Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................iii
List of Symbol.............................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents..........................................................................................................v
List of Figure.............................................................................................................viii
1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................11
1.1 Overview............................................................................................................11
1.2 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft..........................................................................11
1.2.1 The Gas turbine.......................................................................................12
1.2.2 Turbojet Engine......................................................................................12
1.2.3 Turboprop Engine...................................................................................13
1.2.4 Turbo shaft Engine.................................................................................13
1.2.5 Turbofan Engine.....................................................................................13
1.3 Historical Perspective.........................................................................................14
1.4 Gas Turbine Engine for Aircraft..........................................................................15
1.5 Principle of Operation........................................................................................15
1.6 Characteristics....................................................................................................16
1.7 Methodology......................................................................................................16
1.8 Literature Review...............................................................................................16
1.9 Objectives of Project..........................................................................................17
1.10 Project Structure...........................................................................................18
2 TURBOFAN ENGINE...................................................................................20
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................20
2.2 Classification of turbofan engine........................................................................21
2.2.1 Forward fan or aft fan configuration......................................................21
2.2.2 Low or high (figures)..............................................................................21
2.3 Types of Turbofan Engine...................................................................................23
2.3.1 Low Bypass Turbofan Engine................................................................23
2.3.2 Medium Bypass Turbofan Engine..........................................................24
2.3.3 High Bypass Turbofan Engine................................................................24
2.3.4 Ultra-high Bypass Turbofan...................................................................25
2.4 Turbofan Thermodynamic Cycle........................................................................25
2.5 Turbofan engine components............................................................................27
2.5.1 Fan..........................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Compressor.............................................................................................28
2.5.3 Combustion Chamber.............................................................................29
2.5.4 Turbine....................................................................................................29
2.5.5 Nozzle.....................................................................................................30
2.6 Turbofan Engine Working Theory......................................................................30
3 MODELING THE GE-90 TURBO FAN ENGINE.......................................32
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................32
3.2 Fan pressure ratio for turbofan engine..............................................................32
3.3 GE90 General Description..................................................................................32
3.4 GE90 TURBOFAN CYCLE ANALYSIS.....................................................................33
3.5 GE90 Ground and Flight Testing.........................................................................35
3.6 Turbofan Engine Performance Calculation.........................................................36
3.7 Design point performance turbofan engine.......................................................36
3.8 Engine performance calculation.........................................................................36
3.8.1 Diffuser...................................................................................................36
3.8.2 Fan..........................................................................................................37
3.8.3 Low pressure compressor.......................................................................37
3.8.4 High pressure compressor.......................................................................38
3.8.5 Combustion chamber..............................................................................38
3.8.6 High-pressure turbine.............................................................................39
3.8.7 Low -pressure turbine.............................................................................39
3.8.8 Hot nozzle...............................................................................................40
3.8.9 Cold nozzle.............................................................................................40
3.8.10 Specific thrust.........................................................................................41
3.8.11 Thrust......................................................................................................41
3.8.12 Mass flow rate.........................................................................................41
3.8.13 Fuel consumption....................................................................................41
3.8.14 Propulsive efficiency..............................................................................42
3.8.15 Thermal efficiency..................................................................................42
3.8.16 Overhaul efficiency................................................................................42
3.9 Design point selection........................................................................................43
3.10 Computer program........................................................................................43
3.10.1 Gas Turb 10 Modelling...........................................................................44
3.10.2 Gas Turb 10 Input Data File...................................................................44
3.10.3 Excel 2010 Modelling.............................................................................45
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS.........................................48
4.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................48
4.2 Recommandations.............................................................................................48
References...................................................................................................................49
List of Figure
Figure 1.1 The Turbojet Engine. [5]...........................................................................12
Figure 1.2 The Turboprop Engine. [5]........................................................................13
Figure 1.3 The Turbo shaft Engine. [5]......................................................................13
Figure 1.4 Turbofan Engine. [5].................................................................................14
Figure 1.5 Frank Whittle, G B Bozzoni and H Harvard conducting research and
testing on the first British-designed Jet engine [6].............................................14
Figure 2.1 Classification of Turbofan Engine. [1]......................................................21
Figure 2.2 Forward Fan Configuration.......................................................................22
Figure 2.3 Aft Fan Configuration...............................................................................22
Figure 2.4 Unmixed Turbofan Long Duct..................................................................23
Figure 2.5 Mixed Turbofan Engine............................................................................23
Figure 2.6 Turbofan Thermodynamic Cycle. [1]........................................................25
Figure 2.7 Two Spool Turbofan Engine.....................................................................26
Figure 2.8 T-S Diagram for Ideal Two-Spool Turbofan Engine................................26
Figure 2.9 Turbofan engine components....................................................................27
Figure 3.1 GE-90 Turbo Fan Engine (Cut-Away View)............................................33
Figure 3.2 GE-90 Turbofan Engine. [13]...................................................................43
Figure 3.3 Input Data for Ge-90 Turbofan Engine Cruising Flight............................45
Figure 3.4 Excel..........................................................................................................46
List of Tables
Table 1........................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
However, it soon became apparent that the lower jet speed also reduced aircraft noise and is one
of the types of modern aircraft engines that passenger and freight aircraft rely on to achieve high
speeds and long distances. [1]
1.1 Overview
The turbofan engine is characterized by its high fuel efficiency, thus reducing the operating and
maintenance cost of the aircraft. It also generates less noise than other motors, making it more
environmentally friendly. [2]
This engine consists of several main parts, including the front propeller, compressor, inner
motor, turbine and rear nozzle
Turbofan was originally conceived as a way to improve the thrust efficiency of a jet engine by
reducing the average speed of the jet, especially for operation at high subsonic speeds.
As seen in figure (1.2), a turboprop engine is a turbine engine that powers an airplane propeller.
The gear reduction for the turboprop engine is the primary distinction between it and the turbo
shaft engine. [5]
A type of gas turbine that is designed to generate shaft power rather than spurt thrust is a turbo
shaft machine, as seen in figure (1.3). Turbo shaft machines are conceptually quite similar to
turbojets. Turbo shaft machines are typically employed in tasks requiring great reliability,
continuous high power, compact size, and low weight. These consist of off-reinforcement
platforms, hovercraft, tanks, boats and vessels, copters, additional power units, and stationary
equipment.
1.2.5 Turbofan Engine
One kind of jet engine that is frequently found in commercial airplanes is the turbofan engine. It
is a variant on the standard gas turbine engine, but it has an extra fan up front. By increasing the
airflow through the engine, this fan helps to decrease noise and boost engine efficiency.
We will go into great length about this engine type, which is one of the most significant in our
project. It benefits from the propeller's effect on the engine, and we will cover everything from
its history and working principle to its technique, data modeling, and findings.
Commercial turbofan engine, the "JT3". In the following years, turbofan engine technology
advanced dramatically. In 1960, Rolls-Royce developed a new turbofan engine, the RB211,
which was highly efficient and had excellent performance. In the 1970s, General Electric
developed a new turbofan engine, the CF6, which was used in large passenger airliners.
Nowadays, global manufacturing companies use advanced turbofan engines in their aircraft. For
example, Boeing 787 aircraft use "GEnx" turbofan engines, which are considered one of the
latest technologies in this field. The Airbus A350 also uses Trent XWB turbofan engines, which
are also state of the art.
1.6 Characteristics
Turbofan Engine A turbofan is a type of aircraft engine in which the the rest of the air bypasses
the engine core and rushes out of a separate, wider nozzle, creating additional thrust This engine
is characterized by several advantages [1], including its high power, efficiency in high
atmospheres, smoothness and quietness in operation. Among its drawbacks are that it needs
regular maintenance and warm-up time before take-off, and requires external cooling to avoid
problems.
Among its most important characteristics:
i. Fuel Efficiency: Turbofan engines are known for their high fuel efficiency, making them
a popular choice for commercial aircraft.
ii. Low Emissions: Turbofan engines have low emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen
oxides, making them more environmentally friendly.
iii. High Speed and Performance: Turbofan engines provide enhanced speed and power,
allowing aircraft to fly at high speeds and climb to high altitudes.
iv. Easy Maintenance: The design of turbofan engines makes them less costly to maintain
compared to other engines, reducing operating costs.
v. Relative Quietness: Despite their power, turbofan engines produce much less noise than
other engines, reducing surrounding noise levels.
1.7 Methodology
The methodology for the effect of fan compression ratio on a turbofan engine is based on
practical experimentation and testing to determine how this ratio affects engine performance.
Computer models are used to analyze the data and explain the results. The fan pressure ratio is
changed by changing the fan size, number of blades, and angle of the blades. Performance is
compared between engines that differ in the fan pressure ratio, and the results are compared with
the approved standards for the performance of the engines. The effect of fan compression ratio
on several aspects of engine performance is studied, including fuel efficiency, thrust, sound, and
emissions. Results are evaluated and necessary improvements are made to obtain the best
possible engine performance.