T1 - Alcohol Lamp 2021/01/24

▪ Inspect the lamp before each use to make sure there are no
cracks, chips or defects in the glass body.
▪ Adjust the wick height to about 3 mm from the top of the metal cap.
▪ Fill the lamp with denatured or 95% ethanol through a funnel to
about 1/2 to 2/3 volume.
▪ Light the alcohol lamp using a match.
▪ Use the lamp only in an upright position.
▪ Keep all combustible materials (clothing, paper, books, chemicals,
etc.) away from the lamp when in use.
T1 Video on YouTube (Click)
▪ Never use book or other items to raise the alcohol lamp.

▪ Use windshield to block wind and do not use books. Do not tilt lamp to avoid alcohol leakage
while heating.
▪ Adjust device upon heating to an appropriate height.
▪ After use, cap should be put on to insulate air and extinguish the flame instead of blow it out.
If lamp will not be used for a long time, alcohol inside should be returned to storage bottle.
▪ If lamp is overturned and cause small fire, cover the fire quickly with a wet rag and do not
remove the rag immediately while extinguished, or flame may ignite again. Use fire
extinguisher instead if a big fire happens. Inform teacher as soon as possible in such
emergency and after fire is extinguished, immediately open doors, windows and exhausts to
expel alcohol vapor in lab. 1
 T2.1 - Stirrer/Hot Plate

T2 Video on YouTube (Click)

Controls and Indicators of CORNING-420 Stirrer/Hot Plate:

⚫ Power Indicator: Green light on when Stirrer/Hot plate is properly connected to
input power.
⚫ Stir Control Knob: Turn it all the way counterclockwise to turn off stirring function.
Turn it clockwise to set desired stirring speed.
⚫ Heat Control Knob: Turn it all the way counterclockwise to turn off heating
function. Turn it clockwise to set desired heating temp.
⚫ Hot Top Indicator: Illuminates when the temp. of the top is too hot to touch
(greater than 60oC). When heating top is more than 550oC, Stirrer/Hot Plate will
automatically power off and indicator starts to flash until the temperature is less
than 60oC.
⚫ White ceramic heating top with loading capacity 34 kg. 2
 T2.2 - Stirrer/Hot Plate
⚫ Connect Stirrer/Hot Plate to a grounded power outlet with correct voltage.
Never leave a gap between plug and outlet, replace damaged power cord
immediately.
⚫ Keep power cord away from white heating top to avoid burns and damaged.
⚫ Always wear safety goggle and other protective equipment to avoid spillage
while operating Stirrer/Hot Plate.
⚫ Place vessel in the center of white top with appropriate stirring speed. If
stirring bar jumps irregularly, turn off Stirrer/Hot Plate to adjust vessel’s
positon, then restart.
⚫ Clean white top before and after use or when liquid spills. Use non-corrosive
cleaning agents and do not immerse Stirrer/Hot Plate in water for cleaning.
⚫ Replace Stirrer/Hot Plate once white heating top is broken or scratched.
⚫ Never heat large amount of volatile, flammable materials (such as ether,
acetone, n-hexane, etc.) directly by a Stirrer/Hot Plate.
⚫ Insulating objects such as aluminum foil, thick-walled glassware cannot be
heat by a Stirrer/Hot plate.
⚫ Take out stirring bar in solution by a Teflon-coated magnetic rod, do not grab it
by hand to avoid corrosive chemicals and burns.
3
T3.1 - Mercury Barometer

T3 Video on YouTube (Click) 4

 T3.2 - Mercury Barometer
⚫ Step 1: Zero adjust
Rotate the Zero Adjusting Knob to adjust the top of the mercury
reservoir just touching the tip of the Zeroing Peg.
⚫ Step 2: Read the height of mercury column by the vernier
➢ Adjust the height of the Movable Scale so that the bottom of the
slide piece is just even with the top of the meniscus.
➢ Read the main scale on the right of vernier. As in Fig. T3-1, the
bottom of slide piece indicates the height of mercury is between
76.1 cm and 76.2 cm.
➢ Read the movable scale on the left of vernier where the lines
match up with the main scale, i.e. 6 (the percentile of
measurement). Therefore, the atmospheric pressure reads 76.16
cm-Hg.
⚫ For more precisely measurement, one should refer to manual of
barometer to make correction of temperature.
5
 T4 - Collecting Gases over
Water
◼ Collection of gases over water is used to collect
slightly water-soluble or water-insoluble gases
from chemical reaction.
◼ Water-insoluble gas is introduced into water of
gas collection device and for its density of the gas
is lower than that of the water, gas will rise to
displace the water out. Oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2)
and hydrogen (H2) can be collected by this T4 Video on YouTube (Click)
method.
◼ For gases that are soluble in water, such as ammonia (NH3), hydrogen chloride
(HCl) …etc., they are not suitable to be collected by this method.
◼ Operation:
➢ Invert the test tube that filled with water into the tub of water.
➢ Place the rubber tube into the opening of test tube that displace the water out.
➢ When the gas bubbles start to emerge from the opening of test tube, take
rubber tube out of the test tube.
➢ Stand the test tube upside down on table (opening pointed downward) or stop it
with a rubber stopper.
6
 T5 - Decantation

T5 Video on YouTube (Click)

Decantation is a simple method to separate solids and liquid. When

specific gravity of the solid precipitate is greater than liquid, it settles to the
bottom. While there is little solid remain suspended, it may be separated
easily from the liquid by carefully pouring off the liquid.
▪ Stand the suspended solution by allowing the solid to settle to the
bottom of the mixture.
▪ Use a glass rod to guide the liquid flow when pour off the liquid from the
beaker slowly enough that the solid is not carried along.
7
 T6 - Gravity Filtration
▪ Fold the filter paper to cone shape. Tear
off a small piece at corner to stick better
to the funnel. Properly position the
paper in the funnel, and the filter paper
Figure T6-1 Folding a filter cone should not over the edge of funnel.
▪ Use a ring clamp to support the glass
Glass rod guiding decantation
funnel. The tip of the funnel should
touch the side of the vessel which
Pour the solution to the receives the filtrate.
paper and no more than 2/3
Funnel with volume of filter paper ▪ Use a glass rod to guide liquid, and pour
filter paper
the liquid onto the paper not on the
Ring clamp
Iron stand
glass.
Receiving
vessel
▪ Pour the solution into the filter until the
The tip of the funnel touches
the side of the receiving paper cone is no more than two-thirds
vessel
filled. Never fill the cone completely.
Figure T6-2 Setup of gravity filtration
▪ After filtration, use tweezers to clip the
filter paper; do not use your hand.
8
 T7 - Vacuum Filtration
T7 Video on YouTube (Click)

▪ Fill up the water tank of circulating

water aspirator with water (water
flows in from bottom and out from
top), and keep circulating flow.
▪ Fix safety trap flask and suction flask
with extension clamp.

▪ A Büchner or Hirsch funnel is sealed to the filter flask by the rubber stopper or a rubber gasket cone.
▪ Select a suitable unfolded piece of circular filter paper to cover the perforations of Büchner funnel or
Hirsch funnel.
▪ Moisten the paper with small amount of solvent, and tightly sealed against the bottom by turning on the
water aspirator and closing the 2-way valve (stopcock parallel to bench) to apply suction.
▪ Test the suction works, then pour the solution down to a glass rod aimed at the center of the filter paper.
▪ In order to collect the precipitate (crystal), it can be washed by adding small amounts of wash liquid over
the surface of the precipitate. Precipitate can be air-dried by allowing them to stand in the funnel and
drawing a current of air from the room through the precipitate with the vacuum pump.
▪ After filtration, open 2-way valve first (stopcock perpendicular to bench) and confirm no one is using
vacuum filtration, then turn off the power of water aspirator to avoid the water backflow to the safety trap
bottle from water tank.
▪ Turn off the circulating flow; drain the water in the water tank. 9
 T8 - Centrifugation

T8 Video on YouTube (Click)

▪ Check the casing inside the machine is intact. If corrosion causes holes in casing or there is unknown
substance inside, clean or replace the casing.
▪ Use centrifuge tubes in centrifugation; do not use ordinary test tubes.
▪ Use an equal number of tubes or fill one with a counterbalancing solution. Place centrifuge tubes on
opposite sides to keep balancing.
▪ Always close the centrifuge cover before you start the motor, and open it only after the assembly has
stopped.
▪ Start the centrifuge from low speed to check if there is any malfunction, then speed it up.
▪ If there are unusual sounds or vibration, turn off the centrifuge immediately in order to check and fix
up.
▪ There must be at least one person look after the centrifuge when in use.
▪ When centrifugation is completed, turn off the switch and allow the rotating centrifuge assembly to
come to rest. Do not attempt to stop the rotation manually when the centrifuge is still rotating at high10
speed.
 T9 - Electronic Balance
T9 Video on YouTube (Click)
◼ To maintain calibration, never move the
balance.
◼ Do not overload the balance. Maximum load of
an electronic balance in lab is usually 610 g.
◼ Check to see that the balance is level and clean
Electronic Balance Analytical Balance
before use. (s.f. only contains (s.f. contains four
◼ Warm up the balance for 30 min before use. two decimal places) decimal places)

◼ Put weighed object in the center of weighing pan. Read digital readout for mass.
◼ Use folded weighing paper, beaker or bottle as container while weighing. Do not put
chemicals on the pan directly.
◼ Always allow an object that has been heated to return to room temperature before
weighing it. The buoyancy of convective airflow around the pan will affect object’s apparent
mass.
◼ Keep the balance and its case scrupulously clean. The balance area has a soft brush for
this purpose.
◼ Do not invert balance upside down to avoid damage to the parts inside.
◼ Analytical balance is an instrument with high precision with maximum load of 210 g. Close
its windshields while zeroing and weighing, otherwise the reading is fluctuated and
inaccurate. 11
 T10 - Weighing Chemicals
T10 Video on YouTube (Click)

◼ Read the label on the bottle of the chemicals carefully to avoid taking the wrong one.
◼ Use folded weighing paper, beaker, or weighing bottle to hold solid chemicals.
◼ Use a clean and dry spatula to take solid chemical.
◼ Use a clean and rinsed dropper to take liquid chemicals.
◼ Keep the electronic balance clean and control the amount of chemicals taking to avoid
excess weighing, dripping, and scattering around.
◼ Unless specifically directed to the contrary, never return any excess reagent to the
original bottle to avoid contamination. Put it in specified waste can.
◼ Keep well closed after taking chemicals.
◼ Keep the reagent shelf and the laboratory balance clean and neat at all times. Clean up
any spillages immediately. 12
 T11 - Graduated Cylinder
T11 Video on YouTube (Click)

▪ Clean the graduated cylinder and rinse twice with small amount of the liquid to be taken.
▪ Carefully place the liquid to be measured into the graduated cylinder with a steady
stream against a wall near the calibration line, being careful not to splash.
▪ When the level is just below the calibration line, stop for a few minutes to let the liquid
drain from the walls of the container.
▪ Use a dropper to add the liquid to the calibration line, or to draw out excess fluid.
▪ Slowly incline the cylinder to provide a steady stream of liquid from the spout to transfer
the liquid to another container. Be careful not to splash.
▪ Continue inclining the cylinder until it is vertical and hold for about several seconds.
▪ Touch the drop at the tip of the spout to the wall of the receiving container.
▪ Wash and brush the graduated cylinder after use. 13
 T12.1 - Transfer Pipet
▪ Wash a 25 mL-transfer pipet thoroughly. T12 Video on Youtube (Click)
▪ Rinse twice with small portion of sample solution.
Pipette
▪ Press valve A of pipet filler and squeeze bulb to filler
Aspirate
expel the air inside and create a vacuum. A
排氣閥
valve
▪ Insert the top of pipet into pipet filler, press valve 10
S
Bulb
安全吸球
ml
S to draw liquid to pass the graduation mark. Ex
20o
E Suction
吸液閥
0 valve
▪ Remove pipet filler and quickly close the top of C 1
25 Empty
pipet tube with forefinger and adjust liquid level to ml 排液閥
2
valve 25
EX 20o
the mark. 3 ml
EX 20o

▪
C 4

Hold pipet vertically and transfer liquid into 25 C

5
ml
container. (One hand hold pipet and the other 6 EX 20o

hand hold container.) 7 C

▪ Remove forefinger and free fall the drop on tip by 8

9 45o
touching it to the wall of container.
▪ Stay for 15 s to drain the solution. Transfer
移液吸管
pipet Pipet
▪ Do not blow out remaining liquid. Pipet is
calibrated for this to remain.
移液吸管
▪ Wash thoroughly after use.
14
 T12.2 - Graduated Pipet
Ex.1 Deliver 5.00 mL solution: Partially deliver
▪ Wash a 10 mL pipet thoroughly. Pipette
安全吸球
A

▪ Rinse twice with small portion of sample filler

Aspirate
solution. A
排氣閥 E
valve
S

▪ Press valve A of pipet filler and squeeze 10

ml S
安全吸球
Bulb
Ex E
bulb to expel the air inside and create a 20o
0
Suction
吸液閥 0
0
valve 1
1
vacuum.
C 1

25 排液閥 2
ml
2 Empty 2

0
3
▪ Insert the top of pipet into pipet filler, press EX 20o 3
1
valve 3

4
o
4
4

valve S to draw liquid to equal to the mark C

5
2

3
5

of 0.00 mL. 6
4
6

7
7

▪
5

Hold pipet vertically and transfer liquid into 8

6
8

9 9

container. (One hand hold pipet and the 7

other hand hold container to operate.) 9

Transfer Pipet
▪ Press valve E to drain liquid to the mark of pipet
5.00 mL.
▪ Wash thoroughly after use.
15
 T12.3 - Graduated Pipet
Ex. Deliver 5.00 mL solution:
▪ Wash a 10 mL pipet thoroughly.
Pipette
▪ Rinse twice with small portion of sample solution. 安全吸球
filler
▪ Press valve A of pipet filler and squeeze bulb to Aspirate
A
排氣閥
valve
expel the air inside and create a vacuum
安全吸球
Bulb
▪
10
Insert the top of pipet into pipet filler, press valve S ml
Ex E
S

20o Suction
吸液閥
to draw liquid to pass the graduation mark. 0
valve
0

C 1 1

▪ Remove pipet filler and quickly cover the top of 25

ml
2 排液閥
Empty 2

pipet with index finger and adjust liquid level to the EX 20o 3
1
valve 3

o
4 4

mark of 5.00 mL. C

5
2
5
3
6
▪ Hold pipet vertically and transfer liquid into 6
4
6

7
7

container. (One hand hold pipet and the other

7
5
8
8
8

hand hold container to operate.) 9

6
9
9
7

▪ Remove index finger and free fall the drop on tip 8

10
by touching it to the wall of the flask. Transfer 9

pipet Pipet
▪ Stay for 10-15 s to drain the solution.
▪ Do not blow out remaining liquid, pipet is calibrated
for this to remain.
16
▪ Wash thoroughly after use.
 T13 - Volumetric Flask
T13 Video on Youtube (Click)
▪ Wash volumetric flask thoroughly and rinse
with DI water.
▪ Transfer the solution to flask with the help of a 標線刻度
Mark

funnel.
▪ Fill the flask about half full and swirl the
contents to achieve solution.
▪ Bring the liquid level almost to the mark. In
o
20 C
ml
100 ±0.15

▪ Use a dropper to add solvent to the mark.

▪ Stopper the flask and invert the flask
repeatedly to assure homogeneous.
▪ Pour the solution in a beaker for later use; do
not store the solution in the flask.
▪ Wash immediately after use.
17
 T14 - Titration
T14 Video on
▪ Rinse a buret with D.I. water thoroughly. Youtube (Click)
▪ Rinse twice with ca. 5 mL titrant.
▪ Transfer the titrant to buret via funnel.
▪ Drain slowly until the tip is free of air bubbles and
completely filled with liquid.
▪ Read and record initial (Vi) and final volume (Vf) of
buret to 0.01 mL.
▪ Place buret tip well inside the receiving flask
during titration.
▪ Swirl the flask with right hand and control the
stopcock with left hand (process done by one
person).
▪ Rinse the buret with tap water, inverted clamped,
and left to dry after the experiment.
18
 T15 - Litmus Paper
T15 Video on YouTube (Click)

▪ Blue litmus paper will turn red under acidic condition.

▪ Red litmus paper will turn blue under basic condition.
▪ With the color change of the litmus paper, the acidity and alkalinity of sample
can be known but the precise pH value cannot be determined.
▪ There is another widely used universal indicator paper which is a combination
of a variety of indicators to obtain various color changes. Compare the colors
with pH paper indicator chart, the pH value of sample can be known roughly.
▪ When test with solution, use a clean glass rod dip the solution and then touch it
on a litmus paper or a universal indicator paper. Do not throw litmus paper
directly into solution to avoid contamination.
▪ When test with gas, first wet the litmus paper and then place it on the opening
of vessel. After the gas diffuse out and absorbed by litmus paper, the acidity
and alkalinity can be judged by color change. 19
 T16.1 - pH Meter
Preparation and Calibration:
Electrode
NT$ 4000 !! ◼ Push the “POWER” button, warm up for 10
minutes
◼ Remove the electrode cap by rotating it
◼ Use washing bottle to rinse the electrodes
◼ Blot dry with a tissue
◼ Press “HOLD” when cleaning the electrodes
and the screen will freeze
◼ Collect pH 7.0 and 4.0 standard buffer
solution
◼ Switch Mode to “Temp” function to check if
the temp is close to r.t.
Slope Calib
◼ Switch to “pH” function
◼ Immerse thermoprobe and electrodes into
pH 7.00 buffer solution
◼ Adjust Calib knob until meter shows ‘7.00’
Power Hold ◼ Rinse thermoprobe and electrodes
Mode ◼ Immerse in pH 4.00 buffer solution
◼ Adjust Slope knob until meter shows ‘4.00’ 20
Buffers
 T16.2 - pH Meter
Measurement:
◼ Use beaker for testing
◼ Place the electrode on the holder
◼ When testing, both thermoprobe and
the electrode should be placed in soln
◼ The salt bridge of electrode should be
fully immersed in the test solution
◼ Position the electrode properly so that the
stirring bar will not strike the electrode
◼ Turn the magnetic stir on
◼ Rinse the electrode with D.I. water and
blot dry with tissues when changing the
test soln
◼ Immerse the electrode in clean D.I.
water when not in use Salt
◼ Immerse the electrode in 3 M KCl soln
bridge
when not in use for long period of time 21
 T17 - Spectrophotometer
Calibration and Measurement: SP-830 plus
(1) Turn on power to warm up for 20 min
(2) Empty the cuvette holder
(3) Press Mode button and set to A
(Absorbance)
(4) Set the analytical wavelength (i.e. 620
nm)
(5) Press [BLANK] button to zero set
(6) Place blank soln to cuvette holder
(7) Press [BLANK] to calibrate
(8) Place sample soln into cuvette holder
(9) Align cuvette in same direction to control
the path of the light
(10) Close lid and read the Absorbance
Note: YouTube T17 Video shows old
Spectronic 20, new SP-830 plus
is used in lab now 22
 Dispenser
1. Check the pre-set volume and
do not change the volume （1）
setting afterwards.
2. Position the flask under the tip （2） （3）
of dispenser.
3. Lightly pull the piston pump up （4）
and down several times to get
rid of the bubbles.
4. Lightly pull piston pump up to
the top, then slowly push down
to obtain the measured solution.

23
 Vortex Mixer
Notes:
1. Before use: Tube
Switch to “TOUCH” holder
mode and set
speed knob at low
2. During use:
Bring tube bottom
to touch the tube Use moderate speed
holder on mixer. during oscillation
Adjust to moderate “ON
speed during ”
“TOUCH”
oscillation because
high speed may let Mode Speed
switch knob
the mixed solution
splash out 24
 Table Top Centrifuge
1. Before centrifugation:
Place centrifuge tubes in equilibrium Cover latch
position.
Latch the top cover, set speed knob at
low scale (1~2)
2. Start centrifugation:
Set timer at a short interval (1~2 min) to
start centrifugation. If there are unusual
sounds or vibration, stop the centrifuge
immediately.
3. Speed up:
Without any malfunction, then speed it
up. (scale 5) Speed Timer
knob
4. Stop centrifugation:
Unplug the power cord or wait until time
is up, never turn the timer ARON DSC 200A-1
counterclockwise to stop and cause
malfunction 25
 DC Power Supply (Use in E11)
(1) Disconnect to Cu wire and ITO glass, set all
knob/button at zero
(2) Power on, press OUTPUT button (light on)
(3) Adjust Voltage/Current knobs to 3 V
Current (4) Press OUTPUT button again (light off)
adjust Voltage (5) Connect Cu wire/ITO glass correctly
knob adjust (6) Press OUTPUT button (light on),
electrolysis for 5 min
knob
(7) Observe the color change during reaction
(8) After use, disconnect Cu wire and ITO glass,
set all knob/button at zero
OUTPUT (9) Power off and place it underneath lab bench
button

－ ＋
Power
button
Polymerize

Connect to Connect to
Cu wire ITO glass 26