N798.ACE0}+PCBIH?CA7 0 a
à ∠A ÃP
..
..
..
..
.. . .
.. ... ....
.. ...
... ....
..
.. .... ....
.
... ....
....
P r .....
.......................
..... ........................ ....
...
...
..
.....
...
........
.......
...
... ... ............ ............ ... .......
... .. ............... .......... .
. .... .. ........... ............
... ... . .
............. ........... . . .
........
.. .............
... .. .............. ............ ....... .............
... .. ... .... ...... .... ......... ....... .............
.... .... .... ........................ ............................ .... ..... ...............
.... .. ... .... ...... ................. .... ..........
................ .... .......... ...... .....................................
.... .. .. ....... ....... .... ................
.. ... ... ........ ............... .......
.........
.........
... .... ....................... ......
...................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
... qrqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
à ... ................................................... .
... ....
.. .. .........
. . . .. .
.. ................................................................................. .......
.... ... .
. ..
. .............. ..... . ........ ........................................................
.... .
.
... . ..
.. ... .
. ........ . .. .... ............ .. . ....
. ..................................
...
...
..
.. ....... ............................... ............. ......... ....
......... .....................................................................
.. ..
.. ....... ....................................... ......... ...................................
.... .. .............. ............. ......... ................
... .. ..... ...................... .........
... ...... .
. .....
....... ............. .........
.... ... .. .
..... ...... ...
....... ....
... ............... .
...............
...
0 ............................. 0
. ..
..... ....... ....... .
.. ....... .............
rA A B
............... .. .........
. .
..
.
..... ................. ........ ......
`
.. .
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r r r r
B
.............. .............. .........
Q ..... .. ..... .
...
..
.. .
...... ..
........ ...... .
..................................
.. ..... ....... . . ......................
... .. ..... ....... ...... .............
... .. ..... ....... ....... .................
. ... ..... .......... .......................
........ ..............
..... ..
..
.....
.....
.......
..
....... ..............
... .. ..... ........... .............
.... ..
.. .
..... ..
........
... .. .
...... ..........
.... ..
.. ...... ...
.......
... .. ..... ......

‰ H/0ªJb<=@ÐBDC1<=7<?g032 e H).CE790CE7?BD0N@ e 0NJ?BF0N8GKN:)BIH/0ª4„CE89034†<?g 0 0 45H=@DCA794|BD<

™„0N@D<g1@D<=L»2‡4,0N”XLM037?B!.1<=79”303@|BIH=2N7  †
a Ì =
< M
L £
0 ‡
} /
H ∠A
N
0 D
@ ‡
0 P
3
2 1
. B
=
< 9
7 ”iBIH/0i}2X:
0—?>92N.Ž450”XL;0N7?Bƒ4!}+CA..ŽK90ªCE7?BD0N@ e 0NJ?BF0NA
0 0
8MKNB:;K9= <BIH AB) ˜
2798 0 0  0K90N”X27
–
a
∠AP B ∠A
<?>9@!J9@D</<?g/}+CBIH)BIH/034,0iBÐ}‡<450”XL;0N7?Bƒ4†CA7GJ/.A2 e 0‡<?g9BIH/0‡<=@ƒC1”\CA7/2N.bJ923CE@ aP B

C10\BF03@ Ž>b<?Ý X a žH=@DCA4 CE45H/0N@

Ï N0 J/2@ÐBFLM037?B†<?g–ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4 03J92N@ƒBFL;0N7?BŒ<?g–ŸR2XBIH/0NLG23BDC e 4
Ï 2N798 Ì Bƒ23BDCA4IBDC e 4 Ï 2N798 Ì BD2XBDCE4FBDC e 4
 7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :;<?g 0”\CA7/2  7=CO‚=03@ƒ4„COB :G<?g 0”\CA7/2
0”\CA7/2 Ì
\ Ì Ì • c 0”\CA7/2 Ì
\ Ì Ì • c
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
[email protected] [email protected]


   

½ yr%{PqzYzy2tIr%{„sPy=w*zY~r( †|y%‡tˆq ¥q(zO‰~=w%z š qwr=dŠq |yµ‰y2sP‚2qw
{œw
yrz٠
~=|‚2qws„|¡~r.†tIrz.{„~=|Q‰

tPq
¸ Œ¸ F¸2“ Œ ¸ ”2•=•2–#— À3wq`Šq {Iy2s tPq ~†|
ˆq zStPqYw#rdŠq |yOs„w‰=s}
r%qO
r*qŸtPq¡†|y%‡t=ˆq €q:~ƒŠq {=Šq
(?)
zyr s0z¡z´~=w*zŸzy2tIr%{„sPy=w —

žœH=2—=>b0ÑJ/@D</K=.D0NÊ L;0Ñ450N@ƒ2~J/>bK?.ACD0R 
É 8=27/4G.1034M8/03>Ñ.A279”\>b034ˆ< e C10X.A.E0N4;8?> ž2N7/28=2
12N79”\.E23CE4G0XB‡g1@ƒ2N7 e  23CE4 a 27/46.10347=>9LÑ03É @D<=4  0XB . š 279”\.A2NCA4J9@X0 É e 0NÉ 8903@ƒ2€.10
g1@ƒ27 e  2NCA4 0\B8/2N7/4G.103‘ 4;7=Ï >9LÑ0NÉ @D<=4 0\B  ˜ .1˜ 0Zg1@ƒ27 e  2N˜ CA4MJ/@X0 É e 0É 8/0N@ƒ2~. š 279”\.A2NCA4 a
27/4i.E2˜ 4,0 e BDC1<=7Z89034ª4,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4 .E0˜ J9@D˜ </K?.D03Ê LM0˜ 4,03@ƒ2GJ/>bK?.ACD0; É 8=27/4i.A2.E2N79”\>b0;8/06.E2
ÏJ9@ƒCE7 e CAJ923.1045<?.A>=BDCE<=7J9@X0NÉ 450N7?BX0NÉ 0 a ˜
à 2@X0É 8=2 e BDCE<=7+45<?>bH=2NCOBF0†@D0NL;0N@ e CE0N@3X50N2N79\ŸR2N@ eœ‰ 03@F@ƒC103@m0XB–ŸR2@ÐBDCE7xUŠ<?.18=4IBD03CA7
É 8906Ÿ'<=7?BF@X03É 2N. 8š 2X‚=<?CA@ŠBF@ƒ28=>/COB|.1034†J9@D</K?.D03Ê LM034 a
890+.zš  7=C ‚=0N@ƒ4ICBX0 ˜
˜

¤ ¦ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[«ÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2ÄÂTÕ a

Ì >9J9J9<=4,<=7/4!—?>b0 45<?CBœ.10 e 037?BF@D0i8=> e 03@ e .10CE7/4 e @DCOB–8=>BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 0XB–—?>b0
\0 B e <?>9J90N7?B|@D0345IJ90 e BDC ‚=0NL;0N7?B 0\B 0N7 0XB a=Ì >9J9J9<=ABC 4,<=7/4†890ªJ=.A>94
BI
—=>b0ª.E2‡CI K?CE4„4,0 e BF@DC e 0+8/0+.zš 2N79”\.10 e AC
<?>9Jb0 AB@D0345J9D 0 e BDC ‚=0NEL;0N7?B 0N7 0XB
0XBŒ—?>b0+‹b7/23.103LM037?B BIC BC
a Ÿ'<=7?BF@D0N@Œ—?>b0+. š 279”\.E0 0É ”X23.|2 Ê P ◦ a Q ˜
0N4FB+DE
P I = 2QI BAC 60
¤  ¥ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[«ÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2ÄÂTÕ a
W†78/<=7/790Œ>97iBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10 8/2N7/4m.E0—?>b03.3.1034–K?CE4„4,0 e BF@DC e 0348/0N4m279”\.E0N4
2798
ADE
ACB
e <?>9J90N7?B
0\B|. š 279”\.E0
AED
AC
60
0\B ABC
0N4FB AB a
◦
037
'
Ÿ D
=
< ?
7 B
0\B
F D
@ N
0 E
Œ
@ ?
— b
> +
0 . š 
2 9
7D
890ªJ=.A>94 .E28?CA݌0NÉ @D037 e 0+037?BF@D0ª.zš ABC
\
” ˜.E0 N
0 F
4 +
B 
0
ACB
É X
” 3
2 |
. 2 Ê
2N79”\.10
◦a
120
¤  · a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[«ÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E]Ð2ÄÂTÕ a
Ì <?CB >97)BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10BF0X.9—=>b0i.E0N4ŒK?CE4„4,0 e BF@DC e 034Œ89034Œ2N79”\.1034 0XB
e <?>9J90N7?B@D03ABC 45J90 e BDC ‚=0NL;0N7?B 0\B 037 0\B aÌ <?CB . š CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e ABCBDCE<=7‡890 ACB 0\B
0\B†4,<?COB .E0)J=C10N8ˆ8/0‡AC .A26J90N@DABJb03798=C e >/D.E23CE@D0)E2K/23CE4„40NÉ I0)890 4„>9@ a Ÿ'BD <=7?BF@D03@
CE ˜
É F89034m2N79”\.1034
—=>b0!. šr0É ”X23.ACOB30† 0XB 037?BF@ƒ2 Ë 790 e 03..10Œ89034m279I”\.E0N4 BC 0XB a
ADE BIF AED CIF
¤  ¤ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[«ÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2ÄÂTÕ a
Ì ?
< CB >97ÑBF@ƒCE2N79”\.10;BF0X.Œ—=>b0ˆ.zš 2N79”\.10 4,<?COBª.10P89<?>bK?.10P890ˆ.zš 2N79”\.10
a 0ªABCJ=.A>94 4,<?COB >97Jb<?CA7?BŠ4„>9@.10i@ƒ2X:=<=7 ABC BD039
. —=>b0i.zš 2N79”\.10 4,<?COB.E2
ACB Ï
É 8/0+.zš 2N79”\˜ .10
LM<?COBDCD0 D a
Ÿ'<=7?BF@D0N@!—=>b0 CB ADC
BAC

1 1 1 a
= −
CD AB AC
 N•

¤  ¦ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[«ÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2ÄÂTÕ a

27/4!>976BF@ƒCE2N79”\.10+89<=7/70 É 45<?CB . š 279”\.E0 .10ªJ9<?CE7?B|4I>9@
2N>b„890XÏ .D2
Ê 890 BF0X.Ž—?>b0 ABC 0XB ˜ .10ªαJb<?CA7?B|4„>9@ BAC23˜ >bD 58/03.D2‡
Ê 8/0 BF0X.ŽAB
—?>b0
B BD = BC ˜
a 0)J=.A>94 <=7M4„>9J/Jb<=4506—=>b0 E AC
034IBŒ. š CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e BDCE<=7ˆ890 C
0XB 0\B
CE = BC Ï ˜ P BE CD ˜
—=>b0 DP EP α a Ÿ'<=7?BF@D03@Œ—=>b0 ◦a
 
+ = 2 sin α = 90
BE CD 2
¤  a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[ ×ÃÄ ÆÐÔ}Ä=U mTÕV
ÆDÕONÃÊ ]¡ÅEÖ؛Ä zØ
5]¡Ì 1]Ë¡Ç a
W†7Z8/<=7/7906>97900X.A.CEJ/4,068/0)gr<N:=03@ƒ4 0\B 23CE7/4ICm—=>b0).1034i45<=L;L;0XBƒ4 0 0\B
8=>ˆJ90XBDCOB†2 0 abÌ <?COB >97MJb<?CA7?B0\B >9 F79
1 0)8/@DF<?2COBF˜ 0‡790‡J/24„452N7?B†J/24J/2@ a=Vc 1‚=0 e
V20
>9790ˆ0É —?>b0N@D@D04,0X>/.103LM037?PB `
e <=7/4FBF@D>/CA@D0+.E2‡ 8=@D<?CBD0J/2@ —?>/C034IB P
˜
D
P
E2 J92N@ƒ2N..D0XÊ .10;2 Ê
‘ `
rK Jb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2NCA@D0ˆ2 Ê a
‘ `
à 0N4 e <=7/4FBF@D> e BDCE<=7/4i45<=7?BK?C1037 e <=7/7=>b0N4i4IC. š <=7Z8/<=7/790)>97 e 0N@ e .E062\‚=0 e 45<=7 e 037?BF@D0
2N>G.ACE03>;8š >9790)0X.A.CEJ/4,0+2\‚=0 e 4,034Œgr<N:=03@ƒ4 ‰ Hm0NÉ <=@X03Ê LM0‡8/0G-=<=7 e 03.E0XB Ì BF0XCE7903@ a
‘
¤ `Ó a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԟŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]ŸØ–TbÙ?VXÕ=] [´ÄN՛ÆFV a
Ì <?CB .E0 e 037?BF@D0G8/0G”X@ƒ2\‚=COB30
É 8=>ˆBF@DCA279”\.E0 a -=<?>9@ <=7
e <=7/4IC180NÊ @D0>9G7 e 03@ e .10ŒBD2N79”30N7?B2 Ê 0N7 A2 Ê 1 A2 A3 037 j =
0\B 890Œ1BF˜0X.A2.E0
˜ 34,<=˜ @ÐBF0
—=>b0 4,<?COBœ4I>9@.10†4,0N”XLM037?B AjAA 4CA798=C e 03T4–j4,<=7?B e A<=jL;AJ?j+2
.103j+1 B30NÉ 4LM</U 8?>/j .1˜ < a Ÿ'<=7?BF@D03@
—=>b0 G T j U j 3‘

a
|GT1 | · |GT2 | · |GT3 | = |GU1 | · |GU2 | · |GU3 |

¤  Æ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[ÓÄՎT  œÏŸÍ2Ä?TbÙ XTÖXÔ TbÙ3]×IȪXÛV ՎV „]:՜[ÛV ÆFV a

Ì <?CB 0\B 8/0N4Œ79<=L;K/@D034†@X0É 0X.E4ŒJ9<=4„COBDCAg14!452XBDCE4Ig12NCA452N7?B 2 a
Ÿ'<=7?BF@D0N@Œ—?x>b˜ 0 y z x + y2 + z2 = 1

E2 √ a
 
1 1 1
‘ + + − (x + y + z) ≥ 2 3
x y z

rK √ a
 
1 1 1
‘ + + + (x + y + z) ≥ 4 3
x y z

¤  Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›ÄN[Y9YÄ  ÌkV=È9[Ä/Y }ÄÕ=]µVà ×DÙ=Ø }ÄÕ×1]OÍ:VÃ È VXà [ÄÕ=] z[ÄÕ a
?a
à 2G4,<?.>=BDC1<=7PJ/@D<=Jb<=40É 0J9<?>9@.10J/@D</K=.D0NÊ L;0 /
 


• +2‡>9790‡.A2 e >9790)—=>b0‡79<?>94J9@D<=J9<=4,<=7/48/0 e <=L;K=.E0N@ŒJ92N@!.10‡J/@D</K=.D0NÊ L;0)4I>/CO‚?2N7?B a D

N 

 N•

Ì <?CB 0 0 0 0 >97;—=>928/@ƒCA.A23BX03Ê @D02X‚=0 e >97 e 0N@ e .E0+CA7/4 e @ƒCB e 0N7?BF@X0‡ É 0N7 a -=<?>9@ŠBD<?>=B
Jb<?CA7?B A B2‡ Ê C. š CED
7?BX03É @DCE03>9@8/0 =
< ˆ
7 
8 X
0 É b
‹ =
7 O
C B e =
< ;
L ;
L P
0 \
0 O
É D
B N
2 7?B†.E0)—=>92
0 0 0 0
8/@ƒCA.A23BX03Ê P@D08/<=7?B.E0N4 e3<Ë BX03É 4J/A24„B4,03C
7?BD ˜ .E0N445<=L;L;0XABCD
J92N@† Bƒ4i890 X
0 
B 45<=7?BJb03@I
0 0 0 0
Jb03798=C e >/.E23CE@D034|2N>)4,<=LGLM0\B2 Ê .A2ª8=@D<?CBD0†Íz<?C1”X7/2N7?B e 03.>/C1 e Cm2 ÊA Ba Ÿ' C<=D 7?BF@D03@–—=>b0 0N4FB
.10+Jb<?CA7?BŒ8š CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e BDCE<=7;890348?CE2”3<=7/2N.E0N4 0\B 4„CŽ0\B!P4,0X>/.103LM037?B!4„C P a
AC BD P =O
 

¤   a Ób[„T*ÂT ›V à ›  Ä[NÐNÙÄNÕSÎÅmT ÆFT ؖTWPV\[„T  Ù?V I ]

Ì NÃÄ [ Ž ËœÕ zUNVX[  ×%V à Ø9V
?
×Ä3ÔÔPÄ?Ø9TNÔ zØ]¢×ÄXÔAÔ}Ä=Ø9TNÔ  Ø]
 v›ÄNÖNÕV a
žœ<=7=‹9@FL;0N@€<?>›CE7=‹9@FL;0N@€—?>œš C.0 CA4IBD0f>9790f>97=CE—=>b0k4,<?.>=BDC1<=7 8?> 4ƒ:/4FB30NÊ L;0
8šr0É —?>923BDCE<=7/4

bb0 + cc0 = aa0 − rr 0 ˜

2 2 2
a2 = b 2 + c 2 ˜ a0 = b 0 + c 0 ˜
2r = b + c − a ˜ 2r 0 = b0 + c0 − a0 ˜
r<ŠÊ> 0\B 0 4,<=7?B.1034+@ƒ2X:=<=7/4ªCE7?BX03É @DCE03>9@ƒ4‡8/0N4iBF@ƒCE2N79”\.1034@D0 e BD2N79”\.1034‡8/0P;0NÉ @D<=7€245
4,< e CD0NrÉ 4 9 8 <=r7/703É 4J/2@
‘

a=5˜ b=4˜ c=3˜ r=1 D0XB

a0 = 13 ˜ b0 = 12 ˜ c0 = 5 ˜ r 0 = 2
a

¤  a Ób[„T*ÂT ›Vm
?
Ä3Ô ×IÈV\[¥Ð2ÄՎTbÙ „]mËm[ 3Ù3Ô 1ՎVXÕ=ÖÊNW;Õ3Ä ÐÙWG] zÕ/ÕXY[£ÙÆ  ]
à ›Ä[ x
iÙ/×r[KÆ´ÈV a
Ì <?CB >97R79<=LMK=@D0ˆ7/23BD>9@D0X. 1W`›Ä1[ a‰ @D<?>?‚=03@+.E0ˆJ=.A>94)J90XBDCOB+79<=LMK=@D0
nBF0X≥
.–—=>b306.1034G0XÉ .D03É LM037?BD4+8/0 e H=2—?>b0.ACE”X790G0XB890 e H=2—=>b0 e <?.1<=7/790G8/06.E2
µ
L;2X=
BF@DC µ(n)
e0
 
1 a1,2 ··· a1,µ
 2
 a a2,2 ··· a2,µ 
 a aa a a aa 
 a a a a 

 
n an,2 ··· an,µ
,4 <=7?B|8903403É .D0NÉ L;0N7?Bƒ4†8=C݌03É @D0N7?Bƒ4ŒJ9@ƒCE4†8=27/4!.E2i.ACA4IBD0 0\B|—=>b0i.E2
4,<=LGLM089034‡0XÉ .D03É LM037?BD48/0 e H=2—=>b0+.C1”X7900N4FB|.E2L {1 0NË L;˜ 0 2a ˜ . . . ˜ n − 1 ˜ n} ˜
¤ µÓ ¥ a Ób[„T*ÂT ›Vm
?
Ä3Ô ×IÈV\[¥Ð2ÄՎTbÙ „]mËm[ 3Ù3Ô 1ՎVXÕ=ÖÊNW;Õ3Ä ÐÙWG] zÕ/ÕXY[£ÙÆ  ]
à ›Ä[ x
iÙ/×r[KÆ´ÈV a
Ì <?CB >97PBF@DCA279”\.E0;8/<=7?B.10J/.>94”X@ƒ2798Z2N79”\.10G790G803É J92N45450GJ/24 a
c ‚=0 e ABC<=7 e <=7/4„CE803Ê @D0‡8/0N4ŒCE70NÉ ”X2N.CBX03É 48/0+.E2+gr<=@DLM0 2π/3
λ˜ µ ∈ ˜
  a
A B C A B C
         
cos · cos · cos ≥ λ + µ · sin · sin · sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
√
E2 Ÿ'<=7?BF@D0N@!—=>b0 2 3−1a
‘ λ
 ≥
Ÿ'<=7?BF@D0N@!<?>;@X0XÉ gE>=BF03@|. š 24„4,03@ƒBDCE<=7G4I>/CO‚?2N7?BF0
8
rK
‘
√
2 3−1 0XB √
λ = µ = 1+ 3
8
8 <=7/790f.A2 L;03C.A.E03>9@D0 CE70NÉ ”X2N.CBX0 É 8/2N7/4~.10k450N7/4ї=>b0
9 790kJ903>=BZJ92N4 0XË BF@D0
2N>b”XL;0N7?BX0 É a 0XÉ BD0N@DLGCA790N@!23>9454IC9.1˜ 034 e 2N48šr0É ”X23.ACOB30 É a λ
Ï
 

¤ ¦ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYʃÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ a

Ì >9J9J9<=4,0)BIH=23B H=2N4iCE7 e 0N7?BF@D0 2N798ˆBIH=2XB L;00\B
23B @D0345J90 e BDC ‚=034ABC
. : akÌ >9J/Jb<=450PgE>9@ÐBIH/0N@+IBIH=23B+BIH/0ZK=CABI4,0 e BF˜ <=CI
@‡<?g ACL; ˜ 0AB
0\BD4
D2N˜ 79E8 ˜ 23B 2798 @D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: 2798~BIH=23B ∠BIC
a -9@D<3‚=0ˆBIH=2XB
BC DE a P Q˜ ˜ P I = 2QI
◦
∠BAC = 60
¤  ¥ a ÓbI[ T*ÂT XVNØMYʃÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E]Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ a
z7 BIH/0'K?CE450 e BD<=@ƒ4ˆ<?g 2798 LM0N0XB 2N798
23B 2794ABC
8 @D03˜ 45J90 e BDC ‚=03. : 2N798 ∠ABC ∠ACB
◦a
AC
-9D@ <3‚=0kBIAB
H=2XB
D E˜ a ˜ ∠ADE − ∠AED = 60
◦
∠ACB = 120
¤  · a ÓbI[ T*ÂT XVNØMYʃÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E]Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ a
z7 BIH/0iK=CA4,0 e BF<=@ƒ4|<?g 2N798 L;00\B 2798 23B
2 798 0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=˜ 0X.O: aià 0XB
@D4ABC K 0+BIH/0∠ABC
/ ∠ACB
CA7?BF03@ƒ4,0 e BDC1<=7M <?g 2N798 AC N2 798GAB.10\B K9D0
E ˜
BIH/0+gr</<B!<?gbBIH/0+Jb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2|I @ g1@D<=L BF< BD
a -9@D<3‚=0ªBIH=2XB|CAg CE ˜ F
BIH/0N7 a I BC ∠ADE = ∠BIF ˜
∠AED = ∠CIF
¤  ¤ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYʃÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ a

U–C ‚=0N7 }+COBIH 4„>9J/Jb<=450‡BIH=23B CE4i2J9<?CE7?B<=7

BIH/0@ƒ2X: 4ABC
4I> e H)BIH=23B 1 a -9@D˜3< ‚=0ªBIH=2XB
∠ABC = 2∠ACB D
CB ∠ADC = 2
∠BAC

1 1 1 a
= −
CD AB AC

¤  ¦ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYʃÍNT È zTÇ?V EW IÊ*Ä3]
œÄÉÄ 2Ä  E ]Ð2Ä›ÄNÕ a

U–C ‚=0N7 .10\B K90†BIH/0J9<?CE7?B–<=7 J9@D</8?> e 0N86K/0,:=<=798 4I> e H+BIH=2XB

4ABC2798€.E0X˜B D
K/0GBIH/0MJb<?CA7?B<=7 ABJ9@D</8?> e 0N8RK/0,:=<=798 B 4I> e HZBIH=2XB
BD = BC a ˜ à 0\B K/0;IB H/0MCA7?BF03@ƒ4,0 e BDC1<=7Ñ<?AC
E g 2N798 2N798Ñ4„C
>9J/Jb<=450;BIH=2XB
CE = BC P   a -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B BE CD ˜
DP EP ∠BAC a
+ = 2 sin ∠BAC = 90◦
BE CD 2
¤  a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYÊ5×ÃÄ ÆÐÔ}Ä=U mTÕV
ÆDÕONÃÊ ]¡ÅEÖØSÄ=Â  Ø
„]¡Ì 1]Ë¡Ç a
U–C ‚=0N7)2N760X.A.CEJ/4,0Œ}+CBIH+gr< e C 2798 LCE79<=@‚=03@ƒBDC e 034 0 2N798 0 2.CE790
279862+Jb<?CA7?B 79<B|<=7 a ž<=7/4IBF@ƒ> Fe 1B }+COBIFH)24I˜ BF@ƒ23C1”3HBD08/”30+2N.E<=79V0 1 BIH/0i.AV
CA7920˜ BIH=@D<?>b”3`H ˜
}‡H?C e H6CE4 P ` ˜ ˜
P
E2
‘
J92N@ƒ2N..10X./BF<
` D
rK Jb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@ŠBD< a
‘ `
‰ / H 0 e <=7/4IBF@ƒ> e BDC1<=7/42N@D0}‡0X.A.m79<}7 Cg2 e CE@ e .E0}+COBIH;COBD4 e 0N7?BF@D0)CA4i”\C ‚=0N7MCE7/4FBF0328
<?g27;0X.A.CEJ/4,0+2N798COBD4Œgr< e CŽƒ-=<=7 e 03.E0XB ˜ Ì BF0XCE7903@Œžœ<=7/4FBF@D> e BDCE<=7 ‰ H/0N<=@D0NL a
‘
 

 [´ÄN՛ÆFV a
¤ `Ó a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYÊ`ÌKÆ´ÈV,ԟŜÄ/×}Ä ÔAÔzV\]ŸØ–TbÙ?VXÕ=] 

à 0XB
K90BIH/0 e 037?BF@D<?C186<?g a =<=@ 2 e CE@ e .E0iCA4ŠBD2N79”30N7?B
BF< G 23B2798ˆBF< 4A231BA2 A3 45<MBIH=23jB = 1.C1˜ 0324˜ <=37P
˜ BIH/0.ACA790G4,0N”XLM037?B
Aj AE4„>b K=4 e @ƒCEJ?T
j+1 j 2@D0iBD20NA
BD4† 8?>/.1< Ua j-9˜ @D<N‚=0iBIH=23B G
A</j+2
7GjLM
Tj U j 3‘
a
|GT1 | · |GT2 | · |GT3 | = |GU1 | · |GU2 | · |GU3 |

¤  Æ a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYÊÓÄՎT  œÏŸÍ2Ä?TbÙ XTÖXÔ TbÙ3]×IȎVXÕ 5]:՜[IVV%ÆIV a

à 0XB K90iJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0@D032N.=7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4!4„23BDCA4„g:?CE79” a -9@D<N‚=0

BIH=23B x˜ y ˜ z x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

E2 √ a
 
1 1 1
‘ + + − (x + y + z) ≥ 2 3
x y z

rK √ a
 
1 1 1
‘ + + + (x + y + z) ≥ 4 3
x y z

¤  Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØMYÊY9YÄ  ÌkV=È9[Ä/Y }ÄÕ=] X×DÙ=Ø9V\՜×1]¢ÍNV=È9[ÄÕ=] r[´ÄNÕ a

?a
‰ H/0ˆgr0N2XBD>9@D08R4,<?.>=BDC1<=7~BF<ÑJ/@D</K=.E0NL /
 


CE4MLGCA454ICE79”~2R4IBD0NJ }‡H?C e HÚ}‡0Ñ@D0NL;08: KN:kLM0327/4P<?gBIH/0~gr<?.A.E<}+CE79”~J/@D</K=.E0NL a D
 N


•
• 

à 0XB 0 0 0 0 K906˜ 2—=>928/@ƒCA.A23BD0N@ƒ23.}+COBIHM27MCE7/4 e @DCEK90N8 e CE@ e .E0 e 0N7?BF@D0N8P2XB a =<=@

27:A J9<?BCE7?B C DCA7/4„CE890 9
8 X
0 b
‹ 9
7 0 D
B 
< /
K i
0 I
B /
H 0 e =
< 
7 =
‚ 0 ‡
 =
— 9
> 
2 /
8 ƒ
@ O
A
C A
. 3
2 BD0N@ƒ23.
}‡H/<=4,0i4IC18/0NP4|J92N454–BIH=A
0 0 0 0
@D<?>bB”3H‡ D0‚=˜ 03@ƒBDC e 034ŒABCD
CBIH/ <?g 0 0 0 0 2N79862N@D0iJb03@FJ90N798?C e >/.A2@Š2XB
BIH/0+‚=0N@ÐBF0 )BD<BIH/0‡.CE790ªÍz<?CE7=CA79”+CB!BD< a -9@D<NA‚=0+
BBIH=C23B D CE4†BIH/0CE7?BD0N@ƒ450 e BDCE<=7MJb<?CA7?B
<?gbBIH/0‡8?CE2”3<=7/2N.A4 2798 P
Cg2798G<=7=.O:6CAg Pa
AC BD P =O
¤   a Ób[„T*ÂT \VØ YÊÐNÙÄNÕSÎÅmT ÆFTNؖTWPV\[„T  Ù?V I ]
Ì NÃÄ [ Ž ËœÕ zUNVX[ zØ
Ä=Ø»Ø9V
?
×Ä3ÔÔPÄ?Ø9TNÔ zØ]¢×ÄXÔAÔ}Ä=Ø9TNÔ  Ø]SÇ›Ä1Õ a
-9@D<N‚=0<=@Œ8?CE4„J9@D<3‚=0ªBIH=2XBŠBIH/0+>97=CE—=>b04,<?.>=BDC1<=7G<?gbBIH/0+4ƒ:/4FBF03L#<?gœ0—?>923BDCE<=7/4

bb0 + cc0 = aa0 − rr 0 ˜

2 2 2
a2 = b 2 + c 2 ˜ a0 = b 0 + c 0 ˜
2r = b + c − a ˜ 2r 0 = b0 + c0 − a0 ˜
2L;<=79”G03@D<=7P@DCE”3HB†BF@DCA279”\.E0N4 }‡H/03@D0 2N798 0 2N@D0‡BIH/03CA@2N4545< e CE2XBF0N8;CE7/@ƒ28=CC CA4
”\CO‚=037MKN: ˜ r r ˜

a=5˜ b=4˜ c=3˜ r=1 D 2798

a0 = 13 ˜ b0 = 12 ˜ c0 = 5 ˜ r 0 = 2
a
 

¤ 
Ä3Ô ×IÈV\[ Ð2ÄNÕTbÙ 5]Z˜[ NÙXÔ EÕV\Õ/ÖÊW;Õ#Ä ƒÙNWG]
zÕ/ÕXY[£ÙÆ  ]

a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØÚYÊ x
?
iÙ X×r[PÄ a
à 0XB K/027PT/Ø9Ø67/2XBD>9@ƒ2N.Ž7=>9L;K903@ a 0XBD0N@DLGCA790ªBIH/045LG2N..1034IB|7=>9LMK/0N@
n4I> ≥e H) Ï 8;<?g2N7: e <?.A>9LG7;<?gbBIH/0LG23BF@ƒC 
3BIH=23BŠBIH/00N7?BF@ƒC1034<?g2N7:G@D<}›279
µ = µ(n)
 
1 a1,2 · · · a1,µ
 2 a2,2 · · · a2,µ 
 a aa aa 
 a a a
 a a a a


 
n an,2 · · · an,µ
2@D0‡8=CA4IBDCA7 e B!7=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4g1@D<=L’BIH/04,0\B 27986BIH/07=>9LMK/0N@ƒ4CA7
0N2 e HG@D<}›4„>9L BF<)BIH/0+452NLM0‚?23.A>b0 a {1 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ˜ n − 1 ˜ n} ˜
¤ µÓ ¥
Ä3Ô ×IÈV\[ Ð2ÄNÕTbÙ 5]Z˜[ NÙXÔ EÕV\Õ/ÖÊW;Õ#Ä ƒÙNWG]
zÕ/ÕXY[£ÙÆ  ]
a Ób[IT*ÂT XVNØÚYÊ x
?
iÙ X×r[PÄ a
à 0XB K/02ªBF@DCA279”\.E0}‡H/<=4,0ª.A2@D”3034IB!2N79”\.108/</0N4†79<BŒ0  e 0N08 a =<=@
ABC
e <=7/4IC18/0N@ŠCE790N—=>923.ACOBDC1034<?gbBIH/0ªgr<=@FL 2π/3
λ˜ µ ∈ ˜
  a
A B C A B C
         
cos · cos · cos ≥ λ + µ · sin · sin · sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
√
E2 -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=2XB 2 3−1a
‘ λ
 ≥
8
rK -9@D<N‚=0<=@!8=CA45J/@D<N‚=0iBIH=23B
‘
√
2 3−1 2798 √
λ = µ = 1+ 3
8
:=CE03.E8 BIH/0dK9034IBPCE790N—=>923.ACOB :›CA7BIH/0 450N7/450fBIH=2XB e 27/79<B~K/0kCE7 e @D0324508 a
0XBD0N@DLGCA79023.E45<‡BIH/0 e 2N4,034<?gœ0N—=>923.ACOB : a λ
Ï
 

d
’  

STmÂ[IT9YNÔ V\W  ˆV3UNV\[µÂVX[FW5ÄNÕV\՜×EÔPÊbÆÐÔ T \VØœÏ Í%ȎV~VNØ Ð×zT[  ZÄ3ÔKÉÄÊ `ÂbÔ V=Ä \VØf×zT
ÆITÕ zØ9VX
[ ÐT[¡ÂŠÙ/YNÔ DÆQÄ/× zTÕ;ՎVÉXTNÔÐÙ/× zTÕiT[!ՎVÉ EÕEÖ%Èœ× ªTÕ¥Â›Ä 3×FÂ[„T9YNÔzVXW*Ï

¤ Ó  a  •••    Ób[„T*ÂT \ VؒYÊ ?Ô}Ä[ 1WZY/V\[ƒÔ EÕ/Ö3] ËœÕ zUNVX[  ×IÊ T
?
9U=ÄNÕ£U AÔÔ V£] 9U=ÄNÕ£U AÔÔ V£] zÕŽØ PÄNÕ3Ä3]Ë¡Ç a
à 0XB 2N798 gr<=@ 8/03‹9790 Cg3BIH?CA4CE479<BbCE7
a(1) = 1 ˜ 2N79n8 ≥ 2 ˜ <BIH/03@Ð}+CA4,0 a ˜
a(n) = ba(n−1)/2c
{0 ˜ a(1) ˜ . . . ˜ a(n − 1)} ˜ a(n) = 3a(n − 1)
12 </0N4†2N7:GJ9<=4„COBDCO‚=0ªCA7?BF0N”30N@Œ< eFe >9@!L;<=@D0ªBIH=2N7;<=7 e 0ªCE76BIH?CA4450—?>b0N7 e 0Î
‘†Ï
rK </0340,‚=03@z:GJb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªCE7?BD0”303@Œ< Ie e >9@ŠCE76BIH?CA4†4,0N—=>b037 e 0NÎ
‘ Ï

Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕMYʀÌhÄ=× VÙ  ŸÉÄ6,Ã Õ DÆ  A] XD× Ù=Ø9V\՜×1]
[IT#ÆÐÔPÄ
É ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×PÊ)T:Í3VÆ´È/ÕTNÔzTÖÊ3]
ÓbTNÔPÄNÕØ a
‚=03@z: Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ZCE7?BD0”303@< eIe >9@ƒ4;0 N2 e BD.O: <=7 e 0ZCE7'BIH/0~450—?>b0N7 e 0 a› 0ˆ}+CA..
J @D<3‚=0BIH=2XB L;<=@D0;”30N7903@ƒ2N..O: }‡H/0N7PBIH/0G7=>9L;K903@ƒ4
9 2N798 CA7PBIH/0;890X‹b7=COBDC1<=7€<?g
BIH/0+450—?>b0N7 ˜ e 0+2N@D0ª@D0NJ=.E2 e 0N8GKN˜ :62@FK=COBF@ƒ2@z:)CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 22N798 3”X@D0N2XBF03@BIH=27 BIH/0N7
p q 1˜ ˜
CE76BIH/0450—?>b0N7 e 0
˜
E2   7=CE—=>b03790N4„4 [<Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªCE7?BD0”303@Œ< eFe >9@ƒ4L;<=@D0ªBIH=2N7M<=7 e 0 2N798
‘ ‘ ˜
rK  CA4IBD0N7 e 0 N‚=0N@z:+J9<=4„COBDCO‚=0ŒCE7?BD0”303@< eFe >9@ƒ4CAg?2798<=7=.O:ªCgBIH/0†gr<?..1<}+CA79” e <=79
‘ 8=COBDC1<=76CE4†4„23‘ BDCA4„‹b08 CA4ŒCE@D@ƒ23BDCE<=7/2N. <=@!0N—=>/C ‚?2N.E0N7?BD. :
logq p ˜ ˜
r
g =
< Š
@ E
C ?
7 D
B 
0 3
” 3
0 ƒ
@ 4 a
pn = q m m ˜ n ==⇒ m = n = 0
[i<BD0PBIH=23BBIH/0 e <=798=COBDC1<=7RBIH=23B CE46CE@D@ƒ23BDCE<=7/2N.ŒCA4G4„23BDCA4„‹b08 CA7 J/2@ÐBDC e >/.A2@
}‡H/0N7 2798 2@[email protected] ‚=03. :J9@ƒCElog
L;0 qa p ˜ ˜
p q
K90i2N7:)CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4Œ”X@D0N2XBF03@mBIH=23B a 0X‹b790BIH/0ªW€Ù3Ô × „ÂbÔPÊ EÕ/ÖÎ„Ø zU zØ 1Õ=Ö
  à 0XB
Ì ÎÖ XV Žp,Ù=qV\՛ÆFV
(an )
gr<=@ŽBIH/0†LG>/.OBDCEJ=.ACE0N@ 2N1798Ï 8=C ‚=CA4,<=@ @D0 e >9@ƒ4„C ‚=03. :+24mgr<?..1<}4 a
¢Ž0”\CA7‡}+CBIH 2798‡BD20 0N—=>923p.=BF< CAg/qBIH?CE4Œ7=>9L;K903@ŠCE4!Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0
a = 1 ˜
2798;H=2N479<B–:=10\BŒ< eIe >9@D0N8CA76BIH/0n+1 a ba /qc
4,0N—=>b037 e 0 <=@Œ0N—=n>923.9BD< <BIH/0N@ }+CE450 a
=<=@‡CE7/4FBD2N7 e 0 CAg 2N798 ˜ ABIH/0Ñ<=@ƒC1”\CA7/pa 2N.nJ/@D</K=.E0NL BIH/037ÚBIH/0
e <=@D@D0N4„Jb<=798?CE79”MŸ' ˜ 450p—?>b= 0N7 e 30CA4 q = 2 ‘I˜
aÏ 1 ˜ 3 ˜ 9 ˜ 4 ˜ 2 ˜ 6 ˜ 18 ˜ 54 ˜ 27 ˜ 13 ˜ 39 ˜ 19 ˜ 57 ˜
28 ˜ 14c ˜ 7 ˜ 21 ˜ . . .
4>94I>92N. .E0XB + 2N798 8/0N79<BD0ŒBIH/0450XBƒ4Š<?gCA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ŒCE7?BD0”303@ƒ4
2[email protected]=>9LMK/˜ 0N@ƒ4 ˜@D0345J90 e˜ BDC ‚=03. : a 0890X‹b790 ˜ ˜
˜
2798 + a
An = {0} ∪ {am : m ≤ n} A = {am : m ∈ }
‰ H/037BIH/0‡8/03‹97=CBDCE<=7;<?gbBIH/06Ÿ' 450—?>b0N7 e 0 LG2X:GK900 
 J9@D03454508G2N4Œgr<?.A.E<}4
Ï (an )

a1 = 1˜
( CAg
pan ban /qc ∈ An ˜
an+1 = AC g a
ban /qc ban /qc ∈
/ An
 

s¥ a†à 0\B 2N798 a rg BIH/037 a

x∈ ˜ u ∈ ˜ p∈ +
pu = bpxc ˜ u = bxc
Ób[„T/T a rg BIH/037
pu = bpxc ˜

pu bpxc px a
     
u = buc = = = = bxc
p p p
2
s¥  a ?<=@27:
n ∈ +
˜
CAg
ban /qc ∈ An ˜
BIH/0N7
ban /q k c ∈ An ˜
gr<=@2N..
+
a
k∈
Ób[„T/T a C  4„> e HMBIH=2XB
+ a6 02J/J/. :PCA798=> e BDCE<=7 a)c 4„4„>9L;0
n ∈
BIH=23B gr<=@645<=LM0 ban /qc ∈+ a Anrg BIH/037'}‡0~H=2\‚=0
n /q c = 0 ˜
k k
ban /q c ∈ An a rg k ∈ I
B /
H ba3
0 7 gr<=@4,<=L;0
ban /q k+1 >923. c 6=4„CA7 0e ˜ 0
D
k
c <=
a [ BF0)BI0H=2X∈B Ane 2N7/79<ba Bi0Nn—=/q ban /q k c = BIH? a>9m4 a
m 1B‡gr≤ <?..1n
<}4‡BIH=2XB60XCBIH/03m @ n˜ ba<=n@ /q k c < an ˜ m < na
037 e 0 bam /qc ∈ Am}‡H?⊂ C e H Ae n<=L;J=.10\ba BF03m4Œ/qc
BIH/0ªCE= BDC1<=7 a ∈ An
798?> ae m+1
˜ ban /q k+1 c = bam /qc ∈ An ˜ 2
&„w=w*)–w%):46'

$3'#*88 aœc 4„4„>9L;0 <=76BIH/0 e <=7?BF@ƒ2N@z: BIH=23B gr<=@!45<=LM0 a
à 0XB K/0BIH/0)45LG2N..1034IB!CA7?BF0N”30N@†˜ 4„> e HBIH=23B ˜ gr<=@† ai4,<==L;a0 j i 6= j a
‰ H/037 n a +0N7 e 0 an = 2N79a8Mm45< m ˜ 0aª< à 0Xm B <n
a
K904I> e H)BIH=23B
n ∈ A n−1 ˜ a n 6
= ba n−1 /qc ˜ a n = pa n−1 i≤m

am−1 am−2 ai a
     
am = ˜ am−1 = ˜ ... ˜ ai+1 = ˜ ai = pai−1
q q q
Q[<BF0ªBIH=2XB!4„> e H 0 NCE4FBD4 I4 CE7 e 0 a à 0XB a‰ H/037
i ˜ a2 = pa1 ‘ k =m−i

ai pai−1 a
   
pan−1 = an = am = =
qk qk
037 e 0 >94ICE79” à 0NLGL;2 a [<} 4ICE7 e 0 }‡0H=2\‚=0
˜ an−1 = baa i−1 ¢=: /q
k
c ˜ L;2
à 0NLG B gr<?..1<}4!BIH=23B ˜
C! ai = pai−1 ˜ a
ba
‰ H/i−1 037 /qc ∈ Ai−1gr<=@|4,<=L;0 ˜ e <=a7?n−1 C e BDba
BF@ƒ28== CE79” <?>9/q
i−1
k
@ e H/c<?∈
C e 0‡A<?i−1
g a
037 e 0 an−1 <?>9@|= 24„4„a>9jLGJ=BDCE<=7)}2j4Œ≤ g123.E45i0 −21798) <BIn H?>9−
4!}‡ 1 ˜0H=2X‚=0+J9@D<3‚=08>97=C1—?>b0N7903454 a n
˜ ˜ 2
&„w=w*)–w%)Šo %08'#
*&ªp a= 0}+C.A.9J9@D<3‚=0ªBIH/0+790 e 0N4„4„COB :G<?g9BIH/0 e <=798=COBDC1<=76BIH=2XB
CA4;CE@D@ƒ23BDCE<=7/2N. a#Ì >9J9J9<=4,0~BIH=2XB CA4M@ƒ23BDCE<=7/2N. 4„2X:
log
gr<=@6q4,p<=L;[email protected]‚=0X.O: J/@DCALM0€CA7?BF0N”30N@ƒ4 logq p a ‰ H/03˜ 7 m logq pn a = +m/n 0N7 e 0 ˜
q 1/n
BIH=23B = p 1/m CA4i27ˆCE7?BD0”303@”X@D0323BD0N@†BIH=2N7
m

kn gr<=@ª45<=LM0;79<=79I790”X2XBDCO‚=0;CA7?BF0N”30N@
˜
D n
1
> 0
8/0N79<BD06CBKN: q
d
a z798=> e BDCE<=7Z45H/<}4 ˜
= p
a z7~J92N@ƒBDC e >/.E2N@ BIH/03@D0M2@D0
˜
Jb<=4ICBDa
C ‚=n0ªCE= 7?BD0d”303@ƒ4!}‡H?C e HG8/<79<BŒ< eFe >9@|CE76BIH/0+4,0N—=>bk03n 7 e 0 a
‰ ª 
< J9@D<3‚=0ŒBIH/04„> e C1037 e :<?gBIH/0 e <=798?CBDCE<=7ªBIH=2XB
(an )
CA4CA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23. }‡0|}+CA..
2

7900N8MBF<ˆJ/@D</K9026.ACOBƒBD.108/003Jb03@ >94„CA79”645<=LM0)CE890324g1@Dlog <=L q BDp<=Jb<?.E</”\C e 2N.8:/˜ 7/2NLGC e 4 a

‰ H/0P—?>b<BDC1037?B‡”X@D<?>9J'<?g|BIH/0ˆ289˜ 8?CBDC ‚=0PABD<=Jb<?.E</”\C e 2N. ”X@D<?>9J/4 2798 }‡H?C e H~CA4
CE45<=LM<=@DJbH?C e BF< }+CBIH2898?CBDCE<=7)š LM</8?>/.1< š }+C.A‘.NK/0†890379<BF0N8+KN: a .103LM037?BD4
<?g  2N@D0 e <=4,0\BD4 [0, 1) ‘ }‡H/03@D0 a†à 0\B 
K90;BIH/0 e 279<=7=C e 23.ŒH/<=LM<=L;<=@FJ9H?CE4„LÒ890X‹b790N8'KN: } ˜
[a] = a + = {a + n : n ∈ a ∈aR 0ˆ@D0 κ e 23:.A.ŠBIH=→2XB2
4„>bK=4,0\B <?g  CE4†<=Jb037Cg2N798;<=7=. :6Cg −1 CE4Œκ(a)
27G<=Jb=037G[a]
4„>bK=4,0\B!<?g O}+CBIH)BIH/0
U
>94„>923.9BD<=Jb<?.E</”,: a κ (U )
‘
 

s¥  a‰ H/0 e 2N79<=7=C e 2N.ŽH/<=LM<=L;<=@FJ9H?CE4„L fCA4†27;<=Jb037GL;2NJ9J=CE79” a


κ: →
Ób[„T/T a†à 0XB K90+27;<=J90N7G4I>bK/450XBŒ<?g 2798;8/03‹9790 a‰ H/037
V ˜ U = κ(V )

κ−1 (U ) = {a : [a] ∈ U } = {a : ∃ v ∈ V, a ∈ [v]}

= {a : ∃ v ∈ V, ∃ n ∈ , a = v + n}
(V + n) ˜
[
= {a : ∃ n ∈ , a ∈ V + n} =
n∈

}‡H/0N@D0 a‰ H?CE4CAL;J=.ACE0N4†BIH=23B CA4i<=J90N7 4„CA7 e 0

V
CA4+
<=J9n0N76= {v0,‚=+
gr<=@! 0N@z:n : v ∈ a V}037 e 0 CE4†<=Jb037 }‡H?κ
−1
C e HJ9(U ) 0N4!BIH=2XB ˜ CA4†2N7
@D<3‚=
V + n
<=Jb037;LG2J/J/CA79” a n ∈ ˜ U ˜ κ
2
s¥6{ a rg BIH/0N7 gr<=@27: 2798
b ∈ +
\A ˜ qk b + l ∈ +
\A k ∈ +
l ∈
4„> e H)BIH=23B ka
0≤l<q
Ób[„T/T aà 0XB a!‰ H/0N7 gr<=@!4,<=L;0 a   CBIH/03@ <=@
a∈A aa =03a7 ne 0 n <=@ ban /qc = a ¢=a:;n+1CA798=∈
> e BDACE<=7
ba0)
}‡ n”3 0\B ∈ Akn ⊂ A ∪
/qc <=@ {0} k ˜ a!
ba/qc
 @ƒCBDCA79∈” A ba/qc = 0 ”30\B|BIH/0)89034„CA@D08 ˜
}‡0)
@D0N4I>/.B a ba/q c ∈ A ba/q c = 0 b = ba/q k
c ˜
2
s¥    ‰ <=J9<?.1</”\C e 23. :=7/2LC e 4 à 03L;LG2 aŒà 0\B K/02N7+CE@D@ƒ23BDCE<=7/2N.7=>9LMK/0N@ 2N798
Ï
fK/0ª2ª79<=7903L;J?B :6<=Jb03764,0\B am‰ H/037‡BIH/0N@D0ª0 N
‘ a  CE4FBD4 ˜
.10\B + 4I> e HBIH=23B gr<=@
0,‚=0N@z:U ⊂ BIH/03@D0‡0 N CE4FBD4 4„> e H)BIH=23B N ∈ a ˜
x∈ ˜ n˜ 0 ≤ n ≤ N ˜ [x + na] ∈ U

Ób[„T/T Ï C  2N798M.E0XB a‰ H/037 CA4i89037/4,0‡CE7  a
 Ì CA7 e 0'BIH/0 xJ/@D∈ </<?g)˜ <?g+BIH?CA4€4FBDA2XBF=
03LM{[x037?BM+ CE4Mna]
}‡0X.A.:n 79≥<}0}7 2798d.E<=79A” }‡0f<=LCB;CB a
˜ ‘
037 e 0 gr<=@45<=LM0 a‰ H/0N@D0Xgr<=@D0 ∞ aGÌ CE7 e 0
˜ [x + na] ∈ U ˜ [x] ∈
S
n (U − [na])
n=0
}242@FK=COBF@ƒ2@z: ∞  a ¢=:BIH/0 e <=L;J/2 e BF7903454<?g  BIH/0N@D0)0 CA4IBƒ4
˜ ˜
S
x (U − [na]) =
n=0
+ 4„> e H)BIH=2XB N
S  a
N ∈ (U − [na]) =
‰ 202N7: n=0a+‰
H/0N7 gr<=@4,<=L;0 a ?<=@
BIH?CE4 }‡0‡H=2\‚=0 x ∈ [x]a ∈ U − [na] n˜ 0 ≤ n ≤ N
n˜ [x + na] ∈ U 2
&„w=w*)†w%)o %08'# 
*&)pÐp abc 454I>9LM0‡BIH=23B CE4iCA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23. a‡ 06CA7?BF03798ˆBD<
log p
4,H/<}’BIH=2XB + a6c 4„4„>9L;0 BD<ˆBIH/0 e <=7?BF@ƒq2@z: BIH=23B + CE4ª79<Bª0NLGJ=Bz:
2798.10\B K/0i2N7\A :60X.1= 03LM∅037?BŠ<?g?BIH?CE4|45˜ 0XB aœ 0†}+CA..=45H/<}k˜ BIH=23B t \A gr<=@4,<=L;0 ˜
a }‡H?C e H e <=7?BF@ƒ28?C e Bƒ4 à 03L;LG2 a q a + s ∈ A
t ˜ s ∈ + ˜ 0 ≤ s < qt ˜
‰ H/0‡LG2NCA7;CE89032‡CE4ŒBIH=23B|BIH/0)8?CAݜ0N@D037 e 0)K90\BÐ}‡0037 2N798 t
CE4ˆ79032@ƒ.O:k2N7kCA7?BF0N”30N@ a»‰ H?CE4ˆL;0N2N7/4;BIH=23B6BIH/0Ú8?CE4FBD2N7 log e 0'qK/0XaBÐ}‡0N0N7 logq (q a +2N79s)

8
a e e [logq a]
E
C 7  E
C 6
4 5
4 G
L N
2 
. . +
 N
0 7 0 O
C 
B E
C 6
4 I
4 > E
C N
0 ?
7 +
B F
B R
< 5
4 /
H 
< } I
B =
H X
2 
B I
B /
H P
0 ,
4 \
0 B
[log <?g e <=q (q
t
4,0\BD4a + s)] e 2N7/79<B+K90;450NJ/2@ƒ2XBF0N8€ ˜ g1@D<=L gr<[email protected]. a 1B}+C.A.mBD>9@F7
<?>=B|BIH=2XB|BI[log a>b
H/04,q0N—= n03 ] 7 e 0‡<?g H=2N4LG> e HCA7 [log e <=L; q L; a]<=76}+CBIHn @D<Bƒ23BDCE<=7/4 }‡03..
4IBD>b8?C10N86BF@ƒ27/4Igr<=@FLG23BDCE<=7/4<=7  qa [log a n ] ˜
‰ H/0G>97=C1—?>b0N7903454J9@D<3‚=08€2K/<N‚=0GCAL;J=.ACE0N4iBIH=23B a 1Bigr<?..1<}4

D
lim an = ∞
BIH=23BBIH/03@D0ª2N@D0iCA7=‹b7=COBF0X.O:)LG27: 4„> e HBIH=2XB n→∞ .10\B K/0BIH/0
n an+1 = pan k1 ˜ k2 ˜ . . .
 %

CE7 e @D0324ICE79”ª4,0N—=>b037 e 0‡<?gŽ2N../BIH/<=4,0 a‰ H?>94

n ˜
akn +1 a 
 
akn+1 = k −kn −1
˜ akn +1 = pakn ‘
q n+1

à 0XB 2N798 }‡H?C e H }‡0+@D0 e 2N.. EC 4ŒCA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23. a 03‹9790

bn = logq an α = logq p ˜ ˜ ‘ Ï
akn +1 a
n = logq k −kn −1
− logq akn+1 = bkn +1 − bkn+1 − kn+1 + kn + 1
q n+1

 4„CA79”‡ 2798;79<BDCE79”iBIH=23B gr<=@ }‡0)</KBD23CE7

2798 ‘I˜ bxc ≤ x < bxc + 1 x∈ ˜ n ≥ 0

!
1 1 a
n < logq (akn+1 + 1) − logq akn+1 = logq 1+ <
akn+1 (ln q)akn+1
‰ H?>94
˜
1 a 
0 ≤ n < ‘
(ln q)akn+1
¢=:; 2N7986BIH/0‡8/03‹97=CBDCE<=7;<?g
‘ n ˜

[bkn+1 ] = [bkn +1 − n ] ˜ 
a ‘
[bkn +1 ] = [logq (pakn )] = [bkn + α]
‰ ? H CA4–CA4m}‡H=2XBŽ}‡0790N08/08 CE4œ‚=03@z: e .1<=450ŒBF< }‡H?C e HªCE4–2N7CA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23.
@D<BD2XBDC1<=7;<?g a +0N7 e 0 [b}‡k0n+1 e 2N]7G2J/J/. :GL;0XBIH/</8=[b BD<=Jb] ˜ <?.E</”\C e 2N.b8:=7/2LC e 4 a
4<?kngb+1
¢Ž03gr<=@D0 kn0i] J/@D< e 0N08+˜ }+CBIH‡4,<=L;0BD0 e H=7=C e 23.b8/0XBƒ2NC.E4 .E0XB>94!@D0 e 2N..?BIH=23Bœ}‡0i2@D0
[b}‡
.1</</NCE79”)gr<=@ 4„> e HMBIH=23B gr<=@4,<=L;0 ˜
}‡H?C e H6CE40N—=>/C ‚?m2N.E0N7?BŠBD<a a m = q t
a + s t˜ s ∈ + ˜
0 a ≤ s < q ˜
t

03‹9790 log q m a ∈ log q a + t , log q (a + 1) + t

Ï
a
δ = logq (a+ 12 )−logq a ˜ V = logq (a + 12 ), logq (a + 1) ˜ U = κ(V )

Ì CE7 e 0 CE4Š2i79<=7903L;J?B :6<=J90N7‡4„>bK=4,0\BŠ<?g Ú2N798 CA4ŠCA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23. à 03L;LG2 CELGJ/.C1034

BIH=23BBIH/ U0N@D0+0 CA4IBƒ4
+ „
4 > e 
H I
B =
H X
2 Š
B r
g =
< Š
@ ,
0 =
‚ N
0 z
@ : α }‡0ªH=2X‚=˜0 gr<=@
4,<=L;0 L a ∈ x ∈ [x + lα] ∈ U
à l ˜0XB0 ≤ lK9≤ 0M.AL2@D”30P0379<?>b”3HÑ45<ZBIH=23B aRÌ CE7 e 0
M L < M δ ln q lim an = ∞ ˜
BIH/0N@D0)0 NCE4FBD4 4„> e H6BIH=23B gr<=@ a C 62N7: 4„> e H6
n→∞BIH=23B a
=<=@i45<=LM0 N a }‡ >
n 0MH=2\‚=0 M n ≥ N a =—=>/C ‚?2N.E0N7?BD. : kgr<=n@i≥
n 4,<=NL;0
l˜ 0 ≤ l ≤ L˜ [bkn + lα] ∈ U ˜
i ∈ ˜ a
bkn + lα + i ∈ V
¢=:;8/03‹97=CBDCE<=7;<?g
V˜

logq (a + 12 ) < bkn + lα + i < logq (a + 1) ‘
à 0XB a  4„CA79”+  279G
8 24„CAL;J=.10ªCA798=> e BDCE<=7G2@D”\>9L;0N7?B }‡0”30\B
m=n+l ‘ ˜
a
[bkm ] = [bkn + lα − n − n+1 − . . . − m−1 ]
 N

c ”X2NCA76BIH?CE4ŒCE40N—=>/C ‚?2N.E0N7?BŠBD<

bkm = bkn + lα − n − n+1 − . . . − m−1 + j

gr<=@45<=LM0 a 0 e 2N..œBIH=23BCg BIH/0N7 2798P4,<
j ∈
a‰ H/0N7 2 eFe <=@D8?CE79”BF<n ≤ }‡ν0‡< m0 ˜
H=2\‚= kν+1 > kn ≥ N45<)BIH=2XB
akν+1 >M ˜ ‘„˜ 0 ≤ ν < (M ln q)−1 ˜

m−n a
bkn + lα + j − < bkm ≤ bkn + lα + j
M ln q
¢9>=B }2N4890X‹b790N8G4,<‡BIH=23B
M
m−n l L a
= ≤ < δ
M ln q M ln q M ln q
037 e 0
˜ a
bkn + lα + j − δ < bkm ≤ bkn + lα + j
‰ </”30\BIH/0N@–}+COBIHG 27986BIH/0890X‹b7=COBDC1<=7;<?g BIH?CA4Œ.10328=4†>94!BF<
‘ δ˜

logq (a + 12 ) + j − i − logq (a + 21 ) − logq a

a
< bkm < logq (a + 1) + j − i
CA7/2N..O: }‡0”30XB
˜
a
logq a + j − i < bkm < logq (a + 1) + j − i
z7~BF03@FLG46<?g BIH?CA4)LM0327/4 j−i a 1B+gr<?..1<}4+BIH=2XB
279a8 ν˜ qgr<=@ a < akm 2N< 9
7 
8 q45j−i
=
< M
L (a
0 +I
4 > 1)
e ‡
H BIH=23B
j−
}‡ H?C e iH >e <=07?BF@ƒ28=C ae kBD4 m à =
t
0NLGqL;a2 +a s t = i−j s 0 < s < qt ˜
‰ H?CA4!J9@D<3‚=0N4ŠBIH=2XB + CE4!0NLGJ=Bz: <=@CA7<BIH/03@œ}‡<=@D8/4 BIH=23BŠ0,‚=0N@z:)Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0
CE7?BD0”303@Œ< eIe >9@ƒ4ŒCE76BIH/0+4,0N—=>b\A 037 e 0 a ˜ ˜
2



? 9 ;A@)*"?  .     > .  >HG     !#"%$&'$ (*) +-. , )*/102) 3 45"(761898:;=< >
(7;B31CD$ / 8 "8F7E )@$ 8 "8FE7)@$ $ (9 ;188 9I+KJL)"BM):$ @*;N982
OPRQSTQP5U VNW%XRP QSTZY7[2TZVN\T]^_`aVbYAc
1 n 1

X  
≤ 1
1 − x i xj 2 1−
d d d
i j ∈ {1 2 . . . n} d n2
1≤i<j ≤n

e [2TPRT n
P
xj = 1  x j ≥ 0 

%e  f2_ +#WsgiVah \[2t7QTPRWPRQT `jtR^Y YRV1Q\k[2YlTv

QmY7[ VNWnXPRQ2o `1Tp  QPV1q*Va\2_`j`bcrX^#o`jVNWF[2T UrVa\ Rs **  
j=1

TPRPRQP e _WsV1U2T\ YRVjwITU-ocyxz_ W7Va`NTv{|}NPBYlQ_*~T € T`NQ e VNWK[ VNW

qT\TP_`jVj‚7_YRV1Q\suQ ƒh Y7[2TX2PRQ2o`NTp„_\UDVbYRW WQ `j^YRV1Q\  
 =•

ՖVXՎVX[Ä3Ô  Ä=×  TÕ ÄNÕØ \TNԃÙ=×  TÕ YÊ ×Ä AÔzV 
 [,×zTÄIV\] ËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×PÊ T Ó/Ô T zV X× E]
ؖTW5ÄNÕ }Ä a
 0J/@D<N‚=0+2‡4I.ACE”3HBD.O:L;<=@D0‡”303790N@ƒ23.Ž@D034„>/.OB
lNw& a rg 2798 2N@D0)@D0N23.œ7=>9L;K903@ƒ4i4I> e HGBIH=2XB
0 < s ≤ 1 BIH/03x 7 1 ˜ x2 ˜ . . . ˜ x n ≥ 0
x1 + x 2 + · · · + x n = s ˜

1 n n2 a
X  
≤
1≤i<j≤n
1 − x i xj 2 n2 − s2

Ób[„T/T a†Ì CE7 e 0+BIH/0CE790N—=>923.ACOB :GCA4 e .1032@ƒ.O:6BF@D>b0gr<=@ }‡0i}+CA..Ž24„4„>9L;0 a

c E. 45< }‡0+4I>9J9J9<=4,0}+COBIH/<?>=B|.1<=4„4<?gœ”303790N@ƒ23.ACOB : BInH=23=B 2 ˜ n ≥ 3a
‰ H/0+4,˜ 0\B ‘ x1 CA≥
4†2 xe 2<=≥
LGJ9· 2 · e ·B!≥450XxBŠnCE7 ≥ n
0
{(x , x
27986BIH/0ªgE>97 1e BDC1<=27 , . . . , x n ) : x 1 + x 2 + · · · + x n = s} ˜

X 1
F (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) =
1≤i<j≤n
1 − x i xj
CE4 e <=7?BDCE7=>b<?>94<=7BIH?CE4m450XB a  ž <=7/4,0N—=>b037?BD.O: 23BƒBƒ2NCA7/4m2†L;2 CALG>9L ‚?2N.>b0Œ23Bœ<=790†<=@
LM<=@D0Jb<?CA7?BD4Š<?gBIH/0450XB aœ ! 0 }+CA..J/@D<N‚=0 CA7ª ˜ FBÐ}‡<+4FBF03J94 BIH=23BBIH/0L;2 CALG>9L < eIe >9@ƒ4
<=7=.O:23BŠBIH/0+Jb<?CA7?B  s s  }‡H/˜ 037 e 0ªBIH/089034„CA˜ @D086CE790N—=>923.ACOB :6gr<?.A.E<}4 a
s
, ,··· , ˜
z7~BIH/0M‹9@ƒ4IB+4FBFn03J n}‡0G}+C.An .|45H/<}#BIH=23Bªgr<=@ √ CAg|BIH/0MgE>97 e BDCE<=7 CA4
L;2 CAL;23.b23B ˜ BIH/037 a s ≤ 3˜ F
z7PBIH/0(x
4,0 1e ,<=x7928Z
, .4F.BF03. J , xn }‡)0‡˜ }+CA..4,xH/1<} = BIxH=223BCgBIH/0gE>97 e BDCE<=7 CE4ªLG2 NCELG2N.2XB
}+CBIH ˜ }‡H/0N@D0 F
(x
BIH/0N17 , x2 , . . . , xn )a‰ H/0N450 x4F1BD2X= x2037?=
BF03LM BD4|·}+· CA·.. =e <=xL;iJ=˜ .10\BF0iBIH/0iJ/∈ g a ˜ 3 ˜ . . . ˜ n − 1} ˜
@D</<?{2
xi+1 = xi

12 9y
‰ <GJ/@D<N‚=0ªBIH/0 e .A2NCALM0N8G4IBƒ23BD0NL;0N7?B ‡
} 04„>9J/Jb<=450+BIH=2XB 2N798;45H/<}›BIH=2XB
CE4†79<B!LG2 NCELG2N.b2XB ˜ a Ÿ'<=@D0+J9@D0 e CE4503. : x1}‡>
045xH/2<}BIH=2XB F
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ˜
x1 + x 2 x1 + x 2 a
 
F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) < F , , x3 , . . . , x n
2 2
=<=@ e = < 7‚=0N7=CE0N7 e 0 }‡0@D03J/.A2 e 0 2N798 x1 + x2 KN: 2N798 @D0N4„Jb0 e BDCO‚=0X.O: a
˜ x1 ˜ x2 ˜ x˜ y ˜ t˜
‰ H?>94 IB H/0ªCE790N—=>923.ACOB : e 2N7MK/0i}@ƒCBƒBD0N7CA76BIH/0+gr<=@DL
2
˜
n 
1 1 2 1 1 a
X 
+ − < −
j=3
1 − xxj 1 − yxj 1 − txj 1− t2 1 − xy
c gABF03@ e <=LMK?CE7=CA79”iBD0N@DL;4†2798;8?CO‚?C18?CE79”+KN:6BIH/0+Jb<=4ICBDC ‚=0ªg12 e BD<=@ }‡0”30XB
t2 − xy ˜
n
!
2x2j 1 a 
‘
X
<
j=3
(1 − xxj )(1 − yxj )(1 − txj ) (1 − t2 )(1 − xy)
 /

‰ H/0 e <=798=COBDC1<=7
√ CE4790 e 0N4„452N@z: a z79890N08 .E0XBƒBDCA79” 2N798
3 s≤ ˜ x4 = · · · = x n = 0
s ‡
} 
0 3
” \
0 B 1 1
g D
@ =
< »
L  ‡
} H ?C e 6
H E
C G
L /
J 
. 1
C 3
0 4 √ a
x = y = x3 = ˜ x< √ ‘F˜ s< 3
[i<} }‡0+793<BDC e 0iBIH=23B 3
˜
n
!
X 2x2j 2(x23 + · · · + x2n )
≤
j=3
(1 − xxj )(1 − yxj )(1 − txj ) (1 − xx3 )(1 − yx3 )(1 − tx3 )
2(x23 + · · · + x2n ) a
≤

2
(1 − xy)(1 − y )(1 − t ) 2
‰ H?>94 DB <J/@D<N‚=0‡ COB!4„> e 034ŒBD<45H/<}BIH=2XB
˜ ‘F˜
a 
2(x23 + · · · + x2n ) + y 2 < 1 ‘
 0+CA7?BF@D</8=> e 0ªBIH/079<Bƒ23BDCE<=7 2N798 e <=7/4IC18/0N@–BÐ}‡< e 2N4,034Œgr<=@ a
qF%8
a
r≤y
aŠÌ CE7 e 0
r = x3 + · · · + xn ˜
x23 + · · · + x2n ≤ r 2 ˜
CB|CA4†4„>  e C1037?BŠBF<45H/<}BIH=2XB
r

a
2r 2 + y 2 < 1
?@D<=L 2N798 }‡0ª</K?Bƒ2NCA7 s 2798 a‰ H?>94
x>y≥r x + y + r = s˜ r< 2y + r < s ˜
3
s−r 2
 
2r 2 + y 2 − 1 < 2r 2 + −1
2
a
 2
1 s s
  
= r− (s + 9r) + −1 < 0
4 3 3
qF%8  a a|‰ H/0 e <=798?CBDCE<=7 CAL;J=.ACE0N4 14ICE7 e 0CA7BIH/0 e 2450
}‡0ªH=2X‚=0 r > y 3 2798 r> E4„CA7 ye 0 CAL;≥
n J=.ACE40N˜ 4 a @D<=L BIH/0ªn<=@D=
89033@
@D03.A23BDCE<=7 r = x ≤ y ‘ y > 0 }‡0)”30XBy = 0 r = 0‘ aŒ‰ H?>94 }‡0‡LG2X:
4 x3 ≥ · · · ≥ xn ˜
e <=7 e .>b890ªxBIH/>03@Dy0+CE≥ 4„> ye H)
<BIH=r23≤
B (n − 2)y ˜
k ∈ {1 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ˜ n − 3}
a 
ky < r ≤ (k + 1)y ‘
cŒeIe <=@D8=CA79”ŒBF<iBIH/0ŸR2\Íz<=@DCO™I23BDCE<=76z790—?>92N.CBz:)r<?g \ 2@ƒ2NL;2XBD2 2NJ9J=.ACE08ªBF<iBIH/0 e <=7‚=0 
gE>97 e BDC1<=7 BIH/0+gr<?..1<}+CA79”iCA790—?>92N.CBz:;H/<?.E8/4 ‘
f (x) = x2 ˜
2 a


2 2 2 2
x3 + · · · + xn ≤ ky + (r − ky) + (n − k − 3) · 0
žœ<=7/450—?>b0N7?BD. : BF<J/@D<N‚=0 CB!4I> e 0N4!BF<64,H/<} BIH=23B
˜ ‘
a 
(2k + 1)y 2 + 2(r − ky)2 < 1 ‘
 /ØbÜ \ 2N@ƒ2LG23Bƒ2/š 4|ŸR2XÍz<=@ƒC™I2XBDC1<=7 ‰ H/0N<=@D0NL AC 4m2N4œgr<?..1<}4 a rg3BÐ}‡<†‚=0 e BF<=@ƒ4 → − 2798 → −
H=2X‚?CE79” e <=L;J9<=790N7?Bƒ4 2798 2N@F@ƒ2N79”308‡CE7)79<=79FCE7 Ae @D0324ICE79
B”
n ˜ a
<=@D8903@Œ<?gLG2”X7=COBD>b890 4„23BDCA4„g:
i b i ˜ i = 1 ˜ 2 ˜ . . . ˜ n ˜
˜
k k
bi ˜ k = 1˜ 2˜ . . . ˜ n − 1˜
X X
ai ≥
i=1 i=1
n n
2798
bi ˜
X X
ai =
i=1 i=1
}‡0ˆ4„2X:ZBIH=23B → − W5Ä „T[ £V  →− }‡H?C e HZ}‡0ˆ890379<BF0ˆ2N4 →
− − a ?<=@+2 e <=7‚=0 
→
gE>97 e BDC1<=7 A‡ } 0iBIH/037MH=2\‚=B0 ˜ A  B
F (x) ˜
a
F (a1 ) + F (a2 ) + · · · + F (an ) ≥ F (b1 ) + F (b2 ) + · · · + F (bn )
  \ .A2L;CA7 ŸÑ>9@F@ƒ2\: Ì9a † W 7G2  -9@D</K?.103L#<?gbBIH/0Ÿ'<=7?BIH   • • 
  a
˜ ˜ ˜
  \ .A2L;CA7 ŸÑ>9@F@ƒ2\: Ì9a  >/C e CE0z790—?>92N.CBDCE0N4 EՇ×IÈV  Ê Ì N0 J?BF03LMK/0N@ ••

a ˜ ˜ ˜ π ˜ ˜

  fŸR2@ƒ45H=2N.. cia Ÿ a N2 798€WŒ.ECA7 a rÕV ŽÙÄXÔ  ×  V 3Ü¢Í*ÈVNT[vÊ+TFÌbÄIT[ Ä=×  TÕxÄՎØ

D× 
 :Â3ÂbÔ KƁ˜ Ä=×  TÕ 5] Œ
c e 28903LGC e ˜ -9@D˜ 30 454 [\0 } ß <=@F 

N
a 
˜ ˜
à 0XBƒBDCA79” 2798 }‡ 0 H=2X‚=0
x = (p − k − 1)y y = qs ˜
1 a
 
r = s−x−y = −p+k y
q
‰ H/03@D03gr<=@D0
˜
1 a
 
r − ky = −p y
q
?@D<=L BIH?CE4†@D0N4I>/.B!2N798;  }‡0”30XB
‘F˜
1 1 a
≤ q <
p+1 p
c .E45< BIH/0 e <=798?CBDCE<=7 CELGJ/.C1034!BIH=2XB
˜ x>y
a 
p > k+2 ‘
‰ H/0+CA790—?>92N.CBz:; CA40—?>/CO‚?23.1037?BŠBF<
‘
1 a
2
1

2k + 1 + 2 −p <
Ì CE7 e 0 √ CB!4I>
y = qs ≤ q 3 ˜
 q
e 0N4!BF<6J9@D<3‚=0ªBIH=23B
y2

a 
3(2k + 1)q 2 + 6(1 − pq)2 < 1 ‘
z7M<=@D8/0N@ŠBD<J/@D<N‚=0‡ }‡0 e <=7/4„CE8903@ŠBIH/0ªgE>97 e BDC1<=7
‘F˜
a
f (u) = 3(2k + 1)u2 + 6(1 − pu)2 − 1
 0)H=2X‚=0+BF<G4,H/<}›BIH=23B gr<=@ 1 1 aÌ CA7 e 0 CE42 e <=7‚=0 
f (u) < 0 ≤u< f (u)
gE>97 e BDC1<=7
˜
COB4I>  e 0N4iBD<P4,H/<} BIH=23B
f
p + 1 
1
< 0
p
2N798
f
 
1
≤ 0
a z79890N08
˜
p+1 p
2 eFe <=@D8?CE79”BF<G }‡0H=2\‚=0
‘F˜
1 6k + 9 6k + 9 −k2
 
f = −1 < −1 = < 0˜
p+1 (p + 1)2 (k + 3)2 (k + 3)2
2798

1 3(2k + 1) 3(2k + 1) −(k − 1)2 a

 
f = −1 < −1 = ≤ 0
p p2 (k + 2)2 (k + 2)2
 /

y
12 =
‰ <RJ9@D<3‚=0PBIH/0 e .A2NCAL }‡0PJ9@D< e 00N8RBIH/0Z452NLM0;}2X:'2N46CA7 Ì BD0NJ af 0 e <=7/4IC18/0N@
gr<=@ ˜ 2798~BIH/037'45H/<}»BIH=23B CE4)79<BLG2 NCELG2N.!2XB
xi > xi+1 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1˜ F
a  4„CA79”iBIH/04„>bK=4IBDCOBD>=BDC1<=7/4 2798 x+y
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) xi = x ˜ xi+1 = y ˜ t= ˜
BIH/0+CE790N—=>923.ACOB : e <=@D@D0N4„Jb<=798?CE79”BF< H=2N4!BIH/0+gr<=@DL 2
‘
n
2(i − 1)x2 X 2x2j
+
(1 − x2 )(1 − yx)(1 − tx) j=i+2
(1 − xxj )(1 − yxj )(1 − txj )
1 a
<

(1 − t2 )(1 − xy)
Ì CE7 e 0 CB|4„> e 034ŒBD<4,H/<} BIH=23B
x > y ≥ xi+2 ≥ · · · ≥ xn ≥ 0 ˜
Pn
2(i − 1)x2 j=i+2 2x2j 1 a
+ <
(1 − x2 )(1 − yx)(1 − x2 ) (1 − x2 )(1 − yx)(1 − x2 ) 1 − xy
‰ H?CA4†CA790—?>92N.CBz: e 27;K90}@DCOBƒBF037G24
a 
2ix2 + 2(x2i+2 + · · · + x2n ) < 1 + x4 ‘
Ì CE7 e 0
x4 > 0 ˜
COB!4I>  e 0N4!BF<45H/<}BIH=2XB
a 
2ix2 + 2(x2i+2 + · · · + x2n ) ≤ 1 ‘
qF%8 a a6 0GH=2\‚=0 2N798 a6‰ H/0CE790N—=>923.ACOB :
n = 3 i = 2 x2i+2 + · · · + x2n = 0
 K/0 e <=LM034 a ?@D<=L }‡0;”30XB s 1 BIH/0N@D0Xgr<=@D0
‘ 4x2 ≤ 1 2x + y = s ˜ x ≤ ≤ ˜ ˜
2
a 2 2
4x ≤ 1
qF%8  a a!à 0\B a ?@D<=L
2798 n>3 r = xi+2 </K·BD23·+x
}‡0‡+· CE7 n x > y ≥ xi+2 ≥ · · · ≥ xn ≥ 0
ix + y + r = s ≤ 1 ˜
   
n n
X X a
4 x2j  ≤ 4  xj y  = 4ry ≤ (y + r)2 ≤ (1 − ix)2


j=i+2 j=i+2
‰ ? H >94 BD<6J/@D<N‚=0+  CBŠ4I> e 0N4|BF<)45H/<} BIH=2XB a z79890N08 }‡0
H=2X‚=0 ˜ ‘I˜ 4ix2 + (1 − ix)2 ≤ 2 ˜

4ix2 + (1 − ix)2 − 2 = (i2 + 4i)x2 − 2ix − 1

a
= (ix − 1)(3ix + 1) − 2i(i − 2)x2 ≤ 0
‰ H?CA4 e <=L;J=.10\BF034ŒBIH/0+J9@D</<?g a
œ*&
a ‰ H/0i4FBD2XBF03LM037?BŠ<?g=BIH/0BIH/0N<=@D0NL CA4‚?2N.C18gr<=@–2.E2N@D”30N@@ƒ279”30ª<?g a z7<?>9@
m
2

J9@D</<?g BIH/0@ƒ279”30CE4ª@D034IBF@ƒC e BD08€KN:€  a 032N..O: BIH/0CE790N—=>923.ACOB :€ 23.A.E<s}4i>94iBD<

CE7 e @D032˜ 450ªBIH/0+@ƒ279”30‡<?g BD< ‘ ˜ ‘
s
√ √ a
0 < s ≤ 6 − 2 ≈ 1.035
 <}‡0,‚=03@ ‡ } 0 e <=7Íz0 e BD>9@D0ªBIH/0+gr<?..1<}+CA79”ªL;<=@D0‡”303790N@ƒ23.Ž4FBD2XBF03LM037?B a
˜
qŽw' %(($&/y à 0\B 2N798 a
n ≥ 3 ˜ x 1 ˜ x2 ˜ . . . ˜ x n ≥ 0 ˜ s = x 1 + x2 + · · · + x n
E2 rg BIH/037
r
2n
‘ s≤ ˜
n+1

1≤i<j≤n
X 1
1 − x i xj
≤
n3 (n − 1)
2(n2 − s2 )
D
rK rg BIH/037
r
2n
‘ ≤ s < 2˜
n+1
X 1 n(n − 1) s2 a
≤ +
1≤i<j≤n
1 − x i xj 2 4 − s2
‰ H/0+CA790—?>92N.CBDCE0N4 e 27;K/0i}@DCOBƒBF037G24Œgr<?..1<}4
E2
‘ F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ≤ F

s s
, ,··· ,
n n
s
n


a
D
rK 
s s
‘ F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ≤ F , , 0, · · · , 0
2 2


 tlQPlPRTtRYlTU . 618s0 ;19 >

? 9 ;A@)*"(7 ;B31RCD$ /D4 62)"3N 8 > f2+ $9 3$ 9 > 4 kG    #"%$&'$ *( ) + C  "l"8C
 ^XXQWTZY7[_Y x  y  _\U z _PRTPRT_`#\^psoTPW  O PRQSTZY7[_Y
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3(xyz)2 ≥ 4 y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 + x3 y 3 

2

 TYRTPRprVa\TZY7[2TLtR_ WFTWnQ ƒ T ] ^_`jVjYc 

 . $623N;$9 C8"6A)( ! ;"D;1929;) > 459:)6A$ . 3N823) ? 9;@)"B(%;A3 C > . 89L459:)6A$ >$#&% >
? . 4('
ƒ z = 0  Y7[2T\
(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )2 + 3(xyz)2 − 4(y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 + x3 y 3 )
= (x3 + y 3 )2 − 4x3 y 3 = (x3 − y 3 )2 ≥ 0 
e VjY7[rT' ]^_`aVbYAckVaƒ _\UsQ\` cDVjƒ x = y 
ƒ z 6= 0  `NTY u = x _\U v = y s  h [2T\*) e VjY7[ tlQ\2W%VNUTP_o `1TK[2T`NX ƒ1PRQp
+-, O/.(021 e TL[_*ST z z

1
(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )2 + 3(xyz)2 − 4(y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 + x3 y 3 )


z6
= (u3 + v 3 + 1)2 + 3(uv)2 − 4(u3 v 3 + u3 + v 3 )
= (u2 + u + uv + v 2 + v + 1)
· (u4 − u3 v − uv 3 + v 4 − u3 + u2 v + uv 2 − v 3 + uv − u − v + 1) 
 

[ <BD0ªBIH=2XB 2
i 1
u + u + uv + v 2 + v + 1 = (u + v + 1)2 + u2 + v 2 + 1 > 0


2798 2

u4 − u3 v − uv 3 + v 4 − u3 + u2 v + uv 2 − v 3 + uv − u − v + 1
h
2 i a
= 41 (u − v)2 + u + v − 2 + 3(u − v)2 (u + v − 1)2 ≥ 0
037 e 0 a
˜ (u3 + v 3 + 1)2 + 3(uv)2 − 4(u3 v 3 + u3 + v 3 ) ≥ 0 2798)03COBIH/0N@
/—?>92N.CBz:6< eFe >9@ƒ4ŠCAg92N7986<=7=. :CAg
DD
2
<=@ a z7~BIH/0;‹9@ƒ4IB e 2N4,0 (u }‡0ˆ −H=v)
2\‚=0 + u + v − 27928 = 0 BIH=u23Bª
=CA4 v
u+v = 1 ˜
a z7BIH/0i4,0 e <=798 e 2N4,0 }‡0iH=2X‚=0 u = v 2798 u + v = 2 BIH=2XB–CA4 ˜
u=v=1 <=@ ˜ u +
a z7;BD0N@DL;4i<?gv = 1 2N798(u − BIH/0N450 e <=798?CBDCE<=7/4 ˜
v) 2
= 1
(u, v) = (0, 1) (u,
:=CE03.E8+BIH=@D0N04,<?.>=BDC1<=7/4 ŽECv) = (1, 0) ACAC x ˜ y ˜ z ˜
2798‡ECCAC a
‰ H/03@D03gr<=@D0 CA7G2N.. e ‘2N4,x034 = y = z ˜ ‘ x = 0 ˜ y = z ˜ ‘ y = 0˜ x = z
˜ ˜

(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )2 + 3(xyz)2 ≥ 4(y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 + x3 y 3 ) ˜

}+CBIHÚ0—?>92N.CBz:'CAg2798 <=7=.O:RCAg<=790~<?g†BIH/0€gr<?..1<}+CA79”Z< eFe >9@ƒ4 PAC
ECC 2798 ECCAC 2N798 <=@ŒACO‚ 2798 ‘ x = a y = z ˜
‘ x=0 y = z˜ ‘ y=0 x = z˜ ‘ z=0 x=y
 %ȎTbÙN]–ÓbTNÔ  ŽTW;W€ÙÕ Ð×PÊ ŽTNÔÔ V£Ö=V£]
E՜×zVX[ «Ä?UNVXÕ=] 3Ò3]Ë6Ç a
pÐp¡Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕZYÊZÒ

à 0XB

f (x, y, z) = (x3 + y 3 + z 3 )2 + 3(xyz)2 − 4(y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 + x3 y 3 )

a
= x6 + (y 3 − z 3 )2 + 3(xyz)2 − 2z 3 x3 − 2x3 y 3
žŽ.E0N2N@D. : }+COBIH~0N—=>923.ACOB :ZCAg!2N798Ñ<=7=.O:ZCg aZÌ :=L;L;0XBF@ƒC e 2N..O:
˜ f (0, y, 2Nz)
798 ≥ 0 }+COBIH€0N—=>923.ACOBDC1034ªCg|y2N79=8~z<=7=. :PCAg 2 798 ˜

f (x, 0, z) ≥0 e 0BDCO‚=0X.O: a f (x, y, 0) ≥ 0
@D0N4„Jb z = x
x = yc ˜ 454I>9LM0)H/037 e 0Xgr<=@ƒBIHBIH=23B a†‰ H/0N7 CgK9<BIH
2798 ;
a Ì e
:/LGLM0\BF@DC 23.A. : xyz 6
= 0 grf<=@ (x,BIH/y,
0;<z)
BIH/>
03@0BÐ}‡< e 2N4,034zx }‡H/<03@D00
xy
BÐ}‡<‡<?g < 0 ˜ f (x, y, z) > 0
H=2\‚=0BIH/04„2L;04IC1”X7ª}‡H?C.10†BIH/0BIH?CA@D8)H=24BIH/0i<=J/Jb<=4ICBD04IC1”X7 aÌ CE7 e 0
x˜ y ˜ z 2798i4ICE7 e 0 CE4œ4ƒ:/LGLM0\BF@DC e CA7CBƒ4Ž‚?2N@DCA2K?.1034
f (−x,
}‡ −y,
0LG2X: 79<} −z) 2N454I=>9LMf0 (x,}+y,
CBIH/z)
<?>=BŠ.1<=4„4<?gœ”3f03(x,
790N@ƒy,
23.ACOz)
B : BIH=23B a‰ H/037 ˜
˜ ˜ 0<x≤y≤z
1
 2
f (x, y, z) = 16 x (2x − y − z)2 (4x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 6yz + 4zx)
+ (y − z)2 (16y 4 + 32y 3 z + 48y 2 z 2 + 32yz 3 + 16z 4
a
− 3x2 y 2 − 18x2 yz − 3z 2 x2 − 24x3 y − 24zx3 ) ≥ 0


/Ø ‰ H?CE4CA4mBF@ƒ>b0K90 e 23>94,0

2N798 16y 4 > 3x2a  y 2 ˜ 32y 3 z > 24zx3 ˜ 48y 2 z 2 > 18x2 yz ˜
˜ .E8/4216z
D
3 3 4 2 2
32yz /> —?>924x
2N.CBz:MyH/<? K9<3‚=0>
Cgœ23z
798;x<=7=.O:CAg BIH=2XB!CE4 Cg
2798;<=7=. :Cgœ0XCBIH/03@ <=@–BÐ}‡<G<?g 2x − y 2@D− 2N./}‡H?C.10iBIH/0iBIH?CE@D8CA4 ˜ a
=0=y−z
0 0z—?>9
x=y=z x˜ y ˜ z 0
    "!#$% &')(*,+&- '/. 021 -34657(82""(89:4;<7&==>')(?1 -?3%@?A 1   
B 0#,4'C 'DE=F85G$$&!&(IH"J7KLDE=>'DM0>+> N -?-&O PQ-,1 4N%+ PR' -,- 0F+ 3%S'R)+ T 02N 1>5 B 9UD*
JU;
ID8(
!V,'L9)& 02'A 8'QDM=*5/W&"(89X=&AMR!6'/K
T%T%,Y4  -MY#Z8+&02N[3%S,\DM-&N[ 024N[T  'L]1 O&, + 0%O>'
Z*0PQ1 -,>5RA 
J7K=?;)! =F)KLDE= =,K
Z*,KLD?'"T @-,4'7Z?0# 3465U "^7K/D'/A  S_ PQP+ - N T ]   FO F'
G/N -?T[0/)1 - '".  'LDE=F ( 1R 34 -` %+&T N  - )5<1 -T @/a0#>aE 0;b!>@?0#UcL0# -`N -34 PUa T%
  0Ea1 06T N 1>  )N -34 00# 34T %+&T N  -,4'Pb TE
Mc"@&N[3%@`FN[T @?0*PQ1&,$-/Pb-?T N[ -`
ET @?L3%1 % 0<+ 1> N T 
 0/3[ 1>N Pb bRPRN T 1 S,UT @ 1 T#+ 1> N T U@ [$N *1 -?b -  UN ;=  PbR3 00#aE -?,-T 
4N PUa LaE N -?T[ Q,+&T8T @,1&T8T @ 02N O N -,1>  LaE  /a0#   P c"1 <xN -= 34 0y0# 34=T4; z
 T @?R3 00# 3#T* %+&T N  -,/c
N[T @T @?R 36aET N  -C

T @?RT[cL %1 T2+ 0# R1 ,& 71 -?bT @R -?
7#
1 -?)HF1 -?,+ 4'?N -?  S, U=&32@?+ 0 L -?+ 1  N[T R 0" T @0S&-&c"-Q0#>+  T  ;M^>@?,+>'?N -Q@&N 
 3 -?7 %+ Y
T N  - '80#PQ1 0S,  T @ 1 T
T @?R#-T N 1 83[1 Uc"@- x' y ' z > 0 @,1 7, -Qa0#& UN -CT @R,  Sb]1 T @MY
PQ1 T N[3[1 N -&N 1&T+ 0#  CE' 
>') @ 1>a8; '8a,a8;  `=;E= 1 32@ R1 -?]!;-?0# 3#+ '1 /1 -
1>a,a N[3[1 T N[ -b
 *A>aE&FN[3[N%+ ) -+ 1> N T  MN f N 
1R3 -? 70#1 [Y41>%+&   2+ -?34T N  -b,!- Q -Q1 -RN -T%0FY
1> I '*T @-
        
x+y+z x+y y+z z+x
f (x) + f (y) + f (z) + 3f ≥ 2 f +f +f
3 2 2 2
% 01   x' y ' z
N- I
;


#"%$
nR>  #"7$&'> $ . ()+ C'& 89)( G $ ( = $'$( )"7$!<8"* )M > ? 9 ;A@)*"(7;A+ 8 +
+, ) +86j618 +$6a;+ +86j618 +$6a;+ & 8;N9i
.TY 0 o2TK_ \ Va\ YlTPRVNQPZX#Q Va\ YQ ƒHY7[2Ts`aVa\TKWTqpKT\ Y VN\ [2T
VN\ YRTPV1QP oVaAWTtRYlQPW Q ƒ ∠BA0 A _ \U ∠CA0 A VN\ YRTPWFT tRY AB BC _\U CA4ABC _Y D _ \U h E 
PRTW%X#TtRYRVbST`bc  OPRQSTY7[_Y AA0  BE  _\U CD _PRTLtlQ\tl^PlPRT\ Y 
. $623N;$9 C 86" $ (3 )@)"RC$9 ) g ;N:)6 > 4  )9= :86 I$= @*8= ( > G 286N8.-;a: )"8 >>
y8 = > . = G >
6a6$" 8 & 8;N9 / > ; I)6 823N8;j> 6a6). '$ )*9 = -"8 9 0) /1- "R85> 9 4 ;a( $ = > )6j6A$3 = z$ (F8+$
2  G 
fD;j6a;$3-)"l"8 "; +86j618 +$6a;+ & 8;19/'&8 *)(  $9) < 89 C - "R89 )6/;b&
 "3N;a( > >< ;N(%($ "; . $ 3=  )*"l9 .? 3183A)-I$6j6A)> : ) > &$&#6j;19 > > 87 2 > > ? ? . . 94 /:75@;A+ ;;-  "7+; > >
(3 +)9 3 )*(3A)*"l> 9 G ;  ;N<:8 9 9;@)"B(%;A3 C > 861? 8s8M$2$ 49/6&$(29>= JL)(@)*"
= "R89 +) #"8;N";A) 4 / * 86B3 I)? " > &89 $ ( > "R(#6> a;N9 ? )*. 92: C2s928(7;  > .*2 92 92( " = 0 >>
4 ? (3 ";1@8 /A=z) C$ B "%)*C 4 > 8 9I+ 86j6 > JZ8G  +)9 =   4 / "l"R8 C 618s0 ;19
9 ;A@)*"(7;B31CL$ /4 > 62)"3N8 f+>  # $9 3A$9 4 /+n8 < > 6N8@ $9I) = , 95C < > > G ?;N:   8&#;+( > 2 > ? . 49>/
9

8 @*;E + D $2) F )*" (3 +)*9 3 ";19 ;B31C I$6j6A):) 28 ";A+: ) /G=z$331/ ";) + #)"BM
#)G *(318. 6A$MRMl;a:C> s98(%;2 5> > 4 = > "R? 8*M . > 4 (3 '";N. 8H/ # $ (& > ;A$ J . );"D; C8 > >  8In84 (F8 0 ; > &8& 89/
$ )"l0)*C D ) $9 ;18 & 4 / &  ))920 86B3 2$(  )6 3 I) ) 3  )*"6189 +( /M
f. = 0 8 "7+ . = &')>n= G  3 > = 7 33AK$ (7@$> )9 (=$)*= "; = 0) ? 9;@)"B< (%;A3 C > > G 8: +)(? ": > =z)" s
9

3$N> )*L 9 ? ). ( ;aJ ( OI5> ;a6j6A)*" -"8 9 )0/#) 3A)*">P $2$ > A
; 
$ N
6 8 
9 
; 
@ 
) B
" %
( A
; 3 C > D88 9#@C v;/ N"R8 ; +288 > L
4 4 >H/5G D; =  $ > #$610 I$( -9;A3 C I$6j6A):) > < ;19 3A)*"DJZ8 @)9 > -KD > ? . 94 / # ;A3
9
J
@$928 " 8"%)(3 z$(s89;NH8 / 8 9I+K3  )n& "%$&'$ (*)"
, \DVa\ YlTPl\2_`I_\q*`1To VNWFT tRYRQP Q ƒI_ZYlPRVa_ \q*`NTUV SVNUTW Y7[2TQXXQW%VbYlTZW%VNUTVN\kY7[2T
P_YRVNQrQ ƒ#Y7[2TY e QrQY7[2TP W7V1U2TW  , X2X2` cVa\qY7[ VaW YlQmYlPVN_\q*`1TW AA0 B _ \U AA0 C e T
qTY
AD
=
|AA0 | _\U CE
=
|CA0 |

DB |BA0 | EA |AA0 |
T\t7T 
Q

BA0 AA0 BA0 A0 C

AD
DB
·
A0 C
·
CE
EA
=
BA0
·
A0 C
·
AA0
= 1 
R PRQp Y7[2TmtlQ\STPWFT YlQs{  T S _S W [2TQPRTp e L
T WTT Y7[_Y 0 _ \U 0 _ PRT
X_P_`j`1T` QPt7Q\tl^PRPRT\ Y  , W A0h  D  _ \U  E _ PRTrVN\ YRTPV1QAA
P X#Q  VaBB
\ YRWQ  ƒzY7[2TsCC
W%VNUTWQ ƒ
0
 3

BF@DCA279”\.E0 e <=7 e >9@D@D0N7 e :MCA4†BIH/06<=7=. :MJ9<=454IC1K?CA.CBz: 4„CA7 e 0+BIH/0N450+BIH=@D00 e 0,‚=CA27/4

0N@ƒ450 e BŒ˜ <=790+279<BIH/03@|CA76BIH/0+CE7?BD0N@ƒC1<=@!<?gbBIH/0iBF@D˜ CA279”\.E0 a
LG>94FB|CE7?BDABC
 " [ /$C"J`D*)E,J4!K*'
K=  $(b /D*(8(8 '&1 - 2&K.,,(*J
J9)^'  O 0#-?  '
=>a1>N -&'Ec"@? /+ 1>  -&N[3) %+&T N  -+  ` 1 06T%4N 1 - 34  0# N -,1&T% ;
  0E0#6aE 06T% T @ 1 TMT @?<[ 3#+ "
?T @<N -T%02 34T N  -/aE N -?T1  A0 1 02N[
 - BC N 1)#Pb  T @
+ 1 06T N 3
3#+ 0# "a1 #4N -&ORT @,0#,+>O @ 1 - 1 -?QT 1 -&O -T8T[RT @?)1 - O>[/ N  34T% 02$
*T @$O>N[ - T 02N 1 -&O 
1 TT @*aE N -?T  ; [ ! @8O 021a@ N 3%MaB0# O 021 PC    >+ O>O T <T @,1&T&N A N E1  [&cL /T[$Pb& <1>[ -&O
T @"-?T N 0#* N -? BC 'T @- B 1 -? C 1 0#- ,<
 T @? + 1 06T N[3?c"@?0#*N[T320# #?N[T F 1 T&02N O @?T&1 -&O   ; ]
 -bT @73[1 /c"@?0# N )+ N  1&T%021> '*T @?$  36+ "@,1 L+ 1 T N[ - u2 (v2 + vw + w2 ) = v2 w2
N - T 02N  N -?1 0"3  0# N - 4ABC
1 T[ u' v ' w ;


#"
  !   { QPRPRT Rt YRT U  #"7$&'$ ()+ C ; H8< 6 C G )9 = M) s
> G R" 8($ @ >
z$(s89;N8
OPRQSTY7[2T ƒ Q `j1` Q e Va\qVa\T ] ^ _`jVjYRVNTW
π 1 5 11
 
1− + −
2 4n 32n2 128n3
2
(2n)!! 1

≤
(2n − 1)!! 2n + 1
π 1 5 11 83

 
≤ 1− + − +
2 4n 32n2 128n3 2048n4
. $623N;$9 C 4 83186a;$ J  =$)*"(*)9M@*8;a: > ? 9 ;A@)*"(7;A+ 8 +  4 f f D
> G )9I$ (K4 ;1"7)*( >
45": )9 3N;1928
 VN\tlT (2n − 1)!! = (2n)! _\U (2n)!! = 2n n!  e TDtR_ \ _ X2X2` csY7[2T e T`a`
 \Q e \  YRVNP`aVa\qƒ QPlpD^2`N_
 n! = nn 2πne−n+O( )  YRQrQ2oYR_VN\
(2n)!!
√ 1
n

1
(2n n!)2 22n n2n (2πn)e−2n+O( n ) √
(2n)!!
(2n − 1)!!
=
(2n)!
=
2n
√ 1
−2n+O( n )
=
1
πn eO( n ) 
(2n) 4πn e
h [2T\ 2
(2n)!! 1 πn


(2n − 1)!! 2n + 1
=
2n + 1
1
eO( n ) 
e [2T\tlT 
2
(2n)!! 2


lim = π
(2n − 1)!!
.TY 2n + 1
n→∞

2
(2n)!! 2


f (n) =
(2n − 1)!! 2n + 1

g1 (n) = 1−
1
4n
+
32n
5
2
−
11
128n 3
+
83
2048n4

_\U g2 (n) = 1−
1
+
5
−
11

4n 32n2 128n3
 

Ì CE7 e 0 }‡0H=2X‚=0
lim g1 (n) = lim g2 (n) = 1 ˜
n→∞ n→∞

f (n) f (n) a 
lim = lim = π ‘
n→∞ g1 (n) n→∞ g2 (n)
[ <}
i f (n + 1) 4(n + 1)2 4n2 + 8n + 4 45<ÚBIH=23B >94ICE79”€BIH/0
˜ = = ˜ ˜
CE790N—=>923.ACOBDfC103(n)
4 (2n + 1)(2n + 3) 4n2 + 8n + 3

(4n2 + 8n + 4)g1 (n) − (4n2 + 8n + 3)g1 (n + 1)

715n4 + 1712n3 + 2036n2 + 1288n + 332
= > 0
2048n4 (n + 1)4
2798

(4n2 + 8n + 3)g2 (n + 1) − (4n2 + 8n + 4)g2 (n)

83n3 + 168n2 + 140n + 44
= > 0˜
128n3 (n + 1)3
}‡0)</K?Bƒ2NCA7 f (n + 1) g1 (n + 1) 2798 g2 (n + 1) f (n + 1) aŒ‰ H/0N@D0Xgr<=@D0 BIH/0
> > ˜
 f (n) g1 (n) g2 (n) f (n)
4,0N—=>b037 e 0 f (n) CE44FBF@DC e BD.O:iCE7 e @D0324ICE79” 2798iBIH/0450—?>b0N7 e 0 f (n) CE44IBF@ƒC e BD. :
 
˜
g1 (n) g2 (n)
890 e @D0N2N4„CA79” aŠÌ CA7 e 0 }‡0iH=2X‚=0 f (n) f (n) a CE7/23.A. : >94„CA79”BIH/0
g1 (n) > g2 (n) ˜ < ˜
.ACALGCOBD4 2N7986BIH/0+g12 e BŠBIH=23B CE4ŒCA@F@ƒ2XBDC1<=7/23. }‡g10‡(n)
</KBD23CE7 g2 (n)
‘ π ˜
 2  2
(2n)!! 2 (2n)!! 2
(2n−1)!! 2n+1 (2n−1)!! 2n+1
1 5 11 83 < π < 1 5 11 ˜
1− 4n
+ 32n 2 − 128n3 + 2048n4 1− 4n
+ 32n 2 − 128n3

}‡H?C e H e <=LGJ/.E0XBD0N4!BIH/0+J9@D</<?g a
 U  QQ(82""(89 4;?7&==>'8(?1 -?3%@?`A 1    B 0#,4'8 8'$DE=F85
G$$&!&(`H4
J7K/DM= '
MD 0>+> N -?-&O PQ-,1 4N%+ PR'C -,- 0F+ 3%S'R$+ T 02N 15C1 -I&U^7K/D'`A  SI PQP+ -&N[T    [FO&F']GLN -T%0
L1& -&'8.,>'$DM=);8   02
@,1& )-? T N[3 `T @,1&TT @? 02N O>N - 1 N -+ 1> N T /N 
N -?3 00# 3#TM1 "T 1&T% 71 -?
>+ O>O T[ UT @K%  [&c
N - O34 00# 34T N  -H<!>@?L 02N O N -,1>?T[0P 3/(32n2 ) #@,+  /@,1& L, - 5/(32n2 ) N -
, T @U a0##4N[ - MN -7c"@&N[3%@LN[T 336+ 00# ; !>@ N <34 00# 34T N  -/@,1 <, -/PQ1&,N -UT @8a0#   P T 1&T%Pb-T
1 ,& &; ) ! @-bT @?)a0# 3 , Rc
N T @R  (N - ORT @?/34 00# 34T% R 024N  -E;


#"k
 D 
.TY x  x  . . .  xn
oT X#QW7VjYRV ST PRT_`I\^psoTPW  O PRQSTY7[_Y
1 2

n n
! n1
X Y
xn n xk
)N_ 1 k=1
k
+ k=1
≥ 2
Yn Xn
n xk xk
k=1 k=1
 =

n n
! n1
X Y
xn
k xk
rK a
‘ k=1
n + k=1
n ≥ 1
Y X
xk xk
k=1 k=1

Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕZYÊZÒ
%ȎTbÙN]–ÓbTNÔ  Ž
 TW;W€ÙÕ Ð×PÊ Ž TNÔÔ V£Ö=V£]
 Ä?UNVXÕ=] 3 Ò3]Ë6Ç Ï
E՜×zVX[ «
12 ¢=:)BIH/0G-=<}‡03@I£Ÿ'0N2N7ˆz790—?>92N.CBz: }‡0‡H=2\‚=0
‘ ˜
n n
!n
1 X 1 X
xn
k ≥ xk ˜
n k=1
n k=1
2798;KN:6BIH/0 c Ÿ UŒŸ z790—?>92N.CBz: }‡0”30XB
˜
n
P
xk
k=1 a
t = 
n
 n1 ≥ n
Q
xk
k=1
‰ H?>94
˜
n
 n
 n1
xn
P Q
n xk   n−1
a
k  n
k=1 k=1 t n t 2

n + n ≥ + ≥ 2 ≥ 2
n
Q
xk
P
xk n t n
k=1 k=1
/—?>92N.CBz:;H/<?.E8/4ŒCAg2N798;<=7=. :Cgœ0XCBIH/03@ <=@ gr<=@ a
n=1 x 1 = x2 = · · · = x n n≥2
rK Ì CELCA.A2@ƒ.O:
‘ ˜
n
 n
 n1
xn
P Q
k xk  n n2   1
t 1 t 1 n+1
  n+1
k=1 k=1
n + n ≥ n + ≥ (n + 1)
Q
xk
P
xk n t n t
k=1 k=1
 n−1
n+1 t n+1
= ≥ 1/(n+1) ˜
n1/(n+1) n n
}‡H/0N@D0iBIH/0+450 e <=7986CA790—?>92N.CBz:L;20N4!>94,0+<?g9BIH/0}‡03CE”3HBF0N8 c Ÿ U†Ÿ z790—?>92N.CBz: a
/—?>92N.CBz:;H/<?.E8/4ŒCAg2N798;<=7=. :Cg a [i<BD023.E45<‡BIH=23B
n=1
 n
t 1
n + > n˜
n t
}‡H?C e H6CE4†2‡K/0XBƒBD0N@ŒK/<?>97986BIH=27 n+1 }‡H/037 a
n1/(n+1)
n≥4
/؜ÏR1BªCE4‡0N2N4ƒ:ZBF<ˆ‚=0N@ƒCAg:ZBIH=2XB
n 2M.E<}‡0N@ªK9<?>9798Z}‡H?C e H
4,0,‚=03@ƒ2N.b4,<?. ‚=0N@ƒ48?CE4 e <3‚=0N@D0N8 a  n nt + 1
t
≥ n+ 1
n
˜
 N•

   [ R"(8W&"9)V" !#'
= 1 -`H  F'L '7DM=*5"27,C $!#"2&  '$(*,+&- ').021 -?365
AM2,(8(8:*K
(*JL=>^,!&,%J$'C]1>N  - >Y4 1
T2T[F'_.021 -?365 2A 8D*(
!& = 'CN #,+ 02N =&,+ T @?0-X=&T 1&T%
   FO F' H>>a N - '  K*' DE=F85 J
$!#" 2K R;Z"D*(E=&,J$^ B $2Z' DM-&N[ 024N[1&  " ' *+ - 
N 0#4'U0%O -T N -,15G)" !7,( H4
J7K/DM= 'CDM0>+> N -?-&O PQ-,1 4N%+ PR' - -,0F+&32S 'R$+ T 02N 15ID*(8(<V
=;`W8F"W*%J$'_D?- N 024N T 
 R8[,06T 1 '\Pb -T% -&'$,5C9E B 29 ,K<. .,&(?' T+&,-?T ' !02N -&N[T 
   FO F'  1 Pb02N  O F' D8W5 W$(89 = AMQ!#'IK<T2T[,Y4  -?Y#Z8+ 02N 32S DM-&N[ 024N[T  ' ]1 O&, + 0%O>'
Z*0PQ1 -,>5*A 
J7K=U?;M! =F)KLDE= =,K
Z*,KLD?' $T @?- 4'8Z?0# 3651 -QT @"a0#>aE 0;


#" 
n> RL> *2  t7QPRPRT tRYRT U L Z#"%$&'$ (*) + C G )*0#3A) D;1"7$@ G 8"1ER89 >
(3 +)9 3 450#3$2) 8M%80(3N8 9 
 ^XXQWTmY7[_Y 2 1 + 1 + 1  = 4 + x + y + z ƒ QPnX#QW7VjYRV STDPRT_`
x y  z 
OPRQSTZY7[_Y x y z yz zx xy

(1 − x)(1 − y)(1 − z) ≤
1
64

[2TDw#PWlYXPVN\ YRT U STPW%VNQ\ Q ƒzY7[ VaWX2PRQ2o`NTp
t7Q\ Y_Va%\f2T + Um;B3_$"pD (VNW%9 X$PVN3\ )Y h  \ƒ QPBYR^\2_YRT` c  Y7[2T XPRQ2o `1Tp Va\ YlT\UTUDoc Y7[2RTX2PRQX#Q*WF2TP 
e [ V1t%[ `a_YRTPK_ X2X#T_ PRTU _W _tlQPlPRTtRYRV1Q\  R 5  e _W W7YRVj`a`VN\tlQPlPRTtRY 
, `NpsQW7Y _`a`HY7[2T WQ ` STPW e [2Q W%^#oprVbYYlTUvWFQ `a^YRVNQ\2WmXQ VN\ YRT U Y7[ VNWkQ ^YLocvq*VbS VN\q
W%VapsX`1Tt7Q ^\ YRTPRT _ prX2`NTW  Y e QrQ ƒ e [ VNt%[D_ PRT \Q e q*VbST\soT`1Q e  
 . $6 3N;A$9 C v; =  )6 G 8318;a6j6A) > '$ )*9 > - "R89 = )6/ 2";N(3A$&!I)"3&  G "R8 + 6A)*C >
G ";N(3A$6 > ?  /O&82 )( #  G " )9 ;19: > . $ 23 I)8(3 ;N(%($ "; . 3N823) ? 9;@)"B(%;A3 C > 28*&')
=I;1"8 "7+)8 87
> > ? . 94 /I8 9I+ +#) +618 4   "31C > $ @)" > 4 > ? . 4
, W W7Y_YRT U  Y7[2TX2PRQ2o`NTp VaW e PRQ\q  .TY x = y = 1 _ \U z = 3 zh [2T\
4 4


 
1 1 1 x y z
2 + + = 4+ + +
x y z yz zx xy

e [ Va`NT (1 − x)(1 − y)(1 − z) = 9 > 1 

 . $623N;$9 C < 86A3  )*"&8 9I$ ( > ? "R64(6a;N9 )*6492: C2s928(7;  > 2 9292( " = 0 > 4 (3 ";18@/8 9I+
"l"R8 C .  6N82s0 ;N9 > ? 9 ;A@)*"(7;B31CD$ /24 62)*"318 > f2+ $9 3$9 > 4 G 
WFpr_`j` yh [2Tr[2X2TPR\ Q2oY7[2`NTT p q*VbVaSWZTVa\y\t7tlQQPR\PRUT VbtRYRY V1 Q\v.TVaY WkxW%_=
R
Y a
V %
W #
w y = ε
T U a
V ƒ e
e [2TPRT ε > 0 VaW _P7o VjYlP_PRVj`bc
T t%[2Q2QWT z = 4ε(1 − ε) 
QQ e TSTP
h
 (1 − x)(1 − y)(1 − z) = (1 − ε) (1 − 2ε)2 → 1 _ W ε → 0  2

     !"$#&%(') *,+ -%/. %01'32 ,560378"9:7;5=<>#?:%A?@ ';. B.< 03< %
)  * C7 <D"$<E?GF;7835 ,5@ =∗ 7 H%:"$I J>K* %/'
L)
M *215A,#>"$<E?GNPO8∗Q,4 07(:';7;5H$R,<EQ%S01*$MTJDUMT)$C. ,7.7 %
93V;* 4 M J>U%1SJWI$*/X M *;)
2,5=78R:7;5Y+;0<.$Z %3H
)IJ>  %.;J> );X M )2 :SR1<D["(?S78F;F("$78/%XDV;(*X %!#JDM *$MTX 
. -I;-%.;) \]JDM I;-%,032/)*/6"$</HNP?!0/%3^ _`. \a\BV*;MXa. T-I$-%SbM */XTJN );*;%3F("
%01' O *
) XTJDM >_ M */ McW)$XWSXd;);X/XdSTJ/LJ>$-MT(  )cU(V*/XTJ>De ) \PL8XWXdSf(JDX$LJDM *XW =JDUMT *C *$((O
∗
#dJ>g!J>XWg!M */cE JEJ> c>X/TV;X MT *;O )
X1J>\a)JE_( CX d()$X/M h %8M *`Xd=cE JEJ> c>XT aJDUMT *$%1g! )$(aXd=cE */ MX M *]Xd;);X % %) * )J>
Xd UMT(h/)CX JDM )*;I
T-%:Xd*]X d/cU *cWTV UM *CM  X J-V;$O x y z
 


¤  a  ••? / )Ób[„T*ÂT \VØMYÊÌ}ÈY3ÃÄ ÔPÊZÅmVXÕœÆ £ V\]ŸÅŽ[´Ä XT?UX]ŸØ–TW5ÄNÕ }Ä a

Ì >9J9J9<=4,0)BIH=2XBBIH/064,0N—=>b037 e 0 452XBDCE4I‹Ž034 P
n
{xn } 1
k
− ln (n + xn ) = 㠘
}‡H/0N@D0 CA4 ?>/.E0N@5š 4 e <=7/4FBD2N7?B a k=1
γ
E2 -9@D<N‚=0iBIH=2XB CA4 e <=7‚=03@D”30N7?B!27986BIH=2XB a
‘ {xn } lim xn = 1
2
n→∞
rK X0 BD0N@DLGCA790‡2N7;24ƒ:=L;J?BF<BDC e 2NJ9J/@D< CAL;2XBDC1<=7gr<=@|BIH/0‡”30N7903@ƒ2N.9BF03@FL }+COBIH
‘Z2Ï 7;03@F@D<=@–BIH=23B|CA4W xn ˜
1 a


n2

Ç=TNÔÐÙ/× zTÕ;YʀؖTÖ?VX[L%ÄN[FÕT#É   E] ŒÕ/Ö?V£ÔzTxÇ=×PÄ=× VËmÕ  UNV\[Ð×PÊN]œÇ%ÄÕ ŒÕ=Ö=V,Ô T]ŸÍ
!]¢Ë6Ç a

=<=@!0N2 e H .10\B
n = 1˜ 2˜ . . . ˜
n
X 1 a
n = − ln n − γ
k=1
k
‰ H/0R”\C ‚=0N7 e <=798?CBDCE<=7ÚBIH=2XBG890X‹b79034GBIH/0Ñ450—?>b0N7 e 0 L;2\:kK/0Ñ@D0£}@DCOBƒBF037k2N4
aŠÌ <?. ‚=CA79”igr<=@ }‡0”30XB {xn }
ln(1 + xn /n) = n n˜
n a
xn = n(e − 1)
=<=@|J92N@ƒBŒE2 }‡0+>9450ªBIH/0ªgr<?.A.E<}+CE79”CE790N—=>923.ACOBDC1034Œg1@D<=L  
‘F˜
1 1 a
< n <
2(n + 1) 2n
‰ H/034,0ªCELGJ/. :6BIH=2XB
 1
  1  a
n e 2(n+1) − 1 < xn < n e 2n − 1
 J92N798=CA79”iBIH/0‡0 J9<=790N7?BDCA2N.A4 }‡0</K?Bƒ2NCA7
˜
1 W 1 1 W 1 a
     
n + < xn < n +
2(n + 1) (n + 1)2 2n n2
‰ H?>94 CA44„2798}+C e H/0N8PK/0XBÐ}‡0N0N7ˆ0 J9@D03454IC1<=7/4Œ}‡H?C e H;2J/J9@D<=2 e H 1 24 a
˜ x n→∞
‰ H/03@D03gr<=n@D0 BIH/0450—?>b0N7 e 0 CE4 e <=7‚=0N@D”3037?B 2N798 2a
˜ {xn } ˜ lim xn = 1
=<=@|J92N@ƒBŒ1K }‡0ª>9450ªBIH/0i}‡0X.A.E579<}7G2N4ƒ:/LGJ=BDn→∞ <BDC e 0 J92N7/4„CE2<=7
‘F˜
1 1 W 1 a
 
n = − +
2n 12n2 n4
Ì 00 gr<=@!0 N2LGJ/.E0  ª/؜Ï|<=@   ª<=@    a  0H=2\‚=0
˜ ˜ ‘
n 1 2 W 3


xn = n(e − 1) = n n + (n ) 
2 n
+
W
 !
1 1 1 1 2 1
 
= n − 2
+ +
2n 12n 2 2n n3
1 1 W 1 a
 
= + + 2
2 24n n
 /Ø Ð×zT[ ‰ H/0~@D0N4I>/.B)CE7 J92N@ƒB12 CE4G27ÚCELGLM0N8=CA23BD0 e <=7/4,0N—=>b037 e 0Ñ<?gBIH?CE4
2 4ƒ:=L;J?BF<BDC e 2NJ9J/@D< CAL;2XBDC1<=7Mgr<=@ ai‰ ‘H/03@D03gr<=@D0‡BIH/0J/@D</<?gŠ<?g–E2 ”\CO‚=037P2K/<N‚=0)CA4
@D08?>9798/2N7?B a +<}‡0,‚=0N@ BIH=2XBiJ9@D</<?ng|H=24iBIH/0G28‚?2N7?BD2”30BIH=2XBCOBi‘ 2\‚=<?C18=4ª>94ICE79”2N7
x
24ƒ:=L;J?BF<BDC e 0 J92N7/4„CE<=7;˜ gr<=@ a†‰ H/0‡CA790—?>92N.CBDCE0N4g1@D<=L  2N@D0 KN: e <=LGJ92N@ƒ4„CE<=7
—=>/COBF04ICELGJ/.E0 27986BIH/0XCE@|J9@D</n<?gŽCA7 CE40X.103LM037?BD2N@z: a  ˜ ˜
˜
 œ)Q&'#*8
  aŸ a  ß <?>979” >/.103@,š 4ižœ<=7/4FBD2N7?B ÌbÄ/×IȎVXW5Ä=× DÆQÄ3Ô¢ÕSÄ £V×ƒ× V ¡Š<?. a [< a F
„XI>9790 N

 ˜ J9J a 

• a ˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ‘F˜
 VXI>/.ACA27;ª2X‚?CA. ÕSÄW;W5Ä -9@ƒCE7 e 0XBD<=7  7=CO‚ a -9@D0N4„4 -9@ƒCE7 e 0XBD<=7 [OX ••? J a 
a
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
   <=7/2N.E8 à/a UŠ@ƒ2H=2L <=7/23.18  a*\ 7=>=BIHi2798 W†@D0N7‡-?23Bƒ245H=7=C1 ŽT՜ÆD[„V× V.ÌbÄ/×IțÎ
VXW5Ä=× DÆ  c 8/8=CA4,<=79 ˜? Ï 0N4I.10,: ¢Ž<=4IBD<=7 Ÿ c gr<=@DLG>/.A2Z
a  ˜ 4FB‡0N8 a  N


J a / <=˜ @ 798;0N8 a  

˜ J a  9a ˜ ˜ ‘I˜ ‘F˜
˜ ‘I˜
 €¡|CBD< à 2LGJ9@D0\B ‰ H/0 ?>/.E0N@F\ŸR2 e .E23>/CE72N798 ‰ 2X:?.1<=@ ?<=@FL>/.E2N4 ‰ }+CA7 ?.E0NL;0N79
BD2N@z: 03@DC ‚?23BDCE<=˜ 7/4 ÌhÄ=×IÈV\W5Ä/× KÆ ZÌbÄNÖ%Ä  EÕV ‚=<?. a [i< a  c J9@ƒ˜ CA. ••
Ï
J9J a N•
? /a ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ‘F˜

   [ R"(8W&"9)V" !#'
= 1 -`H  F'L '7DM=*5"27,C $!#"2&  '$(*,+&- ').021 -?365
K B 2 9)6D .ED*(89UD8 'bT2+ ,-T ' GRT[0-:N 32@&N O 1 - D?- N 024N T >'\W?1> 1 PQ1
F  '\ '_DE=F (a1 06T 
 -   )5*J
"!#$&K_U;?Z"D8,(E=  J$^ B "Z'"DM-&N[ 024N[1&` " '**+ - 8N 0#4' <0%O&-?T N - 1>5<G$$&!&(
H4
J7K/ DM= ' DM0>+> N -?-&O PQ-,1 4N%+ PR'  - -,0F+&32S ' )+ T 02N 1>5 9E B 29  K
,.,.  ,(?'_T2+ ,-T ' !02N -&N[T 
   FO F'$ 1 Pb02N  O F'D8W5<2W*b= AM B V,'= 1 9 P % 0#_D?- N 024N T >'"N 0PRN -&O 1 PR'E$>'DM=*5
 8^7K/D'
A  S` PQP+ -&N[T Q  [FO&F'<GLN -T%0
L1& -&'*.,>'"DM=*5?1 -?QT @?
a0#>aE 0;
K*-?) [+ T N[ -`c"1 
aE N [ 
R3 PUa*+ T 1 T N[ - 1 E00# 02 ;
  0
-? T[/T @ 1 T 'c"@?0# N T @?U N O 1 PQPQ'1 2+ -3#T N[ -&'<,!- 
 ψ(x) = d Γ(x) ;<T @x-nb= 1 e
@&N a0# −
 *n - T @)1 #ψ(x)
 PUaET% T N[3< a1 - 4N[ -
ψ(n+1)

dx

ψ(x) = ln x −
1
−
1
+
K 
1


2x 12x2 x4
% 0
c"@ N 32@R@?$O>N[ )T @?)0#!%0#-34 http://functions.wolfram.com ;
HF1 -?,+ )34 -
4 3#T2+ 0#)T @,1&T8T @?$+ -34 N <T 02N 3#T  U, 3%0#1 4N - O,; (  1 -Q1 -,& -)>+>a,a /1
a0#
 *
*T @&N   ) 7)@1 06T N  0# 3 PQPb-?$T @?,{x  nS }[  ] ;
(*!%0#-?3 [ ] c"1 <O N - R1&T 1>N  [&;


#"
  D2 #"%$&'$ (*) + C =  # (%;N9 3a(%;a/ 8( > # I)*(%(86A$9 ;10 ; > = "%)) = ) 

.TY oTr_KWF]^_PRTKQ ƒHW%VNUTD`NT\qY7[ _ \U `1T*Y oTr_KWFTYt7Q\2W7VNWlYRVN\qDQ ƒ _
w#\VbYlT \^pKQo2TP5Q ƒ WF]^_PRTWnW7^#t%[mY7[_YHY7[2T W%1^ p„Q ƒ#Y7[2TVaSP _PRT_W5VNW 1 
OPRQSTY7[_YHY7[2T WT*Y S tR_ \soT X_ t  T UDVa\2W%VNUTY7[2TWF]^_PRT Q2
. $623N;$9 Cr#) 3A)*" P  < $2$ >zG ;A$6N8 ? 9 ;A@)*"(7;B31C > D8 ;1"8+ 8 >  4 > ? . 4
h [ VaWnPRTW%^2`bY5tl_\soTqT\TP_`jVj‚%TUr_W ƒ Q `j`1Q e W

= 89 2)& 8 3 8 9;A3A)k(*)3 S $ / ( * 8"%)K3N;a6)*(8 9I+ 8 9CK"7) = 3N8 9:6) > R> 3 I)9 R
 = =I;@)9 
0) + I5;A3  3N;a6)*(n/ "7$( S &v3A$k823 6)8(3 286a/ 3 I) 8 "7)8r$ / R (*$m6$92:L8(
3  )*"%)Z8"%)(  = ;)9 3H3N;a6)*(5;19 S (&s86a6i)*9 $ :2 3A$i3I;N9 3$ R 
 

Ób[„T/T œ a  0Œ4,H=23.A.3>9450!CE798?> e BDC1<=7+<=7BIH/0Œ7=>9LMK/0N@ <?gNBDC.1034œCA7 BIH=23B e 27i‹=BŽCA7?BF< a

n S R
=<=@ BIH/0ªBIH/0N<=@D0NL’CE4!BF@ƒ>b0 a
c 454I>9nLM= 01BIH=˜ 23B'BIH/0›BIH/0<=@D03L CE4 BF@D>b0 gr<=@ D .........................................................a C
a ?<=@ e 2N4,0 2N454I>9LM0
... ................................................................
... ...

B 1 ˜ H=22N4 ˜ . . .BD˜C.103k4M−BIH=12XB e 2N7 ‹/B;CA7?BFk< ˜ a à 0\B

.
. .
.
.
n
BIH=23=
. ...
..... ...
.... ...
...
...
S k R
...

BIH/0'‚=0N@ÐBDC e 0N4~<?g K90 2798d.10\B

.... ...
.... ...

˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
.
. ...
R A B C D
. ...
....
a ”X79<=@DCA79”GBIH/0MBDC.1034‡CA7 .... ....
. ...
b ....
. ...
AB = a ≤ b = AD
BIH=2XB)}+CA..79<B‹/B J/C e ÑBIH/0Ñ.A2@D”3034IB)BDCA.E0Ñ2N798
....
. ...
...
...

˜
.
. ...
S
.
.....
e
J/.A2 0CBœCA7?BF< 2XBŽ‚=0N@ÐBF0  a žŽ2N..BIH?CA4
..
0
C
.... ...
...
0 0 0 0 .............................................................................................................................. 00
.
D ..... ... C
.

}‡H/0N@D0 R A AB a C
[<} D
0 .ACE0N4–<=7 2N798+.E0XB ..... ...

279”\.E˜ 0 ˜
0
.
. .
. ...

e <=7/4IC18/0ND@†BIH/06@D0 e BƒAD AD = x a
. .
..... .....
... x
00 0 0 1BCA4
..
... ...
...
.... ....
0
...

.E2N@D”30ˆ0N79<?>b”3H€gr<=@ª2N7:R<?gŠBIH/0M@D03L;23CE7=CA79”R = BC C B ....
.... x ....
... a−x
......................................................................................................................
..
...

BDCA.E0N4!H=2X‚?CE79”4IC™„0.103454–BIH=27<=@Š0N—=>923.=BD< a‰ H?>94 k − 1 A B 0

B
KN:’BIH/0CE798?> e BDCO‚=0 24„4„>9LGJ=BDCE<=7 CB e 2x7#K90›‹/.A˜ .E08 }+CBIH BDCA.E0N4 g1@D<=L >9J’BD<
>97=CBƒ4)<?g!2@D032 aMc ”X2N˜ CA7 K/0 e 2N>9450ˆ<?g|BIH/0;CA798=> e BDC ‚=0M24„4„>9LGJ=BDSCE<=7 BIH/0
1
x(a − x) ˜ ˜
@D20 e Bƒ279”\.E0 e

00 2N7'K/0;BDC.10N8~>9J~BD< >97=CBƒ46<?gŒ2N@D0N2 24.1<=79”;2N4
D 0
DCC 1
a(b − x)
BIH/0N@D0G2N@D0G4I> e CE0N7?B@D03L;23CE7=CA79”)BDC.1034 a‡‰ H/032@D03gr<=@D0 24i.E<=79”624BIH/03@D0G2@D0G0N79<?>b”3H ˜
BDCA.E0N4+<?g|4IC™„06.103454BIH=27~<=@i0N—=>923.BD< CA7 BIH/0G7=˜ >9LMK/0N@ª<?gBDC.1034ª>94508Z4,<ˆg12N@CA4
a S ˜ a6‰ H?CE4
2 J=.A>94H=23.AgBIH/0@D0NLG2NCA7=CE79”62@D032M<?g 79<B>94,0N8P>9J~KN:
x 4„>9L#0  e 00N8/4H=2N.gœ<?gbBIH/02N@D0N2‡<?g ABCD a AB 0 C 0 D 0
ž2N4,0 <?g–BIH/06BIH/0<=@D03L CA4ABCD 79<}“J9@D<3‚=08 45<ˆBIH=2XBBIH/0BIH/0N<=@D0NL CA4iBF@D>b0;KN:
CE798?> e BDC1<=7 a k ˜

‰ H/0J/@D<=Jb<=4508J9@D</K?.103L“gr<?..1<}4Œ24†2 e <=@D<?..E2N@z: a
 X [  :J
$!#" 2K U;Z"D8,(E=  J$^ B "Z' D?- N 024N 1   " '_*+ - N 0#4'
<0%O&-?T N - 1>5?1 -?QT @?"a0#>aE 0;
Z8+ 02-F1>N O/1  La0#& RT @)Pb 0#$O&-?021>0#>+  T4;


#"

 D2 #"%$&'$ (*) + C =  # (%;N9 3a(%;a/ 8( > # I)*(%(86A$9 ;10 ; > = "%)) = ) 
, PRTq*^2`N_PIW7VNprX2`NT S = A A A . . . A VNWIVN\2WFt7PRVNoTU Va\Y7[2T ^\VbYIWFX[2TPRT
Σ
VN\ n  .T*Y O oTY7[2TLQPRnVNq*VN\kVN\1 n2  M3 n+1
∈ Σ  uk = OAk
−−→ _\U
v = OM 
−−→

RVa\UkY7[2Tpr8 _ VNpD^p S _`j^#TLQ ƒ n+1 |uk · v| 

P
k=1
. $623N;$9 CGD; J I$ > #$6N0 I$( - 9 ;B31C I$6j6A):) #> < ;N9 3)"JZ8 @)9 > -KD > ? . 4
€ c Wc2prpKT*YlPc  P uk = 0 _\U ui · uj = uk · ul e [2T\TSTP i 6= j _\U
n+1

k 6= l 'h
[ ^W  k=1

n+1 n+1

X X
0 = u1 · uk = ||u1 ||2 + (u1 · uk ) = 1 + nu1 · u2
k=1 k=2

T\t7T 
Q
ui · u j = −
1 Vaƒ i 6= j   VjY7[2Q ^Yn`NQWFWQ ƒHqT\TP_`jVjYc  e Tkps_*c _WFW7^pKT
n
BIH=23B rg <=@|4,<=L;0 }‡0H=2X‚=0
˜ m ∈ {1 ˜ . . . ˜ n} ˜
 
n+1 m n+1 m
!
X X X X
|uk · v| =  uk − uk  · v = 2 uk ·v
k=1 k=1 k=m+1 k=1
m
˜
X
≤ 2 uk
k=1

}+CBIHG0N—=>923.ACOB :6CAg2N798;<=7=. :Cg CE4ŒCA76BIH/0‡8?CE@D0 e BDC1<=7;<?g P

m a [<}
v uk
k=1

m 2 m
! m
!
m 1
X X X   
uk = uk · uk = m+2 −
k=1 k=1 k=1
2 n
m(n − m + 1)
= ˜
n
}‡H?C e R
H 2 e H?CE0,‚=0N462€LG2 NCEL>9L 2XB j
n+1 a
k 1Bgr<?.A.E<}4‡BIH=2XB+BIH/0€89034„CA@D08
m =
2
L;2 CALG>9L ‚?2N.>b0‡<?g n+1
P CE4
|uk · v|
k=1
s
 n√+ 1
 Cg CE4</8/8
n+1 ˜
 n+1 
n


2
n− 2
+1
2 = n
n √n + 2 Cg CE40,‚=037 a
n
 U [   R27,` $!#"2&  '(*,+&- '. 021 -34659* B %9I K
,.,.  ,(?'ET2+ ,-T '"!02N -&N[T 
   FO F'* 1 Pb02N  O F'"D*W51 -QT @"a0#>aE 0;


#"k

  D2 #"%$&'$ (*) + C =  # (%;N9 3a(%;a/ 8( > # I)*(%(86A$9 ;10 ; > = "%)) = ) 

[2T = = VN\2WFt7PRVNoTU VN\ _kYlT*YlP_[2TU2PRQ\ VNWZ_KtlVNPRtl`NTsQ ƒ pr_8VNpD^p P_U Va^W
VN\2WFt7PRVNoh TUDVN;1\k9( Y7[2;NT" Yl6T*) YlP_[2TU2PRQ\  t7Q\2W7V1U2TPVN\q TSTPcDX#QW%W%VNo`NTQPRVNT\ Y_YRVNQ\DVa\ 3 
RVa\UkY7[2TP_ UVj^WQ ƒY7[2T VN\2WFtlVNPRtl`NTQ ƒ _PRT q*^2`a_ PHYRTYlP_ [2T UPRQ\

?
I$(  )9 3 C < 86B3 I)"&89 $ ( > "R( 6j;19I)9:Cs98(%;2 > 9292( " = 0 > 4 (3 ";182 2

[2TZXPRQ2o `1Tp„Q ƒIUT*YlTPlpDVN\Va\q Y7[2TVN\2WFtlVNPRtl`NT e _W5WQ ` ST Uk_PR' Q ^\UmY7[2T T\UDQ ƒ

Y7[2T  h Y7[st7T\ YR^PcrVN\s_\s_ X2X2`jV1TU )jYlTt%[\V1tR_` 1 t7Q\ YRTY  _ W ƒ1_P5_W tl_\sPRTpsTpsoTP 
+ _c2oT_PRT_ UTP5tR_ \rW%^X2X2` cr_PRTƒ TPRT\tlT zh [2TLU2TW7VNPRTUrP_ UVj^WT ] ^_`aW

 e
√
2 3
e [2TPRT e UT\QYlTWZY7[2TKT U2qTr`1T\qY7[ Q ƒzY7[2TsPRT q*^2`a_ PYlT*YlP_[2TU2PRQ\  
QYRTDY7[_YVjƒ
%_ \Q ^W[_Wt7QPRPRT tRYR` c PRTpsTpsoTPRT U Y7[2TsP_ UVj^W VjYƒ Q `a`NQ e W Y7[_YY7[2TDVN\2WFtlVNPRtl`NTDVaW
VN\2WFt7PRVNoTUDVN\r_ ƒ1_ t7TQ ƒ#Y7[2TZYRTYlP_ [2T UPRQ\   
 Ù=V 3× zTÕ  T[ DÙN[,×IÈV\[f[IV \VÄN[Æ´È  H=2XB CA4fBIH/0 @ƒ28=C>94 ? < gPBIH/0 .E2N@D”30N4FB
8=CALM037/4„CE<=7/2N.NK=2N..\BIH=23B e 27iK90|CE7/4 e @DCEK90N8CA7i2Œ@D0N”\>/.E2N@Ž4ICELGJ/.E0 <?g 8?CEL;0N7/4IC1<=7/23.
k
45J/2 e 0 2N798 Î n
˜ n≥4 1≤k ≤n−1


#"

 > G *- $
  #"7a$.&'#$ . ()+ C>zG "l"8C .>  2 618s0 ;19 > ? 9 ;A@)*"(7;B31C $ / 4 62)"3N8 >
f+ $9 3A$9 4 89 +  8(3 "RC 8 9: 86A$"7) 9I+ ;182
 ^XXQWTmY7[_Y A  B  _ \U C _ PRTLY7[2TD_\q*`1TW Q ƒ 4ABC _ \UsY7[_Y ω VaW VjYW
{ PRT`a`NT  € PRQ2tl_PRU _\q*`1T  OPRQSTmY7[_Y A + ω = π VjƒH_\U Q\` c Vjƒ tan C  tan A 
tan B
_PRT Va\sqT QpsTYlPV1t XPRQ2qPRTWFW7V1Q\DVa\kY7[_Y5Q2PRU2TP 
. $623N;$9 C 8@;A+ D $2)/1/a6A)*" > (3 +)9 3 > # ";N9;A3 C I$6j6A):) > 282 ";+:) > ?  
[2T {IPRT`j`1T  PRQ2tR_ PRU!_ \q*`NTvWF_YRVNW7wITW
 QpsT h T X`N_\2_YRVNQ€ \VaWiq*VbST\Z_YY7[2T T\U    VNcot \tlT ωY7[2T =q*VbScot
T\ t7APVjYR+
TPV1cot B + cot C 
Q\ A+ω
VNWnT]^2V S _`NT\ YHYlQ cot ω = tan A  e TL[_*ST = π/2

tan A = cot A + cot B + cot C 

) 1
€ ^Y e T  \Q e Y7[_Y  ƒ QP _\q*`1TW A  B  C WF_YRVNW7ƒjcVa\q A + B + C = π  e T[_ST
= 1
tan A tan B tan C
tan A + tan B + tan C
.TYH^W Y7[2TPRTƒ QPRT pr^2`bYRVNX`bcLY7[2TZPRVNq[Y W7V1U2T Q ƒ T ] ^_YRVNQ\)  1zocmY7[ VaWn] ^_ \ YRVbYAc 
^P
q*VbST\KT]^_YRV1Q\ A + ω = π/2 [2Q `NU2W5VaƒI_ \s U Q\` ckVaƒ

tan A =
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A
tan A + tan B + tan C

e [ V1t%[r[_ X2X#T\2W VaƒI_ \UsQ\` cDVjƒ
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A
= tan A(tan A + tan B + tan C) 
_ \UkY7[ VaWnQ2t7tl^PW Vjƒ _\UsQ\`bckVjƒ
tan B tan C = tan2 A 
hXPR[ Q2VaW qPR`NT_WFW7W7YZV1QT\ ]^__W YRV1PRQT \ ] ^2NV WNV PRT T] U ^2VbS _`1T\ Y YlQ tan C  tan A  tan B
o2TVa\qDVa\ qTQpKT*YlPRVNt
 
 T = <E.N=78"9;,#><W";"$7%83(V;*$%/F JD) *cU&2 ,560378"!9:7(5=<U#?3% ?@ ';. B.< 03< %
) *G7 <D"$<E?[F;7835 ,5@ =4  7 H%!";IJ>/K* % '
L)
M *2.N<W^ .0A#<T4 '
% M >(VJDMA'$(V;X d/JE* ';X );XTB. -I;-%
+
L8 M *$4% ?:% 01'32Gb"$#$N=78 +UA5?01'% 0/JE
V M **;I  \a*;) UMTV 4 \C% <*;*(J-V$cD_ %BV X JDM )2 5=7R17(5
+(03< .$Z %:H
4 )IJ>  %.;J> );X M )2 R].@ "R 3?S5=7 .8Z 5 (%@ A98M I]/)L8MTU% < %!0:'-2#?'$N<D? '$78< <E
%A)$g,) 
>) _ M %(+-)L) *2O +O8' 787;5=/%/H
)
TXW( \a\]- %Xd=5= XdJD )*/E24 "$<1HNP?!0/%^ _`. \a\BV 4 *$MTX 6. -I;-%
bM */XTJ,N!)$ *$%3F;"%,4 01'32S#<>#0]H$R?S5A,0/%393V$cDd;) J>X %33 \a)*;M )
2/) *aXd,LJ>
L: JDO
 ! @    
     ) 
%T[-b3[1  [ 74N PUa UT @      81 0#T @?"a1 N 0"
aE N -?T 
,-? T[ Q Ω 1 - Ω0 T @,1&T? N["N - 4N[,$1RT 02N 1 - >O [ ABC 1 -?7#1 T N  
∠ΩAB = ∠ΩBC = ∠ΩCA 
1 - ∠Ω0 BA = ∠Ω0 AC = ∠Ω0 CB 
K8-71 4N  #@?&c")T @ 1 T8T @"aE N -T 
1 0#7+ - N + F'*T @ 1 T8, T @bT 02N a )
M1 - O>[
@,1& 7T @?)#1 PbLPb1 Y
>+ 0# '<1 -T @,1&T #1&T N  M ;Q 3,+>a
 <  02/>+a,a N 
a0#
 ω4' %,+ 0)1a,aE1ω CT[`0#!%0cot #-?3ω =( N cot
T[ A,F+[&c cot
')B
1 -C
+T @ ` CT @?02L1 3346aET[ T @a0#>aE06T N[L1 
cot
34 PQPb -QS-?&c
  O &;"GRT @,1 -,S`1&T 1>N  [F'&H61 -,+ 4' H + 02N 3%'1 -7^>@, + % 0>+a,a >N -&O0#!%0#-34 ;
K"+ 0 %1 T2+ 0#   [+ T N[ -Ia0#&FN[,- @&N -T 1&Tc"@ T @0C1 -, T 02N 1 -&O   N TT @ 1 T`#1 T N  
A + ω = π/2
;H + 02N 3*N -?3[%+&, 71 -b a N 3%N T* 1 PUa[Lc
N[T @Q@&N < %+&T N  -H
√ √
q
a = 2 b = 2 c = 2+ 8
K8-X34 PUa*+&T% @0#XT @,1&T tan A =
q √ ' √ q √ '
1 + 8 tan B = ( 2 − 1) 1 + 8
1 -?
√ q √ ;$! 1 - FcL0"T @+&T N  -b
* N T%-34"N -RO&-?021> '>+&T N T+&T%
tan C = ( 2 + 1) 1+ 8
tan A + tan B
tan C = − tan(A + B) =
tan A tan B − 1
c"@&N[3%@7N 81L4N PUa )34 - + -34L
A + B + C = π) N -T%7,+ 0<3202N T%02N  - tan2 A = tan B tan C
(T%bO T"1 + 1 021&T N 3U+ 1&T N  - % 0 tan B N -_T%0PQQ
tan A ; K*-?N,-?U14N - O>[Q %+&T N  -_c"@?-
'81Ua1>N 0L
8 [+ T N[ - c"@- '81 -?`-Q %+&T N  -#% 0/ T @?0
A 1>%=
+&RB
 =A C ;C -]=  π/3
T @?0/cL 0#4'<N
cL T 1 S B ≤ Cπ/3 ')T @-<]T A@0<
#7N π/2
/1C+ -&N+& T 02N 1 - O>[ ABC T @,1&T
#1 T N  ?/T @LO N -3202N T%02N  -bc"@?-T @/Pb1 >+ 0#U
A  N 
N -T @LN -T%0#F1  π/3 ≤ A < π/2'*1 -?
-?RT 02N 1 -&O   T @0#c
N &;
œ)Q&'#*8
  a cia X5</H=7/4,<=7 Ø9U=Ä՜ÆIVNØ bÙÆÐÔ  Ø9V=ÄեՖVTWPV×r[vÊ <3‚=0N@ J/2”30
‰ H=L a 9 a
˜ ˜?Ï ˜ ˜
  aÌ9a ŸÑCOBF@DCA79<N‚?C e É 0XBb2N. a ؖV%ÆIV\Õœ× Ø9U=Ä՜ÆIV  1եՖVNTWPV×r[KÆ zՎVŽÙ%Ä3Ô Ð× zV  \ .A? > }‡03@
cŒ Ï e 28903LGC e -/>bK=.CE45H/0N@ƒ4 ˜ N

J/J a N
ACBD0NL» 2N798 
• a ˜
˜ ˜ ‘r‘
  <=LGCA7=C1ª-?23.ELG27 2@ÐBDC e .E0|CA7€ÌbÄ/×zVXW5Ä=×  Ć
 X2”X@D0K „XI>/.  :  Ì 0NJ?BF03LMK/0N@ N


J Ï a N
a ˜ ‘I˜ ˜ ‘

 €¡ a ¡ a -9@ƒ245<?.1<3‚
˜

2ÄÊ TÕ;S)ÙWZY/V\[OÄNÕØ  EÖ/Ù[IV  c Ÿ Ì N


žH=2J?BF03@
a
˜ ˜ ˜

   "!$#%'&)( *"+,#

-/.
02143 5607198;:<520=.?>25@A3 5B198;:

CD E FG HICJLK
HME FN OIP QIK
R DSTMFUKN HVWK
JLK
HME FN OYX[Z\HN TUK^] _ QI_ `baSced K
H

fhgLi'j 3 5607198;:<520=.?>6k gLi :

lGN\m D E m noC\D E FUG MH OIP QIK
R DSTMFUKN HMOpVqrG m\DSYFKYN\HOYXs] K
R G t Gu D `
SYNvwK
R xyl HKbD\KYHE WT z|{}_ Zs_ ~7S
OpzKu u
CD E FG H
O KYJ€KYHE FE P IQ K
R DSTMFUKN HVWK
JLK
HME FEMX?{}_ 6_ `
Sbm\DOY‚ƒQI_ C„_ GGDHGbc^‚ƒZ\HN UT K ]\_ QI_`ba SYc}dKYH

3 5607198;:<520=.?>25@†3 5+B‡198;:
lGN\m D E m o n C\D E FUG HMOIP QKbR DSbTFKYN\HOpVq G m DSFUKN HMOYXsˆ SYFHE TWz`YN HH‰dLxQƒSv EŠwSz
E u
C\D E UF G MH OK
JLK
HME FEƒP^QKbR DSbTFKYN\HOpVWKYJ€KYHE FE‰X[ˆ aE u E t|‹WG m\n ‚
‹WKYŒ=eE nYaS
JŽ‚
‹
_ ˆ?_{sHG OWOWJLS
m„‚
[m DHK?a Sbm\n ‚\‘}SbGzbEƒ`
SFUGƒ‚ dHMN O)’OUE S