Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
City of Ilagan Campus

FUNDAMENTAL OF DEFORMABLE BODIES (EE 222)

DEFORMATION / ELONGATION

Introduction

Strength of materials (Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies), also called mechanics of

materials, deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains. The theory began with the
consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can
be approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more
complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. In the mechanics of materials, the strength
of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of
strength of materials deals with forces and deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load
applied to a mechanical member will induce internal forces within the member called stresses when those
forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material in
various manners including breaking them completely. Deformation of the material is called strain when
those deformations too are placed on a unit basis.

Objectives
To understand how a material that is subjected to a force P will be deformed.

Discussion Proper

MIDTERM - DEFORMATION / ELONGATION

1. Simple Strain

2. Stress-Strain Diagram

3. Axial Deformation

4. Shearing Deformation

5. Poisson's Ratio

6. Statically Indeterminate Members

7. Thermal Stress

8. Torsion

Axial Deformation
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to strain and is given by

σ =E ε
P δ
since σ = P/A and ε = δ/L, then =E
A L
PL σL
δ=
AE
= E

To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress
must not exceed the proportional limit.
If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering
a differential length and applying integration.

L
P
δ=
E ∫ dxL
0

where A = ty, and y and t if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight is

2
ρ g L MgL
δ= =
2E 2 AE
where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is the cross-
sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.

Stiffness, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It has the
unit of N/mm.

P
k=
δ

Shearing Deformation
Shearing Deformation
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length but
undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain and
is expressed as

δs
γ=
L
The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain γ is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus
of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa.

τ
G=
γ
The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is

VL τ L
δ s= =
AsG G

where V is the shearing force acting over an area As.

Statically Indeterminate Members

When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the number of independent
equations of equilibrium, the structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases require the use of additional
relations that depend on the elastic deformations in the members.

Thermal Stress
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount δT, is given by

δT = αL(Tf−Ti) = αLΔT
where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in meter, Ti and Tf are the initial
and final temperatures, respectively in °C. For steel, α = 11.25 × 10-6 m/m°C.

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be induced in the structure. In
some cases where temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress
created is termed as thermal stress.

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the thermal stress is computed as:

deformation due to temperature changes;

δT = αLΔT
deformation due to equivalent axial stress;

PL σ L
δ p= =
AE E
δT=δP

σL
α L∆T=
E

σ =E α ∆ T

where σ is the thermal stress in MPa, E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.
If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be made:

δT = x+δP
σL
α L ∆ T =x +
E

where σ represents the thermal stress.

Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in compression, and if the
temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in tension.

Prepared by:

ENGR. JEAN CLAUDE M. BENITEZ, RME

Instructor