United Nations A/77/313

General Assembly Distr.: General

25 August 2022

Original: English

Seventy-seventh session
Item 59 of the provisional agenda*
Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, questions relating to refugees, returnees and
displaced persons and humanitarian questions

Assistance to refugees, returnees and displaced persons

in Africa
Report of the Secretary-General **

Summary
The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/144
on assistance to refugees, returnees and displaced persons in Africa. It updates the
information contained in the report of the Secretary-General submitted to the
Assembly at its seventy-sixth session (A/76/290) and covers the period from 1 July
2021 to 30 June 2022. The report was coordinated by the Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees and includes information provided by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Labour
Organization, the International Organization for Migration, the Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS,
the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Development Programme,
the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
(UN-Women), the United Nations Population Fund, the World Food Programme and
the World Health Organization.

* A/77/150.
** The present report was submitted for processing after the deadline for technical reasons beyond
the control of the submitting office.
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I. Introduction
1. Forced displacement remained a formidable challenge for the continent during
the reporting period. Some 38.3 million forcibly displaced persons were in need of
protection and assistance in sub-Saharan Africa at the end of 2021. They included
some 25 million internally displaced persons, 7 million refugees, 4.2 million
returnees, 1 million stateless persons and 542,000 asylum-seekers. New
displacements occurred in the subregions of West and Central Africa, East Africa and
the Horn of Africa, and Southern Africa.
2. Across the continent, the protection and humanitarian landscape was
characterized by volatility and insecurity. Indiscriminate attacks by terrorist and
non-State armed groups, intra- and intercommunal conflicts, socioeconomic fragility,
sociopolitical tensions and gross violations of human rights were reported in all
regions. In some instances, counter-terrorist measures had adverse effects on the
displaced and local populations alike. The coronavirus disease (COVID -19)
pandemic, climate change and rising global energy and food prices exacerbated the
complexity and severity of these factors. New displacement outpaced solutions for
internally displaced persons and refugees, while factors such as unconstitutional
changes of government, tensions along borders, fragile peace processes, uneasy and
complex political transitions and post-crisis challenges impeded progress towards
durable solutions to displacement. Consequently, protracted displacement and new
complex humanitarian emergencies hampered development gains on the continent.

II. New and complex emergencies

3. In the East Africa, Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region, conflict, violence and
the adverse effects of climate change continued to force people to flee their homes in
2021, including around 9.6 million internally displaced persons and 4.7 million
refugees and asylum-seekers. In addition, the crisis in Ethiopia drove millions from
their homes, causing a further spike in the number of people displaced in a region
which has also seen millions displaced in Somalia, South Sudan and the Sudan in
recent years. In Uganda, the influx of Congolese refugees in the south-western Kisoro
district required an enhanced emergency response. The security situation in the east
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo deteriorated further in June 2022, causing
further internal displacement as well as forcing thousands of civilians to seek refuge
in Uganda and accounting for an increase in new arrivals to the countries of asylum
in Southern Africa.
4. In West and Central Africa, violent intercommunal clashes in the Far North
Region of Cameroon in August and then in December 2021 displaced some 28,000
people within the country and forced an estimated 44,000 people into Chad. When
the clashes erupted again in December 2021, most of the internally displaced persons
and refugees had just returned.
5. In Mozambique, the conflict spread to previously safe provinces, with internal
displacement increasing in Cabo Delgado Province. Climate change and natural
disasters multiplied the risks for displaced communities. In Mozambique,
humanitarian capacity was scaled up to respond to the dire situation caused by
Tropical Storm Ana, Tropical Depression Dumako and Cyclone Gombe, which
affected a total of 936,000 people between January and March 2022. In Angola and
Mozambique, climate change and disasters prompted cross-border movements to
Namibia and Malawi, respectively.

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III. Conflict, insecurity and deficit in governance

6. Terrorism and violent extremism in the Sahel region spread to coastal countries,
including Benin, Côte d’Ivoire and Togo, while unconstitutional changes of
government and sociopolitical instability surfaced, especially in West Africa, East
Africa and the Horn of Africa. This impeded sustainable solutions and constrained
protection space and humanitarian access to affected populations.
7. In some countries, such as Mali, villages were besieged by non-State armed
groups that blocked access to beleaguered villagers and prevented the provision of
humanitarian assistance. Humanitarian actors collaborated with the United Nations
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali and with the transitional
authorities to deliver humanitarian assistance to beleaguered villages. In other
contexts, innovative access strategies were employed by the United Nations and
partners to reach populations in need. These included community -based
organizations, remote monitoring and reinforced civil-military collaboration.
8. In the central Sahel, regular attacks against villages and civilians by armed
groups forced thousands to flee. In June 2022, in Sitenga, in the Sahel region of
Burkina Faso, non-State armed groups massacred 86 villagers and displaced over
26,000 people. In other situations, counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency military
operations carried out by State authorities affected civilians, leading to human rights
violations, the loss of life and the destruction of refugee shelters and livelihoods.
9. At times, government authorities limited the movement of forcibly displaced
persons and implemented policies that compelled them to relocate to areas deemed
safer or simply returned them to their places of origin without security guarantees. In
response, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) and partners advocated for access to international protection, respect for
the principle of non-refoulement and the non-profiling of returnees, while assisting
Governments in integrating the affected refugees. In situations of co nflict-induced
internal displacement in the Horn of Africa, the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), in collaboration with the national
protection clusters and other partners, strived to reach out to displaced population s to
monitor their situation.
10. In some locations, government or local authorities prevented humanitarian aid
from reaching conflict-affected areas, depriving forcibly displaced persons and local
communities in need of assistance for an extended period. There were instances where
humanitarian workers were declared personae non gratae and expelled from the
country. However, in most situations, the United Nations was able to negotiate and
eventually receive authorization to deliver humanitarian assistance a nd protection.
11. Insecurity caused by non-State armed groups, especially in operations where
return convoys had to travel through insecure areas, was another impediment to the
voluntary return of internally displaced persons. As a result, in some instan ces,
government forces supported humanitarian organizations in ensuring the physical
protection of the convoys. Moreover, in the Central African Republic, the United
Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African
Republic helped with such endeavours.

IV. Climate change and weather-related disasters

12. Across the Sahel, competition over resources, weak governance, and ethnic and
religious tensions were often exploited to foment conflict. Competition over scarce
resources, amplified by desertification, swiftly rising temperatures and dropping

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water levels in the Lake Chad region, provided fertile ground for conflict in
Cameroon, leading to the displacement of approximately 44,000 people to Chad.
Tensions over water scarcity induced by climate change involving farmers and cattle
herders were rife in West and Central Africa, including in the Far North Region of
Cameroon and in the Benue State of Nigeria, where the number of internally displaced
persons reached 1.5 million in 2021.
13. In East Africa, drought caused massive displacement. As at May 2022, over
286,000 people were displaced owing to drought within Ethiopia; this also had an
impact on people who were already internally displaced. Some cross-border
movements from the drought-affected regions of Ethiopia and Somalia into Kenya
were reported. Similarly, displacement in South Sudan in the first half of 2022 was
due largely to climate change. In Burundi, over 90 per cent of 84,800 internally
displaced persons were displaced by natural disasters, according to the International
Organization for Migration (IOM).
14. In the south-western Indian Ocean, cyclones brought heavy rainfall to Southern
Africa. This affected hundreds of thousands of people, causing deaths, injury and the
destruction of infrastructure in Botswana, Eswatini, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sou th
Africa and Zimbabwe. In South Sudan, 33 out of 79 counties were badly affected by
floodwaters, especially in Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile States. In the Sudan, an
estimated 9,300 people suffered from heavy rains and flooding in Kassala, South
Darfur, South Kordofan and White Nile States.

V. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

15. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures, including border
closures, restricted the movement of asylum-seekers, rendering access to asylum
difficult in some areas. Despite interventions by UNHCR, incidents of refoulement
occurred in some asylum countries. In others, asylum-seekers were stuck in reception
centres owing to quarantine measures or because they were not registered at all.
16. By late 2021, most countries on the continent had either reopened their borders
to asylum-seekers or implemented measures whereby asylum-seekers could enter
under specific or exceptional procedures. For example, in Uganda, despite border
closures due to COVID-19, asylum-seekers continued to be welcomed, including
11,000 people fleeing an upsurge of fighting in the eastern Democratic Republic of
the Congo in November 2021. Arrivals of asylum-seekers increased by some 25 per
cent in East Africa, owing largely to the partial reopening of borders and in part to
the conflict in northern Ethiopia.
17. The devastating socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic also meant
that previously self-sufficient refugees and asylum-seekers were forced to rely on
humanitarian assistance for survival. In some countries, forcibly displaced persons
were included in national COVID-19 plans, although vaccine coverage remained low.
Through COVAX, the vaccines pillar of the Access to COVID -19 Tools (ACT)
Accelerator, the World Health Organization delivered COVID-19 supplies and
equipment worth over $30 million to 28 countries experiencing humanitarian
emergencies in sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, UNHCR undertook COVID-19
preventive measures by equipping health isolation and quarantine centres, providing
essential medicines, facilitating training for health workers and supporting vaccine
delivery efforts. The COVID-19 pandemic and consequent reductions in services
affected the registration of newly arrived asylum-seekers, the processing of pending
asylum applications and the renewal of documentation.

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VI. Protection of refugees, internally displaced persons, stateless

persons and returnees
A. Refugees

18. In the East Africa, Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region, the births of more
than 440,000 refugees and asylum-seekers were registered, and more than 65,000
were issued identity documents. In-person registration and identity management
activities carried out by UNHCR and its United Nations and government partners
improved COVID-19 prevention and containment measures. Ensuring access to civil
registration and identity documentation remained a priority.
19. All States in Southern Africa were engaged in the registration and
documentation of refugees and asylum-seekers on their territories, except the
Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. UNHCR and the Governments
involved agreed to implement innovative online modalities to process asylum
applications and to undertake refugee status determination adjudication. Some
services, such as documentation, were also managed remotely.
20. The reporting period also witnessed efforts towards the externalization of
asylum and protection obligations, including through plans to transfer asylum -seekers
to African countries. These externalization measures designed to deter the arrival of
people in need of international protection are contrary to core obligations and
standards of international refugee law. They disregard the principles of solidarity and
burden- and responsibility-sharing that lie at the heart of the 1951 Convention relating
to the Status of Refugees and undermine the commitments under the global compact
on refugees. Externalization measures could render international protection
increasingly inaccessible to asylum-seekers and place further burdens on African
countries, many of which are hosting large numbers of asylum -seekers and refugees.
21. Sustained positive developments in the area of asylum included pledges made
by African States under the global compact on refugees to strengthen asy lum systems
on the continent. Through the Asylum Capacity Support Group, Denmark, the
Netherlands and the European Union Agency for Asylum maintained their support for
projects and initiatives in Eswatini, Kenya and the Niger, which were aimed at
developing the capacities of asylum systems in these countries.
22. The Regional Protection and Solutions Dialogue for the East and Horn of Africa,
convened by UNHCR, the East African Community and the Intergovernmental
Authority on Development (IGAD) in December 2021, facilitated the exchange of
good practices on refugee management and the operationalization of solutions.
23. In Southern Africa, UNHCR and the Southern African Development
Community agreed to pursue the implementation of a five -year joint action plan for
2020–2024 and to operationalize the pledges made at the Global Refugee Forum. The
plan includes measures to foster the socioeconomic inclusion of refugees, improve
asylum capacity and bolster opportunities for livelihoods and education.
24. In June 2022, Senegal adopted legislation on the protection of stateless persons.
Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Mali were working on bills
for the protection of stateless persons and statelessness determination procedures.
Furthermore, Kenya adopted a new Refugee Act in February 2022 that includes
significant positive changes in policy on refugee economic inclusion, refugee
integration and refugee status determination.

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B. Internally displaced persons

25. Africa finds itself in an unprecedented internal displacement situation, and yet
one resulting from conditions and events that have, for the most part, been as
predictable as they are preventable. At the end of 2021, sub-Saharan Africa accounted
for more than 80 per cent of all internal displacements triggered by conflict and
violence worldwide. 1 This was in addition to displacements triggered by climate -
related hazards, as was the case in several parts of the continent. However, the links
between climate factors, food insecurity and conflict have become more prominent.
26. Active and escalating conflicts in several countries presented challenges for the
United Nations and partners to engage in situations of internal displacement during
the reporting period. Human rights monitoring was sometimes conducted remotely by
OHCHR, jointly with local partner non-governmental organizations, to enhance
communal cohesion and to raise awareness of the challenges faced by internally
displaced persons and host communities, including in the North-West and South-West
Regions of Cameroon. In Somalia and the Sudan, for example, OHCHR documented
cases of sexual and gender-based violence against internally displaced women. In
many cases, notably in Somalia, the fragile security situation in camps and settlements
for internally displaced persons meant limited prevention and response interventions,
including access to justice for the survivors. In collaboration with other partners, the
protection cluster coordinated prevention and response activities, in support of
national authorities. These activities included efforts to prevent gender-based
violence and sexual exploitation and abuse, bolster child protection, enhance data
collection and analysis and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable persons.
27. Resolving internal displacement requires multifaceted, multi-stakeholder
interventions. In response to the report of the High-level Panel on Internal
Displacement, the Secretary-General released his Action Agenda on Internal
Displacement in June 2022. The latter is based on three overarching goals: to help
internally displaced persons to find durable solutions; to better prevent new
displacement crises from emerging; and to ensure that countries facing displacement
receive effective protection and assistance. The adoption of the Malabo Declaration
following the African Union Extraordinary Humanitarian Summit and Pledging
Conference, held in Malabo in May 2022, signals political will and commitment to
address the root causes of displacement and pursue du rable solutions on the African
continent. Among other issues, African States resolved to take measures to resolve
current conflicts, address climate change and disasters, tackle food insecurity and
prioritize post-conflict reconstruction and development for refugees and displaced
persons.
28. Ratification of the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance
of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) was ongoing,
following a legal mapping exercise and progression towards its incorporation into
national laws and policies. Furthermore, progress towards the incorporation of the
Kampala Convention into national law was noted in several countries, with the
adoption of road maps and bills aimed at completing this process and addres sing the
remaining gaps in national legislation, in particular for the protection of internally
displaced persons in the context of armed conflict.

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1
See www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2022.

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C. Returnees

29. UNHCR, in collaboration with Governments and other partners, provided

protection and reintegration assistance to some 356,000 refugee returnees and 3.8
million internally displaced returnees. Returnees were mostly in the regions of East
Africa and the Horn of Africa (2.4 million), Southern Africa (1 million) and West and
Central Africa (747,000).
30. In East Africa and the Horn of Africa, UNHCR continued to provide assistance
to refugee and internally displaced returnees. In Somalia, many of the refugee and
internally displaced returnees were affected by persistent insecurity and the adverse
effects of climate change. A state of emergency was declared in November 2021
owing to severe drought, which affected some 80 per cent of the country.
Collaboration with ministries of education continued to drive forward the inclusion
agenda, with notable progress in the inclusion of refugees and returnees in national
education sector plans.
31. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 700 of the 1,000 returnees were
internally displaced. In October 2021, UNHCR and provincial authorities in Kasai
Province signed letters of understanding to facilitate the delivery of 3,500 birth
certificates for internally displaced children, returnees and children in the host
community in the localities of Tshikapa, Monkamba, Kapinga Nkundi and
Shamusanda.
32. In West and Central Africa, post-return monitoring and community-level
engagement were carried out to support the sustainable reintegration of returnees. In
addition to refugees, over 53,000 internally displaced persons returned to their places
of origin in Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Nigeria.

D. Mixed movements

33. Mixed movements across regions and from the continent to Europe increased,
with serious risks associated with trafficking in persons, serious violations of human
rights and forced return to situations of danger. Women and children were among the
most vulnerable and were more likely to face abuse, exploitation and violence.
34. Onward movements of refugees to northern Africa, across the Mediterranean
and towards Southern Africa, as well as the Arab peninsula, were influenced by a
variety of factors including the lack of effective protection in first countries of
asylum. Using long-standing migration corridors, displaced persons from the central
Sahel moved onward across borders to seek both protection and economic
opportunities.
35. UNHCR, IOM and partners strengthened community-based identification and
referral mechanisms along key routes, although it was clear that much more needed
to be done by States to address the situation. In Burkina Faso alone, 6,000 persons
involved in mixed movements were identified and over 1,300 were referred to
protection services between June and December 2021. Some 32,400 refugees and
migrants en route to Europe were disembarked in Libya following rescue at sea or
interception, more than double the number in 2020. Many of the people brought back
to Libya were arbitrarily held in detention centres or suffered other human rights
violations, including at the hands of traffickers. IOM identified seven routes in
Southern Africa alone.
36. UNHCR worked with Governments, civil society and refugee commun ities to
raise awareness of the risks associated with dangerous journeys by land and sea, to
enhance responses to protection needs in cities, towns and municipalities, at borders

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to strengthen search, rescue and disembarkation in the region, and to identif y and
assist those in need of international protection. During the reporting period, over
2,900 refugees and migrants died at sea en route from North Africa to Europe, and
113 in the Indian Ocean. UNHCR and IOM agreed to develop a regional response
plan on mixed movements and to establish a joint coordination mechanism in
Southern Africa. Furthermore, OHCHR and the International Labour Organization
(ILO) co-led the organization and facilitation of the first 2021 multi-stakeholder
consultation on the implementation in Africa of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly
and Regular Migration on 29 June 2021.

E. Stateless persons

37. Since its launch in 2014, the UNHCR Global Action Plan to End Statelessness
2014–2024 has made significant headway in resolving the plight of the world’s
stateless persons, including on the African continent. Through the Inter-Parliamentary
Union, efforts were made to raise awareness among parliamentarians in Burundi,
Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda on the importance of accession to t he statelessness
conventions and the reform of domestic law in compliance with relevant norms and
standards.
38. In 2021, several countries in East, West and Central Africa made progress on
pledges relating to eradicating statelessness. For example, Rwand a published a new
nationality law facilitating naturalization for stateless persons, and all refugees born
in Rwanda were registered and issued birth certificates. In Kenya, the Government
recognized 50 people of Indian descent, and a petition to recognize people of Pemba
descent is under consideration.
39. In the region of West Africa, Togo acceded to the 1954 Convention relating to the
Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
on 14 July 2021. In April 2022, Senegal adopted groundbreaking legislation establishing
a protection regime for stateless persons in the country, modelling Côte d’Ivoire, which
first established such a regime in September 2020. The President of Senegal signed
naturalization decrees, granting nationality to 51 refugees from Mauritania, who had
been in the country for a protracted period of time. In Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Mali, where bills for the protection of stateless persons were
developed with technical support from UNHCR, efforts were under way to finalize and
adopt the legislation. Similarly, a draft model law on the protection of stateless persons,
statelessness determination procedures and solutions for stateless persons has been
developed in collaboration with the Economic Community of West African States and
the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa. The draft model law is
pending contributions from civil society organizations and stateless persons, to be
finalized and adopted by both regional organizations in accordance with their internal
procedures. When adopted, it will serve as a guide and reference to Governments
working to introduce statelessness determination procedures in their legal apparatus,
while promoting some level of harmonization at the regional level.
40. In Southern Africa, the Governments of Namibia, South Africa and Zambia
started to collect quantitative data on statelessness by including related questions in
population censuses. In the Congo, following a national popula tion census that had
identified 20,000 undocumented people among the indigenous populations, the
Ministry of Justice, supported by UNHCR, conducted a birth registration exercise in
the third quarter of 2021, reaching indigenous populations and other Congol ese. As a
result, 5,000 indigenous people received birth certificates. Children in these
communities can now attend school, while adults can apply for national identity cards.

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F. Efforts to prevent and address gender-based violence

41. Gender-based violence in the region remained of great concern. The joint
investigation report of OHCHR and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
documented conflict-related sexual violence, including the widespread use of rape as
a tactic of war in regions such as Afar, Amhara and Tigray in Ethiopia. In South
Sudan, armed actors deliberately used gender-based violence to humiliate women and
girls; over 65 per cent of South Sudanese women reported experiencing sexual or
physical violence, double the global average. According to the Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, sexual and gender-based violence against
female and sometimes male asylum-seekers and migrants was also endemic in Libya.
In North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, U NHCR protection
monitoring between August 2021 and March 2022 reported around 4,500 incidents of
gender-based violence.
42. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of
Women (UN-Women) and partners sustained efforts to enhance the protection of
women and girls. In Ethiopia, they reached more than 18,000 refugees and host
community members through initiatives that promoted access to reproductive health
services in the Gambela Region, while the United Nations Population Fund supported
a one-stop centre which provided services for survivors of gender-based violence,
improving the proportion of survivors who accessed care within 72 hours from 75 per
cent to 82 per cent.
43. In South Sudan, UN-Women established a toll-free helpline to provide referral
pathways for 450 female survivors of gender-based violence among internal
displacement populations or in host communities. Similarly, in the Central African
Republic, UNHCR set up a dedicated hotline for survivors, helping to reach those in
remote locations. In 2022, free information hotlines were established in Burkina Faso
and Mali, in eight local languages.
44. In addition, UN-Women strengthened efforts to respond to gender-based
violence by partnering with 300 “male champions” who were trained to support the
identification and referral of survivors in Bentiu and Juba, South Sudan. These male
champions advocated changes to unfavourable social norms and cultural traditions
that led to gender-based violence. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the
United Nations Joint Human Rights Office supported legal clinics run by
non-governmental organizations to provide free assistance to victims and survivors
of gender-based violence, reaching more than 1,800 people. UNHCR prioritized
community-based approaches and undertook preventive activities, including in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
45. In the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northern Mozambique,
gender-based violence was perpetrated mostly by armed groups in conflict-affected
areas, and survivors of sexual violence in these locations often lacked access to
quality services and were threatened by perpetrators. In this context, UNHCR and its
partners identified survivors and facilitated the pro vision of psychosocial and other
support to them.

G. Gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls

46. Displaced and stateless women and girls continued to bear the brunt of economic
and social risks such as violence, sexual exploitation and abuse, poor nutrition,
limited access to life-saving assistance, and labour-intensive, insecure livelihoods.
UN-Women and partners worked to ensure the inclusion of women and girls in

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economic activities, delivery of life-saving assistance, and decision-making in

refugee and displacement contexts.
47. UN-Women extended multisectoral support to displaced women and girls across
sub-Saharan Africa to address the compounded challenges and risks they experienced.
In Burundi, some 69,000 persons, predominantly women and girls, benefited from the
income-generation activities of UN-Women, thereby strengthening their
socioeconomic capacities, empowerment and resilience. Similarly, in Cameroon,
UN-Women economically empowered some 3,700 women through vocational
training and support with business kits. The United Nations Joint Human Rights
Office in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, IOM, UNHCR and UN -Women, implemented
projects aimed at protecting and promoting the participation of women and young
people in decision-making, mainly in South Kivu and Kasai Central, reinforcing their
access to justice and socioeconomic opportunities.
48. In Uganda, capacity-building initiatives increased women’s representation in
refugee and host community structures from 66 per cent in 2020 to 76 per cent in
some settlements such as Adjumani and 68 per cent in Yumbe district in 2021. In
support of ongoing capacity-building initiatives, ILO published a new guide in 2022
entitled Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in the World of Work in Fragile,
Conflict and Disaster Settings, which presents key global frameworks and contains
practical guidance on gender mainstreaming in crisis settings. These interventions
complemented other efforts mainstreamed through food security interventions,
economic empowerment initiatives, the delivery of basic social services, and gender -
based violence prevention and response programmes.

H. Child protection

49. Forcibly displaced children – both refugees and internally displaced – continued
to face multiple vulnerabilities such as abuse, exploitation and violence. Funding
shortages undercut sector-wide child protection responses. In the first quarter of 2022,
the ratio of children to caseworkers in Uganda, for example, stood at 1:116, over four
times the global average of 1:25, highlighting the significant gap in care due to
inadequate funding for quality child protection services. In Chad, a shortage of
classrooms and teachers, coupled with pressure to accommodate conflict-affected
displaced children, severely affected progress in education. A forthcoming sector
analysis based on research conducted in 2021, prioritizing equitable access to
education, including for children with disabilities, will inform the revision of the
education sector strategy.
50. Child protection concerns persisted in many parts of Africa, notably child labour
and other forms of exploitation. Co-chairing a child labour task force with the
Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, ILO contributed to identifying
and addressing child labour, a key protection concern in emergencies and other
operations. In sub-Saharan Africa, higher rates of child labour were seen alongside
levels of extreme poverty that affected two in five people, according to ILO,
highlighting the need for inclusion.
51. In partnership with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and others,
UNHCR maintained efforts towards the inclusion of refugee children in national chi ld
protection systems. In the Sudan, a new joint action plan sought to reinforce
interventions and complementarity in securing the protection of children and young
people.
52. In Benin, in response to the arrival of 185 refugees, including 107 children, from
Burkina Faso following attacks by armed groups, UNICEF distributed sleeping and

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hygiene materials, school kits and medicines after aid was first provided by local
authorities. In Cameroon, UNICEF assisted a total of 800 vulnerable internally
displaced people, including children with disabilities, and supported inclusive
education outcomes in six councils in the Far North, Littoral and West Regions. In
South Sudan, UNICEF treated some 1,800 children for severe acute malnutrition in
11 refugee camps and strengthened reporting mechanisms on violence against
children in Mali. These interventions have benefited hundreds of children. For
example, about 336 children, including those unaccompanied or separated due to
conflict or displacement, benefited from alternative care arrangements, family tracing
and reunification services. Meanwhile, all identified children received interim care
and were reunited with their families. Protection was provided to 940 children,
including 451 girls, in mixed movements along migratory routes or at risk.

VII. Response to humanitarian needs

A. Security situation for aid workers

53. The significant deterioration of the security situation in many regions in

sub-Saharan Africa had a negative impact on humanitarian workers and their work.
In 2021, more than 180 serious incidents were reported in which aid workers were
killed, injured or kidnapped, with most occurring in the East Africa, Horn of Africa
and Great Lakes region (99), followed by West and Central Africa (63). Some 270 aid
workers were affected, with 83 having lost their lives in the line of duty. The majority
of those killed (80) were national aid workers. 2

B. Food insecurity

54. The food insecurity of refugees, together with the impact of the global economy
and fuel crisis, was cause for deep concern across the continent. The challenges were
exacerbated by rising global energy and food prices.
55. According to the World Food Programme (WFP), refugees in 12 countries faced
a dire food and nutrition situation. Further reductions in food assistance for forcibly
displaced populations were expected, owing to gaps in funding. In Chad and South
Sudan, some populations received only 50 per cent of the food they needed. In
Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan, food rations were reduced to around 40–50 per
cent for over two thirds of refugees as a result of funding constraints. Refugees in
Uganda, including those who recently arrived, also faced food insecurity and the risk
of malnutrition.
56. High levels of acute malnutrition were reported in refugee settlements in Chad,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, the Niger, South Sudan, the Sudan, Uganda, the United
Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, where populations were significantly
affected by cuts to humanitarian food assistance. In addition, harmful coping
mechanisms among women and girls prevailed, making them vulnerable to
exploitation, including sexual exploitation. Assessments were conducted to generate
evidence-based data to improve food and nutrition programming.
57. Funding shortfalls and food insecurity have further underscored the importance
of the socioeconomic inclusion of refugees, returnees, internally displaced persons
and stateless persons. WFP and UNHCR partnered in resource mobilization for
programmes to bolster economic inclusion. The available resources and support of
the UNHCR-WFP Joint Programme Excellence and Targeting Hub facilitated
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interventions to target the most vulnerable populations, while promoting the self -
reliance of refugees, such as in Rwanda and Uganda.
58. In collaboration with partners, WFP supported refugees, returnees and internally
displaced persons by addressing their immediate food and nutrition needs, as well as
advancing resilience and livelihood opportunities.

C. Socioeconomic inclusion and empowerment

59. In Southern Africa, the United Nations and partners mobilized resources for
economic inclusion. UNHCR implemented a project funded by the African
Development Bank to increase livelihood activities and enhance the well-being of
refugees, asylum-seekers and host communities in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, UNHCR
worked with the World Bank on supporting socioeconomic inclusion in the Congo
and the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the International Development
Association subwindow for host communities and refugees.
60. In the Central African Republic, the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) supported the integration of internally displaced persons in the integrated
village of Pladama Ouaka, while the durable solutions working group, led by UNHCR
and UNDP, cleared more than 200 ha of land to facilitate this. In Burkina Faso, WFP
worked with the Government, with support from the World Bank, to include
populations under their long-term care in national social safety net schemes.
61. UNHCR enhanced cooperation with the private sector wing of the World Bank,
the International Finance Corporation, through a joint initiative integrating
humanitarian and private sector solutions for forced displacement. In Burundi,
UNHCR, UNDP and partners supported initiatives aimed at improving the
socioeconomic empowerment of young people and women through collective
income-generating activities. In crisis-affected areas of Burkina Faso, UNDP
provided vocational training and income-generating opportunities, including through
a “cash for work” initiative that targeted internally displaced persons and host
communities. These initiatives complemented long-term livelihood projects which
WFP and UNHCR implemented in Burkina Faso. UNHCR undertook a similar
programme with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in
Chad. In Mauritania, UNHCR and WFP supported the development of a national
social safety net programme for refugees and the host community in the Bassikounou
Department.
62. In several countries, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP and UN-Women continued to use
cash-based interventions as a key modality to provide protection and assistance. Cash
was used for repatriation and to cover energy, shelter, hygiene, livelihoods, education
and other basic needs. In Ethiopia, UNICEF used the traditional banking system to
disburse cash transfers to internally displaced persons in Amhara and worked with the
Government to set up bank accounts, allowing them to receive further cash transfers
if needed. In Malawi, WFP successfully shifted to a fully cash-based assistance
programme for refugees, with a cash top-up to support nutrition for children aged 6–
23 months. In Burundi, most returnees used the multipurpose repatriation cash grants
provided by UNHCR to purchase land. In Uganda, UN-Women supported some 2,600
displaced women and 81 men with a multipurpose cash transfer in support of their
livelihoods.
63. Furthermore, ILO facilitated the financial inclusion of refugees and host
communities through the deployment of its three-dimensional and participatory
intervention model, an approach tested in 2021 and 2022 in Ethiopia, Kenya, the
Sudan and Uganda. In 2022, ILO trained 125 trainees in tailoring and implemented a
financial literacy programme targeting refugees and the host population that reached

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more than 1,000 people. Under the Partnership for Improving Prospects for Forcibly
Displaced Persons and Host Communities implemented in East Africa and the Horn
of Africa, ILO, together with UNHCR and UNICEF, further strengthened institutiona l
and individual capacities for refugees and internally displaced persons to have
increased access to and actively participate in host communities’ economies.

D. Basic social services

64. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization

delivered medical supplies and equipment and provided capacity -building support to
national health authorities and partners, including to identify and treat mental health
conditions. These interventions improved the quality and coverage of health ser vices.
65. Water, sanitation and hygiene initiatives were also ramped up, and displaced
communities played an active role in raising awareness about COVID -19 and
combating vaccine hesitancy. In Ethiopia, the United Nations Population Fund
provided various types of support, including distributing personal protective
equipment for front-line health workers.
66. Through the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations
partners supported numerous initiatives to meet the needs of the vulnerable
population living with HIV. In Malawi, for example, refugees and asylum -seekers
received comprehensive access to sexual and reproductive health and HIV services as
well as to community-led counselling, testing and youth-friendly health services in
the Dzaleka refugee camp.
67. In Burundi, partners working under the joint refugee return and reintegration
plan supported health-care systems servicing the entire community and enabled them
to provide services, including psychosocial interventions, to meet the ne eds of
returnees. As a result, 1,500 young women and 1,000 young men were trained. United
Nations partners also trained nearly 170 individuals on COVID -19 preparedness and
response plans and conducted awareness-raising for over 120,000 returnees.
68. The COVID-19 pandemic had a marked impact on the education sector. As
Co-Chair of the regional education in emergencies working group and the United
Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, UNHCR engaged with partners to share best
practices and guidance materials to facilitate the safe reopening of schools and
minimize school dropouts, especially for girls. It also partnered with the Vodafone
Foundation to leverage technology and enhance access to education during the
pandemic, providing an instant network school programme that covered 12 schools
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
69. In West and Central Africa, UNHCR increased support to ministries of
education to improve access for displaced children and young people and to mitigate
the impact of insecurity-related school closures. UNHCR built or rehabilitated 140
classrooms and supported 640 schools with water, sanitation and hygiene
interventions. In addition, it trained over 2,500 teachers, provided school kits to
20,000 children, made cash assistance available to some 10,500 children and
facilitated higher education scholarships for over 1,000 refugees.
70. Unfortunately, in other countries such as Burundi and Uganda, funding
shortfalls, poor school infrastructure and prolonged school closures resulted i n the
loss of learning and increased protection risks. In most cases, girls were
disproportionately affected. In some countries, UNHCR and partners supported
remedial measures. For example, in Burundi, targeted support was provided to
returnee children through catch-up classes. In the Congo, UNICEF provided technical
and financial assistance to improve refugee children’s access to quality education. In

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the Likouala and Plateaux Regions, UNICEF trained 59 teachers on the basics of
teaching French and mathematics and provided an educational support package to
some 5,000 refugee students, including over 2,600 girls.

E. Shelter

71. The shelter- and settlement-related needs of refugees and internally displaced
persons in sub-Saharan Africa increased by approximately 40 per cent during the
reporting period. This was especially the case in the Sahel region, owing to intensified
conflict, insecurity and political instability. An estimated 85 per cent of the displaced
population lived in overcrowded conditions, mostly in unplanned camps, makeshift
settlements and within host communities in fragile conditions. This problem was
compounded by the fact that the shelter response was funded only at the level of 3 per
cent, with little hope of a substantial increase in available resources.
72. The United Nations and partners worked to identify urgent shelter solutions for
the most vulnerable populations. Thanks to the efforts of existing and new shelter
partners, an increase in the delivery of shelter materials in response to the emergency
in the Sahel region materialized.
73. In Mozambique, development actors provided multisectoral emergency
assistance to displaced populations and host communities. For example, UNDP
initiated stabilization interventions in the return areas, camps and resettleme nt
grounds in southern Cabo Delgado, to address multidimensional risks in
Mozambique.

VIII. Ending forced displacement

74. Solutions are urgently needed for some 36 million forcibly displaced and
stateless persons on the continent. Such solutions will require strong, collective action
and multi-stakeholder partnerships, in full and effective consultation with the
populations of concern. In this regard, several important initiatives have been taken
by intergovernmental organizations and the private sec tor to expand solutions, and
multi-country cooperation has also facilitated this work.

A. Intergovernmental initiatives

75. The African Union held an Extraordinary Humanitarian Summit and Pledging
Conference during the reporting period in Malabo. Among other issues, the summit
deliberations highlighted the need for solutions to tackle displacements related to
conflict, climate and weather. The declaration adopted at the end of the conference
was a confirmation of the political commitment in the region to address the root
causes of humanitarian crises. African States committed to promoting and ensuring
respect for international humanitarian law in conflict situations by raising the
awareness of military personnel on the treatment of civilian populations , most of
whom are vulnerable women and children. In addition, States committed to
strengthening governance systems at all levels, enhancing the capacity of their
institutions in preparedness and response efforts, and shoring up investments in
multi-hazard early warning and early recovery systems. Fulfilling these and other
commitments is expected to contribute to resolving the displacement crises on the
continent, which are predominantly human-made, but compounded by climate change
and related disasters.

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76. Furthermore, in October 2021, the Southern African Development Community

and UNHCR convened a conference, which concluded with recommendations to
improve asylum, address statelessness and find solutions for refugees and other
displaced people in the region.
77. Under the Solutions Initiative for South Sudan and the Sudan, national solutions
strategies were adopted across the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, building
on the provisions for the displaced contained in the two countries’ respective peac e
agreements. A solutions-oriented, area-based approach was developed targeting high-
return areas through investments in medium- to long-term development and peace
interventions. In October 2021, on the margins of the seventy -second plenary session
of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, IGAD and
UNHCR co-hosted a special high-level information-sharing session of the IGAD
Support Platform on the Solutions Initiative for South Sudan and the Sudan. During
the event, the progress made since the launch of the Initiative in 2020 was reviewed
and ways to further mobilize political, technical and financial support to take the
process forward were explored.
78. Surveys gauging the intention of South Sudanese and Sudanese refugees to
return were also launched in the region to inform planning for comprehensive
solutions for these two populations under the Solutions Initiative. Surveys were also
undertaken for Somali refugees in Kenya under the framework of the Kenya Solutions
Road Map.

B. Multi-country initiatives

79. Progress has been made towards resolving the Ivorian refugee situation through
multi-country initiatives. In September 2021, a regional ministerial meeting was held
in Abidjan on comprehensive solutions for Ivorian refugees. The event brought
together government officials from neighbouring countries that host Ivorian refugees,
together with the Economic Community of West African States and the United
Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel and other United Nations entities. At the
meeting, ministers adopted the Abidjan Joint Declaration on the Updated Road Map
for Comprehensive Solutions for Ivorian Refugees, which promoted voluntary
repatriation and reintegration alongside socioeconomic integration and permanent
residency for Ivorians who remained in host countries.
80. In April 2022, the Government of Cameroon and UNHCR organized a regional
ministerial conference on solutions in the context of forced displacement related to
the situation in the Central African Republic. The conference brought together the
Governments of origin and main countries of asylum, the African Union and the
United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel. Conference participants adopted
the Yaoundé Declaration, which contains concrete recommendations, including
setting up a dynamic regional cooperation mechanism that would mobilize key actors
and advocate adequate resources for solutions.

C. Private sector partnerships

81. In the latter part of 2021, UNHCR, in partnership with the Amahoro Coalition,
the Government of Rwanda and the Africa Entrepreneur Collective, organized the
first-ever African private sector forum on forced displacement, entitled “36 million
solutions” in reference to the nearly 36 million forcibly displaced people in
sub-Saharan Africa and the potential to find solutions for each of them. Convened in
Kigali, the forum resulted in commitments around private sector-led solutions for

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forcibly displaced populations in Africa, covering economic inclusion, education,

livelihoods and access to health care.

D. Delivering durable solutions

Voluntary repatriation, returns and reintegration

82. Following the September 2021 Abidjan regional ministerial meeting on
comprehensive solutions for Ivorian refugees, the cessation clause for Ivorian
refugees (i.e. the process to formally end refugee status) came into effect on 30 June
2022, marking the end of an era of displacement for hundreds of thousands of Ivorian
refugees. Over 310,000 Ivorian refugees have been repatriated since 2011. Of these,
some 37,600 returned during the reporting period. Approximately 15,500 Ivorians
remain in neighbouring countries. The Government of Côte d’Ivoire has taken several
measures in the areas of documentation, continuity of education, socioeconomic
inclusion, livelihoods and land restitution to facilitate the effective reintegration of
the returnees. At the same time, the countries of asylum committed to taking an array
of measures to protect and facilitate the local integration of those who do not wish to
return.
83. Over 9,500 Central African refugees were repatriated during the reporting
period. Furthermore, over 53,000 internally displaced persons returned to their places
of origin in Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Nigeria.
84. In the East Africa, Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region, 330,000 refugees
returned to their countries of origin. This included some 32,600 facilitated returns to
Burundi and 296,000 self-organized returns to South Sudan. Approximately 500
Somali refugees were assisted in their return, while 1,800 who returned on their own
were provided with support. UNHCR also facilitated the return of 1,800 refugees to
Rwanda and 400 refugees to Ethiopia.

Local integration
85. Prospects for local integration were also pursued, including through eng agement
with development actors in refugee-hosting areas to secure the inclusion of refugees
and host communities in long-term development programming.
86. UNHCR supported numerous Governments with the naturalization of refugees
and the provision of identity cards. The Government of Eswatini fulfilled its pledge
to expand its support of livelihoods for refugees by allocating 1,095.1 ha of arable
land for an agricultural project, of which 279 ha were ready for use by April 2022.
This allowed refugees to participate in agricultural value chains, while becoming
more self-reliant and achieving increased social cohesion.

Resettlement and complementary pathways

87. In addition, UNHCR explored other complementary pathways for solutions,
including education, labour mobility and family reunification schemes. Resettlement
activities on the continent continued to be hindered by insecurity and political
instability, although they gained some traction as COVID-19-related movement
restrictions began to ease. During the reporting period, some 28,000 refugees in
asylum countries in Africa were submitted for resettlement consideration globally,
while there were 12,800 departures from all regions. Most resettled refugees were
nationals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Somalia and the Sudan.
The vast majority departed to Canada, France and the United States of America.

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IX. Funding
88. During the reporting period, the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian
Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator allocated $122.2 million from the Central
Emergency Response Fund to support life-saving activities in 12 countries in Africa
that were affected by displacement. This included displacement due to violence,
clashes and food insecurity, as well as economic disruption and drought. That amount
comprised allocations from the rapid response window ($47.6 million) and the
underfunded emergencies window ($74.4 million). The Central Emergency Response
Fund was instrumental in addressing both the acute humanitarian needs of new
displacements triggered by violence in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and South Sudan, as
well as critical gaps in life-sustaining assistance for those in protracted displacement
in Burkina Faso, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and other
countries.
89. Country-based pooled funds in Africa provided $493 million to humanitarian
partners between January 2021 and June 2022. National and local partners received
25.3 per cent ($125 million) of the total funding in direct funding, slightly exceeding
the Grand Bargain target. This is in addition to funding received by national and local
partners through United Nations entities.

X. Conclusions and recommendations

90. The displacement crises in sub-Saharan Africa continue unabated, while
ongoing mixed and onward movements to Europe are a clear consequence of the
root causes, both human-made and climate change-related, that have been
ignored for decades. As displacement numbers continue to grow, humanitarian
organizations must cope with the ripple effects of the COVID-19 pandemic,
climate change, disasters and rising global energy and food prices. Solutions for
protracted displacement situations and new, complex humanitarian emergencies
can be achieved only through political will and through strong, multilateral
cooperation and partnerships, in line with the global compact on refugees. With
this in mind:
(a) I commend African States for the various national, bilateral and
regional initiatives taken to address the root causes of forced displacement. The
outcomes of the recent African Union Extraordinary Humanitarian Summit and
Pledging Conference are both relevant and timely. I therefore urge that the
recommendations contained in the Malabo Declaration, including the
operationalization of the African Union Humanitarian Agency, be implemented
without delay. I equally commend the African Union and the European Union
for adopting Joint Vision for 20303 following the sixth African Union-European
Union Summit, held in Brussels on 17 and 18 February 2022, which includes a
reference to “enhanced and reciprocal partnership for migration and mobility”;
(b) I call upon all parties to the current conflicts to engage in dialogue to
resolve their differences through negotiations and compromise. It is urgent that,
collectively, we “silence the guns” and invest in long-term solutions that aim to
prevent, manage and resolve conflicts;
(c) I further call upon all parties to the conflicts to respect the
independence, neutrality, impartiality and humanitarian character of
humanitarian work; to uphold the principles of international humanitarian law,
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Available at www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/18/sixth-european-union-
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human rights law and refugee law; and to allow unimpeded access to populations
in need of protection and assistance;
(d) I exhort those who have made pledges and commitments at the Global
Refugee Forum and the high-level segment on statelessness to fulfil those
pledges;
(e) Amid the increase in scale and frequency of extreme weather events
and the impacts of climate change, I encourage ongoing cooperation at the
global, regional and local levels to ensure the adoption of climate-smart
measures, and call upon all countries to meet their commitments under the Paris
Agreement;
(f) I appeal for the effective implementation of the recommendations of
the High-level Panel on Internal Displacement, as well as my Action Agenda on
Internal Displacement, and in this regard urge all stakeholders to support efforts
to find comprehensive, durable solutions to forced displacement, including
protracted displacement situations, through continental, regional and other
collective efforts; to create conditions conducive to voluntary return, in safety
and dignity; and to adopt the humanitarian-development-peace nexus approach
to foster durable solutions;
(g) Recognizing the gains already made in the implementation of the
global compact on refugees and other responsibility-sharing frameworks, I
encourage ongoing efforts at easing the burden on refugee-hosting communities
and countries, and support more equitable burden- and responsibility-sharing;
(h) Recognizing the vital role that women and girls play in communities,
and the widening gender inequalities that displacement exacerbates,
substantially undermining the role of women and girls, I urge States and
humanitarian, development and other partners to shore up their support of
multisectoral responses towards gender equality and the empowerment of
women, to amplify the voices of women in decision-making and to help efforts
aimed at preventing and responding to sexual and gender-based violence.

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