Table of Contents

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................iii
List of Symbol.............................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents..........................................................................................................v
List of Figure.............................................................................................................viii
1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................11
1.1 Overview............................................................................................................11
1.2 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft..........................................................................11
1.2.1 The Gas turbine.......................................................................................12
1.2.2 Turbojet Engine......................................................................................12
1.2.3 Turboprop Engine...................................................................................13
1.2.4 Turbo shaft Engine.................................................................................13
1.2.5 Turbofan Engine.....................................................................................13
1.3 Historical Perspective.........................................................................................14
1.4 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft..........................................................................15
1.5 Principle of Operation........................................................................................15
1.6 Characteristics....................................................................................................16
1.7 Methodology......................................................................................................16
1.8 Literature Review...............................................................................................16
1.9 Objectives of Project..........................................................................................17
1.10 Project Structure...........................................................................................18
2 TURBOFAN ENGINE...................................................................................20
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................20
2.2 Classification of turbofan engine........................................................................21
2.2.1 Forward fan or aft fan configuration......................................................21
2.2.2 Low or high (figures)..............................................................................21
2.3 Types of Turbofan Engine...................................................................................23
2.3.1 Low Bypass Turbofan Engine................................................................23
2.3.2 Medium Bypass Turbofan Engine..........................................................24
2.3.3 High Bypass Turbofan Engine................................................................24
 2.3.4 Ultra-high Bypass Turbofan...................................................................25
2.4 Turbofan Thermodynamic Cycle........................................................................25
2.5 Turbofan engine components............................................................................27
2.5.1 Fan..........................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Compressor.............................................................................................28
2.5.3 Combustion Chamber.............................................................................29
2.5.4 Turbine....................................................................................................29
2.5.5 Nozzle.....................................................................................................30
2.6 Turbofan Engine Working Theory......................................................................30
3 MODELING THE GE-90 TURBO FAN ENGINE.......................................32
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................32
3.2 Fan pressure ratio for turbofan engine..............................................................32
3.3 GE90 General Description..................................................................................32
3.4 GE90 TURBOFAN CYCLE ANALYSIS.....................................................................33
3.5 GE90 Ground and Flight Testing.........................................................................35
3.6 Turbofan Engine Performance Calculation.........................................................36
3.7 Design point performance turbofan engine.......................................................36
3.8 Engine performance calculation.........................................................................36
3.8.1 Diffuser...................................................................................................36
3.8.2 Fan..........................................................................................................37
3.8.3 Low pressure compressor.......................................................................37
3.8.4 High pressure compressor.......................................................................38
3.8.5 Combustion chamber..............................................................................38
3.8.6 High-pressure turbine.............................................................................39
3.8.7 Low -pressure turbine.............................................................................39
3.8.8 Hot nozzle...............................................................................................40
3.8.9 Cold nozzle.............................................................................................40
3.8.10 Specific thrust.........................................................................................41
3.8.11 Thrust......................................................................................................41
3.8.12 Mass flow rate.........................................................................................41
3.8.13 Fuel consumption....................................................................................41
3.8.14 Propulsive efficiency..............................................................................42
3.8.15 Thermal efficiency..................................................................................42
3.8.16 Overhaul efficiency................................................................................42
3.9 Design point selection........................................................................................43
3.10 Computer program........................................................................................43
 3.10.1 Gas Turb 10 Modelling...........................................................................44
3.10.2 Gas Turb 10 Input Data File...................................................................44
3.10.3 Excel 2010 Modelling.............................................................................45
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS.........................................48
4.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................48
4.2 Recommandations.............................................................................................48
References...................................................................................................................49
 List of Figure
Figure 1.1 The Turbojet Engine. [5]...........................................................................12
Figure 1.2 The Turboprop Engine. [5]........................................................................13
Figure 1.3 The Turbo shaft Engine. [5]......................................................................13
Figure 1.4 Turbofan Engine. [5].................................................................................14
Figure 1.5 Frank Whittle, G B Bozzoni and H Harvard conducting research and
testing on the first British-designed Jet engine [6].............................................14
Figure 2.1 Classification of Turbofan Engine. [1]......................................................21
Figure 2.2 Forward Fan Configuration.......................................................................22
Figure 2.3 Aft Fan Configuration...............................................................................22
Figure 2.4 Unmixed Turbofan Long Duct..................................................................23
Figure 2.5 Mixed Turbofan Engine............................................................................23
Figure 2.6 Turbofan Thermodynamic Cycle. [1]........................................................25
Figure 2.7 Two Spool Turbofan Engine.....................................................................26
Figure 2.8 T-S Diagram for Ideal Two-Spool Turbofan Engine................................26
Figure 2.9 Turbofan engine components....................................................................27
Figure 3.1 GE-90 Turbo Fan Engine (Cut-Away View)............................................33
Figure 3.2 GE-90 Turbofan Engine. [13]...................................................................43
Figure 3.3 Input Data for Ge-90 Turbofan Engine Cruising Flight............................45
Figure 3.4 Excel..........................................................................................................46
List of Tables

Table 1........................................................................................................................34
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 1 INTRODUCTION
However, it soon became apparent that the lower jet speed also reduced aircraft noise and is one
of the types of modern aircraft engines that passenger and freight aircraft rely on to achieve high
speeds and long distances. [1]

1.1 Overview
The turbofan engine is characterized by its high fuel efficiency, thus reducing the operating and
maintenance cost of the aircraft. It also generates less noise than other motors, making it more
environmentally friendly. [2]
This engine consists of several main parts, including the front propeller, compressor, inner
motor, turbine and rear nozzle
Turbofan was originally conceived as a way to improve the thrust efficiency of a jet engine by
reducing the average speed of the jet, especially for operation at high subsonic speeds.

1.2 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft

The development of the gas turbine machine as an aircraft power factory has been so rapid-fire
that it's delicate to appreciate that only about sixty times ago veritably many people had taken
priority of this system for aircraft propulsion. The ultramodern gas turbine machine used for
aircraft propulsion is a complex machine comprising numerous systems and subsystems that are
needed to operate together as a complex intertwined reality. moment, these machines can be seen
in a wide range of operations from small APUs delivering shaft power to sophisticated vectored
thrust machines in ultramodern fighter aircraft.
The military imperative of air superiority was the driving force behind the development of the
gas turbine for aircraft propulsion. It had to be lighter, lower and, over all, it had to give thrust in
a form, which would allow advanced aircraft speed. Since aircraft, propulsion is, by description,
a response to an inflow of air or Sir Frank Whittle first suggested gas created by a high transport,
the idea of using a gas turbine to produce a hot spurt in 1929. He applied for and attained a
patent on the idea in 1930. He attracted marketable interests in the idea in 1935 and set up Power
spurts. To develop a demonstrator machine, which first ran in 1937. By 1939, the British Air
Ministry came interested enough to support a flight demonstration. They contracted Power
spurts. For the machine and the Gloucester Aircraft Company to make an experimental aircraft.
Its first flight took place on 15 May 1941. This major event steered in the spurt age moment [2],
gas turbines are extensively used in colorful diligence to produce mechanical power and are
employed to drive colorful loads similar as creators, pumps, process compressors, or a propeller.
The gas turbine began as a fairly simple machine and evolved into a complex but dependable and
high effectiveness high transport. The performance and satisfactory operation of gas turbines are
of consummate significance to the profitability of diligence, varying from civil and military
aeronautics to power generation, and also oil painting and gas disquisition and product. The
development of the gas turbine machine as an aircraft power factory has been so rapid-fire that
it's delicate to appreciate that only about seventy times ago veritably many people had taken
priority of this system for aircraft propulsion [3]. But we will serve on this front, starting with
Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft and extending to our detailed project, which is the turbofan
engine.

1.2.1 The Gas turbine

In addition to being utilized in power plants to generate electricity, gas turbines are a type of
power plant that is employed in jet propulsion aircraft, oil field transportation, and land
transportation. One of its benefits is that it can operate quickly (unlike a steam turbine, which
needs planning and preliminary preparation). The Englishman John Barber received the first
patent in 1791 for an engine that utilized the thermodynamic cycle of a contemporary gas
turbine. This engine had a combustion chamber, a turbine, and a reciprocating compressor.
Today, the most common uses of gas turbine engines can be divided into four types:

1.2.2 Turbojet Engine

The turbojet is an air breathing spurt machine, generally used in aircraft. It consists of a gas
turbine with a propelling snoot. The compressed air from the compressor is hotted by the energy
in the combustion chamber and also allowed to expand through the turbine. The turbine exhaust
is also expanded in the propelling snoot where it's accelerated to high speed to give thrust.
Development of the turbojet machine was started by Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohlin in 1930s.
Turbojets have been replaced in slower aircraft by turboprops, which use lower energy. At
medium pets, where the propeller is no longer effective, turboprops have been replaced by
turbofans. [4]

Figure 1.1 The Turbojet Engine. [5]

1.2.3 Turboprop Engine

Figure 1.2 The Turboprop Engine. [5]

As seen in figure (1.2), a turboprop engine is a turbine engine that powers an airplane propeller.
The gear reduction for the turboprop engine is the primary distinction between it and the turbo
shaft engine. [5]

1.2.4 Turbo shaft Engine

Figure 1.3 The Turbo shaft Engine. [5]

A type of gas turbine that is designed to generate shaft power rather than spurt thrust is a turbo
shaft machine, as seen in figure (1.3). Turbo shaft machines are conceptually quite similar to
turbojets. Turbo shaft machines are typically employed in tasks requiring great reliability,
continuous high power, compact size, and low weight. These consist of off-reinforcement
platforms, hovercraft, tanks, boats and vessels, copters, additional power units, and stationary
equipment.
1.2.5 Turbofan Engine
One kind of jet engine that is frequently found in commercial airplanes is the turbofan engine. It
is a variant on the standard gas turbine engine, but it has an extra fan up front. By increasing the
airflow through the engine, this fan helps to decrease noise and boost engine efficiency.

Figure 1.4 Turbofan Engine. [5]

We will go into great length about this engine type, which is one of the most significant in our
project. It benefits from the propeller's effect on the engine, and we will cover everything from
its history and working principle to its technique, data modeling, and findings.

1.3 Historical Perspective

In 1941, British aircraft company Rolls-Royce developed the first experimental turbofan engine,
the R1, which was used in the famous Henry Hull aircraft. The turbofan engine evolved greatly
in the following years. In 1944, General Electric developed a new turbofan engine, the "J33",
which was used in American bomber aircraft during World War II. In 1949, Pratt & Whitney
developed the first
 Figure 1.5 Frank Whittle, G B Bozzoni and H Harvard conducting research and testing on the
first British-designed Jet engine [6]

Commercial turbofan engine, the "JT3". In the following years, turbofan engine technology
advanced dramatically. In 1960, Rolls-Royce developed a new turbofan engine, the RB211,
which was highly efficient and had excellent performance. In the 1970s, General Electric
developed a new turbofan engine, the CF6, which was used in large passenger airliners.
Nowadays, global manufacturing companies use advanced turbofan engines in their aircraft. For
example, Boeing 787 aircraft use "GEnx" turbofan engines, which are considered one of the
latest technologies in this field. The Airbus A350 also uses Trent XWB turbofan engines, which
are also state of the art.

1.4 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft

Gas turbine engines have advanced so quickly as an aviation power plant that it is hard to believe
that, just sixty years ago, relatively few individuals had chosen this kind of propulsion for their
aircraft. Modern gas turbine engines, which power airplanes, are intricate machines with
numerous systems and subsystems that must work in unison to function as a single, cohesive
unit. These devices are used in many different applications nowadays, ranging from complex
vectored thrust engines in contemporary fighter aircraft to tiny APUs providing shaft power.
The invention of the gas turbine for aircraft propulsion was motivated by the military necessity
of air superiority. It needed to be smaller, lighter, and most importantly, able to produce thrust in
a way that would enable faster flying. Since propulsion in an aircraft is by definition a response
to an airflow or in 1929, Sir Frank Whittle proposed the first gas produced by a prime mover—
that is, the idea of producing a hot jet using a gas turbine. In 1930, he filed for and was granted a
patent for the concept. After generating interest in the concept from the business world in 1935,
he founded Power Jets Ltd. to create a demonstrator engine, which made its first run in 1937.
The British Air Ministry by 1939 grew to be enough intrigued to back a flight demonstration.
They hired Gloucester Aircraft Company to build an experimental aircraft and Power Jets Ltd. to
supply the engine. It was launched for the first time on May 15, 1941. This momentous occasion
launched the jet era.

1.5 Principle of Operation

Some of this accelerated air passes through the core of the engine, where it is mixed with fuel
and ignited in a combustion chamber.
The hot expanding gases spin the turbine which drives the compressor and fan.
This core flow then exits the rear nozzle to produce thrust. [2]
The remainder of the air accelerated by the fan bypasses the engine core completely and exits
through a separate wider bypass nozzle at lower velocity, also producing additional thrust more
clearly, in a physical and form of energy, the fuel is ignited, producing thermal energy. [1]
This energy drives the turbines and helps push the air at high speed out of the rear nozzle to
generate the thrust necessary to move the plane.

1.6 Characteristics
Turbofan Engine A turbofan is a type of aircraft engine in which the the rest of the air bypasses
the engine core and rushes out of a separate, wider nozzle, creating additional thrust This engine
is characterized by several advantages [1], including its high power, efficiency in high
atmospheres, smoothness and quietness in operation. Among its drawbacks are that it needs
regular maintenance and warm-up time before take-off, and requires external cooling to avoid
problems.
Among its most important characteristics:
i. Fuel Efficiency: Turbofan engines are known for their high fuel efficiency, making them
a popular choice for commercial aircraft.
ii. Low Emissions: Turbofan engines have low emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen
oxides, making them more environmentally friendly.
iii. High Speed and Performance: Turbofan engines provide enhanced speed and power,
allowing aircraft to fly at high speeds and climb to high altitudes.
 iv. Easy Maintenance: The design of turbofan engines makes them less costly to maintain
compared to other engines, reducing operating costs.
v. Relative Quietness: Despite their power, turbofan engines produce much less noise than
other engines, reducing surrounding noise levels.

1.7 Methodology
The methodology for the effect of fan compression ratio on a turbofan engine is based on
practical experimentation and testing to determine how this ratio affects engine performance.
Computer models are used to analyze the data and explain the results. The fan pressure ratio is
changed by changing the fan size, number of blades, and angle of the blades. Performance is
compared between engines that differ in the fan pressure ratio, and the results are compared with
the approved standards for the performance of the engines. The effect of fan compression ratio
on several aspects of engine performance is studied, including fuel efficiency, thrust, sound, and
emissions. Results are evaluated and necessary improvements are made to obtain the best
possible engine performance.

1.8 Literature Review

The effect of fan pressure ratio on turbo fan engine performance has been extensively studied in
the literature. Researchers have conducted experimental tests and simulations to understand how
changes in fan pressure ratio can impact engine performance.
One study by S. Chiba et al. (2015) investigated the effect of fan pressure ratio on the overall
performance of a turbo fan engine.
The researchers used a computational model to simulate different fan pressure ratios and analyze
their impact on parameters such as thrust, specific fuel consumption, and emissions.
The results showed that increasing the fan pressure ratio led to higher thrust and improved fuel
efficiency.
Another study by J. Kim et al. (2017) focused on the effect of fan pressure ratio on noise
emissions from a turbo fan engine.
The researchers conducted experimental tests on a scaled-down model and measured the noise
levels at different fan pressure ratios.
The results indicated that higher fan pressure ratios resulted in lower noise emissions,
highlighting the importance of optimizing fan design for noise reduction. In addition to
performance and noise, the effect of fan pressure ratio on emissions has also been investigated. A
study by M. Pour Mahmoud et al. (2019) examined the impact of fan pressure ratio on nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions from a turbofan engine.
The researchers used computational fluid dynamics simulations to analyze the combustion
process at different fan pressure ratios
The results showed that lower fan pressure ratios resulted in reduced NOx emissions, indicating
the potential for emissions control through fan design optimization Overall, the literature review
indicates that fan pressure ratio plays a crucial role in determining the performance, noise, and
emissions characteristics of turbofan engines.
Experimental tests and computational simulations are commonly used to study this effect and
optimize engine design for improved performance.

1.9 Objectives of Project

1. Studying and analyzing the effect of changing the fan pressure on the efficiency and
thrust of the turbofan engine.
2. Determine the mathematical relationship between the fan motor and each of the
consumption and exhaust temperature in the turbofan engine.
3. An exemplary effect model to demonstrate the effect of changing transmission values.
4. Perform tests on a typical turbofan engine to measure its performance at different fan
pressures.
5. It gives a boost to certain efforts Proposing design modifications to the fan blades to
improve the performance of the fan engine

1.10 Project Structure

This project consists of five chapters, which was divided as follows:
Chapter one: contains a brief historical summary about the gas turbine engine and
its importance for the aviation field, it also includes a literature Review related to this
project.
Chapter two: in this chapter an extensive overview of the turbofan engine is
provided in this chapter. This covers its operation, categories, and fundamental parts.
Chapter three: It discusses the use of mathematical models to represent turbofan
engines. It also involves selecting actual engine data, and this engine was designed
with the help of the GasTurb10 simulation tool.
Chapter four: A discussion and graphic presentation of the design point
performance calculation results were made. There was talk about how the fan
pressure ratio affected engine performance.
Chapter five: provides a final summary of the findings and suggestions for potential
future research in its conclusion.