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Earthquake - Layers of The Earth

The document discusses earthquakes and faults, including how they occur due to movement along fault lines within the earth's crust. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter and types of faults. It also explains plate tectonics theory and outlines objectives like understanding seismic waves and their effect on tectonic plates.

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dczarinasantos
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13 views36 pages

Earthquake - Layers of The Earth

The document discusses earthquakes and faults, including how they occur due to movement along fault lines within the earth's crust. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter and types of faults. It also explains plate tectonics theory and outlines objectives like understanding seismic waves and their effect on tectonic plates.

Uploaded by

dczarinasantos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Earthquakes

and
Faults
Introduction
This week’s lesson deals with earthquakes and faults. In Period 1,
terms related to earthquakes and faults, finding the nearest faults in
relation to one’s location, how movements along faults generate
earthquakes, and how earthquakes cause tsunamis will be discussed.
In Period 2, more terms related to earthquakes, how seismic waves
are used to study earth’s interior, and safety precautions before,
during, and after an earthquake will be the focus.
Essential Questions
How does an earthquake happen?
Objectives

Distinguish the Identify the different Understand the


types of fault lines different types of
layers of the and how they seismic waves and
earth generate earthquakes how they affect the
tectonic plates

1 2 3
Previously

What did you learn from the


activity from the previous
session?
Crust
● The outermost layer of the
earth
● Mostly made of basalt
● 6 kilometers (oceanic crust) to
45 kilometers (continental
crust) thick
Crust
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
● The boundary between the crust
and the mantle
● 700 km thick
Mantle
● Takes 84% of the earth's volume
● Rich in peridotite (igneous rock)
● Gutenberg Discontinuity
○ the boundary between the
lower mantle and the upper
core
Core

● The central part of the earth


● Rich in sulfur and iron
Core
● outer core
○ the only liquid layer of the
earth
○ 2,550 km thick
○ believed to be responsible
for the magnetic field of
the earth
Core
● inner core
○ solid part of the core
○ 1,220 km thick
○ Lehmann discontinuity -
boundary between inner
and outer core
Plate Tectonics Theory

The earth is divided into several plates that move or slide over the mantle
● Most tectonic activity takes
place at plate boundaries,
where they may collide, tear
apart, or slide against each
other.
● The movement of tectonic
plates is made possible by
thermal energy (heat) from the
mantle part of the lithosphere.
#QOTD
Fault
● A fault is a fracture or crack found
between two blocks of rock on
Earth’s crust along which
movement occurs.
● Typically form at the boundaries
between Earth's tectonic plates.
Activity: The Fault is Mine
● Form three groups
● Each group will be assigned to a type of fault that
they will pantomime (refer to Unit II Chapter 7
Lesson 2):
○ Normal fault
○ Reverse fault
○ Strike-slip fault

Guide Questions
1. What are the defining features of this fault?
2. How does this fault move? Demonstrate this
movement with your groupmates.
Movements along faults and the release of this pressure generate
earthquakes. The faults involve the movement of the hanging wall
and the footwall.
Parts of a Fault
1. Fault plane - where the
action is; a flat surface that
may be vertical or sloping
2. Fault trace - the line the
fault plane makes on the
Earth's surface
3. Hanging wall - the block
usually found above the
fault plane
4. Footwall - usually found
under the fault plane
Active and Inactive Faults
Faults may be active or inactive.
● Active faults - those that move one or more times in
the last 10,000 years.
● Inactive faults - those that did not move or have been
inactive for millions of years.
Normal Fault
● The hanging wall
moves down
relative to the
footwall.
● The forces in
normal faults are
pulling apart.
Reverse Fault
● The hanging wall
moves up relative
to the footwall.
● The forces create
reverse faults are
compressional or
pushing toward
each other.
Strike-Slip Fault
● The motion of the
blocks is horizontal
or sideways.
● It is also known as
a transcurrent
fault.
#QOTD
What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is a
sudden and violent
shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of
movements within the
earth's crust or volcanic
action.
An earthquake occurs because energy from rocks in
Earth’s crust is released, not because the rocks are
shaking as they are pushed or pulled.
focus - the immediate
area where the
vibration takes place.

epicenter - the surface


above the focus
#QOTD
Quick Check
Identify the term/concept shown in each picture.
1. The outermost layer of the earth which can be 6 crust
to 45 km thick
2. The layer of the earth that takes up 84% of its mantle
volume
3. The boundary between the lower mantle and the Gutenberg
outer core discontinuity
4. A fault where the motion of the plates is strike-slip fault
sideways.
Essential Questions

How does an earthquake happen?


Essential Questions
What can we do about the destruction
that earthquakes can cause?
Assignment
● Research on the following:
○ the difference of the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.
○ the PHIVOLCS
○ the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
References
● Gerona, Z. et.al. Science and Technology 8 2nd Ed. Quezon City, Philippines:
Abiva Publishing House, Inc., 2020.
● Nariz, M. et.al. Science for Innovative Minds 8. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa
Learning Systems Inc., 2021.

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