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CPE304 ComputerArchitecture 4

This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the flow of data and operations in digital circuits and computer architecture. It explains various RTL symbols, register transfer operations, arithmetic and logical operations, control functions, and schematic representations of registers and microprocessors.

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nour haj asaad
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6 views

CPE304 ComputerArchitecture 4

This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the flow of data and operations in digital circuits and computer architecture. It explains various RTL symbols, register transfer operations, arithmetic and logical operations, control functions, and schematic representations of registers and microprocessors.

Uploaded by

nour haj asaad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CPE304 Computer Architecture

Asst. Prof. Üyesi Mehmet Zahid YILDIRIM


Data Transfer Between Registers
 A digital computer consists of hardware units such as registers, decoders, arithmetic circuits,
control circuits and memory units. Various operations are performed on these units.

 The basic operations such as load, shift, delete, increment, etc. that take place on these
hardware units in a certain period of time are called microprocessing.

 Special symbols are used to represent microprocessors. These special symbols represent
registers, timing signals, bits.

 In order to design a digital system in this way, the language developed to express the registers
and other hardware modules that make up this system and the microprocesses performed on
these modules is called Register Transfer Language (RTL).
Microprocessing

 A microprocessor basically consists of the following elements.


▪ The register on which the microprocessing will be performed
▪ The control signal that enables the process to take place
▪ Process definition

 In the example below, A and B are the register names, P is the control
signal and  defines the transfer of register B to register A.

P : AB
Register Transfer Language – RTL

 Register transfer language (RTL) is a hardware description language used in


computer architecture and digital circuit design.
 RTL is used to describe the behavior of digital circuits and systems by
specifying the flow of data and the operations performed on that data.
RTL - Symbols Used

Symbol Description Sample


Capital letters and Refers to a register A, MBR, R1, R3
numbers
Indexes Refers to one bit of a register A2, Bi
Brackets Refers to part of a register I(1-5), MBR(AD)
Arrow Refers to data transfer A B
Two dots Refers to the control function P:
Comma Separates two microprocesses AB, BC
RTL – Microprocessing Between Registers

Symbolic Notation Description


A B B kaydedicisini A
kaydedicisine aktar
AConstant Load constant binary code into
register A
BUSR1, R2BUS Transfer from R1 to BUS and
from BUS to R2
M[AR] Memory location specified by
the AR register
RTL – Arithmetic Microprocessing

Symbolic Notation Description


CA+B Sum the content of A and B and transfer it to C
CA-B Subtract content B from content A and transfer it to C
AA+1 Increase the content of A by one
AA-1 Decrease the content of A by one
A Ᾱ Get the complement of content A
AᾹ+1 Take 2 complement of the content of A
CB+Ᾱ+1 Take the 2 complement of the content of A, add it
with B and transfer it to C
RTL – Logical Microprocessing

Symbolic Description
Notation
Shl A Ai+1Ai (i=0,1, …, n-1) A00 Shift left A

Shr A AiAi+1 (i=0,1, …, n-1) An-10 Shift right A

Cil A Rotate A content to the left Circulate left A

Cir A Rotate A content to the right Circulate right A


RTL – Control Functions

Symbolic Notation Description


+ OR operation
. AND operation
‘ Logical negation
XT1+Y’T2: A control function (terminated with:)
if(P=0) then (AB) Conditional control function
XT1+Y’T2:AB Microprocess written according to conditional control
function
Kaydedicilerin ve Mikroişlemlerin Şematik Gösterimi

 İf (P=1) then (R1R2) is expressed as a microprocess as follows.

P : R1R2

Schematic Representation; Timing Diagram;


Schematic Representation of Registers and
Microprocessors

 If two or more operations are executed at the same time in the microprocessor, they are
separated from each other using the (,) sign.

P: R1 R2, M[AR] IR

 Here, if the control signal P = 1, the contents of R2 are transferred to R1, while the
contents of IR are transferred to M[AR] in the same clock cycle.
Data Transfer via Common Bus (BUS)

 The Common Path is a line consisting of a group of wires. Data sent over the common
path is transferred from the source registers to the destination registers. This transfer is
referred to as microprocessing;

BUS  Reg. (From register to common bus)

Reg.  BUS (Common bus to register)


Data Transfer from Registers to BUS
Data Transfer from BUS to Registers
Three-State Buffers
Three-State Buffers

 The transfer between registers over the common bus is expressed in two ways. These are
implicit and explicit representation.

R2R1 (implicit)

BUSR1, R2BUS (explicit)

 In implicit representation, the common bus representation is not used in the transfer
between registers. It is shown as a direct transfer. In explicit representation, all
microprocesses are shown.

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