Week 01

DAY 01(Paper 01)

Introduction to Syllabus Paper 01

1. Major themes of the Qur’an [8] marks

Three groups of passages are set for close study. These relate to the themes of:
o Allah in Himself
1. Ayat al Kursi (2:255)
2. Anaam (6:101-103)
3. Fussilat (41:37)
4. Shura (42:4-5)
5. Ikhlas (112)

o Allah’s relationship with the created world

1. Fatiha (1)
2. Baqarah (2:21-22)
3. Alaq (96:1-5)
4. Zilzal (99)
5. Naas (114)

o Allah’s Messengers
1. Baqarah (2:30-37)
2. Anaam (6:75-79)
3. Maidah (5:110)
4. Duha (93)
5. Kauthar (108)

2. The history and importance of the Qur’an [14]

marks Candidates should study:
• the revelation of the Qur’an to the Prophet between the years 610 and 632
• compilation of the Qur’an under the Rightly Guided Caliphs • the major
themes of the Qur’an
• the use of the Qur’an in legal thinking,
• its relationship with the Hadiths,
• consensus (ijma‘ )
• analogy (qiyas)
 •

3. The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad [14]

marks Candidates should study:
• Prophet’s life from his birth to his call to prophethood
• Life in Makka and his experiences with his opponents
• Life in Madina,
• his conflicts with the Makkans and others
• his actions and character
• relations with others including women and non-Muslims
• relations with other states
• Seal of the Prophets and last Messenger of God.

In the examination either one or two questions will be set on this topic.

4. The first Islamic community [14] marks

Candidates should study:
• the Prophet’s wives
• his descendants, including his children, grandchildren and the direct line recognised among
Shi‘a Muslims as Imams
• his leading Companions, including the Ten Blessed Companions, (the four Rightly Guided
Caliphs during his lifetime). (Note that the period of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs’ rules after
the time of the Prophet is included in the Syllabus under Paper 2.) • his Scribes,
• the major characters who surrounded him in his ministry,
• the Emigrants and Helpers
• Position of women as wives, mothers and daughters

In the examination either one or two questions will be set on this topic.
WEEK 01
DAY 02 (Paper 01)
Life and Importance of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W)
Birth and Childhood
• Prophet Muhammad was born on 12th Rabi ul Awwal 570 AD. His father Abdullah had died before his
birth. His mother Aamina, named him Ahmed and his grandfather Abdul Muttalib named him
Muhammad
• According to the custom of Arabia, new born were raised by wet nurses, away from the busy cities.
Therefore, keeping with the local tradition, the infant Muhammad’s (P.B.U.H) upbringing was
entrusted to Halima Saadia, who belonged to the tribe of Banu Sa’ad . Great blessing and good
fortune surrounded Halima and her family as long as Muhammad (P.B.U.H) stayed with her, they
were never short of food; and their flock yielded milk in abundance. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) remained
with Banu Sa’ad for five years, where he learned pure Arabic dialect he took pride in it, he said,
“Verily I am the most perfect Arab amongst you; my descent is from Quraish and my tongue is the
tongue of the Banu Sa’ad.
• After two years Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was brought back to his mother but there was an
epidemic(plague) in Makkah so she sent him back with Halima.
• When Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was about five years old, the Angel Gabriel came with another angel. On
this occaision, Prophet’s chest was opened and a clot of blood was taken out of his heart and it was
washed with Zam-Zam water. When Halima came to know about it, she got scared and returned
him to his mother.
• When Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was six years old, his mother took him to Madinah to visit the grave of
her husband. On their return journey she passed away at Abwa and was buried there. • Umm Aimen,
the slave girl brought Muhammad (P.B.U.H) to his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, who brought him up
with love and affection. When Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was eight years old, Abdul Muttalib died, before
his death he entrusted him to the care of his son Abu Talib. Abu Talib was very kind to Muhammad
(P.B.U.H); he was loving and affectionate his nephew. Allah says regarding this, “Did he not find you an
orphan and give you shelter (and care).” (Ad Dhuha 93:6) When he was a boy, Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
looked after the flocks of Abu Talib.
Meeting with Bahira
• At the age of twelve, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade journey to Syria. On his
way near Basra, he met a Christian monk named Bahira, who noticed the signs of prophethood in
him. He asked Abu Talib to take special care of his nephew and protect him. He also warned him not
to take the Prophet Muhammad to Syria as Jews would harm him. Therefore, Abu Talib sold his
merchandise at Basra and came back to Makkah.
Harb ul Fijar
• Between the years 580-590, a sacrilegious war broke out at the fair of Ukaz between the Quraish and
Hawazin tribes, despite the fact that war was forbidden during the Hajj season. Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) was 15 year old when he went to the battlefield. However he did not participate in actual
fighting, he helped by picking up stray arrows thrown by the enemy and giving them to his uncles. It
lasted for many years.
Half al Fadul
• Seeing the injustice and ravages of war, some tribes decided to form an alliance to protect the rights
of the oppressed and provide them with justice. For this purpose they assembled in the house of
Abdullah bin Jad’an , they agreed that if they found anyone either a native of Makkah, or an
outsider had been wronged they would help him against the aggressor till the stolen property was
restored
to him. This alliance came to be called Half-al-Fudul (truce of Fudul). According to some it was
named after the names of the leading members of the alliance. Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) was
among those who attended the meeting with his uncle Zubair bin Abdul Mutlib and was so
impressed by its noble objectives that he remained loyal to it. Later on he said,” I was present in the
house of Abdullah bin Judan at so excellent a pact that I would not exchange my part in it for a
 herd of red camels; and if now in Islam. I were summoned unto it, I would gladly respond’’
Youth and Titles:
• Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.h) led a virtuous life. He was considerate, kind, forbearing, patient, noble
hearted and a man of principles. He was honest and truthful and was known as “Sadiq” ( the
Truthful ) and “Ameen” (the Trustworthy ) for these characteristics. Hazrat Sa’ad his busuness
partner said: “I was partner of Mohammad (P.B.U.H) in business. I always found him very honest
in his dealings; he never picked quarrels, nor made any false statement’’
On the occasion of the annual pilgrimage, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) used to supply water to the pilgrims
and look after their comforts. He was always fair and honest in his dealings.
Marriage :
• Khadijah bint Khuwalid, a wealthy widow in Makkah, had heard about the honesty of Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) and approached him for this purpose and sent her slave Maysera with him on a trade trip
to Syria.
• Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) worked diligently and earned a great deal of profit. When they came
back, Maysera praised him for his honesty, Khadijah was very much impressed, and she proposed
marriage to him through her cousin Nafeesa, which he accepted after consultation with his uncle. At
the time of marriage in 595AD, Muhammad (P.B.U.h) was 25, while Khadijah was 40 years old. They
were blessed with four daughters; Ruqayyah, zaynab, Umm Kulthoom, and Fatimah and two sons
who died in infancy.
Fixing of the Black Stone
• When the Prophet was 35 year old, Quraish decided to repair Ka’bah, which had been damaged due
to floods. When the question of placing the nlack stone arose, a dispute started as every tribe was
eager to have the honour to install the black stone. The dispute was prevented by an elder who
suggested that the arbitration of the first person who entered the mosque the next morning should
be taken and all accepted the decision. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) happened to be the first person who
came to Ka’bah, and he accepted to arbitrate. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) placed the black stone in a
sheet and asked the leader of all tribes to lift it to the level where it was to be placed, and then he
himself deposited it in its place. Thus, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was able to prevent a crisis with
wisdom and diplomacy, which could have led to bloodshed.
Meditation
• With age and growing understanding Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) became more and more fond of
solitude. He started retiring for days with a supply of dates, oatmeal and water into a cave in a mountain
(Jabal e Noor) outside Makkah, known as cave of Hira. There he pondered and mediated over the
condition of his people. These spells of loneliness and mediation became more frequent as he
approached the age of forty.
One day towards the end of Ramadan in 610 AD, he was in the cave of Hira, when angel Jibrael appeared
before him and revealed first five verses of Surah Alaq, thus he became a prophet at the age of 40.

3. (b) Why was his relationship with his wife Khadija important for him? [4] •
Khadija support of the Prophet financially and spiritually and being the first Muslim. •
Her support allowed him to spend time in seclusion.
• Seclusion prepared him for receiving revelations.
• Her maturity allowed her to console and believe in the Prophet when he received revelation •
.

WEEK 01
DAY 03(Paper 01)
Call to Prophethood / First Revelation
• With age and growing understanding Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) became more aware of the corrupt
society around him and it disturbed him greatly. He could not believe the polytheistic ideas of the
pagans of Makkah and often thought of God of his forefathers, Ibrahim and Ismail. He realized that
there is a force of truth beyond this world which must have power and control over the whole universe.
A few years before the conferment of prophethood, he became more and more fond of solitude. He
started retiring for days with a supply of dates, oatmeal and water into a cave in a mountain (Jabal e
Noor) outside Makkah, known as cave of Hira. There he pondered and mediated over the condition of
his people. These spells of loneliness and mediation became more frequent as he approached the age of
forty.
• One day towards the end of Ramadan(27th) in 610 AD, he was in the cave of Hira, when angel Jibrael
appeared before him and asked him to read. This was so sudden and unexpected that startled by the
strange voice, he answered’ “I cannot read”. Then he felt that he was being hugged and squeezed so
hard that he thought that he would die of suffocation. He was then released and the request to read
was repeated. “I cannot read”, said Muhammad (P.B.U.H) again. The angel again hugged him asked
him to read. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was afraid of being squeezed a third time, so he asked: “What
shall I read?”
• The angel then recited the following verses.
“Read in the name of your Lord and Cherisher, Who created. Created man, out of a (mere) clot of
congealed blood. Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, He who taught by (the use of) pen.
Taught man that which he knew not” (96:1-5)
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) recited these verses after the angel and the words were imprinted on his
mind. This was the first revelation and the beginning of Prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad
(P.B.U.H). He was then forty years old.
• Muhammad (P.B.U.H was greatly shaken by this experience and he ran out of the cave. Suddenly, he
heard a voice and raising his head in the sky, he saw the same angel in the sky filling the whole
horizon and saying: “O Muhammad (P.B.U.H) , you are the messenger of Allah and I am Jibrael.”
Whichever way he looked, he saw the same vision and heard the same voice. He stood there until
the angel disappeared.

• After the experience he came home and narrated the incident to Hazrat Khadija. She comforted him
and assured him that no harm could come to a man of his nature and that Allah would protect him
from all evils. Then she took him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal, who was a blind scholarly person
and had embraced Christianity.
After hearing what had happened to her husband in the cave of Hira, he said that it was the angel
Jibrael who had always brought revelations to previous messengers of God. He also informed her
that his enemies would turn the new Prophet out of his city.

(b)
• Yes, it was significant.
• being unable to read or write it would not have been possible for the Prophet to have
composed the Qur’an himself;
• the implication is that not being able to compose the Qur’an himself, it shows that the Qur’an
is from God;
• the Arabs had a strong oral tradition which allowed the Qur’an to be preserved through
memory alone;
• Since he could not read or write, therefore, he needed scribes for writing down the revelation
 and later they became witnesses of the divinity of Quran.
• God did not want anyone else to be the Prophet’s (pbuh) teacher, as that would have meant
someone was superior to him in his knowledge of God. It was a miracle of God.

Preaching by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)

After the prophet received his first revelation in the cave of Hira, he only told his wife khadija and her cousin
Waraqa bin Nawfal, about the event. Khadija was the first to accept the message. Waraqa confirmed the
prophethood, and for some days there was a break in revelation which is known as Fatrah tul wahi. 1.
Secret Preaching:
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) passed this time in restlessness and anxiety, until one day, he saw angel Jibrael
again, in the sky seated on a chair. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) became frightened and rushed home. He
asked Khadija to cover him up. She covered him up, after which he received another revelation which said:
“O you wrapped up (in a mantle)!
Arise and deliver your warning!
And glorify your Lord . (74: 1-3)
In obedience to the command of Allah, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) invited his friends and relatives to the
religion of Islam. He preached to them the oneness of Allah and warned them of the consequences of
following their evil ways. But, he did not, at this stage, make any public announcement.
• The first person to believe in him was his wife, Khadija, who accepted his message without any
hesitation.
• This was followed by the acceptance of Islam by ten years old, Ali, son of Abu Talib. •
The first freed slave to accept Islam was Zaid bin Haris.
• The first Person to become a Muslim outside the Prophet’s immediate family was his close friend,
Hazrat Abu Bakr, who invited many people to Islam and many prominent companions Muslim
through him.
• Khalid ibn Sa’id, a friend of Hazrat Abu Bakr, was guided through a dream in which he saw himself
being saved from fire by the Prophet. Hazrat Abu bakr R.A interpreted Khalid’s dream and he
accepted Islam.
Within a period of three years, while the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was preaching his message in secret, about
forty righteous and God-fearing people accepted Islam. Among them were, Talha, Zubair, Jaffar, Usman,
Abdur Rahman bin Auf, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas and Abdullah bin Masud.
These early converts were the people who had witnessed the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) private and public life very
closely and had arrived at the conclusion that such a gentle and honest person could not mislead the
people. The house of Zaid bin Arqam became the first preaching centre of Islam, where the Prophet (pbuh)
met these early converts and taught them the revelations he received. Muslims prayed twice in a day and
would often go to the mountains outside Makkah to worship secretly.
• None of the Holy Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) uncles accepted Islam. Abu Talib gave protection to the Holy
Prophet . Abu Lahab believed that his nephew was self-deceived.

2. Preaching to Banu Hashim:

After the revelation of the verse, “And warn your nearest relatives.” (26:214)
• the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) called Hazrat Ali and asked him to prepare a meal and assemble the Banu
Hashim. Hazrat Ali R.A did what he was told and most of the clan of Hashim came to the meal, about
forty of them. After the meal Abu Lahab said to everyone, ‘Your host has placed a spell upon you’
and with that they dispersed before the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) could say more.
• The next day, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) asked Hazrat Ali R.A to do the same and invited his kinsmen
for a meal; but this time he made sure he addressed them. ‘ O sons of Abd-ul-Mutalib ! Allah has
commanded me to call you unto Him. Which of you, then, will help me in this, and be my brother
and my successor?’
 When no one responded, the young Hazrat Ali R.A spoke up and said, “O Prophet of Allah, I will be
your helper in this. I will fight him who fights you”.
• The men laughed at the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), but from among the women, the Holy Prophet’s
(P.B.U.H) aunt, Safiyah, accepted Islam as her son Zubair had done. Umm-al-Fadl, the wife of the
Holy Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) uncle Abbas, and her sisters Maymunah, Salma, and Asma also came into
the faith.

3. Open Preaching:
Soon afterwards he received another revelation through which the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was given the
order: “Expound openly what you are commanded and turn away from those who join false gods with
Allah.” (15:94)
• Following this command, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) assembled the people of Makkah at the Safa hill
and said to them: “O Quraish, if I were to tell you that a large army has gathered on the other side
of his mountain and is ready to attack you, would you believe me?” They all said that they would,
since they had never heard him tell a lie. But when he asked them to believe in one Allah and his
Prophethood, they became angry and some of them shouted: “You have gone mad”.
• Abu Lahab, one of his uncles, said, ‘may you perish forever, did you call us for such a thing?’. The
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was shocked at the harsh response and the rejection by the Makkans. Allah
comforted him by revealing the following verses regarding the punishment awaiting Abu Lahab:
‘May the hand of Abu Lahab perish, doomed he is. His wealth and his properties shall not safe
him; he shall be thrown into a flaming fire of hell.’(111:1-3)
After this, all of them dispersed.
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) now started to address the people in public and private gatherings and on
approach routes to Makkah which were used by pilgrims to the Holy city. His efforts were successful and
people started embracing Islam. After this event the prophet and his followers had to face persecutions
which continued until they migrated to Madina.

3.(b)

• yes, it was significant

• because the message was new and so the Prophet and his closest followers needed time to get used
to it.
• Also, they did not know how the Quraysh would react so it was better to wait until they had some
strength in numbers before openly preaching.
• It was also better to wait until they were guided by God to preach Islam openly as the Prophet (pbuh)
always followed divine instructions.
• It symbolises the importance of Spiritual and Mental Jihad. While they were secretly preaching, they
capitalised on their intellect, character and habits. It was the secret preaching due to which
Muhammad (PBUH) garnered support that lifted Islam.
WEEK 01
DAY 04 (Paper 01)
Migration to Abyssinia

• The Persecution and hostilities of the Quraish started slowly but by the middle of fifth year of
prophethood/615 AD, they became intense. Some of prophet’s followers were persecuted to death
e.g Sumayya and her husband Yasir.
It was at this time that surah Zumar was revealed: “Good is for those who do good in this world,
and Allah’s earth is spacious. Only those who are patient shall receive their rewards in full,
without reckoning.”(39:10)
 After this revelation, the Prophet allowed the Muslim converts to migrate to Abyssinia, where the
King Ashamah, who held the title of Negus(Najashi), was a just man.

• The first group of Muslims who migrated were a group of 12 men and 4 women, including the
Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) daughter Ruqayyah and her husband Hazrat Usman. After a long journey on a
boat, they reached the capital, Aksum, where they had the freedom to practice their religion.

• That same year in the month of Ramadan, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was by the Ka’aba when he started to
recite the verses of Surah al-Najam, as they were revealed to him, in the presence of many
idolaters. The Impact of the word of Allah was such that, spellbound, they fell in prostration. News
of this event was mis-reported in Abyssinia, and the migrants, led to believe that the whole of
Makkah had accepted Islam, made their way back. On reaching back Makkah, they realized that the
news was not true. The Quraish had heard reports about the good treatment to the migrants whilst
in Abyssinia and, in their fury, they redoubled their persecutions.

• Seeing the plight of the Muslims, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) allowed them a second migration. This
time the group leaving Makkah was large. There were 83 men and 19 women who secretly made
the journey led by the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) cousin Jafar ibn Abu Talib. They included Hazrat Sawdah
and her husband Sakran, Zubair, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, Abdur Rehman bin Auf etc.

• The leaders of the Quraish, rather than celebrating the departure of these Muslims from Makkah,
were furious and determined that they should not be left in peace to settle and, perhaps, even
increase their number by preaching Islam in Abyssinia. Hence, they planned to send a delegation of
two men, Amr bin Aas and Abdullah bin Rabiyya, with some gifts to the king to request him to hand
over the emigrants to them. The sole purpose of this two-man delegation was to slander the faith of
Islam in the eyes of the Christian King Negus.
They appealed to the generals first and then to Negus himself, saying: “Some foolish young men and
women of our people have taken refuge in this kingdom. They have left their own religion, not for
your, but for one they have invented, one that is unknown to us and to yourselves. We beg you
to restore them (to their elders)”

• Negus, being a just ruler, asked the Muslims to explain themselves before he reached a decision about
whether or not he would return them to the Quraish. Jafar ibn Abu Talib, who was an eloquent
speaker, stepped forward and answered:
✓ “O King! We were ignorant people and we lived like wild animals. The strong among us lived by
preying upon the weak. We obeyed no law and we acknowledged no authority save that of brute
force. We worshipped idols made of stone or wood, and we knew nothing of human dignity.
✓ And then God, in His Mercy, sent to us His Messenger who was himself one of us. We knew about
his truthfulness and his integrity. His character was exemplary, and he was the well-born of the
Arabs.
✓ He invited us toward the worship of One God, and he forbade us to worship idols. He exhorted us
to tell the truth, and to protect the weak, the poor, the humble, the widows and the orphans. He
ordered us to show respect to women, and never to slander them. We obeyed him and followed
his teachings.
✓ Most of the people in our country are still polytheists, and they resented our conversion to the
new faith which is called Islam. They began to persecute us and it was in order to escape from
persecution by them that we sought and found sanctuary in your kingdom.”

• When Negus asked for an example of the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) message, Jafar choose well and recited
Surah Maryam, verses 17-26, about Hazrat Maryam the mother of the Prophet Isa nad his
miraculous birth without a father.
 It is said that when Jafar finished, the recitation, Negus and his entire court had tears in their eyes.
Negus said:
"By God this and Gospel are the lights of one candle".
Thereafter he returned the gifts, sent by the leaders of the Quraish and told them that even if they
offered him a mountain of gold, he would not hand over the people who had sought his refuge. • When
the envoys of the Quraish came back to Makkah unsuccessful, it infuriated the Quraish and they
intensified their persecutions of the believers remaining in Makkah. It was at this time that the
Prophet’s uncle Hazrat Hamza and Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab entered the fold of Islam.

4. (b) Why did the people of Makka pursue these Muslims? [4]

• The Makkans wanted to destroy the new faith, as it threatened their own religious and economic
stability and therefore, did not want the Muslims to escape and for Islam to flourish. • The Makkans had
fears due to the increasing number of Muslims and the this migration encouraged those to accept Islam
who previously feared persecutions.
• They wanted to bring emigrants back and persecute them in order to discourage others from
accepting Islam.
• The success of this Migration was a threat to their political leadership in Arabia. This migration also
threatened their economic prosperity.

4(b) What was the importance of making this migration at that time? [4]

• The migration to Abyssinia was a significant event which can be described at the first major political
move taken by the Holy Prophet pbuh..
• The migration to Abyssinia made the feelings of unity among Muslims stronger; • the emigration to
Abyssinia gave the Muslims a chance to carry the message of Islam further and out of Arabia.
• The migration provided practical training during the Holy Prophet’spbuh lifetime for the
establishment of a Muslim society in which the Prophetpbuh did not live.
• The Muslims came to know that there were places where they could seek shelter and protection
from the persecution of the Quarish.
• It ultimately gave birth to the idea of a greater migration to Madina.

WEEK 02
DAY 01
Boycott of Banu Hashim
• After the acceptance of Islam by Hazrat Hamza and Hazrat Umar, the Quraish came under pressure
from Abu Jahl to take action against the growing popularity of Islam and the courage the Muslims
were now showing in the practise of their faith. In the seventh year of prophethood the Quraish
mounted pressure on Abu Talib the chief of the Clan of Banu Hashim that he should abandon his
nephew and surrender him to their custody. But when he refused, they decided to impose a ban on
the entire clan of Banu Hashim which, with the exception of Abu Lahab, was committed to protecting
Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) whether or not they believed him to be a Prophet.
• According to terms of ban, which was placed inside the Ka’ba, no one would marry a Hashimi woman
or give his daughter in marriage to a Hashmi; no one was to sell or buy anything from them. This was
to continue until the Banu Hashim themselves renounced Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) or until he
renounced his claim to prophethood.
• The agreement was duly written and hung on Ka’bah. Members of Banu Hashim (Muslim as well as
non-Muslim) were compelled to retire to a narrow gorge called Shib Abu talib in the outskirts of
 Makkah, which was the property of Abu Talib. The boycott lasted for three years i.e 7th to 10th year of
prophethood (616AD-619AD) during which Banu Hashim suffered a lot. They lived in dire condition
and face starvation. The pagans did not allow anyone to deliver food or other necessities to them.
Crying of the children due to hunger and starvation could be heard outside the gorge. They were
forced to eat grass and leaves of trees.
• Sometimes some relatives would flout the ban and smuggle food inside the gorge. For instance,
Hakim ibn Hazim was once caught by Abu Jahl, trying to smuggle in a sack of wheat to his aunt
Khadija R.A. The besieged could leave the gorge in the season of Hajj. The Boycott strengthened the
faith of the Muslims. They were more determined than ever to see their mission successful.
• Finally, after Three years, the ban was lifted in the month of Muharram when hashim bin Amr one of
the Quraish who used to smuggled food to the Banu Hashim, went to Zuhayr, one of the Prophet’s
(P.B.U.H) cousin, to protest about the ban and its effects on the besieged kinsmen. The two men won
the support of others. They met at the Ka’aba and swore not to give up until the ban was torn up. Abu
Jahl and one or two others, who opposed this action, now realised that would be futile to resist any
longer. After much discussion they decided to lift the ban and when they went to take out the
document, they found that the termite had already eaten it up and only the name of Allah was left on
it.

The Year of Sorrow

The year 619 AD was a year of deep grief for the Prophet (P.B.U.H). A few months after the lifting of
ban, his beloved wife Hazrat Khadija R.A passed away. It was soon after Hazrat Khadija R.A passing away
that Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) uncle Abu fell ill. The clan leaders came to honour him and asked him if he
could arrange a compromise between his nephew and themselves. The Quraish leaders, in their effort
to reach a compromise with the Prophet (P.B.U.H), suggested that they should practise both religions.
Before the Prophet could formulate a response, he received the Sura Kafirun as a divine answer. “You
have your religion and I have my religion.” [109:6] . The meeting failed and broke up. Soon
afterwards, Abu Talib passed away. With his death, the leadership of the Banu Hashim passed over to
Abu Lahab, who was one of the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) most violent opponents.

Visit to Taif
• After the death of Abu Talib, the Quraish increased their attacks against the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
This new situation meant that he could no longer stay in Makkah with any hope of victory. Before
things became too critical, he had to explore new avenues in his search for support. So,
accompanied by his adopted son, Zaid bin Hartih, he set out for Taif, a town about 60 miles from
Makkah, to preach Divine Message to its people.
• Taif was populated by Banu Saqeef, this second largest tribe in Arabia. As he began his journey, he
was full of hope that if they responded favourably it would signify a new phase in the history of
Islam. In Taif the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) approached three chiefs calling upon them to believe in
Allah and support him in his efforts to establish Islam; but none gave him a favourable response and
asked him to leave the town. Prophet (P.B.U.H) did not lose heart and started to preach Islam to
common people of Taif which continued for ten days.
• When the chiefs came to know about this, they were infuriated and set upon him a crowd of
teenagers and slaves, who not only abused him but also threw stones at him. He was so badly
wounded that his shoes were filled with blood. Zaid tried hard to defend and protect him from the
stones. In trying to shield the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), his head was badly wounded. The mob
followed them until they were driven to the outskirts of the city.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) then sought refuge in an orchard that belong to two brothers who
although opposed to Islam and to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), felt sorry for him. They sent their
 Christian slave Addas with a bunch of grapes for him. After a dialogue with the Prophet (pbuh)
Addas accepted Islam.
• At that time the Angel Gabriel appeared and addressed him saying: “Allah has heard what your
people said to you, and how they have replied to you. Allah has sent the angel of the Mountains
to you so that you may order him to do whatever you wish to these people.”
The Angel of the Mountains then appeared and said, “O Muhammad! Order what you wish. If you
like, I shall cause mountains surrounding Al-Ta’if, to fall upon them, and crush them into pieces.”
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) replied, “Why should I pray for their
destruction, for I hope that there shall be among their children those who will worship Allah
alone, and will worship none besides Him.”
He prayed, “O Allah forgive them and guide them … for they know me not.”
Afterwards, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) set out on his journey back to Makkah.
• Thereafter, the Prophet (pbuh) and Zaid bin Harith offered prayer at Nakhla and during the prayer a
group of Jinns joined the prayer after listening to the recitation of Quran.
Before entering Makkah, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) tried to seek the protection of many influential men
but was turned down. He finally sought protection from Mut’im bin Adiy, the chief of Nawfal. The
next day, fully armed and accompanied by his sons and cousins, he escorted Prophet (P.B.U.H) to the
Ka’aba and announced to protect him.

3 (b) How can Muslims apply in practice the lessons learnt from the Prophet’s behaviour in this
situation? [4]
• The Prophet did not give up his faith in times of difficulty, despite few conversions and losing
his wife and uncle, but rather he persevered.
• Muslims should learn to persevere in times of difficulty, when they have lost family members or
they are living in difficult circumstances in their community;
• the Prophet did not curse or wish the worst for those people who had treated him so badly,
but rather prayed for them.
• So Muslims now should not get angry and wish bad things towards those who insult them, but
should try to do or say good things for them.

WEEK 02
DAY 02
Persecutions and Difficulties in Makkah
Prophet (P.B.U.H)
• The Prophet pbuh proclaimed the message of Islam openly on the mount of Safa after the
divine command for open preaching of Islam in 613 AD,
“Expound openly what you are commanded and turn away from those who join false gods with
Allah.” [15:94]
He was rejected by the gathering specially his uncle Abu Lahab cursed him. After this event he
had to face stiff opposition and both physical and mental persecutions. The influential people of
Makkah like Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan etc became his enemies. The opposition increased
gradually.
• The Quraish wanted to discredit Prophet (P.B.U.H)and his teachings in front of them and so
came to the decision that they would call him a magician who was so powerful that he could
separate son from father, brother from his brother, wife from her husband, and man from his
clan.
The Quraish started to ridicule, degrade, and belittle the believers as well as the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
himself to demoralize them. They said that the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was mad and the he practised
witchcraft.
• His uncle Abu Lahb called him “abtar” at the death of his second son. At that time Allah
consoled and comforted him with Surah al Kauthar and declared that his enemies were “abtar”.
“For he who hates you, he will be cut off.” [108:3 ] .
After the revelation of Surah Lahab , Abu Lahab also forced his sons Utba and Utaiba to divorce
the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayya and Umm-e-Kalsoom. Abu Lahb’s wife Umm-e-Jamil used to
throw thorny bushes in the path which the Prophet pbuh was expected to take. • They also
persecuted him physically. Once Abu Jahl threw camel’s intestines on him when he was
prostrating in prayer, his daughter Hazrat Fatima removed it from him. Once Utba tried to
strangle him when he was praying near the Kaabah. An old woman regularly pelted him with
rubbish on his way to prayer.
• The pagans of Makkah also tried to bribe him by offering him wealth, leadership and even
promised to marry him with the fairest girl if he abandoned the preaching of Islam. The prophet
pbuh rejected all such offers and said, “O Uncle! Even if they place the sun in my right hand and
the moon on my left, to force me to renounce my mission, I would not stop until Allah fulfills my
mission or destroys me in the process.” ‘Hearing this, Abu Talib said to him, ‘Go and preach what
you please for, by Allah, I will not forsake you.”
• The Prophet pbuh and his family were boycotted for three years i.e., from 7th till 10th year of
prophet hood and were forced to live in a narrow valley outside Makkah which is also known as
Shib-e-Abu Talib. It was a time of difficulties and hardships but the Prophet pbuh remained
steadfast.
• They also came up with another proposal that he should worship their gods and in return they
would worship his God. Prophet told them that there would be no compromise as Allah guided
him to declare, “You have your religion and I have my religion.”[109:6] • After Abu Talib’s death,
he visited Taif for preaching Islam but people of banu Saqeef persecuted him mercilessly. The
makkans plotted to assassinate him, which forced him to migrate to Madina.
Followers / Early Converts:
• For the first few years the Prophet (pbuh) preached the message in secret. Initially only a
handful of Muslims accepted Islam, the main ones being Khadija, Zaid, ‘Ali and Abu Bakr, who in
turn brought many people to Islam including, ‘Uthman, Zubair ibn Awwam, and Talha. Other early
converts were Bilal, Abu ‘Ubaida, Abu Salamah. Prayer was established morning and evening.
They would pray and practise their faith in secret, often praying in the mountains.
• The Prophet pbuh proclaimed the message of Islam openly on the mount of safa after the
divine command for open preaching of Islam in 613 AD,
“Expound openly what you are commanded and turn away from those who join false gods with
Allah.” [15:94]
He was rejected and after this event, period of persecutions and difficulties started for the
prophet pbuh and his followers especially the poor and the weak.
• Another victim of the cruelty of Quraish was Ammar bin Yasir (R.A), a freed slave of Banu
Makhzum, who had accepted Islam in its early days along with his parents. They were repeatedly
made to lie on the burning sand and beaten. At times, Ammar was also thrown on burning
embers. • His parents Sumayya and Yasir were persecuted to death by Abu Jahl when they
refused to abandon their faith. They were the first martyrs of Islam.
• Bilal bin Rabah (R.A) was the slave of Ummayah ibn Khalaf was severely beaten by his master.
Sometimes, a rope was put around his neck and he was dragged by street boys around the
streets and hiss of Makkah. He was deprived of food and drink, and one day during its hottest
hour, he was bound and a heavy stone was put on his chest. He was then asked to renounce his
faith, but he kept repeating ‘One, One’ to honour the oneness of Allah. Hazrat Abu Bakr was
passing by and, moved by the sight, he purchased Bilal from his master and freed him.
Not only the poor and the weak but the rich and the noble Muslims were also persecuted. •
Once Abu Bakr(R.A) was pulled by his beard and was dragged through the streets of Makkah for
protecting the Prophet pbuh.
• Usman(R.A) was wrapped in palm leaves and his uncle set fire around him so that he would be
suffocated.
• Harith bin Abi Hala(R.A) was also killed by the Makkans when he was trying to protect the
Prophet against his enemies.
• Zinra (R.A), a Roman slave girl was beaten and made blind by her master. • Suhaib Rumi(R.A)
was beaten so badly that he became unconscious, • Khubaib -bin--Arat(R.A), a blacksmith was
branded by his own tools; his body was burnt badly as they threw him on burning coal.
• Abdullah bin Masud(R.A) was persecuted mercilessly when he recited the Quran loudly near
the Kaaba.
The poor and the weak Muslims were deprived of their possessions and their means of livelihood
were taken away.
• Due to the severity of the persecutions, the Prophet (pbuh) told the believers to meet secretly
at Dar al-Arqam, In 5th year of prophet hood/615AD the Prophet (S.A.W) permitted some of his
followers specially the poor and the weak, to migrate to Abyssinia to the protection of the
Christian king Negus. The Quraish followed them and demanded Negus to send them back. He
called the emigrants and after listening to the speech of Jafar bin Abu Talib, he refused to send
them back and the Makkans had to return unsuccessfully.
• The Prophet pbuh and his family Banu Hashim were boycotted for three years i.e., from 7th till
10th year of prophethood and were forced to live in a narrow valley outside Makkah which
is also known as Shib-e-Abu Talib. It was a time of difficulties and hardships but they remained
steadfast. They were not allowed to worship at the Kaaba.
Isra wa Miraj (Night Journey and Ascension)
Intro:
• Isra and Miraj took place on 27 Rajab, 11thyear of prophethood. By Allah’s will, Holy
Prophet (pbuh) was taken from the sacred mosque in Mecca to the farthest
mosque, Masjid al Aqsa in Jerusalem In one night. On his way, he was shown some
signs of Allah and he also performed prayer at some important places. The first
part of the journey is referred as “Isra,” or the “Nightly Journey.” The Quran
describes this event in these words,
“Glory to Him who took his servant for a journey by night from the sacred mosque to
the farthest mosque whose precincts We blessed. In order that We might show him some of
our signs; for He is the one who hears and sees.” [17:1]

Isra :
• According to a hadith, Prophet (pbuh) said, “while I was lying in al-Hateem, suddenly
someone came to me and cut my body open ….. Then he took out my heart. Then
a gold tray full of beliefs was brought to me and my heart was washed and was
filled and then returned to its original place. Then a white animal which was
smaller than a mule and bigger than a donkey was brought to me( It was Burraq). I
was carried on it and Jibrael set out with me”.
• It took him to Jerusalem; Prophet (pbuh) tied the animal to the same ring on the
door of Masjid Aqsa used by the other Prophets for their animals. The Prophet
(pbuh) offered two Rakk’ahsprayer over there and led all the Prophets .Gabriel
then brought two vessels; one was filled with wine and the other with milk. The
Prophet (pbuh) chose the vessel filled with milk, and drank from it. Gabriel said,
“Praise be to Allah who guided you to Al-Fitra (the right path).
Miraj:
• The Prophet (pbuh) again rode the Buraq till he reached the lowest heaven. When
Jibrael asked for the gate to be opened, it was asked, “Who is it?”. Jibrael answered,
“Jibrael”. It was asked,” Who is accompanying you?” .Jibrael replied, “Muhammad
(pbuh)”. It was asked, “Has Muhammad (pbuh) been called?”. Jibrael replied in the
affirmative. Then it was said, “He is welcomed. What an excellent visit his is.”
• The gate was opened and on the first heaven Prophet(pbuh) saw prophet Adam sitting
with a large group of people. Those on his left were the souls of his descendants who
were the inhabitants of Hell, while those on his right were the inhabitants of Paradise.
So when he looked at right side, he laughed and when he looked at his left side, he
wept. The Prophet greeted Hazrat Adam. On second heaven he met prophet Yahya
and prophet Isa. On third heaven Prophet Yusuf. On the fourth Prophet Idrees. On
the fifth
prophet Haroon. On the sixth prophet Musa and on the seventh he met prophet
Ibrahim.
Then came a point where angel Jibrael left the Prophet (pbuh), as he was not allowed
to go beyond for his wings would burn. This point is called Sidra-tul-Muntaha. • The
Prophet(pbuh) went ahead alone and finally, he entered the presence of Allah himself.
Here the last verses of surah-tul-Baqarah were revealed, and Allah promised that the
major sins of his followers would be forgiven, if they did not commit shirk. • It is
narrated that during Mairaj the Prophet (P.B.U.H) had the opportunity to see Malik the
keeper of Hell. He saw Paradise and Hell, and the two rivers of Paradise, Kauthar being
one of them. Fifty prayers a day were made obligatory for the Muslims.

Return:
• On his return, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) informed Moses (P.B.U.H) about fifty prayers,
Moses told him to have the prayers reduced, as his people would not be able to offer
these. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) went back to Allah and the numbers were reduced by
ten. Again, Moses (P.B.U.H) urged him to have the number reduced, which he did until
it came down to five daily prayers. Moses again urged the Prophet (P.B.U.h) to go back
and have the number further reduced but he refused saying “I have asked my Lord till
I am ashamed to face him”. (Sahih Bukhari)

• When Prophet(pbuh) returned, the lock on his door was still moving as it was when he
left his house. When Prophet (pbuh) narrated this event to Quraish, they made fun of
him but when Prophet told them of trade caravan that he had seen on his way, his
truthfulness was proved. Hazrat Abu Bakr believed and testified this experience and
was given the title of Siddiquei.e “testifier to the truth.”.

(b) What was the significance of this journey to the Prophet? [4] • The Prophet
(pbuh) had been through a period of difficulty and this event made him realise that God
had not left him.
• It allowed him to see what he, and all Muslims, should be striving for which gave him
renewed strength.
 • He realised his status amongst prophets (as seal of the prophets), he led them in
prayer), and realised the blessings God had given his community (by giving the five
prayers), which gave him renewed hope in his message and he began to work towards
better prospects for him and his community.
• It was one of the main miracles other than the Qur’an.
WEEK 02
DAY 03
Pledges of Aqabah and surrounding events
• Soon after Abu Talib’s death conditions became unfavorable for the Prophet in Makkah because his worst
enemy Abu Lahab became the chief of Quraish, which meant that the prophet had no clan protection. He
decided to go to Taif to invite the people of Banu Saqeef tribe to Islam. He was accompanied by his freed
slave and adopted son,Zaid bin Harith. He invited the 3 chiefs of the local tribes to Islam. They rejected his
message and asked him to leave the town. He started preaching to the common people of the town. The
chiefs became furious and asked their slaves and mischievous boys to drive him out of the town. They
abused him and hurled stones at him. He was so severely injured that the blood trickled down his body and
filled his shoes. He took refuge in an orchard . Angel Jibrail appeared with the angel of mountains and
offered him to destroy the town but he forgave them and prayed for their guidance.

• The Holy Prophet returned from Taif to Makkah and resumed his preaching. He had started preaching to
the pilgrims who came to Makkah each year. In the eleventh year of prophet hood (620A.D)six pilgrims
from the tribe of khazraj in Yasrib Came to Makkah. They embraced the faith after hearing the teaching of
Islam by the prophet. When they went back to Yasrib they introduced Islam to their friends and relatives.
Thus the message of Islam reached Yasrib.

• Later in 12th year of prophet hood/ 621 AD twelve persons,two of whom belonged to the Aws clan, met
the Holy Prophet and accepted the faith and pledged to abstain from all the un-Islamic practices i.e stealing,
adultery, killing their children, slandering or disobeying the prophet etc and to lead a righteous life believing
in one Allah. In this first Pledge of Aqabah they vowed: “We pledge our allegiance to the Messenger of
Allah that we would associate nothing with Allah, that we would neither steal, nor commit fornication, nor
slay our offspring, not utters slanders; and that we would not disobey him in that which is right.”
These people promised to spread Islam in Yasrib and the Holy Prophet sent Musab bin Umair with them to
preach Islam to the residents of the city. This pledge is also known as “pledge of women”(Bait e Nisa)
because fighting was not mentioned in it.

• In 13th year of prophet hood (622A.D) a deputation consisting of 73 men and 2 women came from Yasrib
to take the same Pledge. This is called the second Pledge of Aqabah. They promised to listen and obey the
Prophet, to spend in plenty as well as in scarcity for the cause of Islam, to enjoin upon good and forbid evil,
fear no one but Allah and to defend the Prophet against his enemies if he needed and to lay down their lives
for the cause of Islam. They also invited the Prophet to Yasrib and pledged full support for him. Here, Bara,
a chieftain of Yathrib, took the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and swore: “By Him who sent you with the truth, we will
protect you as we protect them (our wives and children). So accept the pledge of our allegiance, O
Messenger of Allah, for we are men of war, possessed arms that have been handed down from father to son.”
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) replied: “I am yours and you are mine. Whom you war against, him I war
against. Whom you make peace with, him I make peace with.”

• When the unbelievers came to know of these developments they redoubled their persecution, so the
Prophet allowed his companions to secretly migrate to Yasrib and family after family left in this manner. All
the companions were able to migrate except Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Ali.
• Mut’im, the Nawfal chieftain who had become Hazrat Muhammad’s protector from the time of the Taif
incident, passed away soon after the second pledge of Aqabah; with his death, the Prophet (P.U.H.H) was
once more vulnerable to the violence of the Quraish. Abu Jahal now perfected a plot to murder him. The
Quraish held a meeting in the council hall,“Dar-un-Nadwa” where it was decided that one person from each
tribe should be selected who would simultaneously attack the Prophet and kill him. Abu Lahab, now the
chief
of the Banu Hashim, was not informed of this plan, but the understanding was that he, being a strong
opponent of Islam and the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), would accept the blood money and settle the issue. The
prophet was informed of this plan of his enemies by Allah and was told to leave Makkah that same night:
“Remember how the unbelievers plotted against you, to keep you in bonds or slay thee, or get you out (of
your home).They plot and plan, and Allah too plans, But the best of planners is Allah.”
The Holy Prophet asked Ali to sleep in his bed, and then he quietly left the house unnoticed. Accompanied
by Abu Bakr, he made his way to Yasrib.

3(b) In your view, why should Muslims provide a safe haven for others? Give reasons
for your answer. [4]
• They should provide a safe haven for people who are fleeing persecution, such as those fleeing the war in
Afghanistan / Syria etc. and their governments should provide shelter and basic facilities for them. • It is
from the teachings of Islam to care for others and to provide the basic needs of fellow human beings.
• Muslims could also provide a safe haven for those who have lost their families, especially children who are
now orphaned, whether it be due to war or famine or natural disasters.
• Providing homes and shelter for them would allow them to start a new life much like Muslims of Makka
started a new life due to the invitation of the Madinans.
• Also, the Prophet said that the person who looks after an orphan will be with him in paradise.

Migration to Madina

• Mut’im, the Nawfal chieftain who had become Hazrat Muhammad’s(P.B.U.H) protector from the time of
the Taif incident, passed away soon after the second pledge of Aqabah; with his death, the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) was once more vulnerable to the violence of the Quraish. Abu Jahal now perfected a plot to
murder him. The Quraish held a meeting in the council hall,“Dar-un-Nadwa” where it was decided that one
person from each tribe should be selected who would simultaneously attack the Prophet(P.B.U.H) and kill
him. Abu Lahab, now the chief of the Banu Hashim, was not informed of this plan, but the understanding
was that he, being a strong opponent of Islam and the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), would accept the blood
money and settle the issue.
The prophet was informed of this plan of his enemies by Allah and was told to leave Makkah that same
night: “Remember how the unbelievers plotted against you, to keep you in bonds or slay thee, or get you
out (of your home).They plot and plan, and Allah too plans, But the best of planners is Allah.” (Al-Anfal
8:30)
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) escaped secretly at night leaving behind Ali to sleep in his bed and to return the
valuables entrusted to him by people. the Prophet(P.B.U.H) came out of his house and threw dust at the
assassins, and they could not see him as he recited the following verse. “And We have put before them
a barrier and behind them a barrier and covered them, so they do not see”. [36:9]

• Prophet (P.B.U.H) and Hazrat Abu Bakr left Makkah during the night on a pair of camels and made their
way to a cave in Mount Thaur. Hazrat Abu Bakr’s R.A son and his freed slave Amr ibn Fuhayrah, followed
behind with a flock of sheep to cover up their tracks. Abu Bakr went with him; they took refuge in Cave
Thawr; Abu Bakr went in to make sure it was clean and safe; At that time Abu Bakr was bitten by a
scorpion or a snake as he had put his foot on one of the holes that was left unfilled, but he did not cry out
as the prophet was sleeping in his lap.

• Next morning, when the chiefs of Makka found Ali in Hazrat Muhammad‘s (P.B.U.H)bed they were
furious. Determined more than ever to find him, they offered a huge reward of one hundred red camels for
his capture, dead or alive. Many young men of Quraish went out in search of Prophet (P.B.U.H) and came
close to the cave. Some members of the quraish party climbed upto the cave and the foremost of them
turned around as he saw the cave entrance. His companion asked him why he did not go into the cave. He
answered, “Its entrance is covered with cobwebs and there is a pair of wild pigeons on the threshold.
Obviously, no one could have gone in without disturbing the pigeons and destroying the cobwebs”. The
Quraish were further convinced that the cave was empty when they saw its entrance covered with
branches growing from a nearby tree. They agreed to leave and called one another to return to Makkah
• Hazrat Abu Bakr trembled with fear and expected them to break in the cave. He said to the holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H), if any one of them looks down he will find us. To this the holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) answered, “ O
Abu Bakr, how can you fear for two men whose constant companion is Allah Himself” This incident
mentioned in Quran in the following words, “For Allah did indeed help him, when the unbelievers drove
him out: he had no more than one companion the two were in the cave and he said to his companion,
have no fear, for Allah is with us” (9:40).
During their brief stay at the cave, Abdullah son of Abu bakr brought the news of Quraish, while Asma
daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them food, and Amr Bin Fuhaira, the freed slave of Abu Bakr, used to bring
the milk sheep to provide them with fresh milk. After spending three days in the cave, they set out for
Madinah.
• One of the Makkans Suraqa bin Malik almost caught up with them but could not get near because his
horse kept stumblingand he finally abandoned his desire of capturing Muhammad(P.B.U.H). • Prophet
(pbuh) also stopped at the tents of Aatikah bint Khalf also known as umm e Mu’abd.Hazrat
Abu Bakr (R.A) asked her as if she had some dates and mutton to sell. She replied, in negative. The
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)saw a weak goat standing in one corner of her tent and sought her
permission to milk the goat. He touched the goat’s udder with His blessed hands and immediately
it filled with milk. All those present drank till their satisfaction. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) milked it a
second time and all the pots of her house were filled with the milk.
• After under taking six days of journey the Prophet (P.B.U.H) arrived at Quba, a place near Yathrib
on 23rd September 622 A.D. He stayed at the place of fourteen days during which he built a mosque.
That was the first mosque of Islam; the Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself participated in the building of the
mosque at Quba. Ali R.A joined him in Quba. Eighty people from Banu Aslam also accepted Islam. On
his way from Quba to Madinah, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) offered his first Friday congregational prayers
at the quarters of Banu Saleem, and delivered his first Friday sermon.
• Meanwhile the people of Madinah waited for the Prophet (P.B.U.H) eagerly. In their delight, the girls of
the Ansar sang to greet the Prophet. On the day the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) arrived, the people had
just gone back into their houses. The first person to see him was a Jew, thus fulfilling the prophecy
contained in the Torah. In Madinah, the people greeted the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) enthusiastically.
Children were singing as he arrived. Everyone was eager that he should stay with him. They grabbed the
halter of his camel Qaswa, but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Let it go its own way, It is under orders.”
Eventually the camel stopped at the home of Banu Malik Ibn al-Najjar. By herself, she knelt at a place,
which today marks the door of the Prophet’s mosque. It belonged to two orphan boys, Sahil and Suhail, of
the Banu Najjar. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) paid them the price of the land and built the mosque of the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) (Masjid al-nabvi). While the mosque was being built, he stayed at the house of Abu Ayub
al Ansari.

5. (b) What was the significance of this journey for the Muslims? [4]
• The importance of migration can be judged from the fact that the Muslim calendar starts from this
event and not from any other incident in the life of the Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• The migration not only completely altered the prevailing conditions of Arabia, but it changed the entire
 course of human history.
• The hijra reshaped the Arab peninsula socially and politically and also had an impact on worldwide
civilization.
• Muslims before migration used to pray secretly for fear of the unbelievers. As they were weak and in
minority. They became strong enough to stand against injustice and persecution.
• Prophet also got the chance to organize his followers into a disciplined community.
• Muslims became one nation and Madina became the place where Prophet’s call received response and
continued to grow and expand.

WEEK 03
DAY 01 (Paper 01)
First Year after Hijra
• On the day the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) arrived at Madina, the people had just gone back
into their houses. The first person to see him was a Jew, thus fulfilling the prophecy contained
in the Torah. In Madinah, the people greeted the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) enthusiastically.
Children were singing as he arrived. Everyone was eager that he should stay with him. The
grabbed the halter of his camel, but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Let it go its own way, it is
under orders.” Eventually the camel stopped at the home of Banu Malik Ibn al-Najjar. By
herself, she knelt at a place, which today marks the door of the Prophet’s mosque. It belonged
to two orphan boys, Sahil and Suhail, of the Banu Najjar. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) paid them the
price of the land and built the mosque of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) (Masjid-al-nabvi). While the
mosque was being built, he stayed at the house of Abu Ayub al Ansari.

• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself worked hard with the companions to complete the
building. This mosque was known as the “Mosque of the Prophet” or Masjid-e-Nabawi. It is
referred to in the Quran in the following words:

“There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety; it is more worthy of thy
standing forth (for prayer) therein. In it are men who love to be purified, and Allah loveth those
who make themselves pure.” (9:108)

• After the construction of Masjid e Nabwi Muslims felt the need to find a way to inform people
to come to congregational prayer. The Prophet (pbuh) asked his companions for their advice.
Some suggested that the Muslims, like the Jews, should blow a horn to announce the time for
the prayer. Others said, the Muslims might ring bells as the Christians do in their churches. A
few proposed that the Muslims, like the fire-worshippers, kindle a fire to call people to pray.
Yet other suggested the beating of drums but the Prophet (pbuh) did not approve any of
these because it resembled the unbelievers. Hazrat Umar suggested that people should be
called to prayer in human voice. The Prophet (pbuh) waited to hear a better idea or to receive
guidance from Allah.
One day, a companion, 'Abdullah ibn Zaid , came and said, "O Messenager of Allah! I had a
beautiful dream last night."
The Prophet(pbuh) asked , "What was the dream you saw?".
Zaid answered, "I have seen that a man wearing green garments taught me the words of the
'Adhan and advised me to call people to prayer with these words." He then recited the words
for the 'Adhan.
The words were beautiful and full of meaning. The Prophet (pbuh) recognized that the dream
of 'Abdullah bin Zaid was true. He asked 'Abdullah to teach the words of the 'Adhan to Bilal,
who had a loud and beautiful voice. Thus he was appointed as the Muezzin.
 • The Muslims in Madinah belonged to two categories. Those who had migrated to Madinah from
Makkah were known as Muhajirin or emigrants. Those who belonged to Madinah and had
given shelter to the emigrants and helped them were known as Ansar or the Helpers. The
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) established brotherhood between these two groups of Muslims. He
told the Ansar that the Muhajirin were in need of help, and so he wanted to create
brotherhood between them. The Ansar willingly agreed to this. The Holy Quran mentioned
this in these words: “Those who believed and adopted exile, and fought for the faith, with
their property and their persons, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave (them)
asylum and aid, these are (all) friends and protector, one of another.”(8:72)
• Even the enmity between the two tribes of Madinah, Aus and Khazraj was forgotten, as
mentioned in the Holly Quran; “....And remember with gratitude Allah’s favour on you; for
he were enemies and He joined yours heart in love, so that by His grace, ye became
brethren...”(3:103)

• There were three main tribes of Jews; Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza, settled in
the suburbs of Madinah in their own strong fortresses. As soon as the Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H)
was settled in Madinah, he called together the Muslims and the Jewish tribes for consultation.
After an exchange of views, an agreement was reached which granted
o equal rights to the Jews with full liberty to follow their own faith without any interference by
the Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H) or his followers.
o It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other,
o that neither party would commit aggression against the other,
o and that in case of an attack on Madinah, both Muslims and Jews would defend it.
o It also guaranteed protection of their life and property
o the Treaty also established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U,.H) as the leader and the head of the
State of Madinah.

The name of the town was changes from Yathrib to Madina tul Nabi i.e City of the Prophet.

5(b) How can Muslims apply this model of brotherhood to help their communities?
or
(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina? [4]

• Islam establishes human brotherhood on the basis of faith. Allah describes the believers as
being brother. “The believers are but brothers” [49:10]
• Brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar reminds the Muslims that the feeling of
brotherhood is an essential prerequisite for unity. It guarantees the safety and the well-being
of the society at large.
• Muslims can help by looking to see what they can offer others. Help can be in any form, e.g.,
financial assistance to poor, youth services, challenging social injustice etc.
• Muslims may live in areas where people from another country have come to settle, whether it
be because they are fleeing from persecution for example Kashmir, Palestine etc or to seek
work. Muslims can help them by finding out about them, asking if they need any help,
providing food/clothing/information and /or by helping them to integrate.

Charter of Madina
• In 622 A.D. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) migrated to Yathrib (Madinah) together with his
followers after receiving an invitation from the Arab tribes of Yathrib. At that time,
Yathrib was a pluralistic society composed of people of different religions with a large
 population of Jews. These tribes were engaged in bitter quarrels and often went to war
over disputes that had been going on for generations. There were 2 tribes of Arabs
divided Aws and Khazraj and Jewish tribes including Banu Nadir, Banu Quraiza and
Bani Qainuqa. They had been waiting for the arrival of a prophet, but they
had expected him to come from the lineage of Ishaq. There were also some Christians
living there.
• The continuous state of anarchy in Madinah eventually forced the residents to seek
options for peace. They agreed to make a prominent tribal chief, Abdullah ibn Ubay bin
Salool, their king so that peace and harmony could be achieved. Around this time,
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) arrived in Madinah and the tide turned against Abdullah
bin Ubay. Since the Prophet was viewed as a respectable, honest and trustworthy
person, he was requested to head the soon to be city-state of Madinah.
• After assuming a central role in Madinah, the Prophet recognized a few pressing needs,
which included: Determining the rights and responsibilities of the local population as
well as the immigrants from Makkah. Making agreements with the non-Muslim
population of Madinah , especially the Jews, to ensure peace and harmony. Creating a
strategy and plan to defend the city against invasions. Making resources available for
the immigrants to make a living.
• The strong need to create a centralized government in Madinah to end the prevailing
anarchy culminated in the creation of the Charter of Madinah. It is divided into two
parts; the first part deals with the rules and regulations for Muslim immigrants
(Muhajirin) and Muslim natives (Ansar) and the second part deals with the rights and
responsibilities of the Jews of Madinah. This charter contains 47 clauses, which laid the
foundations of a sovereign nation-state comprising of Muslims, Jews and Pagans,
having equal rights and responsibilities under a common citizenship.
➢ The salient features of this charter include:
• equal rights to the Jews with full liberty to follow their own faith without any interference
by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) or his followers.
• It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other, •
that neither party would commit aggression against the other,
• and that in case of an attack on Madinah, both Muslims and Jews would defend it. •
It also guaranteed protection of their life and property
• Treaty also established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U,.H) as the leader and the head of the State of
Madinah. In the event of a dispute among the signatories, Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
was the final authority for settling the dispute
• A system of financial aid was developed within each tribe and between tribes. Communal
funds were set up which were used in times of financial need such as to pay ransom or
blood-money
• The Quraysh of Makkah were to be boycotted commercially by all signatories and nobody
was to extend any support to them.
The constitution meant that the rights of all citizens were safeguarded, and initially the
relations between the different groups remained sound. They engaged in commercial dealings
with each other and gave and received help from each other.

WEEK 03
DAY 02 (Paper 01)
 Battle of Badr
• The Battle of Badrwas the first battle between Muslims of Madinah and Quraish of Mecca
that took place in 624 A.D. / 2nd A.H. After the migration of Madinah, the relations between
them were not good as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had captured their trade routes. The
Muslims had heard of a Meccan caravan passing near Madinah, and they waited for it near
the wells of Badr. As Abu Sufyan, who was leading the caravan feared that Muslims might
intercept it, he sent a messenger to Makkah with an urgent plea for help.
• The Meccans immediately raised an army of about 1300 men under Abu Jahl to escort the
caravan safely back to Mecca. Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan reached Makkah safely from another
route and asked the army to return. However, some of the leaders like Abu Jahl insisted on
attacking the Muslims. some of the Makkans left and the strength came down to 1000.
• When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) heard about the Meccan army advancing, he consulted
his companions and decided to fight against the Makan army. He immediately raised an army
of Muslims. Quraish reached Badr first and encamped there. Muslims though encamped
later were able to occupy the wells. Both armies were badly mismatched. There were 313
Muslims who had to fight over 1000 Quraish. In addition to this, the Muslim army was
ill-equipped having 2 horses and 70 camels . On the other hand, the Quraish army was
well-equipped having 200 horses and 700 camels.
• The Prophet (S.A.W) spend the night, praying to Allah for the victory; he prayed, “O
Allah! if this small band of men perish, there will be no one alive to worship you.
And your faith will be destroyed forever.” (Sahih Bukhari)
Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s prayer for the Muslims was accepted by Allah that is mentioned in
the Holy Quran which says,
“When you sought aid from your Lord, He answered you: I will surely assist you with a
thousand of the angels ranks on ranks.” [8:9]
• It rained the night before the battle. The ground on which Muslims stood was sandy so
rain proved to be a mercy as it made the ground smooth and the sand firm. The Quran says,
“He sent down Water for you from heavens to confirm your feet.”
• The battle took place on 17th of Ramadan, 2AH /624AD. Both the armies arranged
themselves in ranks on the Friday morning. Al Aswad bin Abu Asad was the first non
believers to step forward after the war of words but he was killed by Hamza. Then the duels
took place in which Hamza killed Utba, Ali Killed waleed bin Utba. Then they both assisted
Ubaida bin Haris to Kill his opponent Shaiba. Ubaida was the first Martyr at this battle.
• After this the general battle began. According to the Prophet’s (PBUH) instructions,
Muslims first shot arrows at the Makkans men threw stones and lastly fought with swords in
their hands. During the battle, Ali killed Abu Sufiyan’s Son Hanzala,Hazrat Bilal killed his
former master Umayya bin Khalaf. When the battle was heated, Prophet (PBUH) took a
handful of dust and threw it at the faces of the pagans saying,” May your faces be
disfigured.” It caused a sandstorm, the Quran says, “ It was not you who slew then ; It was
Allah: when you thrust ( handful of dust) was not your act but Allah’s… “ ( CH 8:V17)
• The Makkans had to face heavy losses and they fled in confusion leaving behind 70dead
and 70 prisoners. Their leader Abu Jahl was injured by two Muslim brothers Ma’uz and
Mu’az and then was killed by Abdullah bin Masood. Abu Bakr, Abdur Rehman bin Auf, Talha
etc had formed a defensive ring around The Prophet (PBUH) A large amount of spoils of war
was also captured that was distributed among the Muslims. Among the to prisoners were
Prophet’s uncle Abbas, Hazrat Ali’s brother Aqeel and Prophet’s son in law Abul Aas. Only 14
Muslims got Martyred , 6 Muhajirin and 8 Ansar.
• The Holy Prophet (PBUH) surprised everyone by treating the captured Meccans
honourably. He freed most of the prisoners on simple terms and conditions. The ones who
could pay were freed after they paid their ransom. The literate ones were freed after a
certain period in which each one of them was required to teach 10 Muslim children. The
poor and the old captives were freed without ransom.
3(b) Can the Prophet’s conduct during this battle (Badr) contain lessons for military
leaders today? Give reasons for your answer.
• Bravery and courage
• Depending upon God for victory and not numeric strength and material resources. •
Consultation about war strategies.
• Leading from the front.
• Not taking initiative in fighting.
• Kind treatment of prisoners

Battle of Uhad
• After the battle of Badr, Islam gained a firm footing at Madinah and the importance of the city
began to increase. The Quraish considered the rise of Madinah as a threat to their political and
commercial interest. Moreover, they could not forget their defeat in the battle of Badr. Several of
their important leaders were killed in the battle, and they wanted to avenge their deaths. Abu
Sufyan, the commander of the Quraish army, went to meet the Jews of Banu Nazir, who promised
help. He also hired their poet Kaab bin Ashraf to write ridiculing poetry against the Prophet. He and
other Jewish poets wrote poems to instigate the Quraish to fight against the Muslims. Another
immediate reason of the battle was the capture of one of their trade caravans by the Prophet’s
adopted son, Zaid bin Harith. Meetings were held where it was decided to collect funds and raise a
strong army for attacking Madinah and wiping out the Muslims. Some other tribes also invited to
join in this war.
• Finally, a fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah with 200 horses and
3000 camels. The Prophet was the news of Makkan army through one of his uncle Abbas bin Abdul
Mutlaib.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) consulted his companions about the best way to meet the enemy. The
consensus of opinion was that the Muslims should go out of Madinah to meet the enemy. Although
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had a different opinion, yet when the majority insisted on meeting the
enemy outside Madinah, he agreed.
• Three miles to the north of Madinah, the Quraish camped near the hill of Uhad. On the way,
Abdullah bin Ubbay, the leader of the hypocrites, deserted with three hundred of his men on the
excuse that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had turned down his suggestion of fighting the enemy from
inside the city. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) with the remaining seven hundred men, reached Uhad
and also set up camp.
• He posted fifty archers under Abdullah bin Jubair to protect the pass in the Uhad mountain and
defend the Muslims from any possible attack by the enemy from behind. They were given strict
instructions not to leave their post under any circumstances.
• Several Quraish women accompanied the army of the pagans including Hinda, the daughter of
Utba,; Umm-e-Hakeem, the granddaughter of Abu Jahl, Muslim women also took part for the first
time. Among them were Aisha, Umm Salama and Umm Ammara.
• When the two armies came face to face, Abu Sufyan asked the Ansar to leave for he said his fight
was not with them. The Muslims, however, stayed united and firm. When the two armies clashed,
the Muslim archers fired a volley of arrows into the cavalry of the Makkans led by Khalid ibn
al-Waleed, causing chaos in the ranks. Talha ibn Abi Talha, who was the standard-bearer of the
Makkans, came forward and shouted for a man to meet him in single combat. Hazrat Ali R.A stepped
forward and killed him with a blow. The Makkan standard was taken by Talha’s brother who was
struck down by Hazrat Hamza R.A.
• The battle was fiercely fought and the Makkans were being pushed back and killed. Abu Sufyan
narrowly escaped an attack. The Muslim advance continued until the enemy lines were broken
altogether and the way to their camp was thus laid open. Khalid bin Walid tried to break the
Muslims from behind three times but the archers held him off. Muslims got an advantage and the
Makkans started to flee from the battlefield in all directions.
• The archers posted to guard the rear of the Muslim army took his as signal to come down and
collect the spoils of war. Khalid ibn al-Waleed, noticing this fatal error on the part of the archers,
attacked the unprotected Muslims. panic now set in and despite the Prophet (P.B.U.H) calls, many of
the Muslim warriors, who had fought bravely, rushed for safety to the upper slopes of Uhad. Many,
however, stayed and fought; a group of nine Muslims made a protective shield around Prophet
(P.B.U.H).
• The enemy tried to reach the spot where the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was. He was wounded in the
head and face and lost his teeth. They killed the Muslim flag bearer Musab bin Umair who
resembled the Prophet. The enemy raised the cry that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was killed and the
confusion increased.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), however, stood firmly and called out to his companions to come back.
Ka'ab bin Malik announced that the Prophet was still alive. When the Muslims saw their leader,
they rejoined the battle. Soon, more support came to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and a group of his
companions moved him to a well-protected area at the foot of the mountain.
• Now the fighting was less one-sided. The Muslims who had rallied put up a determined fight. Both
parties were, however, extremely exhausted. Soon the fighting died down and each army prepared
to leave. Before leaving Abu Sufyan challenged for a battle next year at Badr and the Prophet
accepted his challenge.
• In this encounter 63(70) Muslims were killed and forty injured; while the enemy lost only 22 of
their men.Wahshi al Harb killed HazratHamzah with a spear. Hinda mutilated the corpse and
chewed his liver in order to avenge the death of her father, Utba, killed in the Battle of Badr at the
hands of Hamza.
The Holy Quran mentions this battle in these words:
“Allah did indeed fulfill His promise to you, when ye, with His permission, were about to
annihilate your enemy, until ye flinched and fell to disputing about the order and disobeyed it
after He brought in sight ( of the booty) which ye covet. Among you are some that hanker after
this world and some that desire the Hereafter---.” (3:152)
“Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, --- it was Satan who caused them to
fail,---.” ( 3:155)

(b) ‘Success for Muslims depends on their obedience to the Prophet.’ Discuss this statement in
relation to Muslims today. [4]

• The defeat at Uhud occurred due to the fact that the archers did not obey the Prophet’s
command, therefore, Muslims should obey the Prophet.
• The rules and guidance of Islam is based on the Qur’an and also the sunna and so to truly practise
Islam the way of the Prophet has to be followed.
• In battle, Muslims should stick to the rules that the Prophet gave, like not harming the
environment or women and children, and this can give Muslims success as they are following the
commands of God, which they will be rewarded for.
• In their everyday lives Muslims can obey the Prophet’s commands as to how to live their lives, in
terms of prayer, being good to people, etc., and this will make them successful in their lives as the
guidance given is all for their betterment.
WEEK 03
 DAY 03 (Paper 01)
Battle of Trench: 5A.H/627AD
• After the punishment and exile from Madinah by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the Jews wanted to take
revenge from Muslims. A delegation of Jewish leaders therefore went to Quraish to incite them against
the Muslims and promised them their full support. They gave the same promise to the tribe of Banu
Ghatafan and Banu Sulaiyam. The upper hand of Quraish in the battle of Uhad motivated the Makkans
and all other enemies.
• This time they assembled a large force of 10,000 soldiers under the command of Abu Sufyan. Amongst
the Army:4,000 well-armed foot-soldiers,3,000 horsemen in full armour,1,500 camels loaded with
provision,1000 camel-riding soldiers and several hundred well-armed soldiers of other tribes. • At the
same time horsemen from the Banu Khuza'a left to warn the Prophet of the invading army. • As usual the
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) consulted this companions, In the counsel, he appreciated the opinion of Hazrat
Salman Farsi (RA) who suggested digging a trench around the city of Madinah in order to fortify it.
• On three sides of the city, there were rows of houses, orchards and oasis which served as fortification
only one side was unprotected. A trench, five yards deep and five yards broad was dug. The Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself demarcated the site and worked like a labourer.3,000 Muslims completed the
trench in 20 days. In winter nights, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his companions worked sometimes
without food for days.
• The Allied forces were confident of an easy and quick victory. They advanced determinedly upon the
city. But they came to an abrupt halt when they found a deep and long trench between them and the
city. The trench warfare was quite unfamiliar to the Makkans and their allies. The Muslims compelled
them to stay at an adequate distance from the trench by hurling stone and arrows at them. Thus, began
the siege of Madinah, which lasted for about 27 days. There was little food and water; Jabirinvited the
Prophet (pbuh) to eat after slaughtering a sheep, and the prophet fed the whole army with this one
animal;
The Quraysh tried to cross the trench, a couple of riders managed to cross a part that was narrower; ‘Ali
fought them off; On this occasion , Amr bin Abd Wad, an undefeated warrior of Quraish , challenged the
Muslims for a duel. Hazrat Ali accepted his challenged and killed him.
• The hypocrites in the Muslim army, finding the situation dangerous, asked permission from the Holy
Prophet to return to their homes on the excuse that their homes were not safe in this connection the
Quran says, " Behold! A party among them said: "Ye men of Yathrib! ye cannot stand (the attack)!
therefore go back!" And a band of them ask for leave of Muhammad, saying, "Truly our houses are
bare and exposed," though they were not exposed they intended nothing but to run away.”[33:13]
• At the first Banu Quraiza had refused to support the unbelievers. But later they also came out against
the Muslims and broke their treaty with the holy Prophet. Thus there was a mighty attack on Muslims
from all sides. For this reason, the battle is also called Battle of Ahzab or the battle of Allies. The Quran
says, “Behold! They came on you from above you and from below you, and behold! The eyes became
dim and the hearts gaped up to the throats, and ye imagined various thoughts about Allah! In that
situation were the Believers tried: they were shaken as by a tremendous shaking.” (33:10-11).
• The Prophet (pbuh) used strategic skills to create mistrust between the alliances, sending Nuaym bin
Mas’ud to sow seeds of mistrust between the allies.
• A month had passed since the siege began. The Arabs were not a accustomed to such a long drawn war.
Their supplies began to run short. Moreover, it was winter with rain and icy cold winds. Because of
the shortage of food, forage and bad weather, a large number of their camels and horses died. ALLAH sent
a severe windstorm to the confederate forces, as well as His angels on a very cold day. The wind blew
down their tents and their cooking gear and the angels threw fear and terror into their hearts. They
hurriedly left, leaving behind all their possessions. - This encounter known as Battle of Tribes (ahzab) /
Battle of Trench (khandaq) ended in disgrace for the Meccans and their strength was broken forever.
- This is referred in the Holy Quran that says, “… Remember Allah’s blessing on you when hosts came
down on you (to overwhelm you) : but we sent against them a hurricane and forces ye saw not, but
Allah sees all that you do” [33:9]
• Finally, Banu Quraiza, the last major tribe left in Madinah, showed treachery in the Battle of Ditch in
627 AD. They broke the treaty with the Muslims, conspired with the Quraish and planned to attack the
Muslims from rear. A siege was laid on their fortresses that lasted for 25 days. After this siege, as a
punishment of their treachery decided by Saad bin Muaaz, around 600 – 700 men from Banu Quraiza
were executed and their wives and children were sold as slaves. The Quran refers to this incident in these
words, “And those of the people of the book who aided them- Allah did take them down from their
strongholds and cast terror into their hearts, (so that) some ye slew, and some you made prisoners .
And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses and their goods----”[33:26-27]

4(b) What can Muslims learn from the Prophet’s involvement in the digging
of the trench?
• The Prophet (pbuh) was the leader of the army and yet he took part in digging the trench, despite
his severe hunger.
• This teaches Muslims that no matter what their position, whether heads of state or community
leaders, they should take part in hard work required for the benefit of the community or others. • It
also provides a lesson in patience and perseverance, and that God will help if you don’t give up.
• It also teaches humility, that you do not think yourself above certain types of work.
*Elaborate with present Day example

Treaty of Hudaibiya 6A.H/628 A.D

Background:
• The Prophet saw a dream to visit Kaabah and decided to perform Umra.
The Quran says, “Truly did Allah fulfil the vision for His Messenger: ye shall enter the Sacred Mosque, if
Allah wills, with minds secure, and without fear.” (48:27)
About 1400 unarmed Muslims, clad in two sheets of unsewn cloth, departed for Mecca in February, 628
A.D. / 6 A.H.
• The Muslim had left Madina in a State of ihram, so were prohibited from fighting. As the Meccans
refused to allow them to enter, they stayed at Hudabiyah close to Mecca.
• For negotiations with Quraish 2 messengers were sent one after the other but they were detained
and finally Hazrat Usman was sent. When he did not return , a rumour broke out that he was
killed.
• After hearing this, the Prophet called his companions to take a pledge on his hand to lay down their
lives for the sake of Islam and avenge the blood of Hazrat Usman. The Quran says, “Allah indeed
was pleased with the believers, when the swore allegiance to you under the tree and He knew
what was in their hearts, so he sent down peace on them and rewarded them with clear
victory.” [48:18]
As this oath was taken for God’s pleasure under a tree, it is known as ‘Bait-e-Rizwan’. Apprehended by
this, the Quraish sent the messengers including Hazrat Usman back.
It also influenced the Quraish into negotiating a treaty. They sent Sohail bin Amr to negotiate a peace
treaty.
(TERMS/CLAUSES)
1. -Muslims would return to Madinah that year without performing Umrah.
2. -They would be permitted to come for Pilgrimage next year but would stay only for three days in
 Makkah.
3. -If a Quraish from Makkah should join the Muslims without permission from his guardians, he
would be sent back to Makkah. But if a Muslim from Madinah went to Makkah he would not be
sent back.
4. -There would be no fighting for ten years.
5. Muslims would be allowed to visit Makkah and Makkans would be allowed to go to Syria through
Muslim area and their trade caravans would not be attacked by the Muslims.
6. -Any of the Arab tribes might enter into treaty or alliance with either Muslims or Quraish.
7. It was also decided that they would not fight against the allies of each other. After:
• Apparently, the terms of the treaty were against the interest of the Muslims, and many Muslims
including Hazrat Umar were unhappy with these terms. Umar asked why the Muslims were demeaning
their religion and was reassured by Abu Bakr and the Prophet.
• Ali was chosen to write the treaty. When the Prophet asked him to write in the name of Allah, the
merciful, the compassionate or that the Prophet was the Messenger of Allah. Suhail objected and instead
the Prophet erased it and had Ali write in your name O God and Muhammad son of Abdullah to which the
Muslims protested.
• At that point Suhail bin Amr’s sons Abu Jandal came to the Prophet asking to be freed. But the
Prophet kept to the terms of the treaty and told him to be patient. Once they completed the document
the Prophet asked the Muslims to sacrifice their animals and shaves their heads.
• The Prophet said that Muslims had been victorious and was supported in this by new revelation
“Verily we have granted thee a manifest victory”(48:1)
• The Khuza’a tribe made a pact with the Muslims and the Banu Bakr made a pact with the Quraish.

(b) From this event, what can Muslims learn about the importance of keeping their word? [4] •
The Prophet kept his word to the Quraysh for the duration of the treaty. Even before the treaty was
finished being written, he sent Abu Jandal back to the Quraysh, on account of an agreement having
been made verbally.
• This shows the importance of promising to do something, then fulfilling that action, even if it has
not been put into writing.
• As all actions and agreements are recorded by angels, God knows what has been promised and by
fulfilling promises, no matter how hard it is, then God will reward you accordingly. • So, e.g.
politicians should not go back on the things they promise when they want to be elected, or people
should not take back something that they have promised to give a friend.

WEEK 04
DAY 01 (Paper 01)
7th Year after Hijrah
The Expedition of Khyber:
• Some ten weeks after the treaty of Hudaibiya, the malice of the Jews increased to a greater intensity. The
treaty of Hudaibiya led them to think that the Muslims were weak.
They imagined that their acceptance of such humiliating terms could be due to nothing but weakness. They,
therefore, got in touch with all those who had agreed to help them in their fight against the Muslims, asking
them to prepare to march toward Madinah.
• When the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) came to know about the proposed plot of the Jews to attack Madinah,
he launched into prompt and immediate action. This time, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) considered it more
proper to go to Khyber swiftly, lest the Jews should seize the chance of advancing on Madinah. Thus, he set
out with 1600 believers from Madinah in the month of Muharram of 7 A.H/628AD and reached Khyber, the
strongest and most fortified settlement of the Jews, in three days.
• The Jews were surprised when they saw the Muslims marching on toward Khyber, they immediately
rushed to their fortresses. There were several fortified quarters and 7 big forts in Khyber. Qamus, (An-Nizar)
was the strongest fort whose ruler was the all-Arab famous warrior Marhab, He was considered to be
stronger than 1000 horsemen.
• According to historians, there was a force of about 20,000 Jews in the forts. When the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) realized that the Jews were prepared to fight, he ordered an attack. The first battle took place on
the fort called Na’im. A fierce battle took place and the fort was conquered. The Muslims captured other
small fortresses as well, without much difficulty, but when they reached the famous and impregnable fort
of Qamus they found it very difficult to conquer. The fight prolonged to 20 days. Each day they had to return
without success.
• When the Muslims complained to the prophet about their successive failures, he consoled them and told
them that next day he give the flag and command to the person who was dear to Allah, and to whom Allah
was dearer ,and that person would succeed in taking Al-Qamus. Next morning ,when all were assembled
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) beckoned ‘Ali (R.A) and with his own hands put the amour on him, handed him
the sword and staff ,and sent him forth as the commander of the Muslim troops for that day.
• Seeing Muslims under the command of Hazrat ‘Ali (R.A) , Marhab came out of the fort and invited Hazrat
‘Ali (R.A) for a combat. The fight took place between Marhab and Hazrat’ Ali (R.A) in which Hazrat , Ali (R.A)
killed him in the first attack. Then a fierce battle started, and the Jews were forced to give in and the fort
was captured by the Muslims. Ali is said to have moved a door by himself which would have taken many
men to move.
• With the fall of Qamus, the gardens of Khaybar now came under the control of the Muslims and they
allowed their Jewish owners to continue working the land in exchange for an annual rent of half their
harvest. The Jews realized that the end must come. They requested the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) to grant
them peace on the condition that they would pay him half the produce of their lands. Their lives, property
women and children were left untouched. Abdullah Ibn Umar reported “The Prophet (P.B.U.H) made a deal
with people of Khaybar that they would have half the fruits and vegetation of the land they cultivated.”
Spoils of war fell into the hands of the Muslims. Besides vast stores of dates, oil, honey and barley, flocks of
sheep and herds of camels, the spoils in treasure and jewels was very large.
(b) Explain why it was important for the Muslims of Madina to fight in it? [4]
• As peaceful settlements were not accepted, the Prophet had to carry out a military campaign to prevent
further disruptions upon the Muslims from these parts, as they did not want to be continually fighting in
minor skirmishes.
• It was therefore a matter of survival for the Muslim community.
• Had they not fought, it could have led to insecurity as they would not have known when the next attack
would come from there.
• It was also important as God had promised them abundant spoils from this campaign (sura 48.20). The
Quran says, “Allah has promised you abundant spoils which you shall acquire. He has instantly granted you
this (victory) and has restrained the hands of people from you that it may be a Sign for the believers and He
may guide you to a Straight Way.”
Letters to King and Emperors:
Late in the six year A.H., on his return from Hudaibiyah, the Prophet Muhammad , decided to send
messages to the kings beyond Arabia calling them to Islam. In order to authenticate the credentials of his
envoys, a silver seal was made in which were graven the words: "Muhammad the Messenger of Allâh" 1.
Heraclius, the Emperor of Byzantine
The Prophet (p.b.u.h) sent his envoy Dahyah Kalbi to Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor, inviting him to Islam.
Heraclius wanted to know more about the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and sent his people to find out all they could.
Abu Sufyan happened to be in Ghazzah on a business trip and he was brought to the court. Heraclius asked
him many questions about Prophet (p.b.u.h). Abu Sufyan testified to the morals and the character of the
Prophet (p.b.u.h). When Heraclius heard Abu Sufyan’s answers, he was certain that Muhammad (p.b.u.h)
was a prophet of Allah; however, he did not accept Islam under the influence of his court. He was
nevertheless courteous to the envoy and paid him due respect.
2. Muqawqis of Egypt
Hatib bin abi Baitah (r.a) was sent to Egypt. Muqawqis the king of Egypt was a Coptic Christian. When the
king read the letter, he said that he knew that a prophet was to appear, but according to his knowledge that
prophet would come in Syria. Muqawqis did not accept Islam, however he was courteous to the envoy, and
sent gifts to the Prophet (p.b.u.h) among them were two Coptic Christian ladies named Mariyah and Sirin
and a mare. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) gave Sirin to Hassan ibn Thabit and he took Mariyah as his wife, she was
mother of his son Ibrahim.
3. Chosroes, Emperor of Persia
Abdullah bin Abi Hudaifah was sent to Chosroes (Khusrau Pervez), the Emperor of Persia. When Chosroes
saw the name of Allah and Muhammad (p.b.u.h) at the top of the letter, he was furious and tore the letter
into pieces. When the messenger of Allah heard about the Chosroes’ reaction, he predicted that soon his
empire would be torn up. The Persian Empire was spread as far as Yemen, hence Chosroes commanded the
governor of Yemen to arrest the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and bring him to his court. When his men came to arrest
the Prophet (p.b.u.h), he told them that their king was already dead. They were so impressed by the
prophecy that they accepted Islam.
4. Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia
Negus, the Emperor of Abyssinia was a Christian ruler. He had earlier given shelter to the Muslims when
they migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution at the hand of Quraish. Umro bin Ummayyah was sent to
Abyssinia to invite Negus to Islam. He accepted Islam and he showed great respect to the envoy. He also
sent presents to the Prophet (p.b.u.h). Negus died during the lifetime of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and he
offered funeral prayers for Negus when he heard of his death.
5. Abd and Jaifar, the rulers of Oman
Abd and Jaifar, were joint Kings of Oman at that time. The letter was sent through ‘Amr Ibn al-‘Aas. This
letter was sent asking the people of Oman to convert to Islam.”
So in response to the letter, Oman was the first country to convert to Islam without any war. It is said that
the Prophet (peace be upon him) made a prayer for the Omani people that they will never have enemies
from outside.”
6. Munzir ibn Sawa, Governor of Bahrain
The Prophet , despatched ‘Al-‘Ala’ bin Al-Hadrami to the governor of Bahrain, carrying a letter inviting him
to embrace Islam. In reply, Munzir bin Sawa accepted Islam and wrote the following letter: "Allâh’s
Messenger ! I received your injunctions. Prior to this, I read your letter, which you wrote to the people of
Bahrain extending to them an invitation to Islam. Islam appealed to some of them and they entered the fold
of Islam, while others did not find it appealing."
7. Harith Ghassani , King of Damascus
Hazrat Shuja bin Wahab was sent to Harith Ghassani, the king of Damascus was very angry at reading the
letter. He ordered his armies to attack the Holy Prophet. Muslims were awaiting his onslaught, but the
armies never appeared.

Battle of Mu'tah
• This battle took place in Jumada Al-Ula 8 A.H. / September 629 A.D. Mu'tah is a village that lies on the
borders of geographical Syria.
The Prophet (pbuh) had sent Al-Harith bin 'Umair Al-Azdi to carry a letter to the ruler of Basra. On his way,
he was killed by Sharhabeel bin'Amr Al-Ghassani, the governor of Al-Balqa' and a close ally to Caesar, the
Byzantine Emperor. The Prophet (pbuh) was shocked on hearing the news and ordered that a large army of
3000 men be mobilized and dispatched to the north to discipline the transgressors.
• Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the army. Ja'far bin Abi Talib would replace him if he was killed,
and 'Abdullah bin Rawaha would succeed Ja'far in case the latter fell. A white banner was raised and
handed over to Zaid. The Muslim army then marched northward to Syria. Heraclius had mobilized a
hundred thousand troops together with another hundred thousand men from Arabian tribes allied to the
Byzantines.
• Zaid bin Haritha assumed leadership and began to fight tenaciously and in matchless spirit of bravery
 until he fell, fatally stabbed. Ja'far bin Abi Talib then took the banner and did a miraculous job. In the thick
of the battle, he kept on fighting until his right hand was cut off. He seized the banner with his left hand
until this too was gone. He then clasped the banner with both arms until a Byzantine soldier struck and cut
him into two parts. 'Abdullah bin Rawaha then proceeded to hold up the banner and fight bravely until he
too was killed.
• The honour was unanimously granted to Khalid bin Al-Waleed. He reshuffled the right and left flanks of
the Muslim army and introduced forward a division from the rear in order to cast fear into the hearts of the
Byzantine by deluding them that fresh reinforcements had arrived. The Muslims engaged with the enemies
in sporadic skirmishes but gradually and judiciously retreating in a fully organized and well-planned
withdrawal.
• The Byzantines, seeing this new strategy, believed that they were being entrapped and drawn in the heart
of the desert. They stopped the pursuit, and consequently the Muslims managed to retreat to Madinah
with the slightest losses. The Muslims sustained twelve martyrs, Even though the battle did not satisfy the
Muslims' objective, namely avenging Al-Harith's murder, it resulted in a far-ranging impact and attached to
the Muslims a great reputation in the battlefields.
Conquest of Makkah (630AD)
• After the treaty of Hudaibiyah, Banu Bakr entered into an alliance with the Quraish, while Banu Khuza,a
made a pact with the Messenger of Allah.
Two year after Treaty of Hudaibiyah, Banu Bakr, the allies of the Quraish attacked the Banu Khuza,a, the
allies of Muslims. Quraish helped the Banu Bakr by providing them weapons. Some Quraish leader also
fought alongside Banu Bakr secretly at night. Banu Bakr Killed several men of Banu Khuza,a. The Chief of
Banu Khuza,ah with a party of forty men came to Madinah to seek help and protection. The Prophet
(p.b.u.h) demanded from Quraish to accept any of the three alternatives:
i.To pay Blood money to the families of the murdered men of Banu Khuza,ah
ii.To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr
iii.To dissolve the treaty of Hudaibiyah
The Quraish opted for the third alternative but soon realized that they were no match for the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) and sent Abu Sufyan to settle the affairs.
• Abu Sufyan the visited his daughter Umm-Habiba, one of the wives of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) but she
refused to do anything for him. He then went to Abu Bakr, Umer, Uthman and Ali (R.A) one after another,
but they too refused to mediate on his behalf. Then he went to the Mosque of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and
announced that the Quraish would guarantee peace and protection to all, but the Prophet (p.b.u.h) rejected
his offer.
• The Prophet (p.b.u.h) prepared an army of ten thousands Men: he maintained complete secrecy, to
Prevent Quraish from making alliance with their neighbouring tribes. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) set out for
Makkah on 10th Ramadan 8th A.H/630AD. The Muslims camped outside Makkah. The Prophet (p.b.u.h)
ordered his followers to light up torches outside their tents. The sight of fires magnified the size of the
Muslims army, the Quraish were demoralized. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to spy and was captured and brought to
Allah’s Apostle (p.b.u.h.At the point, he embraced islam.
• Before entering Makkah the Prophet (p.b.u.h) proclaimed that whosever remained in his own house
would be safe, whoever was in Ka,bah would be safe even those who entered the house of Abu Sufyan
would be safe. Thus, safely was guaranteed even to the worst enemy of islam.
On entering Makkah, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) told his army not to use arms against any one, unless they met
with resistance or were attacked. He ordered them to avoid bloodshed: and commanded them not to harm
the old, the women and the children.
• He divided his army into four columns; each column was assigned a specific part of Makkah to capture.
The Muslims entered peacefully. The column of Khalid Bin Waleed was showered with arrows and fought
back; thirteen men from the Quraish were killed while two Muslims embraced martyrdom. • The Prophet
(p.b.u.h)) went to Ka,bah and performed Tawaf. He went inside and prayed. Then he purified it, there were
about 360 idols in Ka,bah, he destroyed them, while doing he recited, ‘’And say the truth has come and
falsehood has banished. Surely falsehood is bound to parish’’ (Al-Isra 17:81) • A general amnesty was
proclaimed throughout Makkah. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) then assembled the Quraish near mount Safa and
delivered a sermon.
At the end of the sermon, he asked them, ‘’ O people of Quraish what do you think i will do with you?’’
They replied,(we think you will treat us) well, noble brother, son of noble brother, He said “I shall speak to
you as Yusuf [Joseph] spoke to his brothers, “there is no reproach against you today; God will forgive. He
is the most merciful and the most Compassionate.” (Yusuf 12:92)
And he added , “no more responsibility burdens you today, Go, for you a free”
• The Quraish were greatly impressed by the mercy and forgiveness of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and accepted
Islam. The Quran says regarded the Conquest of Makkah, ‘’When comes the help of Allah and victory and
see people entering the religion of Allah in throngs’’ (Al-Nasr 110:1-2). The Prophet (p.b.u.h) stayed at
Makkah for about nineteen days during which is made arrangement for the administration of Makkah.
(b) Can Muslims today learn from the Prophet’s treatment of his former enemies? Give reasons for your
answer. [4]
• Yes, they can learn from his treatment of his former enemies because the Prophet (pbuh) forgave
those who had shown a lot of enmity towards him, such as Abu Sufyan.
• In following this example, Muslims can forgive those in their life who call them names, abuse them, or
try to stop them from doing good, especially if they are sorry for what they have done. A grudge
should not be held against them.
• In Makka the Prophet (pbuh) forgave everyone except including those who had killed his family
members such as Wahshi and Hind.
• Muslims should realise that forgiveness is always a better option than revenge. They should not take
revenge despite having the power to do so.

WEEK 04
DAY 02 (Paper 01)
The Battle of Hunain
• The victory of Makkah which came forth as a consequence of a swift blow astonished both the Arabs
and other tribes. The ruling of Ta’if, Banu Saqif and warrior tribes of Banu Hawazin were still
enemies of Islam.
• Malik bin Awf the general leader decided to march and fight the Muslims. Alliance forceof 20000 men
was prepared and they camped in the hills of Awtas to the south east of Makkah. The Banu
Hawazain and Banu Saqif encamped in the valley of Hunain and posted theirs archers covering the
pass in the valley which the Holy Prophet and his forces must cross before they could reach the
other side.
• The Muslim army was twelve thousand in number, including two thousand newly converted
Makkans.Seeing how great number the Muslims set out on this expedition with extreme confidence
that mounted to over confidence. Some of them said, “ We shall not be defeated.” This statement
was not liked by Allah.
It is said in the Holy Qur’an,
“Truly Allah has given you victory on many battle fields, and on the Day of Hunain (battle) when you
rejoiced at your great number, but it availed you naught and the earth, vast as it is, was straitened for
you, then you turned back in fight. Then Allah did send down His calmness and reassurance on the
Messenger ( Muhammad), and on the believers, and sent down forces (angels) which you saw not, and
punished the disbelievers. Such is the recompense of disbelievers.” (Surah-Al-Tauba 09 : Verses:25-26)
• As the Muslims advanced, they were met with showers of arrows from all sides, while the main
portion of Hawazain’s army attacked them from the front. The Muslims could not stand the fierce
attack so they fell back. It caused a terrible disorder among the Muslim army. They fled from the
battle field and a small band of followers firmly stuck up with the Holy Prophet.
 • At that moment, the Holy Prophet said at the top of his voice,
“Truly saying, I am the Prophet; I am the (grand) son of Abdul-Muttalib.” (Al-Tabari) These words had
desired effects. Muslims uttered “Labbaik! Labbaik!” (Here we are at your service. Here we are). They
threw jumped off their camels ad horses and attacked the enemy in all fury. Both of the armies stood
fast and fought fiercely. The Holy Prophet threw a handful of dust at the face of enemy saying,
“May your faces be disfigured.”
Their eyes were thick with dust and the enemy began to retreat in utter confusion. • They fled and left their
women, children and cattle. because their leader Malik bin ‘Awf had told everyone to take their families
and belongings with them, the Muslims captured huge spoils of war which consisted of 24000 camels,
40000 sheep and 40000 Oqias (ounces) of silver. About seventy men of Banu Saqif were killed and six
thousand were prisoners. The prisoners were sent to the valley of Jiranah and the Prophet chased the
fleeing enemy.
• After this event the Prophet(pbuh) laid siege to Taif and after some time people of Taif embraced
Islam. Consequently the Prophet(pbuh) freed the prisoners and returned the spoils. Thus, his prayer
for the people of Taif was granted by Allah.

Tabuk Expedition
• The Relationship between the Muslims and Christians were strained since the battle of Mutah. The
Byzantines were afraid of the growing power of Arabia and the spread of Islam. The emperor
Heraclius collected a large force to attack Madina. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H) learned about the
preparation, he gave a call for jihad.
• The time of the expedition was unfavourable as there was drought and famine in Arabia. The summer
was extremely hot. The date crop was ready to be harvested. The Arabs tribes were hesitant to fight
the Byzantines whom they considered very powerful and it was a long journey through a barren
desert.
• Besides, the Hypocrites, under the leadership of Abdullah bin Ubay spread discontentment and fear
amongst the Muslims. They made excuses not to accompany the Messenger of Allah and said that
they feared the enemy and the intense heat. Allah said of them, "Those who were left behind
rejoiced in staying behind the Messenger of Allah and were against struggling with their
possessions and their selves in the way of Allah. They said go not forth in the heat, say the fire of
hell is hotter, did they but understand"(9:81).
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) asked for donations and charity for the preparation of the expedition. The
Muslims made great contribution, Abu Bakr R.A gave all his possessions, Umar gave half his
property, while Uthman gave 900 camels and 100 horses, and a 1000 gold dinars. Women donated
their ornaments. On this occasion, the Prophet (pbuh) appointed Hazrat Ali as his deputy in Madina
and said, “You are to me as Haroon was to Musa(A.S) except there will be no Prophet after me.”
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) gathered an army of 30000 and marched to Tabuk in Rajab 9 A.H. After 7 days of
journey, the Muslims reached Tabuk. When the Romans heard of Muslims advanced with such a
huge force, they withdrew from border towns, and dispersed. the Prophet (P.B.U.H) did not pursue
them in their own territory.
• He sent small expedition against various Christians and Jew Rulers in the neighbourhood. Many
Christians tribes entered into alliance with the Muslim and came under their protections and agreed
to pay Jizyah. In return, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) guaranteed them the security of their boarders and
territories as well as safety of their caravans and their ships traveling by land and see. He returned to
Madinah after staying in Tabuk for 20 days.
• The Conspiracy to kill Messenger (saw) by the hypocrites was always there, even on the way back
from Tabuk. Abu Qatadah was there to protect him. There was a group of hypocrites ready to kill the
Messenger (saw), they said let us kill him (saw). Twelve of them gathered and conspired to hit the
Messenger’s mule, near the valley, so that he would fall down and be killed. Hudaifah bin Yaman
and Abu Qatadah saw that the Messenger (saw) was close to edge. Hudaifa went and held the reins
 of the Messenger’s mule. The hypocrites went to make noise and unsettle the mule while the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was passing through the mountain road, Allah said, regarding this "They swear by
Allah that they said nothing (evil) but indeed they uttered disrespect and they did it after
accepting Islam and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out."(9:74)
• This was the last military expedition the prophet(pbuh) took part.

(b) The Battle of Tabuk became a mission of peace instead of war. What can Muslims
learn from this? [4]
• The Prophet (pbuh) had set off to fight the Byzantines. They did not show, and so there was no war.
The Prophet (pbuh) made treaties with people along the border. Some lessons Muslims can learn
could be:
• Muslims should favour peace over fighting
• Muslims should fight in defence just as the Prophet (pbuh) did, preferring to make peace with those in
neighbouring regions
• Showing unity could help remove the need to fight.
*Elaborate with present day example
WEEK 05
DAY 01 (Paper 01)
Relations with Non - Muslims
When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) migrated to Madinah in 622AD, he treated all parts of the Madinan
society equally. After the construction of the Mosque, Masjid-e-Nabvi, he devised the covenant of Madinah
as an agreement with three Jewish tribes in which privileges and responsibilities were given.
• The agreement stated that the law of Allah would be the law of land and granted complete religious
freedom. Madinah would be a city of peace for both parties and both would enjoy the same security
and equal rights. It further stated that the Muslims and the Jews would be allies and would not fight
against each other. Moreover, in case of an attack on Madinah, both would assist each other to defend
it. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) will decide all the disputes and his decision would be final.

• The Prophet (pbuh) engaged in commercial dealings with them and gave and received help from them.
He sometimes borrowed money from Jews and also arranged for loans from them for some of his
companions: one day a Jew caught hold of the cloth the Prophet(pbuh) was wearing and demanded
that he repay the loan he had taken from him. ‘Umar, got angry with the Jew and scolded him. The
Prophet (pbuh) then ordered that the loan be repaid to the Jew, and because ‘Umar had scolded him
the Prophet (pbuh) insisted that he be given more money than what he had actually been owed.

However, the Jews gradually distanced themselves from the Holy Prophet (PBUH). They persistently
mocked the revelations he received from God, and doubted his claim to Prophethood. They openly
made fun of him especially when the Qibla was changed and tried to humiliate him in different ways.

• The relationship between the Jews and the Muslims deteriorated when a Muslim woman was subjected
to public humiliation by a Jew of Banu Qainuqa who pinned her skirt in a public place. He was killed by a
Muslim and other Jews killed that Muslim. When this news reached to the Holy Prophet (PBUH), he laid
a siege to their fortress. This siege continued for 15 days after which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) expelled
them from Madinah in 624 A.D.
• Another setback to the relationships between the two was when Kaab bin Ashraf was executed for
violating the charter of Madinah. In 4 A.H Banu Nadir attempted to kill the Holy Prophet (PBUH) by
throwing a huge mill stone on him when he went to take from the blood money for some purpose
according to the treaty. They were asked to leave within 10 days. However, they left after the siege of
 14 days with as much as they could carry in 626 AD.
• Finally, Banu Quraiza, the last major tribe left in Madinah, showed treachery in the Battle of Ditch in 627
AD. They broke the treaty with the Muslims, conspired with the Quraish and planned to attack the
Muslims from rear. A siege was laid on their fortresses that lasted for 25 days. After this siege, as a
punishment of their treachery decided by Saad bin Muaaz, around 600 – 700 men from Banu Quraiza
were executed and their wives and children were sold as slaves. The Quran refers to this incident in
these words, “And those of the people of the book who aided them- Allah did take them down from
their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts, (so that) some ye slew, and some you made
prisoners . And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses and their goods----”[33:26-27]

• Apart from the Jews remained the Madinans who did not become sincere believers. Quran says, “when
it is said to rhem, come to what Allah has revealed and the messenger, you see that the Hypocrites
avert their faces from you disgust.”[4:61]They were the hypocrites whose leader was Abdullah Bin
Ubbay. They showed their disloyalty most strongly by withdrawing when the Quraish’s attack led to
Battle of Uhad in 625 AD. Abdullah Bin Ubbay withdrew with 300 of his men saying that he did this as
the Prophet rejected his advice of fighting from inside the city. They deserted their posts in the Battle of
Trench in627 AD saying their homes were not safe. In addition to this, they provided secret information
of the Muslims to the Makkans and the Jews. They did not make any financial contribution in Tabuk
expedition 631 AD. After Abbdullah bin Ubbay’s death in 631 AD many of the hypocrites repented and
became true Muslims.
• the Prophet (pbuh) sent letters to various non-Muslim rulers inviting them to Islam. The Christians of
Najran visited the Prophet (pbuh) in Madina to talk to him and ask questions. They then signed a peace
treaty. The Prophet (pbuh) allowed them to pray their prayers in the mosque.

• The relations between the Muslims and the Makkans were strained after migration and the Prohet
decided to block the trade routes to Syria which led to the battle of Badr. After Badr ,Uhad and trech
were fought. Treaty of hudaibiya ended hostilities but the Makkans violated the treaty in 630 AD, which
led to the conquest of Makkah. At that time the prophet treated his non Muslim enemies with kindness,
mercy and forgiveness and did not take revenge despite having the power to do so.

3 (b) How can Muslims now apply the lessons learnt from the Prophet’s interaction with non-Muslims?
[4]
• Non-Muslims were respected by the Prophet (pbuh) and invited to Islam. If they did not accept it they
were left to live their lives freely under their own faith.
• Muslims now can learn from this by inviting non-Muslims to Islam by teaching them about the
essentials of faith. If they do not want to accept Islam then they should not be harassed or hurt, but
rather respected and looked after.
• Muslims who kill people from other faiths because they do not believe in Islam, are going against the
example of the Prophet (pbuh).
• Muslims should also enter into agreements with non-Muslims to ensure both sides live amicably and
do not have their freedoms taken away by the other side. This allows both parties to know where
they stand and do not have to live in fear.
• Relations with other states
3 (a) Describe three examples from the life of the Prophet that show the relations
between the early Muslim state and other states. [10]
The first Islamic state in Madinah was established in 622AD and was governed by the Holy
Prophetpbuh. It was founded in a part of the city but it spread very fast and became the capital of a vast
Muslim empire. The system of administration established by the Holy Prophetpbuh lasted for centuries a
source of inspiration for later generations.
Relations between two sovereign states are governed by an agreement if one exists between them.
The Islamic state has been enjoined to follow the terms of the agreement. The best example was provided
by the Holy Prophetpbuh at the time of the Treaty of Hudaibiya 6AH/628AD. According to the treaty, the
Holy Prophetpbuh had agreed to return any Muslim who came to them and one such Muslim did arrive as the
agreement was being written. The Holy Prophetpbuh told him to go back to Makkah as he had already agreed
to the treaty. This shows that all obligations undertaken by the Muslim state should be fulfilled and treaties
concluded between the Islamic state and other states should be honoured. This is binding as long as the
other party remains faithful to its obligations and honours its treaties. The following saying of the Holy
Prophetpbuh shows how honestly he kept his word with individuals and nations. He said: “ If anyone wrongs
a man with whom a covenant has been made, or curtails any right of his, or imposes on him more than he
can bear, or takes anything from him not in the agreement, then I shall be his adversary on the Day of
Resurrection.” ( Mishkat)
After the treaty of Hudauibiya, during the period of peace, the Holy Prophetpbuh sent letters to various
emperors and kings in 7AH/629AD inviting them to Islam. Special mention in this connection maybe made
of Najashi of Abyssinia, who had given protection to Muslims to Makkah. The Christians of Najran also
concluded a peace treaty with the Holy Prophetpbuh. The Holy Prophetpbuh received envoys from Egypt,
Abyssinia, Byzantine and other neighbouring states and treated them as official representatives of their
government. He was very strict in maintaining cordial political relations with neighbouring tribes and states
and always received their envoys and deputations with great respect. He himself looked after them and
served them during their stay in Madinah.
When the Holy Prophetpbuh entered Makkah after its conquest in 8 AH/ 630AD, he asked its inhabitants
what treatment they expected of him. He did not order them to be killed, confiscate their property or take
them as slaves. The Holy Prophetpbuh said: “Today, there is no blame on you, there will be no retribution;
go, all of you are free.” The effect of this pardon was so great that the entire population of Makkah
embraced
Islam. The Holy Prophetpbuh words converted them from deadly foes into devoted and sincere followers.
The example of the Holy Prophetpbuh throws light on his desire to have good and friendly relationships
based on equity and justice with other states and to live in peace as good neighbours.

Final Year of Prophet’s(pbuh) Life

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) performed his farewell pilgrimage in 10 A.H/631 A.D. The news was sent to the
desert tribes, and multitudes flocked to the oasis from all directions, eager to accompany Allah’s Prophet
(P.B.U.H) at every step of this event. The actions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) during this farewell
pilgrimage, established the rituals of the Hajj forever. He delivered his last sermon at the plain of Arafat on
Jabal-al Rahma (The Mount of Mercy) on 9th of zilhajj. He addressed about 1,14,000 companions. The
subjects dealt with in this Farewell Sermon lay down the essence of what the holy Prophet (pbuh) had
communicated and taught during his lifetime. It explains the basic duties of Islam and one of the most
important teachings is that the Holy Prophet (pbuh) says he leaves the Quran and his Ahadith as the
foundation upon which Muslims should lead their lives.

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) told about his impending death and asked everyone to listen attentively. He
warned the Muslim Ummah against the evil practices of pagan hood, declaring Satan as the open enemy of
the believers. He told about the sanctity of life and property.²
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) emphasized upon fulfilling the rights of Allah by worshipping Him alone and by
performing the pillars of Islam.
“ Behold, worship your Lord; after praying 5 times a day; observe fast in the month of Ramadan;
pay Zakat on your property; and perform pilgrimage to the House of Allah.”
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) taught about the equality of all mankind. He said,
“All mankind is from Adam and an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor has a non-Arab over the
Arab. Similarly, no white has superiority over the black; nor have a black over white; except by piety and
good action…..you are all the children of Adam, and Adam was made of mud.”
Prophet (pbuh) also said that every Muslim is a brother to another Muslim and that the Muslims constitute
one brotherhood. “Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute
one brotherhood.”
He declared that the taking of interest (riba) was completely forbidden.
He emphasized on the rights of women especially as wives and also introduced the rights of the slaves. He
laid special emphasis on their good treatment.
“O people! You have rights over your wives and your wives have rights over you. Treat your wives
with kindness. Verily, you have taken them on the security of Allah and made them lawful unto
you by the words of Allah. And feed your slaves as you feed yourselves and cloth them as you
cloth yourselves. If they commit a fault which you are unwilling to forgive, then sell them.”
The holy Prophet (pbuh) also reminded the Muslims about their obligation of transmitting his teachings to
future generations “Let him who is present tell it to him who is absent.”
The religion and his prophet hood were completed after the last sermon as he said “O people! No prophet
or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born.” • On this occasion, he received the last
revelation, “This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have
chosen for you Islam as your religion.” (5:3) He concluded his sermon with an earnest question: “O people,
have I faithfully delivered unto you my message?” The words ‘Allah humman’am reverberated throughout
the valley. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) raised his right hand and said: “O Allah, bear witness!”
• On his return to Madinah, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) organized the provinces and tribal communities. He
appointed officers to collect Zakat from the newly converted tribes and people of the Peninsula.
Meanwhile many more deputations arrived at Madina to accept Islam. the Prophet (P.B.U.H) also
ordered Usama ibn Zaid ibn Haritha to lead an expedition to Syria.
• Two month after his return to Madina the Prophet (P.B.U.H) fell ill with headache and fever. He
remained sick for about two weeks. At first, he performed all his duties as usual and led the prayers. On the
fifth day of his illness, he retired to the apartment of Hazrat Aisha with the consent of his other wives..
When he became two weak, he appointed Hazrat Abu Bakr to lead the prayers.
• On the last day of his life the Prophet (P.B.U.H) came in the mosque supported by his attendants, and
joined the congregational prayer behind Hazrat Abu Bakr when Abu Bakr heard him coming , he tried to
retreat but Allah’ Apostle asked him to carry on. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) sat on his left side. After the prayer,
He begged forgiveness from his hearers, and exhorted them to follow the path of Allah, he said, “There is a
slave amongst the slaves of Allah unto whom Allah has offered the choice between this world and that
which is with Him, and the slave has chosen that which is with Allah.” Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A wept because
he knew that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was speaking himself and his imminent death.
• Then he advised the Muslims to be careful about the rights of Ansar and to treat them well. He
ordered to shut all the doors that opened to the mosque accept door of Abu Bakr House he said “be
watchful about your five daily prayers and rights of your women and servants.”. He warned the Muslims
not to worship his grave. He had some cash with Hazrat Aisha which he gave away as alms. Aisha said, “His
last act was cleanings of his mouth with a brush made of a soft branch of a tree and his last words were,
“now,
none but he the companions on high is needed.”the Prophet (P.B.U.H) died on Monday June 8th 632AD,
12th Rabi ul Awal 11 AH. Everyone was stunned with grief.

The Prophet (P.B.U.H) was buried in the same place where he had died; in the house of Aisha, his funeral
prayer was performed in batches his family members including Hazrat Ali and Abbas bin Abdul Mutlib
lowered him in his grave.
(OPTIONAL)Hazrat Umar was so shocked that he drew out his sword and declared that he would kill anyone
who said the Prophet had died. When Abu Bakr learned about the death of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) after
ascertaining the fact, he said, “O People! Lo as for him who worshipped Mohammad, Muhammad is died
but as for him who worshiped Allah, Allah is alive and dies not. Then he recited the following words of
Quran, “ Muhammad is no more than an apostle.. Many were the apostle that passed away before him.
If he died or were slain will you then turn back on your heels? A –Imran(3:144)” .
4. (b) The Farewell Sermon given by the Prophet contains teachings for Muslims of all
times. Explain how two of these teachings can be applied today. [4]
The last sermon is considered a summary of the main elements of faith, as it includes the five pillars,
equality of humankind, ethics and morality. It can be used in many modern day issues such as racism,
inequality of women, the financial structure (dealing in interest), adultery, responsibility of actions
(particularly in crimes), treating other Muslims as brothers, treating slaves/servants well, and worshipping
God. Present day examples should be given
Qualities (Model of Excellence):
🞂 O/N 2012
🞂 3 (a) Describe three qualities of the Prophet Muhammad that make him a model for
humankind. [10]
🞂 M/J 2014
🞂 3 (a) The Prophet Muhammad is said to have been patient and trustworthy. Write
about events in his life that illustrate these qualities. [10]
🞂 O/N 2015
🞂 3 (a) The Qur’an says the Prophet is of “great moral character” (68.4). Identify events
from his life that show a range of his moral characteristics. [10]
🞂 M/J 2016
🞂 3 (a) The Prophet was described as humble and just. Giving examples from his life,
write about events that describe these qualities. [10]
🞂 M/J 2017
🞂 4(a) Write about events from the Prophet’s (pbuh) life that show his qualities of
generosity, honesty and simplicity in action. [10]
🞂 O/N 2018
🞂 3(a) Giving at least four examples from his life, write about the ways in which the
Prophet Muhammad showed generosity and humility. [10]
O/N 2019
🞂 3(a) The Prophet (pbuh) was generous and forgiving. Write about events from his life
that demonstrate these qualities in action. [10]
Intro:
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is an excellent model for the Muslims to follow in all walks of life. He had an ideal
character and conduct. Allah testified to his character. “And you stand on an exalted standard of character
“ (Al Quran 68:4).Again Allah says “you have indeed in the Apostle of Allah a beautiful pattern of conduct.
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) manners were ideal, he said, “Allah sent me to complete the excellent virtues and to
perfect the good manners.” Aisha R.A was asked about the habits of Prophet (P.B.U.H) she replied, “His
habits were in accordance with teachings of Quran.”
Muslims should take the life of Prophet (P.B.U.H) as a model for themselves in every sphere of life and
should mould their character and personality according to it.
1. Patience and perseverance
Prophet (P.B.U.H) passed through a period of great distress and hardships at Makkah. He bore all the
difficulties with patience and never complained about them. Inspite of the ill treatment of his enemies, he
always treated them kindly and never cursed them. He endured the persecutions of the Quraish until he
was forced to leave Makkah,
• When the Prophet’s opponents greatly increased their persecution, his companions asked him to
curse them. At this the Prophet replied:“I have not been sent to lay a curse upon men but to be a blessing
to them”
His opponents continued to treat him and his companions unjustly and cruelly, but he always prayed for
them.
• In the early Makkan period when the enemies of the new religion far exceeded the Prophet’s
companions in number, it often happened that when the Prophet would stand to pray, his foes would come
near him and whistle and clap in order to disturb him, but the Prophet would not even once show his anger
at such acts. He always opted for the policy of tolerance and avoidance of confrontation.
• In one instance when the Prophet was praying at the Ka’bah while his enemies were watching his
every move and action, one of his adversaries put on his back the intestine of a slaughtered camel during
his prostration. The Prophet did not react and stayed in that position. His daughter, Fatimah, rushed to take
the filth off his back and cleaned him up.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) went to Taif to invite them to Islam, but Banu Saqeef refused to listen to him,
they abused him and pelted him with stones. He took shelter in the shade of a wall of a garden outside Taif
and prayed to Allah, at that time the angel Jibrailsaid, “Allah has heard the way your people have
responded. He has, therefore, sent this angel in charge of the mountains. You may command him as you
please. Then the angel of the mountains greeted and submitted, If u like I would overturn the mountains
from either side upon these people. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) replied, no but I expect that Allah will
create from their children those will worship none but Allah, the one.”
later, they attacked Madinah, and fought many battles with him but he bore all their aggression with
patience. His conduct was exemplary which finally made him victorious.
2. Honesty and Trustworthiness :
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was honest and truthful. He was a poor orphan who started trade with his uncle, but in
short period; he became well known and respected. He was known as Al-Sadiq (the truthful) and Al-Amin
(the trust worthy).
• When the dispute arose among the various tribes of Makkah as to who should lay the Black Stone, they
decided the one who entered Ka’bah the next morning would place it. They were very pleased when
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) happened to enter the Ka’bah the next morning as they trusted him for his honesty. •
When Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was elevated to Prophet Hood the Quraish abused him, called him mad,
bewitched etc, but never called him a liar. Abu Jahl his bitterest enemy often said, “Muhammad, I do not
say that you are a liar, but what you say I do not think right.” (Ibn Ishaque)
• When Allah commanded the Prophet (P.B.U.H) to invite his people to Islam. He called the Quraish at the
mount Safa and said, “If I were to tell you that any enemy was advancing to attack you from the back of
the hill, would you believe me?” They said, yes, we have always known you to be truthful. However, when
he invited them to Islam, they turned away.
• Khadijah married him because of his high morals and honesty. Khadijah was a wealthy widow, who used
to send her merchandise to other countries. When she heard about Muhammad’s (P.B.U.H) truthfulness
and trustworthiness, she sent for him and proposed that he should take her goods. He came back with
double the profits that she normally used to get. She was so impressed by his high character that she
proposed marriage to him.
• People of Makkah used to keep their belongings with him for safe keeping. At the time of migration,
though his life was in danger he entrusted the belongings of people to Ali (R.A.) before leaving Makkah.
3. Humility and Simplicity:
Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was a simple man. He was unceremonious and informal his habits. He ate
whatever was available, wore coarse cloths. His bed consisted of a blanket and a pillow of date fiber
covered with leather. He ate bread made from coarse flour, and spent days on dates only. He sat on floor,
bare ground or a mat, without any hesitation even when he was the ruler of Madinah.
It is reported “Allah’s messenger Muhammad (P.B.U.H) used to patch his sandals, sew his garment and
conduct himself at home as anyone of you does in his house.”
• His companions used to stand up to show respect to him when he appeared in their midst but he forbade
them saying, “Don’t stand up for me as the unbelievers do to show respect to others.” He lived humbly all
his life and never boasted of his social or political status even after his success at Madina. There are many
incidents of his humility reported by his companions and recorded in history books. Anas said that Allah’s
messenger used to visit the sick, accompany funeral and accept the invitation of slaves. • It is reported by
Anas that when Allah’s messenger performed pilgrimage he kept on reporting. “O Allah! make this
pilgrimage, a pilgrimage without pretence and fame.”
His companions had a great deal of love and respect for him. However they did not stand up when he
entered a room, as he disliked it. He did not wish to be treated as a ruler.
• Someone asked Hazrat Aisha about the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) life at home. She replied that he did
household work. He mended clothes and shoes, milked the goats and swept the house. He shared and ate
his meals with the slaves and the poor. He sat with the needy and the destitute in such a way that no one
could tell the difference between him and poor people. When he went to an assembly, he sat wherever
he found place.
• When he was entering Makkah as a conqueror, he was not proud or boastful like a worldly conqueror. An
expression of humility and gentleness was on his face and he lowered his head in such a way that it
touched the saddle of his camel.
• It is reported by Hazrat Umar the he heard the holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) say: “Do not praise me as the
Christians praise the son of Mary. I am a servant of God, call me a servant and messenger of God.”
Another one of his companions reported him as saying, “Allah has revealed to me that you must be
humble, so that no one boasts that he is better than other.”
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) always lived in a humble way and taught his followers to do the same. He lived the
life of an ordinary human being and showed by his own example, how to live humbly, even in greatness 4.
Justice and equality:
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was a just man; he never considered himself above anyone. He sat among people like ordinary
man; worked liked that ordinary labourer with his companions in the construction of Mosque of Madinah. He
also participated in digging the trench around Madinah with other Muslims at the time of battle of Allies.
• Once the Muslims were on journey everyone took charge of doing a certain duty. The Prophet (P.B.U.H)
took charge of collecting wood from jungle.
• Abbas the Prophet (P.B.U.H) uncle and Aaszainab’s husband were taken prisoners during the battle of Badr.
They were treated the same way, the other prisoners were treated. The companions asked the holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) to free them without taking ransom, but he refused to treat them differently.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) treated people with fairness and never discriminated between Muslims and non
Muslims in matter of justice. The Jews used to come to him to have their disputes settled,. A Muslim went to
Khyber and was killed by the Jews his son complained to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) he said, “If you swear as to who
has committed the murder, you will have the right to take your right from the murderer. They said, How
should we swear if we did not witness the murder or see the murderer?” The Jews were the only people who
lived in Khyber and there was no doubt to the fact that they had killed the man, but since there was no
eyewitness, the Prophet (P.B.U.H)did not ask them anything; and paid the blood money from the state treasury.
• Once a woman from an influential tribe of Makkah stole; the Prophet (P.B.U.H) order her hand to be cut.
Usama bin Zaid approached the Prophet (P.B.U.H) on behalf of the woman. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “the
people before you were destroyed because they used to inflict the legal punishments on the poor and forgive
the rich. By God! if my daughter Fatimah did that , I would cut off her hand”.
• In administering justice, he made no distinction between believers and nonbelievers, friends and foes,
high and low. Once a Muslim and a Jew had a business dispute, when the matter was brought to the Prophet
(pbuh) he decided in favour of the jew.
5. Generosity
Generosity means giving freely without expecting anything in return. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
liked generosity as one of the quality of believers and has encouraged Muslims to show a generous attitude
towards every needy person. The generosity and kindness of the heart of the holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
was a household world.
• During the month of Ramzan, he would give away so lavishly as to leave hardly anything for himself. He
never kept money with him overnight. If he had anything left, before nightfall he would give it to the needy and
destitute. If he came across someone who was starving, he would give him hi meal and remain hungry himself.
• Once a man who had embraced Islam asked the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) for some goats and
sheep. It so happened that at this time the holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had recently being given great
abundance of these animals. He gave the man so many that they filled the space between to hills.
• The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was once given 70,000 dirhams, which he began to distribute
among the beggars soon the whole amount was exhausted. After all the beggars had departed and old man
came and asked for alms. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) had nothing left to give but he did not want to
send the man away empty-handed. He therefore, borrowed something from another and gave it to him.
• When Prophet (pbuh) returned a debt he gave more than he owed.When a Jewish man came to demand
back the money the Prophet owed him, he grabbed the Prophet by the collar. ‘Umar got angry at the Jew, but
the Prophet smiled. He asked for the debt to be repaid and extra given due to the harsh treatment by ‘Umar.
Even when he asked for water from a woman to drink, he gave the water skins back with more water in them as
well as some food.
• He was also generous with his prayers, praying for those who hurt him rather than asking for their
destruction, e.g. at Ta’if and Uhud.
6. Mercy and Forgiveness
• Forgiveness is to not have anger, or to show kindness to someone who has wronged you. Prophet (P.B.U.H)
never took revenge from anyone and always forgave even his bitterest enemies. Hazrat Aisha said that
Prophet (P.B.U.H) never returned evil for evil, but would always forgive and pardon. The Quraish
rebuked him, taunted and mocked at him, beat him and abused him. They even tried to kill him. When
the persecution and aggression of the Quraish became unbearable, his companions requested him to
curse them but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “O Allah! Forgive my people for they know not.”
• After the Holy Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) migration to Madinah the Quraish waged many wars against him. In the
Battle of Uhad, when his head and face were injured his companion asked him to curse them, but he
said that he was not sent to curse people but to invite them to path of Allah.
• When Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) conquered Makkah, he did not take revenge, but forgave everyone. Even Abu
Sufyan was forgiven and anyone who took refuge in his house was also forgiven, Similarly, the Abyssinian
slaveWahshi al Harb who had killed Hazrat Hamza in the Battle of Uhad, Hinda, who had torn out his
liver and Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl were forgiven.
• The people of Taif, who threw stones at the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) when he visited that town in order to
invite them to Islam, and the Jews of Madinah who were always engaged in hostile activities against the
Muslims, were also forgiven by him.
• Abdullah bin Ubbay, the leader of hypocrites, worked all his life against the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and
Islam. He was continuously involved in intrigues with the chiefs of Makkah to wage war against the
Muslim. In the Battle of Uhad, he deserted with three hundred of his supporters, thus weakening the
Muslim army. Yet, after his death, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) prayed to Allah to forgive him.
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was an example of forgiveness and kindness, as mentioned in the Holy Quran: “Hold
to forgiveness; command what is right (7:199)”
7. Fulfilment of Promises
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) fulfilled his promises. He was always held in such trust that people left their
valuable with him for safe keeping.
• When the king of Rome received a letter from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) inviting him to Islam, he
called the Arab traders who were than visiting his country. He asked some questions about the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) from their leader Abu Sufyan, who was at that time, one of the bitterest enemies
of Islam. One of the questions was whether the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had ever broken his promise.
 Abu Sufyan replied that he had never broken his promise.
• One of the conditions of the Treaty of Hudaibiya was that if any Muslim from Makkah went to Madina,
he would be returned. When the Treaty of Hudaibiya was being written. Abu Jandal, bound in
chains, escaped from Makkah and came to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) asking for refuge. The
Muslims were shocked to see him in this condition, but the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said to him “O
Abu Jandal! be patient, we cannot break the Treaty. Allah will very soon find a way for you”. He
was returned to people of Makkah.
• Two companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) while coming from Makkah were caught by the
unbelievers. They were released on the condition that they would not fight on the side of the
Muslims
in the battle of Badr. They came to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and informed him about the incident.
The Muslims were very few in number and needed more men to fight against the unbelievers; but
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said “Both of you must go back; we will keep the promise under all
circumstances.”
By always keeping his promises and contracts the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) set an example for all mankind.

Seal of Prophets
The long line of the prophets started with Adam and finished with Muhammad (S.A.W). The life and
teachings of the prophets before Muhammad (S.A.W) have been altered, adulterated or lost by their
followers, besides their teachings were incomplete and did not provide complete code of life necessary for
a successful prosperous life. These messengers were appointed for particular people or country, and a
particular period of time. And their message was only for those people and not a universal message.
Muhammad (S.A.W) is the last all of the prophets. Allah says “Muhammad is not the father of any of your
men, but he is the messenger of Allah, and the seal of the prophets’’ (Al-Ahzab 33:40) The prophet
(S.A.W) said, ‘’There will no prophet after me.’’ (Agreed) In other tradition, he said ‘’My relation to the
long lines of the prophets can be understood by the parable of a building. The building was most
beautifully built. Everything was complete there in except the place of one brick. I have filled the place
and now the building has been complete.’’ (Bukhari, Muslim)
The prophethood of Muhammad (S.A.W) is distinguished in many ways:-
The religion of Islam brought by the prophet (S.A.W) is a perfect religion and deals with all the aspects of
human life i.e. Political, economic, ethical, legal and social aspects, it is perfect in all respect, Allah says,
“This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favours upon you and have chosen for you
islam as your religion.” (Al-Maidah 5:3)
It is a universal message for a entire mankind. Muhammad (S.A.W) was not sent down for any particular
country or nation but to the whole world, Allah says, “And we have not sent you (Muhammad!) save as a
bringer of good tidings and a warner to all the mankind.” (Saba 34:28) Again he says “we sent you not (O
Muhammad) but as the mercy of the world.” (AL-Anbiya 21:107) The prophet (S.A.W) said “Every prophet
who preceded me was sent especially to his own people, but I have been sent as a prophet to all
mankind.” (Sahih Bukhari)
The prophethood of the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) is eternal.
The message of Muhammad (S.A.W) has been preserved in the Qur’an. It is unchanged, Allah promised to
safeguard it, Allah says, “we have without doubt sent down the reminder, And we will certainly guard it.”
The details of life and sayings of Muhammad (S.A.W) are also recorded and preserved.
WEEK 05
DAY 02 (Paper 01)
Revelation of Quran (610AD – 632AD)
• As Prophet (pbuh) approached the age of 40, he started retiring into a cave a nearby mountain known
 as Hira. One day angel Jibrail appeared before him and asked him to read. This was repeated thrice
after which the Angel recited the following five verses of Sura Alaq also known as Sura Iqra,
“Proclaim in the name of your Lord and Cherisher who created, created man out of a clot of
congealed blood. Proclaim and your Lord is the most bountiful. He who taught by the pen. Taught
man that which he knew not.” (96:1-5)
This was the first revelation and the beginning of Prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad (pbuh). From this
time onwards, that is 610 A.D, he continued to receive revelations throughout the rest of his life for a
period of 22 years 5 months and 14 days.
• After the first revelation, sura al-‘Alaq, revelation stopped for a period which caused the Prophet to
worry. This interval is known as “fatrah tul wahi”. Once they started again they came strongly and
frequently.
They were not within his control (sura 75:16–19), he had no idea when they were coming and they
were safeguarded by God.
The Quran says, “Move not your tongue with it, (O Muhammad), to hasten with recitation of the
Quran. Indeed upon us is its collection and its recitation. So when we have recited it (through
Jabriel), then follow its recitation. Then upon us is its clarification (to you)” (Al Qiyamah 75:16-19)
• When a revelation came, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) experienced different sensations. He heard ringing
sounds, he perspired in the cold; he became so heavy that the animal he was riding on and his
companions could feel the weight of his body. A few times the Prophet saw the Angel in his original
form, e.g. on the night journey (sura najm). The most difficult was when they came as the ringing of a
bell, and this would weigh down on him, so much so that his camel could not withstand the weight.
He also received revelation in dreams. He also received revelation directly from God during the night
journey(Last 2 verses of surah Baqarah).
• When a companion once asked of Prophet (pbuh) how a revelation comes to him, he replied, “It comes
to me sometimes as the ringing of a bell and this is hardest on me, then he leaves me and I remember
from him what he says and sometimes the Angel comes in the shape of a man and he talks to me and I
remember what he says.”
Hazrat Aisha reports, ‘‘ I saw revelations coming down upon him in the severest cold and when that
condition was over, perspiration ran down his forehead.’’
A companion relates that once he was sitting with his leg under the leg of the Prophet. A revelation
came at that moment and he felt his leg would crush under the weight.
• Zayd bin Thabit, one of the chief scribes relates: " When the revelation came to him he felt intense heat
and drops of perspiration used to roll down his body like pearls. When this state was over I used to
fetch a shoulder bone or a piece of something else. He used to go on dictating and I used to write it
down. When I finished writing the sheer weight of transcription gave me the feeling that my leg
would break and I would not be able to walk anymore ….."
• He received revelations as divine instructions on all important occasions of his life. Revelations received
in Makkah during 610 to 622 are known as Makkan surahs. These are generally brief and are related
to articles of faith. e.g oneness of Allah, life after death etc. they also talk about the opposition of the
unbelievers and the language used is stronger. Throughout all the years of persecutions and hardships
in Makah, Prophet (pbuh) received revelations which not only consoled and comforted him but also his
followers e.g. Sura al Duha and Surah al Kauther etc.
• In 622 A.D Prophet and his followers migrated to Madina when he was instructed through revelation.
During migration he was reassured of divine help when Abu Bakr was worried in the cave of
Thawr(Saur). “For Allah did indeed help him, when the unbelievers drove him out: he had no more
than one companion the two were in the cave and he said to his companion, have no fear, for Allah
is with us” (9:40).
• The surahs received during 622AD to 632AD are known as Madni surahs. This includes verses which
were revealed during the battles, as well as those revealed in Makah and Arafat during and after the
farewell Pilgrimage. They contain social, economic, political, criminal as well as spiritual laws that are
important for the organization and development of Islamic State. These surahs are generally lengthy.
 • In 624 A.D Prophet (pbuh) received a revelation in which the permission of fighting was given in these
words, “Fight in the cause of Allah against those who fight you.” (2:190)
He continued to receive revelations till his farewell pilgrimage in 631A.D. The last revelation received by
him was in the plain of Arafat after he performed Hajj and delivered the sermon:
“This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen for you
Islam as your religion.” (5:3)
The Quran was revealed in portions but it did not remain long in that condition as it was simultaneously
recorded by the Scribes.

2.(b) What was the significance of the Prophet being given the revelation by word rather
than in writing? [4]
• the Arabs at the time had an oral tradition and it was in keeping with that. As people committed
things to memory it was a more reliable way of ensuring the Qur’an’s preservation. • Had it been
delivered in a book, it would have been harder to check if any changes had been made. • If the Prophet
had been given it in written form, he would not have been able to read or write it, and because of this
the oral revelation allowed the message to be memorised by him and committed to heart, again
ensuring there were no errors.
• It is significant because the Qur’an is primarily a book of worship, in a vocative tone, rather than a
legal written guide.

Preservation of Quran during Prophet’s lifetime: • The Holy

Quran started to be revealed in 610 AD and continued for a period of 22 years 5 months and 14 days.
The Quran was revealed in portions but it did not remain long in that condition. Though it could not be
completed until the last verse was revealed, it was never without some form of arrangement and every
verse and chapter was given its place in the Book.
• Whenever, a revelation was received by the Prophet (P.B.U.H) he would summon one of his literate
companions and dictate the text to him. He would then ask him to read what he had written. This
was to ensure perfect accuracy. He would also ask them to memorize the verses in order to recite
them in their daily prayers. Zaid bin Thabit says, “The Prophet(pbuh) used to go on dictating and I
used to write it down. When I finished writing, he would say, 'Read!' and I would read it back to
him. If there was an omission or error he used to correct it and then let it be brought before the
people."
• The Quran was written on thin and flat tablets of stone, wood, branches of palm trees, bones of
camels and goats and on piece of leather etc.
• The verse and chapters of the holy Quran were not compiled in the order of revelation, for example,
the first five verses of Surah Alaq are the first in order of revelation, but they are placed in the 96th
chapter whereas, the chapters which appear at the beginning of the Quran were revealed at
Madinah after the Prophet (P.B.U.H) migration. The arrangement of different verses and chapters of
the Quran was done under the guidance of Hazrat Jibrail. According to Hazrat Usman every portion
of Quran was written down and given its specified place at the command of the Prophet (P.B.U.H). It
was
customary with the messenger of Allah that when verses of different chapters were revealed to him
or when any chapter was revealed, he would call one of his scribes and say to him “write this verse
in the chapter where such and such verse occur” (Ahmad)
• The Quran did exist in the written form but no complete copy of it existed at the time, nor could such
a copy be made while the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was alive and still receiving revelations. The whole
Quran in one arrangement was safely preserved in the memories of the reciters. It was the practice
of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) to recite loudly the text of the Quran, revealed so far every year,
during the month of Ramazan. Those companions who had written it down would bring out their
 manuscripts and compare it with the version of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) so that they could check
the text and order of the chapter. In the last year of his life, a few months before his death, the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) read out the complete text of the Quran twice. In this way, the Divine Message
was recorded in scriptural from and learnt by heart to be preserved for the coming generations.

Compilation of Quran
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A)
• During the time of the Prophet (pbuh) the Qur’an was written on pieces of animal skin and on parts
of bone but was mainly memorised by the companions. At the time of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) death
no official copy of the Quran existed.
• After becoming caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr waged a war against the false prophet Musailima and many
companions who had committed the Holy Quran to memory were martyred in that battle known as the
battle of Yamama. Hazrat Umar suggested to Hazrat Abu Bakr that the Quran should be compiled. Hazrat
Abu Bakr, however, hesitated and said that he would not do the job left unfinished by the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H). According to Hazrat Abu Bakr, “Umar went on persuading me to accept his suggestion till I was
convinced that he was right so I accepted his suggestion.”
• Hazrat Abu Bakr asked Zaid bin Sabit, one of scribes of Divine revelation to collect the Quranic verses
from every part of the Islamic empire and compile them in book form. He was also reluctant but Abu
Bakr persuaded him. Zaid later remarked, “It would have been easier to carry a mountain on my
shoulders, than to compile the Quran.”
A commission was appointed headed by Zaid Bin Sabit and its members comprised at least twenty or
twenty five companions who had committed the Quran to memory. Zaid Bin sabit traced out and
collected the chapters of the Quran from every person who had it in their possession. He collected it
from palm leaves, stones, and pieces of wood and people who had committed it to memory.
• He applied the following careful methods for accepting any verse or surah.
He was not content just finding a written piece of the Quran. He also verified it from those
people who had heard it from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Though he himself was a hafiz of Quran,
he always tried to find a verse in writing before including it in his manuscript. He only accepted those
verses which were in the dialect of Quraish. He did not accept any part without two witnesses to it.
The verses were written in the order that the Prophet (pbuh) had given, but the surahs were written
on separate sheets.
So that version of the Quran he recorded was the one heard from and written under the supervision of
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• The script prepared by Zaid Bin Sabit was named “Mushaf” by Abdullah bin Masood. It remained
with Abu Bakr and after his death was transferred to the custody of Hazrat Umar, the second Khalifa, who
gave it to Hazrat Hafsa, a widow of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). This copy of the Quran came to be known as
Mushaf al –Hafsa i.e Hafsa’s copy of Holy Book.

Hazrat Usman (R.A)

• During ‘Uthman’s time as caliph, Islam had spread to other areas. Hazrat Huzaifa bin Yamaan
reported to Hazrat ‘Usman that people in different areas, in particular in Armenia and Azerbaijan,
were reciting the Qur’an in a different dialect. He requested him to take immediate action for the
removal of these differences; otherwise it might create a rift among the Muslims.
• Accordingly, Hazrat Usman acquired the copy of the Quran prepared by Zaid Bin Sabit from Hazrat
Hafsa. He appointed Zaid Bin Sabit along with three other knowledgeable Muslims , Abdur Rehman bin
Harris, Abdullah bin Zubair and Saad bin Aas, who assisted to make copies of the Quran from the original
text. They were told to follow the dialect of the Quraish in case of differences over the language, as the
Quran had been revealed in that dialect.
• The Quran was read out loudly from the beginning to the end in the Prophet (P.B.U.H) mosque from
these copies of the Quran, so that not a shadow of doubt remained in the mind of anyone that changes had
been introduced in the Quran.
• These copies were then dispatched to the capital city of every Province of the Islamic State with
instructions that in future copies should be made only from the official authentic text. Hazrat Usman also
ordered that if anyone had a copy with a different text, it was to be destroyed by fire. Hazrat Usman also
sent teachers to these areas to teach the correct dialect to the inhabitants of these areas.
• Hazrat Usman is Known as Jami-al-Quran. These means that he brought the Muslims around to a
uniform reading of the Quran.

2(b) Why did these caliphs think it was important to make a compilation of the Qur’an? [4] • Abu Bakr
came to see at the suggestion of Umar that the Qur’an could not be kept in memories alone. • Although the
Prophet had not made a written compilation, Abu Bakr realised that this would have to be done if the
authentic Qur’an was to be preserved for the guidance of the future generations otherwise it would be lost
or corrupted like the previous divine books.
• `Uthman realised that the original message might be lost.
• If different versions were allowed to exist the original meaning might no longer survive.
• Muslims would not have a single source of guidance.
• Rival interpretations might break the unity of the community.
• Only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve unity

Q2. (b) What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Quran in the form of a Book? [4] •
Having the Qur’an in book form ensures a standard copy which lessens the likelihood of it being
reproduced with mistakes.
• If the Qur’an had not been collected into book form, parts may have been lost. • It also suggests
unity between Muslims, e.g. they use the same book, they read it in its original language even if
that language is not their own
• The practical benefits include that copies can be carried by individuals, and referred to with ease. •
Even those who do not speak Arabic can read it and get the rewards.
• The availability of the written form of the Qur’an digitally, gives easy access to Muslims.
1

Week 05
DAY 03 (Paper 01)
Quran as a source of Islamic Law
Legal Thinking/ Guidance
Islam is built on the foundation of faith. Allah’s will is the primary source of law in a Muslim
society. The Quran is the most fundamental and reliable source of legal thinking in Islam, as it
says, “Verily this Quran guides to which is most right” (17:9)
It contains a set of legal commands which are the basis of Islamic law and which concern the life
of human being in every detail. “Blessed is He Who sent down the Criterion to His servant, that
it may be an admonition to all creatures” (25:1)
It deals with the institutions such as marriage or divorce. Emphasis is laid on behavior towards
women, orphans, relatives, slaves, and dependants. It also provides guidance about laws of
inheritance.
The following examples illustrate the role of Quran as a source of guidance and legal thinking in
Islam.
1. In matters of religion the Quran talks about the pillars of Islam for example, it says, “And
establish regular prayer and give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those
who bow down.” [2:43]
2. The Quran lays down rules related to Muslims social life. It lays down commands to
decide the matters with justice, not to offer bribe and to give full weight and measures.
“Give full measure when you measure and weigh with the balance that is straight”
(17:35)
3. There are penal laws concerning false accusations, blood money and retaliation. The
Quran lays down a simple rule as a punishment for crimes. It says,
“We ordained therein for them, Life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for
ear, tooth for tooth and wounds equal for equal.” (5:45)
4. The Quran also commands Muslims to stay away from un-Islamic practices i.e drinking
wine, playing games of chance, charging interest etc.
“O you who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, sacrificing of stones and arrows
are all Satan’s handiwork, show restraint to them so that you may prosper”
(5:90)
5. Contracts are safeguarded by the command to put them in writing, to fulfill one’s
undertaking to return a trust or deposit and not eat up the property of orphans. “Those
who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, eat up a fire into their own bodies”
(4:10)
6. Quran also explain us the difference between Haram and Halal and forbids the Muslims
from eating anything on which Allah’s name has not been pronounced. The Quran says,
“Lawful unto you are all four footed animals with the exception named”. (5:1)

` All other sources of Islamic law, which is Hadith, ijma and Qiyas depend upon it for their
acceptance and justification. They can only be used when Quran is silent on an issue and they
2

never contradict it. However, the Quran does not sometime give the practical guidance which
can be obtained from the Sunnah. Thus the Quran and Sunnah are called the primary source of
law.

Relationship between Quran and Hadith

Paper 01
M/J 2009
2 (a) How are the Qur’an and Hadiths used together in Islamic legal thinking? [10]
O/N 2010
2 (a) Describe how the two main sources of Islamic legal thinking are related. [10]
O/N 2012
2 (a) Write about the way in which the two primary sources of Islamic legal thinking
are used. [10]
M/J 2014(12)
2 (a) The Sunna is often used with the Qur’an as a primary source of Islamic law.
 Describe the ways in which they are used together. [10]
O/N 2017(11)
2(a) Write about the function of the Qur’an and Sunna as the two primary sources of
Islamic law. [10]
Paper 02
O/N 2015 (21)
2. (a) Describe how the Prophet’s Hadiths can be used together with the Qur’an to
help Muslims understand and practise their faith. [10]
O/N 2016 (21)
2 (a) Describe the relationship of Hadiths with the Qur’an, giving examples of how
Hadiths are used in understanding God’s words. [10]
M/J 2018 (21)
2(a) Outline the relationship between the Hadith and the Qur’an as sources of
Islamic law. Give examples to support your answer. [10]
M/J 2020 (22)
2(a) Outline the relationship between the Qur’an and Hadith when formulating Islamic
law. [10]
Answer:
From the earliest times, Muslims usually refer to the practice of the Prophet when they
wanted to know exactly how to reach a decision. The ahadith were always regarded as important
source of teaching alongside the Quran. Allah says,
“So take what the Messenger gives you, and refrain from what he prohibits you.”.” [59:7]
The Prophet (pbuh) said:
“Behold I have been given the Book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along with that.” Particularly
among legal experts they became acknowledged as a source which was second only to the
Quran itself. In fact, it was agreed that the divine revelation from Allah and the words and
actions of the Prophet Muhammad were so closely related, that what the Quran stated in
general terms could be further explained by referring to the Holy Prophet’s ahadith.
3

1. As all Muslims know, the Quran teaches that Muslims must pay Zakat, the charity tax. This is
usually mentioned in the Quran together with Salat, as an activity of sincere believers. “And be
steadfast in prayer, give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow
down.” [2:43]
In this example Muslims are encouraged to give Zakat, but they are not told exactly what
they should give, or how they should give it. These details are found in the Hadith of the Holy
Prophet:
“Abu Sa’id al-Khudri narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: No charity tax is due on
property mounting to less than five Uqiya (of silver), and no charity tax is due on fewer than
five camels, and there is no charity tax on fewer than five Wasq(of wheatgrain).”
[the two words Uqiya and Wasq refer to the measures of weight]
Ahadith such as this helped legal experts to give advice to Muslims about how the teachings in
the Quran about Zakat should be obeyed. They also formed the basis of the rules about Zakat in
the religious law of Islam.
2. In penal law related to theft the Qur’an says,
‘As for the thief both male and female cut off their hands’.(5:38) But it is not explained, how
much of the hand needs to be cut off? Which hand, the left or the right is to be cut off? The
Prophet (pbuh) explained the verse on theft saying, “the right hand up to the wrist is to be cut
off.”

3. The hours of fasting in the month of Ramadan are mentioned in the Quran in these words,
“And eat and drink until the white thread becomes distinct to you from black thread of dawn.”
When companions were unable to understand this verse, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) interpreted by
saying that “the white thread refers to day and black thread refers to the night.”

4. The Quran has many teachings about financial dealings. Riba, the taking of interest for making
a loan to someone is entirely prohibited in Quran:
“They say, trade is like interest, and Allah has allowed trade and forbidden interest.”
[2:275]
In this injunction and elsewhere in the revelation it is not clearly mentioned that what kind of
business transactions are regarded as Riba. The Sunnah explains it clearly: “We asked the
Messenger of Allah about the money exchange, he replied: if it is from hand to hand , there is
no harm in it; otherwise it is not permissible.”
The remarks of the Prophet about the wickedness of Riba (interest) were used by the legal
experts together with the Quran to build a wider picture of what is accepted as trading practice
in Islam and what is condemned.

5. Hadith makes certain exceptions to the general rules as laid down by the Holy Quran. The
Quran made a declaration in general that one may inherit his property to his parents or
children.
“It is prescribed, when death approaches any of you, if he leaves any goods, that he
should make a bequest to parents and next of kin.” [2:180]
Hadith has created the exception in the rule by declaring that there will be no transfer of
inheritance between Muslims and non-muslims.
4

“A Muslim may not inherit from a non-muslims, nor a non-muslim may inherit from a Muslim.”

These examples show that Hadiths contain tafsir(interpretation) which are invaluable guides to
key verses in the Quran, and help Muslims understand the words of their creator better, thus
enables them to live their lives in accordance with the tenets of Islam.

2 (b) What does the Prophet’s first experience of revelation tell us about the nature of
prophethood in Islam. [4]
• The Prophet’s first experience of revelation in the cave of Hira helps us to understand the
concept of prophet hood in Islam.
• It shows that Allah chose prophets according to His own will which means that it was
predestined and could not be attained by personal efforts.
• It was given without warning and often through miraculous events at the time of calling which
caused confusion and fear. For example, Prophet Muhammad got afraid when he was
squeezed by angel Jibrael. Similarly , Hazrat Musa got confused when God addressed him for
 the first time.
• This fear and confusion shows that the prophets were chosen from mankind. •
This event also shows that Jibrael acted as a link between God and Prophets.

2.(b) How are Muslims obeying God when they obey the Prophet? [4]
• By following the Prophet’s (pbuh) example, for instance in how to perform salat, Muslims are not
only following his instruction but also fulfilling their obligation to God by completing the second
Pillar of Islam.
• So in this way they are obeying both the Prophet (pbuh) and God.
• Similarly in social life we can fulfill the rights of fellow beings by implementing the hadiths of the
prophet (pbuh).
• For example the Quran emphasizes to take care of the orphans and warns those who repulse the
orphans. This commands can be obeyed by the implementation of the this hadith. The Prophet (pbuh)
said, “ I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this’ and he pointed with his
two fingers, the index finger and middle figure.”
1

Week 05
DAY 04(Paper 01)
Ijma
O/N 2015
Paper 02
🞂 2 (a) Outline the role of the Ijma (consensus) in formulating Islamic law. [10]
Paper 02
🞂 M/J 2017
🞂 2(a) ‘My community will never agree upon an error’.
The Prophet’s Hadith encourages the use of consensus of opinion (ijma’). Outline:
(i) . what consensus of opinion (ijma’) is, and how many kinds of ijma’ there are;
(ii)• who is qualified to practise it;
(iii)• give examples of how the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs practised ijma’. [10]

ANSWER:
Meaning and Justification:
According to the principles of Islamic law, ijma is the third source. The word ijma means “consensus”
or “unanimous agreement”. It is related to the same verb as jum’a, Friday, and jami, mosque. It should be
referred to only when there is no clear teaching in the Quran or Sunna.

The use of ijma in legal thinking is based on a number of verses in the Quran, for example • “Thus have We
made of you a community justly balanced, that you might be witnesses over the nation, and the
Messenger a witness over yourselves.” [2:143]
• “You are the best of people evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right forbidding what is
wrong and believing in Allah.” [3:110]
These and other verses like them indicate that the community has been given authority because it is upright
and follows the guidance of Allah and the example of the Prophet (pbuh).
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) also referred to the importance of following the community, when he said, “My
community will never agree upon an error.” The Holy Prophet to have said, “Gather together the righteous
from among my community and decide the matter by their counsel and do not decide it by any man’s
opinion.” Therefore, from very early times it has been accepted that the agreed view of the community is
binding upon Muslims in legal and more general matters.

Kinds of Ijma:
There are two broad kinds of Ijma. The first is the general agreement of all Muslims in matters of
belief, for example, that the Quran is the most authentic revealed book and that the Prophet (pbuh) was the
best of all creation. This kind of Ijma is the acknowledgment of the beliefs that characterize Islam and are
shared by all believers. The second particularly concerns legal matters and can be defined as the agreement
of a group of Muslims about an issue on which the Quran and Holy Prophet’s Sunnah have not spoken the
final word.

Who is qualified to practice this?

Legal experts have differed over who makes up this ‘group of Muslims’ whose Ijma should be accepted.
Some said that they should be the companions of the Prophet (pbuh); others that they should be the
people of
2

Madina; yet others that they should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs. Shi’i Muslims claim that they should be
the descendents of the Holy Prophet (Imams), while others said that they should be the legal scholars of any
generation.
Examples from Quran [Paper 01]
• Regarding inheritance the Quran says,
o “It is prescribed, when death approaches any of you, if he leaves any goods, that he
should make a bequest to parents and next of kin.” [2:180]
o If a father has died before his son, and the son also dies, then the grandfather shares in the
son’s estate, together with other relatives.It allows for grandfather to take the father’s place in
inheriting from the son , even though it is not stated in so many words in the Quran.
• Marriage between a man and any of his grandmothers or granddaughters is forbidden. This is based
on the teachings in the Quran which begins, “Prohibited to you are: your mothers, daughters,
sisters; father’s sisters, mother’s sisters. Brother’s daughters, sister’s daughter; foster mothers,
foster sisters; your wives’ mothers, your step daughters under your guardianship, born of your
wives.” [4:23]
The principles follows the spirit of this full list, and adds two categories about which it is silent but which
clearly conform to all the one mentioned here.
Examples From Hadith [Paper 01,02]
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) always practised consensus of opinion (ijma) by consulting his companions on
important matters. For example, in the battle of Uhad he consulted his companions and accepted their
suggestion of fighting outside Madina although he himself had a different opinion. • Similarly, he
practised ijma before the battle of Trench and accepted the suggestion of Salman Farsi. Examples
of Caliphs [Paper 02]
Compilation of the Qur’an.
The Qur’an was revealed in a span of 23 years. It was not compiled in a book form during the life of Prophet
(p.b.u.h.). After his death, Hazrat Abu Bakr on suggestion of Umar (R.A) and by Ijm’a of the Companions,
Quran was compiled in a book form when many Companions of the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) were killed in the
battle of Yamamah.
Tarawih Prayers in congregation
The Prophet (p.b.u.h.) prayed tarawih only three or four times in congregation in his lifetime. It was later
during the reign of the Caliph Umar (R.A) that the system of congregation of Tarawih was added after’
Isha prayers.
Two Adhan of Jum’ah.
During the time of Prophet (p.b.u.h.) there was only one Adhan for Jumu’ah prayers but during the reign of
the Caliph Uthman, Madinah expanded considerably and the Adhan could not be heard because of noise in
the markets, therefore, it was decided after Ijm’a of the companions that another call should be given.
Conclusion
These examples show that ijma can be regarded as a continuation of the divine teaching for legal
and practical purposes. It was always safeguarded by the agreement of leading Muslims or of
experts who could say whether or not a principle was in harmony with the Quran and Sunnah.
Qiyas [Analogy]
Meaning
Qiyas actually comes from a verb that means to measure one thing by comparing with another thing that is
similar to it.
“Qiyas is the legal method of deducing one principle from another by comparing them together.” This is
the fourth basis of legal method, according to Sunni Islam, coming after the Quran, Sunna and Ijma. Shi’i
Muslims do not accept it because it involves a lot of individual opinions and causes unease some Muslims.
3

Justification from Quran

Qiyas is often also seen in the Quran. The great expert al-Shafi’i for example, cited the verse: “ Turn
then your face in the direction of the Holy Mosque; and wheresoever you are, turn your faces in that
direction.” (al-Baqara 2:150)
And he argued that you should face the Ka’ba when you can see it, but face in its direction when you
cannot see it, using reason to determine by the sun, stars, etc. where its direction lies.

Justification from Hadith

for exercising Qiyas is usually based on the following Ahadith:
When the Prophet (pbuh) sent Mu’adh Ibn Jabal as judge to the Yemen, he asked him,
‘How will you reach a judgment when a question arises?’
Mu’adh replied, ‘according to the Word of Allah.’
“And if you find nothing therin?” the Prophet asked him.
“According to the Sunnah of the Prophet,” he answered.
“And if you find nothing therein?
“Then I will exert myself to form my own judgement”, Mu’az replied.
The Holy Prophet’s response was: “Praise be to Allah who has guided the messenger of His Prophet to that
which pleases His Prophet.” (Abu DaudTimizi)

Method
This example takes us into the method used in Qiyas, the drawing of comparisons or analogies between
two principles. The experts identified these elements as being necessary to a sound analogy: • The
fundamental teaching (asl, root)
• The new matter in question (far’, branch)
• The linking cause that connects them (‘illa).
• By relating these together it is possible to arrive at the new judgement, the hukm.
Examples
Quran
This may be illustrated by the following examples:
1. Asl: the Quran forbids sales transactions after the call to prayer on Friday; The Holy Quran relate “O ye
who believe! when the call is proclaimed to prayer on Friday (the day of assembly) hasten earnestly to the
remembrance of Allah, and leave off business (and traffic) that is the best for you if ye but knew!”[62:9]
by analogy, therefore, all kinds of transaction (far’)
have been forbidden;(Hukm)
‘illa: every kind of transaction is forbidden because like sales, they distract Muslims from Friday prayers.

2. Ali (R.A) applied Qiyas, when he suggested punishment of 80 lashes to the drunkard, “ Umar ibn al
Khattab asked advice about a man drinking wine. Ali ibn Abi Talib said to him, “We think that you flog him
for it with eighty lashes. Because when he drinks, he becomes intoxicated, and when he becomes
intoxicated , he talks confusedly, and when he talks confusedly, he lies.” (80 lashes is the same amount as
for slandering) Umar gave eighty lashes for drinking wine. (Muatta) This is bassed on “ And those who
launch a charge against chaste woman and produce not four witnesses (to support their allegation) flog
them with eighty stripes.” (An-Nur24:4)
It is important to say that the asl must always be a principle from the Quran (as in this example), the
Sunnah or Consensus.
This is how Qiyas has been recognized as the fourth basis of establishing the sacred law of Islam. It is
generally accepted only when no clear guidance is given by the Quran, Sunnah or Consensus of the
community.
4

Hadith
3. Asl:The Fundamental teaching is describe by the Prophet (S.A.W), “Every intoxicant is Khamr so
every intoxicant is haram.” (Sunnan Abu Daud)
Far; the (subsidiary) : L.S.D cocaine opium and all other drugs
‘illa (the cause) connecting them is intoxication
Hukm (Law): all these drugs are declared haram (forbidden)
4. Another example is that Wudu is not valid even if the smallest portion of the body, which has to be
washed remains dry. According to a tradition reported by A’isha (R.A) if flour is dried on the nails and water
has not reached any portion of that nail, Wudu would not be considered to have taken place, so applying
this in the case of nail polish, the Wudu is not considered to have taken place as the nails remain dry. 2(b)
Why some legal Scholars reject the use of analogy (qiyas)?
• Qiyas is the fourth source of Islamic law according to sunni Muslims coming after Quran, Hadith and Ijma.
It involves the comparison of an existing accepted situation with a new one. • Some Muslims especially Shia
reject it because it involves a lot of individual opinion. • Its decision may differ from one person to another
and therefore, cause unease for some Muslims • e.g in the Quranic command about polygamy the qiyas of
one person will be different from other due to which a specific number cannot be decided for anyone.
• It does not have the same broad support of the community through communal agreement as other three
sources have.

Qur’an with the other three sources

O/N 2014
2 (a) Write about how the Qur’an is used with the other three sources in Islamic law. [10]
Answer:
• The Quran is the only revealed Book of God which is protected by God Himself. It is the fountain head
not only of Islamic religion but also of Islamic law. It is not in the form of any definite codes, but in all
matters with which it deals, it is the primary and final authority.
Allah says in the Holy Quran that,
“(It is) an exposition of that which is decreed for mankind.”[10:37]
The Holy Quran lays down the basic law, and Muslims are enjoined to decide all the disputes in accordance
with the law as laid therein. Some verses of the Holy Quran on this point are,
“We have sent down to you the Book of Truth, so that you may judge between men according to law as
laid down by God.” [4:105]
All other sources of law depend upon it for their authenticity and none of them ever contradict it. •
Sunnah of the Prophet is the second primary source of Islamic law. From the earliest times, Muslims
usually refer to the practice of the Prophet when they wanted to know exactly how to reach a
decision. The ahadith were always regarded as important source of teaching alongside the Quran.
Qur’an says,
“So take what the Messenger gives you, and refrain from what he prohibits you.”.” [59:7]
The Prophet (pbuh) declared:
“Behold I have been given the Book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along with that.” Particularly among
legal experts they became acknowledged as a source which was second only to the Quran itself.
As all Muslims know, the Quran teaches that Muslims must pay Zakat, the charity tax. This is usually
mentioned in the Quran together with Salat, as an activity of sincere believers.
“And be steadfast in prayer, give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow down.”
[2:43]
In this example Muslims are encouraged to give Zakat, but they are not told exactly what they should give,
or how they should give it. These details are found in the Hadith of the Holy Prophet:
5

the Messenger of Allah said:“No charity tax is due on property mounting to less than five Uqiya, and no
charity tax is due on fewer than five camels, and there is no charity tax on fewer than five Wasq.” Ahadith
such as this helped legal experts to give advice to Muslims about how the teachings in the Quran Zakat
should be obeyed.

When neither of the primary sources offer answers, then ijma’ and qiyas can be used. These are used
mainly for issues that did not arise at the time of the Prophet.
• According to Islamic law, ijma is the third source. The word ijma means “consensus” or “unanimous
agreement”. It should be referred to only when there is no clear teaching in the Quran or Sunna.
“You are the best of people evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right forbidding what is wrong and
believing in Allah.” [3:110]
Ijma is used to interpret and explain the teachings of Quran when Hadith is also silent on that issue,for
example;
If a father has died before his son, when the son himself dies the grandfather shares in the son’s estate,
together with other relatives.
It is based on the Quranic injunction:
“It is prescribed, when death approaches any of you, if he leaves any goods, that he should make a bequest
to parents and next of kin.” [2:180]
It allows for grandfather to take the father’s place in inheriting from the son, even though it is not stated in
so many words in the Quran.
This example shows that ijma can be regarded as a continuation of the divine teaching for legal and
practical purposes. some issues they have to deal with have been, at the time of the caliphs, the compiling
of the Qur’an during Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate and more recently, the permissibility of IVF for married
Muslim couples who do not have children.
• Qiyas actually comes from a verb that means to measure one thing by comparing with another
thing that is similar to it.
This is the fourth basis of legal method, according to Sunni Islam, coming after the Quran, Sunna and Ijma.
This may be illustrated by the following example:
Asl: the Quran forbids sales transactions after the call to prayer on Friday; The Holy Quran relate “O ye who
believe! when the call is proclaimed to prayer on Friday (the day of assembly) hasten earnestly to the
remembrance of Allah, and leave off business (and traffic) that is the best for you if ye but knew!”[62:9] by
analogy, therefore, all kinds of transaction (far’)
have been forbidden;(Hukm)
‘illa: every kind of transaction is forbidden because like sales, they distract Muslims from Friday prayers.
It is important to say that the asl must always be a principle from the Quran (as in this example), the
Sunnah or Consensus .It shows that the secondary sources do not contradict the primary sources but
rather use the primary sources as a basis for their answers.

2 (b) How important is the use of ijma’ or qiyas in Islamic law in present day situations? Give reasons for
your answers. [4]
• New rulings can be formed for any new circumstance, based on their basic similarity with the basic laws
of the Qur’an and sunna. In this way the divine laws revealed in the Qur’an and sunna remain unchanged
without becoming outdated.
• The fundamental laws were made by God who created man and knows what’s best for him at all
times. For changing aspects of human life, the Qur’an and sunna provide basic principles which may be
applied by analogy whenever the need arises
• such as smoking, using the internet, drugs, etc. It is important otherwise Muslims would not know how
to react to these new issues

WEEK 06
DAY 01 (Paper 01)
Imamat (Spiritual Leadership)
Hasan Ibn Ali(RA)
• He was the first son of Hazrat Fatima(RA) and Hazrat Ali (RA).He was born in Medina in 3AH/625 AD. •
He was given his name by the Holy Prophet pbuh himself. There are stories of the Prophet pbuh allowing
him and his brother to climb on his back while he was prostrating prayer, and interrupting his sermon to
come down from the Minbar(pulpit) to pick him up when he tripped over. These show the love Hazrat
Muhammad pbuh felt and the pride he took in his grandchildren. Prophet (pbuh) once said,
“O Allah ! I love him, so I beg you to love him.”
• In the years following the death of the Holy Prophet pbuh we hear of Hasan and Husayn being sent by
their father to take water to Hazrat Usman when he was besieged by his opponents, before his
assassination in 35AH/656AD. And during Hazrat Ali’s caliphate, Hasan was sent to Kufa to seek
reinforcement during the struggle with Talha, Zubair and Hazrat Aisha. He was among his father’s force in
the battle of Siffin.
• After the assassination of Hazrat Ali in 40 AH/ 661AD, his supporters proclaimed Hasan as the Caliph. But
Muawiya, the Governor of Syria rejected this and moved forces against him. Hasan reacted slowly to this
threat, may be because he was reluctant to fight against fellow Muslims, and his own forces hesitated. His
position became increasingly weaker, through desertions to Muawiya’s side, and Hasan finally renounced
the Caliphate after less than a year in the office.
• He settled in Medina, where he died in about 50AH/670AD, at a relatively young age. Many say that he
was poisoned by Jauda, one of his wives, who was enticed by Muawiya’s promises money and marriage to
his son. Hasan was buried in Medina. Shi’i Muslims regard Hasan as a second Imam, following Hazrat Ali Ibn
e Abi Talib. So they accept that he was sinless and perfect in his actions. They also credit him with miracles.
Husayn Ibn Ali(RA)
•He was the second son of Hazrat Fatima(RA) and Hazrat Ali (RA). He was born in Medina in 4AH/626 AD.
Like his brother, he was named by the Prophet (pbuh). He was a source of great joy to his grandfather, who
was remembered as taking him on his knee and carrying him on his back. Prophet (pbuh) said, “Hussain is
from me and I am from Hussain, may Allah love him who loves Hussain.” •Husayn was of course a loyal
supporter of his father Hazrat Ali and after Hazrat Ali’s assassination, he was reluctant to accept Hasan’s
renunciation of the Caliphate, though he knew that Muawiya was too strong to resist. He made his
rejection of the Umayyads clear, when as one of five senior Muslims he refused Muawiya’s request to
acknowledge Yazid, his son, as a successor to the Caliphate. When Muawiya died, Husayn refused to
recognize Yazid as caliph .
•Supporters of his cause invited him to Kufa to lead an uprising against the Umayyads, and he cautiously
sent his cousin Muslim Ibn Aqeel to find out the situation. Muslim bin Aqeel detected widespread support
among the Kufans and wrote to encourage Husayn to come. But immediately after Muslim sent the letter,
he was captured by the Umayyad Governor of Basra and killed. Strict measures were taken against Husayn’s
supporters in Kufa, who were terrified.
• Husayn meanwhile left Medina for Mecca in Rajab 60AH/680 AD. But suspecting trouble during the Hajj,
he set out from Mecca with members of his family and close supporters. This was on 8 Zulhajj60AH/10
September 680 AD. Leading Muslims advised him against this, and people he met on his journey counselled
caution. But he was not to be turned aside from his aim. His will was strengthened when he heard that
troops had been sent against him, and that his messengers to Kufa had been killed.
•On 2nd Muharram 61AH/ 2nd October 680 AD Imam Husayn pitched his camp at Karbala, in the desert
near Kufa and on 7th Muharram, the water supply to his camp was cut off. Imam Hussain and his
suppoeters had to endure the pangs of hunger and thirst. Negotiations between the two sides were
unsuccessful. • Finally, on 10th Muharram the battle began between the small but loyal band of Imam
Hussain’s supporters and the thousands strong Umayyads army. At first, there were minor skirmishes, but
as the day wore on many faithful followers of Imam Hussain fought one by one and were killed, and their
camp was set on fire.
• Only women and children, and the Imam Hussain’s eldest son Ali who was very ill, were now left alive.
Imam Hussain finally fought alone and was surrounded by the army of Yazid; he put up a brave resistance
but was finally struck down. His head was severed from his body and, along with the heads of his
companions, was taken to Yazid’s court in Damascus. The surviving son Ali and the women and children
were taken captive.
The beloved grandson of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was brutally martyred for standing up against the rule of
injustice and despotism. Muslims all over the world have held Imam Hussain in high regard. Shia Muslims
hold him in special reverence as the third imam and because of his decision to lay down his life fighting for
what he believed to be just and resisting the ungodly rule of Yazid.
5. (b) Explain how al-Husyan’s death remains important to Muslims today? [4] • The tragedy of the Death
of Imam Hussain carries a lesson for the Muslim World. He could have saved himself, his friends and
relatives by giving allegiance to Yazid but he stood firm to his principle and ultimately sacrificed himself. He
won an everlasting victory over the forces of evil.
• It is a legacy left by him that Muslims should never submit to any authority which goes against the Divine
Law and thrusts itself upon the people by force. If the authority is aggressive and evil, sacrifice on the part
of the followers of truth becomes more essential.
• Numerical minority or the lack of resources should not stop them from continuing their struggle against
evil.
• Despite being helplessly besieged by the enemy along with members of his family. Imam Hussain did not
give up his principles of truth and did not surrender to unjust rule. So Muslims are encouraged to speak out
against injustice and be upholder of truth whatever the circumstances.
(b) Explain why they each died in the way they did. [4]
Al-Hasan died because of the constant threat from the Umayyads to secure power, and they always viewed
al-Hasan as an obstacle due to his support and his being the grandson of the Prophet. His poisoning reflects
the treachery of the Umayyads.
Al-Husayn died because he resisted the Umayyads as he saw them as corrupt. He did not accept Yazid bin
Muawiyya as the caliph because his succession to caliphate was against the Islamic principles as it changed
the caliphate into monarchy. He never gave up on his principles even for his own safety and ultimately
sacrificed himself, and so he was seen as an upholder of right against wrong.
Scribes of Divine Revelation:
 • Scribes of the Prophet (pbuh”) were among the closest companions, They not only kept a record of
revelations but also wrote letters and treaties as commanded by the Prophet(pbuh). They were the
four rightly guided Caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, and Ali, who accompanied the Prophet
(pbuh)from his childhood and was a memorizer of Quran. He also wrote the terms of Treaty of al
Huadaibiya.
• The Qur’an was written in its entirety during the Prophet’s time even though it was not compiled in
one text. There were various scribes who had different roles as companions, who wrote the verses
down on a number of materials. These included animals skin, shoulder bones of camels, palm
leaves, stone tablets and pieces of wood etc.
• Some of them were official scribes who wrote letters for him (for example Ubayy ibn Ka’ab) whilst
some became scribes because they kept their own personal copies of the revelations (for example
‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘As. He sought the Messenger’s specific permission asking, ‘May I write
down everything I hear from you in the states of contentment and anger?’ He replied, ‘Yes, for I
speak nothing but the truth.’). A number of companions had their own personal copies of the words
of the revelations, which were later used to verify the one copy in the time of Abu Bakr. Companions
who kept a private record of the text of the Qur'an satisfied themselves as to the purity of their
record by reading it out to the Prophet.
• The Prophet used to instruct the scribes about the sequence in which a revealed message was to be
placed in a particular Sura (chapter). In this manner, the Prophet arranged the text of the Qur’an in
a systematic order till the end of the chain of revelations. Zayd ibn Thabit reported, “We used to
record the Qur’an from parchments in the presence of the Messenger of God.” There was always a
scribe on hand to write down the revelation or to insert new ones revealed to Holy Prophet under
Divine guidance through angel Jibrael during 610AD to 632AD. This is mentioned in Quran,
“(written) by the hands of the scribes honourable, pious and just.”(80:15-16)
• Zayd bin Thabit, one of the chief scribes relates: "I used to write down the revelation for the Holy
Prophet, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. When the revelation came to him he
felt intense heat and drops of perspiration used to roll down his body like pearls. When this state
was over I used to fetch a shoulder bone or a piece of something else. He used to go on dictating
and I used to write it down. When I finished writing the sheer weight of transcription gave me the
feeling that my leg would break and I would not be able to walk anymore. When I finished writing,
he would say, 'Read!' and I would read it back to him. If there was an omission or error he used to
correct it and then let it be brought before the people."
Some companions, who did not write down the revelations, had memorized them instead and their
versions were used to verify the written copies after the Prophet’s death.
5.(b) Explain the importance of the principles employed by the compilers of the Qur’an at
the time of the Caliphs. [4]
After the Prophet’s death there was deemed a need to compile to Qur’an into a book form. Various
principles were employed, all of them to ensure authenticity to the original message.
• The Qur’an was compiled in the dialect of Quraysh because it was the original dialect –other dialects
could have been fabricated or distorted.
• Zayd bin Thabit gathered written materials from various companions, and checked all these versions
with those who had committed the Qur’an to memory –
• this was to ensure that none of the written copies had anything added or omitted and so that the
Qur’an remained authentic to the way the Prophet had received it.
• The order of the suras was not complied in the order that the Prophet had received revelation, but
generally in order of descending length – this was due to the belief that the order of the suras was
divinely ordained and the main scribes would have known this.

1. Abdullah bin Masood

• Abdullah bin masood was one of the most favourite companions of Holy ProphetPBUH and was well
 known for his love for and adherence to the Messenger of Allah.
• He is known as Sahabi bin Sahabiya because his brother and mother belonged to the earlier
companions of the ProphetPBUH. He is regarded as one of the first converts to Islam who faced
tortures of the Quraish with patience. After embracing Islam, he gave up all other business and
would always remain present in the service of the Holy ProphetPBUH.
• He learnt Quran with great fondness and attention and is said to be the first one to recite the Quran
openly in Makkah. He migrated twice to Abyssinia and later to Madina.
• He took part in the battle of Badr where he killed the Prophet’sPBUH greatest enemy, Abu Jahl. He also
took part in battle of Uhad.
• He knew the Quran very well, because of his close association with the Holy ProphetPBUH. He was one
of the companions named by the ProphetPBUHas one from whom the others should learn the Quran.
(Bukhari) The Holy ProphetPBUH also said: “ If anyone likes to recite the Quran as fresh as it had
descended then he must recite it on the reading of Abdullah bin Masud.” (Ahmad) • After the
ProphetPBUHdeath, he was regarded as an expert on interpretation of the Quran. Hazrat Umar sent him to
Kufa as an administrator of the public treasury and as a teacher of religion. Hazrat Umar greatly
appreciated his deep knowledge of the Quran and Sunnah and often consulted him on these matters.
• He is said to be the authority on some eight hundred Hadiths.
2. Ubbay bin Ka’ab
• Ubbay bin Ka’ab was one of the main scribes in Madinah who wrote down the revelations of the Holy
Quran. He was one the distinguished companions of the Holy ProphetPBUH and a person of high
esteem in the early Muslim community.
• He belonged to the Khazraj tribe and had pledged allegiance to the Holy ProphetPBUH at Aqabah, as
such, he was one of the first persons from Yasrib to accept Islam.
• He served as a scribe to the Holy ProphetPBUH and wrote letters for him. The last verse of the Holy
Quran revealed in 10 A.H. is said to be written down by him.
• His recitation of the Quran was so beautiful and his understanding so profound that the Holy
ProphetPBUH encouraged his companions to learn the Quran from him.
• At the time of the Holy ProphetPBUH death, he was one of those who knew the Holy Quran by heart
and is said to have possessed his own copy of the sacred text.
• He was constant in his worship and would often be found in the mosque, busy in prayers or teaching.
He was a member of the consultative body to which, Hazrat Abu Bakr as Khalifa, referred many
problems.
He died in 29 A.H during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman
3. Zaid bin Sabit/ Thabit:
• Zaid bin Sabit was one of the main scribes of the Holy ProphetPBUH . He belonged to the Khazraj tribe.
He had accepted Islam before the Holy ProphetPBUH migration to Madinah. He was eleven years old
when he accepted Islam.
• After migration the Prophet appointed Zaid bin Sabit to write down the revelations received by him. •
The Holy ProphetPBUH did not allow Zaid bin Sabit to take part in the Battle of Badr as he was only
thirteen years old at that time. He took part in the Battle of Trench and the Tabuk Expedition. • Zaid bin
Sabit was a very learned person who could speak many languages. The Holy ProphetPBUH chose him to
learn Hebrew so that he could correspond with the Jews.
• He had a good memory and memorized the Quran during Prophet’s lifetime.
• Zaid bin Sabit was the first Ansar to swear allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr as the Khalifa. He took part in
the battle of Yamama and fought against Musailma, the false prophet, during the Khilafat of Hazrat
Abu Bakr.
• When most of the people who had committed the Quran to memory were martyred in the battle of
Yamama, Hazrat Abu Bakr entrusted Zaid bin Sabit with the task of collecting the verses of the Quran
 and compiling them in book form. After hard work and consultation with various companions of the
Holy ProphetPBUH, he produced a compilation.
• During the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar, Zaid bin Sabit was appointed as the Qazi of Madinah. Hazrat Umar
would often appoint him his deputy at Madinah when he went to perform hajj or Umrah. • During the
Khilafat of Hazrat Usman, he was made responsible for the public treasury. He was also a member of
the committee which was formed to prepare copies from the original copy of the Quran. • Zaid bin Sabit
was very knowledgeable about the commands of distribution of inheritance. The Holy ProphetPBUH said
that he was the most aware of these issues. (Tirmizi).
1

Week 06
DAY 02 (Paper 01)
Ten blessed Companions
1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A)
• He was a close friend of the Prophet pbuh from childhood. His pre-Islamic name was Abdul
Ka’bah which was later changed into Abdullah by Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). He was called Abu
Bakr by Arabs which means the father of baby camels; this is because he was fond of young camels •
He was the first free adult male out of Prophet’s immediate family to accept Islam. He accepted
Islam without any hesitation. The Prophet pbuh is reported to have said, “Whenever I offered Islam
to anyone, he always showed some reluctance…..Abu Bakr was the only person who accepted
Islam without any reluctance…..”.
• He had to face persecutions for his faith. Once he was pulled by his beard and was dragged
through the streets of Makkah when he stopped the Makkans from attacking the Prophet. • He also
brought other prominent Makkans to Islam. For example, Usman, Talha, Zubair and many other
companions accepted Islam as a result of his efforts.
• He bought slaves who were Muslims and set them free. For example, he gave one of his pagan
slaves and bought Hazrat Bilal and set him free.
• He showed the strength of his faith by readily accepting the truth of the Prophet’s account of the
Miraj (the Night Journey). For his demonstration of belief, the Prophet pbuh gave him the tilte “Al
Siddiq” i.e., “Testifier to the Truth”.
• Abu Bakr’s closeness to the Prophet was sealed by his daughter Aisha’s marriage to the Prophet
soon after the death of Hazrat Khadija. He accompanied the Prophet pbuh on the Hijra in 622 AD.
During the journey he stayed with the Prophet in the cave of Thaur and was reassured by the
Prophet and is referred to in the Quran as “Second of the Two” (9:40).
• After migration , he made a living by farming. He took part in all important battles against the
Makkans and the Jews . He fought all the battles during the time of Holy Prophet (PBUH). In battle of
Badr he didn’t fight but body guarded Prophet (PBUH) camp. In Uhad he showed willingness to fight
against his own son AbdurRehman bin Abu Bakr in a duel. He also participated in digging & fighting
of battle of trench.
• He again showed his unstinting support for the Prophet by supporting his decision of signing the
Treaty of Hudaibiya in 6 AH/628 AD and pacified Hazrat Umar, who was unhappy at the terms of the
treaty.
• During the battle of Hunain he remained firm and didn't retreat. He made huge financial
contributions to the expedition of Tabuk. He placed all his wealth in donation. • He led the first
pilgrimage to Makkah. He also led the prayers during the Prophet’s last illness. Prophet said at the
time of his death, “ If I were able to choose a friend on earth, I would choose Abu Bakr.”
• At the time of Prophet’s (pbuh) death, he addressed the Muslim community and made everyone
realize that Islam was to continue after the Prophet’s (pbuh) death.
 2. Hazrat Umar Ibn Khattab (R.A)
• Umar R.A was born in 590 A.D. He was a learned, educated and the intelligent person. He was a
strong spirited person and a wealthy merchant. In the sixth year of Islam the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
prayed to Allah to strengthen Islam either by Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin Hisham. It so happened
that Umar decided to kill the Prophet (P.B.U.H) while he was on his way with a sword in his hand, he
met Naim bin Abdullah. Umar told him that he was on his way to kill the Prophet (P.B.U.H). Naim
told him that he better took care of his own family first as his sister and brother in law had both
converted to Islam. Hearing this Umar immediately went to his Sister Fatima’s house and found she
2

and her husband Saeed bin Zaid were reciting the Quran. Umar beat them severally so much so
that his sister bled profusely. When Umar calmed down , he asked her what she was reciting. She
recited Surah Taha that she was reading. When he heard the recitation he was deeply moved and
went to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and accepted Islam.
• Conversion of Umar R.A strengthened Islam. His conversion gave courage to the Muslims. It boosted
the morale of Muslims so much that they started praying openly at Ka'bah. Abdullah ibn Masud
reported “We have been powerful since Umar embraced Islam.” The Prophet (P.B.U.H) gave him
the title of Al Farooqi.e the one who makes a distinction between the right and wrong.
• When the Muslims were ordered to migrate to Madinah, most of them left Makkah secretly but Umar
R.A migrated openly.
• He participated in all battles Badr, Uhad, Trench, Khyber and Hunain. At the time of battle of Badr he
shared camel with Abu Bakr and abdurRehman bin Auf. During the battle of Uhad he was among
those encircled the Prophet (P.B.U.H) to protect him from Quraish. He also dug the trench around
Madinah with other companions at the time of battle of trench.
• His ties with Prophet (PBUH) were strengthened when Prophet (PBUH) married his daughter Hazrat
Hafsa.
• He took the pledge of Rizwan at the hand of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) to avenge the blood of Usman. He
was unhappy about the terms of the treaty of Hudabiyah and showed his dissatisfaction for which
he later always repented. He was present at that time of signing of treaty.
• At the time of conquest of Makkah Abu Sufyan was taken a prisoner when he came to spy on Muslim.
Umar R.A asked the Prophet (P.B.U.H) permission to kill him.
• During the Expedition of Tabuk he gave half of his wealth in the way of Allah. The Prophet (P.B.U.H)
had a deep love for Umar R.A he said “Were a Prophet to come after me he would have been Umar
but I am the seal of prophets”. On the Prophet’s death in his grief, he said he would kill anyone who
said that the Prophet had died then Abu Bakr made him realize that Islam was to continue after
Prophet’s death.
3. Hazrat Usman ibn Affan R.A
• He belonged to the Umayyad clan of the Quraish and was among the few people in Makkah who
could read and write. He came from noble stock and a well-established family, and was very
successful trader.
• He accepted Islam in its early days at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A and was the first Umayyad
to accept Islam.
• Despite his status and wealth suffered persecution at the hands of his uncle who tied him with ropes,
wrapped him in a blanket and lit fire around him so that he would be suffocated but he did not leave
Islam.
• Hazrat Usman R.A married the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) daughter Hazrat Ruqayya R.A and migrated with
her first to Abyssinia and later to Madina.
• He did not participate in the first battle of Islam, Battle of Badr, on account of her ill health. She
passed away shortly afterwards and the same year the Prophet (P.B.U.H) married his other daughter
Umm Kulthoom R.A to him and gave him the title of Zunn-Nurain, the one with two lights.
 • At Hudaibiya, Prophet (P.B.U.H) asked him to go and inform the Makkans of his intention to make a
pilgrimage to the Ka’aba. When the rumor of his assassination erupted, the Prophet took the oath of
revenge which is known as “Bait-e-Rizwan”.
• At the time of Conquest of Makkah, Hazrat Usman R.A rode alongside the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and at the
Farewell Pilgrimage he was given the duty of escorting the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) wives. • Hazrat Usman
R.A was very generous man and for his generosity was given the title of al-Ghani. ‘The Generous One’.
He spent freely from his wealth in the cause of Islam. For a vast sum of money,he bought, from a Jew, a
well in Madina for the free use of Muslims emigrants, when they had problems in getting drinking
water. He also bore one third of the expenses for the army during the Tabuk
3

expedition, and bought the land for the expansion of the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) mosque when the
community of the Muslims grew.He was a very modest man there are many Ahadith where the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) praised his modesty .
• He was chosen to escort the Prophet’s wives at the farewell pilgrimage. The Prophet pbuh said, “For
every apostle of Allah, there was a constant companion and my companion in Paradise will be
Usman.”
4. Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A)
• He was the son of the Holy Prophet’s paternal uncle Abu Talib. After marrying Hazrat Khadija, Hazrat
Muhammad took Hazrat Ali into his house to relieve Abu Talib of some of his burdens, since he was
very poor. Hazrat Ali became one of the first to accept Islam, at this time he was only ten years old.
• Hazrat Ali is remembered as the one whom the Prophet Muhammad had asked to sleep in his bed on
the night of the Hijra. By doing this, he fooled the Quraish assassins into thinking the Holy Prophet
was still in Makka, thus allowing him and Hazrat Abu Bakr to get away. And, as the Prophet had
requested, he was also able to return all the items which the Prophet had been holding in trust for
their owners. Hazrat Ali joined his cousin and Hazrat Abu Bakr at Quba outside Madina.
• A sign of Hazrat Ali closeness to the Prophet is that when the Emigrants from MakKah were paired
with Helpers from Madina, he was paired with the Prophets himself. Hazrat Muhammad said to him;
‘ You are my brother in this world and the next’.
• In the second year of the Hijra, he married the Holy Prophet youngest daughter Hazrat Fatima. • In
the battles fought by the Muslims, Hazrat Ali distinguished himself as a fierce warrior. He shared a
camel with the Prophet on the way to Badr, and was chosen as one of the scouts to discover the
enemy’s movements. Before the battle, he one of three Muslims who engaged in single combat, and he
was chosen to carry the Muslim banner into the fighting, where he killed many Quraish. • At Uhad, the
Prophet Muhammad again gave him the Muslim banner, after the original bearer had been killed, and
he was one of the Muslims who defended the Holy Prophet after he was wounded. At the battle of
al-Khandaq, he defeated his foe in single combat, and he was among the leaders in the siege of the
Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. He courageously used a door as a shield at Khaybar. At the Muslim entry
into Makka, he once again carried the Muslim banner. He defended the Holy Prophet at Hunayn. He
was also sent as commander of the Muslim forces in the expeditions to Fadak and the Yemen.
• For his exceptional bravery , the Prophet(pbuh) gave him the title of “Asad ullah” i.e the lion of Allah. •
Hazrat Ali distinguished himself in other ways, too. He was the scribe who wrote the treaty of al
Hudaybiya, and was one of the witnesses to it. During the pilgrimage led by Hazrat Abu Bakr 9AH, he
was sent by the Holy Prophet to read out new teachings which had been revealed. These can be found
at the beginning of Surat-al-Tawba.
• Later, when he was left behind to take charge of Madina during the expedition to Tabuk, and he
went to complain that he was not going with the fighting men, the Prophet indicated that Hazrat Ali
was his closest assistant: ‘Are you not content to be with respect to me as Harun was to Musa,
except that after me there shall be no other Prophet?’
• When the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W was returning to Madina after his farewell pilgrimage, an
 incident took place at Ghadir Khumm, which illustrates his high regard for Hazrat Ali. In front of his
followers, the Prophet took Hazrat Ali hand and declared, ‘Of whomsoever I am lord, this Ali is also
his lord. O Allah! Be the supporter of whoever supports Ali and the enemy of whoever opposes
him.’ (This has been recorded by a number of Sunni authors and compilers of Hadith, including
Ahmed ibn Hanbal in his Musnad.)
• Various sayings of the Holy Prophet have also been understood as tokens of the closeness between
the two. Particularly remembered among these are: ‘I am from Ali and Ali is from me.” 5. Talha ibn
Ubaidullah
• He was among the first Muslims who accepted Islam at the hands of Hazrat Abu Bakr in Makka.
4

• He endured persecution at the hands of Quraysh, in particular when he and Hazrat Abu Bakr were one
day set upon and left tied up together on the ground.
• He travelled north to Madina, following the Prophet Muhammad and accompanied the last Muslims,
including the Prophet’s wife Hazrat Sawada and his two unmarried daughters, Umm Kulthum and
Fatima.
• Before the Battle of Badr, the Holy Prophet sent him and Saeed ibn Zayd to discover the Whereabouts
of the Makkan caravan, led by Abu Sufyan. And at the Battle of Uhud, he was wounded in the hand
when he deflected a sword from piercing the Holy Prophet’s head. The fingers of that hand
remained useless throughout the rest of his life. He remained at the Prophet’s side for the
remainder of the battle. For his bravery, he earned the title of ‘Living Martyr’. The Prophetpbuh is
reported to have said: “ Whosever is pleased to see a martyr on the surface of the earth, let him
look at Talha bin Ubaydullah.”
• Prophetpbuhgave him the title of ‘Fayyaz’ i.e. generous at the time of the Tabuk Expedition. • After the
death of Hazrat Muhammad, he supported Hazrat ‘Ali for the caliphate, but was eventually persuaded
to swear allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr.
• Later, he objected to Hazrat Ali delay in punishing Hazrat Uthman murderers, and toghter with Zubayr
ibn al-Awwam he raised an army.He and Zubayr were killed in 35AH/656AD, in the clash between
the two sides in the Battle of the Camel.
6. Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
• He was a cousin of the Prophet Muhammad and nephew of Hazrat Khadija.
• He was one of the Muslims who accepted Islam after Hazrat Abu Bakr(some people say he was the
fourth or fifth person to do so).
• Following this, he found the treatment of the Quraysh so brutal that he went on the migration to
Abyssinia. He later returned with the group that came back to Makka.
• After the migration to Madina, he played a prominent part in the battles of Badr and Uhud, and also
in the expedition to Khaybar,and he was among the leaders of the Muslims force at the entry into
Makka.
• The Holy Prophetpbuhhad given him the title of ‘ Disciple of the Messenger of Allah’. About Talha and
Zubair, the Holy Prophetpbuhis reported to have said: “Talha and Zubair are my neighbours in
Paradise.”
• After the Holy Prophet’s death he supported his cousin Hazrat Ali as caliph, even though he had
married Hazrat Abu Bakr’s daughter.
• But later, together with Talha , he led an army against Hazrat Ali when the caliph hesitated in
punishing the Murderers of Hazrat Uthman. Zubayr was killed in the battle of the camel. 7. Sa’ad ibn
abi waqqas
• He was one of those who accepted Islam at the hands of Hazrat Abu Bakr.
• In the early years of Islam, he was among some Muslims who went to pray outside Makka in order to
avoid the Quraysh. They were interrupted by some people of the town, and when he two groups came to
 blows, Sa’ad wounded an opponent and drew the first blood in the time of Islam. • He migrated to
Madina with other Muslims in 622AD.
• After the Hijra ,he took part in early expeditions and fought at the Battle of Badr. At the battle of Uhud,
he was one of the defenders of the wounded Prophet. As the Prophet was recovering from the blows
struck at him, he handed Sa’ad arrows to shoot.
• The Prophet (Pbuh) gave him the title of “The Best Archer.”
• In the years following Hazrat Muhammad death, he advised the successive Caliphs. During the time of
Hazrat ‘Umar he commanded the Muslims forces that defeated the Persians at the Battle of al
Qadisiyya, and in the time of Hazrat Uthman he was made governor of kufa. He died near Madina in
50AH/670AD or soon afterwards.
8. Abd ar- Rahman ibn ‘Awf
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• He was among the first Makkans to become a Muslim. Like a number of others, he accepted Islam at
the hands of Hazrat Abu Bakr.
• He experienced the hardships of the early years in Makka and was among those who took refuge from
the harassment of the Quraysh in Abyssinia. He returned with the group that came back to Makka,
and made the Hijra to Madina with the other Muslims.
• In Madina, ‘ Abd al-Rahman R.A set about making a living for himself. He sold cheese and butter in the
market, and as time went on, he become wealthy enough to send out trading caravans. • He fought in
the Battle of Badr when he had take turns with Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A and Hazrat ‘Umar R.A in riding the
same camel (a sign of how poor the Muslims were in the early years at Madina). And he also took part
in the Battle of Uhud, where he was severely wounded and remained lame afterwards.
• During the march against Tabuk, when the Holy Prophet PBUH was delayed for the dawn prayer, it was
agreed that ‘ Abd al-Rahman R.A should lead, and when the Prophet PBUH came, he was content to
take his place behind his trusted Companion.
• Following the death of Hazrat Muhammad PBUH ‘Abd al-Rahman R.A took a prominent par in the
decision to elect Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A to the caliphate. A few years later he was one of the six
members of the council who elected Hazrat‘ Uthman R.A to the caliphate. He died in 31AH/652AD,
during the caliphate of Hazrat ‘Ali R.A.
9. Abu ‘Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
• He was another among the early Makkan converts to Islam.
• He took part in the migration to Abysinnia and Madina
• He fought among the Muslims in the battles against the Quraysh. At Uhud, he stood close to the
Prophet Muhammad PUBH. He was among the leading Muslims who went on the raid, following this
battle, that took some revenge for what had been inflicted upon the Muslims.
• When the Muslims victoriously entered Makka, he was given command of one of the four squadrons
into which the forces were divided.
• A sign of the Holy Prophet’s PBUH confidence in him as a Muslim is that when the Christian delegation
from Najran visited the Prophet PBUH in Madina and were impressed by what they heard , he sent
Abu ‘Ubayda R.A with them to act as a judge in disputes between them.
• He also took part in the expedition which the Prophet PBUH sent to Syria, just before his death. • In
the days following the Holy Prophet’s PBUH death, Abu ‘Ubayda R.A took a leading part in ensuring the
election of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A as Caliph. A Mark of his standing is that Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A remarked
that Abu ‘Ubayda R.A was as worthy as he was himself of being caliph. During the caliphate of Hazrat
‘Umar R.A, he was put in charge of the Muslim Forces that captured Palestine and Syria. He died in Syria
in 18AH/639AD.
10. Sa’eed Ibn Zayd (R.A)
• Sa’eed ibn zayd (R.A) was one of the early converts of Islam. His father Zayd was monotheist and
followed the religion of the Prophet Ibrahim. He was Umar’s (R.A) cousin and was married to his
 sister Fatima, Umar (R.A) accepted Islam when he heard them reciting Surah Taha.
• He was a devoted companion of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and great warrior. He took part in all the major
campaigns and battles fought during the lifetime of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) except Badr as he and
Talha were out of Madinah to spy on the Quraish caravan when they returned to Madinah, The
Prophet (P.B.U.H) had already set out for Badr: however they were given a share in the booty.
• He was present during the treaty of Hudaibiyah and participated in the conquest of Makkah. • He
played an important role in the Muslim community after the death of Prophet (P.B.U.H). He was known
for his courage and bravery. He participated in many campaigns; he was the commander of the infantry
of the Muslims army during reign of Umar . He was made the governor of Damascus , but the resigned
from the post of his love for Jihad. Later, he fought as an ordinary soldier in all the battles that where
waged for the cause of Islam. He died in the 55AH and was buried in Madinah.
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Week 06
DAY 03 (Paper 01)
Position of Women in Islam
As Wives:
• Both the Quran and Sunnah have laid great emphasis on men to be kind and gentle with their wives.
Wives are equal to their husbands. They are partners with their husbands in family life. They are
primarily responsible for the home.
• They have financial independence The Holy Quran says, “Men are the protectors and maintainers of
women because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other and because they support
them from their means.” [4:34] This verse makes it clear that husbands have to provide sustenance
to their wives, clothe them and house them.
• Abu Hurairah relates that the Holy Prophet pbuh said, “The best amongst you is he who is most kind
to his wife.”(Tirmizi).
• In case of more than one wife, man is enjoined to treat all of them equally. He said on the occasion of
Farewell pilgrimage, “O people! You have rights over your wives and your wives have right over you.
Treat your wives with kindness.”
• Similarly she is given right to seek divorce (Khula).
• It is the duty of the husband to pay dower (Mehr) to his wife at the time of marriage. Allah says, “And
give the women (on marriage) their dower as a free gift.” (an-Nisa 4:4)
• Woman can keep her property acquired before marriage and she has no legal obligation to spend on
her family out of her personal wealth. It is the duty of a man to fulfill her material and financial needs. •
Both husband and wife must decide family matters with mutual consultation.
• The Prophet (p.b.u.h) loved his wives. Khadijah was his first wife; His love for her was so great that he
did not marry again during her lifetime. He never rebuked his wives for any of their shortcomings.
During his last illness, when he became very sick he ask his wives for permission before staying in
‘Aishah (R.A) house. He helped his wives in their daily chores.
As Mothers:
• A woman’s position as a mother is unique in Muslim society. They have the main responsibility for
bringing up children. They are the first teachers of faith and proper conduct.
• The Holy Quran and the Holy Prophet pbuh have given special importance to the mother and stressed
upon the children to be more considerate, submissive, grateful and obedient to her in comparison to
the father. They deserve respect from their children because of what they have done for them.
 • Abu Hurairah relates that once a person asked the Holy Prophet :“O Messenger of Allah, who is the
most deserving person to get good treatment from me?” He replied, “Your mother.” When he asked
this question this for the fourth time, the Holy Prophet said: “Your father.” This hadith indicates that
the status of the mother is greater than that of the father (agreed upon).
• A companion of the Holy Prophet once asked his permission to take part in Jihad. The Prophet asked
him if his mother was alive. On getting the answer in affirmative, the Prophet asked him to go home
and serve her as “heaven was under her feet”(Ahmad, Nasai). This means that to respect, obey and
serve the mother is the key to heaven. In doing so, we shall be able to please Allah and the Holy
Prophet.
• The Prophet (pbuh) did not spend a lot of time with his mother yet he had great love for her and
always remembered her. In the last year of his life, on his way perform the farewell pilgrimage, the
Prophet (pbuh) stopped at Abwa at the grave of his mother and wept there by remembering her.
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As daughters:
• According to the teachings of Islam, daughters are to be treated with love and care. They should
always be allowed freedom in legitimate choices.
• They have a right to their parents’ legacy. In this connection, the holy Prophet is reported to have said,
“If one brings up three daughters, teaches them good manners, and treats them kindly, till they
no longer need his help, Allah will make paradise obligatory for him.” A companion asked, “what if
he has two?”. He replied, “and he too.” The reporter of this hadith said that if people had inquired
about one, the Prophet would have said the same thing .
• Daughters should be cared for as carefully as sons. Abdullah Ibn Abbas related that the Holy Prophet
said, “If anyone has a baby daughter and does not bury her alive, nor ignores her, nor prefers his
sons to her, Allah will bring him into paradise.”
• Prophet pbuh had great affection for his daughters, especially his love for Hazrat Fatima is a model of
fatherly love for daughters. He is reported to have said, “Fatima is a part of me, whoever hurts her
hurts me, whoever holds malice against her, holds malice against me”. When she visited him in his
last illness, he gave her his own chair to sit.

(b) What do these teachings tell us about the relationship between men and women? [4] •
The Islamic society is governed by a sense of both individual and collective responsibility to Allah who
has defined the limits for human behavior. There are certain principles to govern the interaction of
sexes. Free social mixing between men and women is not permitted unless it is for some serious reason
or purpose.
• When mixing does take place, both men and women are to exercise proper decorum in the way they
speak and behave.
• Women are advised not to display themselves in public and not entertain or talk unnecessarily to men
who are not their close relatives.
• A Muslim man and woman are not permitted to be alone together unless they are close relatives
(Mahram).
• Both Muslim men and women should observe modesty. The Quran says, “Say to the believing men
that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty…..and say to the believing women that
they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty….” (24:30-31)
• In marriage, husbands and wives must try their best to live with love and affection and show respect
and kindness to each other even in disputes. Where family matters are concerned, decisions must be
taken with mutual consultation and not force.
Prophet’s (pbuh) Wives [Mothers of the Believers]
Hazrat Khadijah (R.A)
 • She was the daughter of Khuwalid Ibn Assad who belonged to a wealthy family of the Quraish. Her
father was a successful merchant and had left her a great wealth. She was twice married and
widowed and had three children from her previous husbands, Harith, Hind and Hinda. She used to
send her merchandise for trading to other countries. She was known as “Tahira” i.e the pure one
due to the chastity of her character.
• Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was recommended to her for his honesty and trustworthiness. He took
her merchandise to Syria and brought back huge profits. Maisara, her slave, who accompanied him in
his trip, spoke very highly of Muhammad (p.b.u.h). She was so impressed by him that she proposed
marriage through her friend Nafeesa, which he accepted after consulting his uncle, Abu Talib. At the
time of the marriage in 595AD, Khadijah (R.A.) was forty years old while Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was
twenty-five.
• The marriage was successful. They had six children, two sons and four daughters; both the sons died in
infancy. The elder was Qasim by whom the Prophet had his Kuniya; he was called Abul Qasim, (the
3

father of Qasim). The younger son was Abdullah, who was known as at-Tayyib and at-Tahir. The
daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthoom and Fatima (R.A.).
• The marriage freed Muhammad (p.b.u.h) from his financial worries as Khadijah (R.A.) placed her
wealth at his disposal. She brought wealth, prestige and influence to Muhammad (p.b.u.h). • Khadijah
(R.A.) was very devoted and loving wife. She stood by him at the time of hardship and trial. After the first
revelation when he came back home shaken from the experience, she comforted him saying that Allah
would not disgrace him as helped the widows and looked after the orphans and the needy. She took him
to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufil who further assured him that he was ordained by Allah to be a
Messenger.
• She was the first person to accept Islam, she was the only wife of Muhammad (p.b.u.h) who suffered
the persecution of the early days of Islam and suffered the most at the time of boycott. She died in
the 10th year of prophet-hood. This year was declared as the Year of Grief in the Islamic history.
Prophet (pbuh) said,“The Noblest women of the world are Maryam and Khadijah.” • One day,
Khadijah’s sister Halah came to visit the Muhammad (p.b.u.h), when he heard the familiar voice, he said,
“this must be Halah; her voice is just like that of Khadijah.” A’ishah said, “How is it that you always think
of the old woman, who is no more living, when Allah has given you much better wives.” “Never better”,
he replied. “She was the wife who believed in me when other rejected me. When people refused to
believe me, she affirmed my truthfulness. When I stood forsaken, she spent her wealth to lighten the
burden of my sorrow.” (Bukhari)
• Jibr’il is said to have sent greetings of peace to her, through the Prophet, from God and himself; Khadija
was Muhammad’s first wife and he chose not to marry any other woman during her lifetime. Hazrat
Sawda bint Zama’a (R.A)
• She was one of the first women to migrate to Abyssinia; her husband Sakran bin Amr had died and she
lived with her elderly father; she was middle-aged and had children from her previous marriage; • she
was the Prophet’s second wife and people were surprised he wanted to marry someone who was
widowed and older; they married one month after Khadija passed away and help was needed to look
after the Prophet’s children;
• She migrated to Madinah with Hazrat Fatima and Hazrat Umm Kulthum after the Prophet’s migration. •
Her house was the first to be built in Madina; she welcomed other wives into the household; • She was
close to Aisha and in the end gave up her time with the Prophet to Aisha; • She was known for her
generosity;.The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) referred to her as the most charitable and generous of his wives.
• On the eve of last Pilgrimage, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) enjoined his wives to remain in retirement
after his death. HazratSawdah followed this directive so much so that she never left her house even
for Hajj and Umrah.
• She died in the 22nd year of the Hijrat towards the end of the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar R.A. She was
buried in Jannat-al-Baqi.
Hazrat Aisha R.A,
• She was Prophet Muhammad’s pbuh third wife (thouh some think he married her before
HazratSawda), was the favourite of his later years. She was the daughter of his Companion Hazrat
Abu Bakr and one of his reasons for marrying her may have been to strengthen ties with his close
friend.
• Hazrat Aisha would have known the Holy Prophet pbuh from her childhood as a daily visitor to her
father’s house. According to most authorities, she was six years old when she was married to him,
though the couple did not become man and wife until she was older. (some authorities say that she
was older than this when she married the Holy prophet pbuh). According to the historian, Hazrat
Aisha R.A became a Muslim along with her parents within the first two years of prophethood.
4

• Her marriage to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was solemnized in Madina in the second year of Hijra and
she continued her youthful ways even afterwards. Her young friends would often visit her in her
apartment, a practice that the Prophet (P.B.U.H) encouraged.
• She accompanied the Prophet (pbuh) on different expeditions and battles. For example in the battle of
Uhad she, along with other Muslim women, gave water to Muslim soldiers and nursed the injured. •
Hazrat Aisha R.A was a person of high character. A scandal once surrounded her when she was
mistakenly left behind during a caravan rest stop on an expedition with the Prophet (P.B.U.H). She
returned to Madina escorted by a companion of the Prophet Sawan bin Muattal who had found her
waiting alone in the desert. Amid the ensuing gossip, a Quranic revelation (Al-Nur, 24:11-13) cleared her
reputation and proclaimed her innocence. This Surah also established the punishment for false
accusations of adultery.
• Verses about the practice of Tayammum (dry ablution) (Al-Nisa 4:43) were also revealed on her
account.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) had a strong bond with his young wife and amongst the ‘Mothers of the
Believers’ she is ranked as one of the most learned. She memorized the Quran during Prophet’s
(pbuh) lifetime.
• The Holy Prophet’s continuing love and special affection for Hazrat Aisha are clear from his desire to be
taken to her apartment when he was dying. She nursed him there in his last days and it was there
that he was buried.

• After Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) death she remained a leading figure in the Islamic community. Such was her
knowledge that even the companions would come to her to seek guidance in religious matters. She
narrated some 2210 Ahadith from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and was also a critic of badly
remembered ones.
• she was critical of the third Caliph, Hazrat Uthman but opposed his violent death. During the caliphate
of Hazrat Ali R.A , together with the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) companions Zubayr and Talha R.A, Hazrat
Aisha R.A mobilized opposition to Hazrat Ali R.A for not calling Hazrat Uthman’s killers to
accountability. This culminated in the Battle of Camel 656AD in which she played a central role but
her side lost.
• Thereafter, she did not participate in politics at all. Hazrat Aisha outlived the Prophet (P.B.U.H) by 47
years and was one of the principal links back to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) era of decades onwards as the
world of Islam grew and expanded. She is buried in Jannat al-Baqi in Madina.
Hazrat Hafsa bint Umar (R.A)
• she was the daughter of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab. She was born five year before prophethood. She was
first married to Khunais bin Huzaifa.
 • Hafsa became a Muslim along with her parents and her husband. He was among those who had
migrated to Abyssinia. Later, both Hafsa and her Husband migrated to Madinah. • Khunais took part in
the battle of Badr in which he was martyred, leaving no children. After the prescribed period of
Iddat(waiting) was over, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) expressed his desire to marry Hazrat Hafsa with a
view to strengthening his ties with Hazrat Umar and his tribe. • Like Aisha, she memorised the Qur’an
by heart; she lived with the Prophet for eight years; • She was quick tempered like her father, and
revelation came after the honey incident where she told the Prophet his mouth didn’t smell good after
eating honey. The Prophet said that he would never eat honey again. Allah sent the revelation(66:01)
and commanded the Prophet not to make anything unlawful to him which Allah has made lawful. After
this Hafsa went to the Prophet and sought forgiveness.
• After his death when the Qur’an was compiled, a copy was kept with her for safekeeping, known as
the mushaf. ‘Uthman took the Mushaf from her for standardising the Qur’an.
• She was also a narrator of hadith. She died when she was around 60 years old.
5

Hazrat Umm Salama (R.A)

• She was one of the earliest converts to Islam. She and her husband were among the first to emigrate
to Abysinnia.
• When her husband died after becoming injured at Uhud. First, Abu Bakr proposed her, then ‘Umar.
She said nobody was better than her husband so she didn’t want to marry again and then the proposal
came from the Prophet She accepted the Prophet’s proposal and they were married in 4AH. • She
memorised the Qur’an by heart during Prophet’s lifetime.
• She took part in many expeditions; at Hudaiybiyah the Prophet told the companions to offer sacrifice,
they didn’t do it, then Umm Salama told the Prophet to do the sacrifice himself then the
companions will follow him.
• Among the wives of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) Hazrat Umm-e-Salama was second only to Hazrat
Aisha in learning. She was very keen to learn traditions. She has quoted a number of traditions on
the authority of her first husband Abu Salamah, Hazrat Fatima R.A and the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
himself. Besides, several authors have quoted traditions on her authority. She is the narrator of 378
Ahadis.
Hazrat Maria Qibtiya
• She was sent to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) as a gift from the ruler of Egypt, in the year 628. The Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) had sent a letter of invitation to him and in order to show his respect, the ruler
sent a package of gifts to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) which included two Greek-Egyptian female
slaves(who happened to be sisters, Maria and Serena). Both accepted Islam on their Journey to
Madina after being explained the teachings of the faith by their escort Hatib.
• Hazrat Maria joined the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) household as his wife and bore him a son, Ibrahim who
tragically died as an infant, Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) later freed her.
• Hazrat Maria was included in the pension payment that were given to the Holy Prophet‘s(P.B.U.H)
wives after his demise, moreover, all source affirm that she was included in the ranks of ‘ Mother of
the Believers’
• Hazrat Maria passed away five years after Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).

General Reading
Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzaymah was born in Makkah and was the step sister of both umm-al-Fadhl, the
wife of Prophet (P.B.U.H) uncle Abbas, and of the Mother of the faithful, HazratMaymunah. They were from
same mother, but had difference father. Harat Zainab was fortunate, in that she embraced Islam in the early
days of the faith. Her husband died in the battle of Uhad, and she began to live in poverty. Prophet (P.B.U.H)
that proposed marriage to her to ease her burden, and in lieu of her husband services to Islam. Hazrat
Zainab was an extremely generous person known to help the needy and destitute, and for her generosity
and kindness to the poor, she earned the title of Umm-al-Masakeen, ‘Mother of the Poor’. She died soon
after her marriage to the Prophet (P.B.U.H). He led her funeral prayer and lowered her body into the grave.
She is too buried in Jannat al Baqi.
Hazrat Juwayriyyah bint al-Haritha was the daughter of the chief of the Banu Mustaliq and was taken
captive after her tribe had been defeated by the Muslims in 5 A.H. Juwayriyyah whose real name was Barra
was among the prisoners and she was allotted to one of the companion name Thabit ibn Qays as part of his
share of the spoils but she wanted to pay him a ransom for her freedom to which he agreed. Some month
later, she approached Prophet (P.B.U.H) and declared her conversation to Islam; at the same time she told
him of her predicament of not being able to buy her freedom. He agreed to have her set free also proposed
marriage to her, which she readily accepted. They were married in 628. As a result of her marriage to the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Muslims liberated all the captives of the Banu Mustaliq. Hence she was a source of
blessing to her tribe as well. Her father and tribes and tribesmen also accepted Islam soon after their
release from captivity,
6

Hazrat Juwayriyyah led a pious and simple life and spent her time in lengthy prayers and regular fasting.
Hazrat Aisha taught her the reading of Quran and she spent a lot of her time in its recitation.
HazratJuwayriyyah died 28 years after Prophet (P.B.U.H) and is buried in Jannat al Baqi. Hazrat Zainab
bint Jahshwas a cousin of Prophet (P.B.U.H) and the Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself had arranged her marriage
to Zayd bin Harithah, his adopted son and former slave. Hazrat Zainab at first refused to proposal saying
that she was the widow of a Quraish, implying that her social standing was higher than that of Zayd. It was
perhaps the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) intention to demonstrate by this union that near Allah the standing of a
person was not because of lineage but piety, and it may have been the reason why he wanted to arrange
this union.
It was after Prophet (P.B.U.H) announced a new verse of the Holy Quran stating “It is not fitting for a
believer man or woman when a matter has been decided by Allah and His Messenger, to have any option
about their decision: if anyone disobeys Allah and His Messengers he is clearly on wrong path.” (33:36)
that Hazrat Zainab agree to marry Zayd. The marriage however fell apart and the Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself
married her after the revelation of Quranic injunction to do so on completion of the mandatory period of
iddat. Hazrat Zainab used to boast on the other wives of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) saying “You were given in
marriage by your families while I was married (to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) by Allah from over seven
heavens”
Hazrat Zainab was known for her wisdom and given the title of Umm al-Hikma (Mother of wisdom) she was
also known as ‘one with the long arm’ on account her generosity and charitable nature. She was extremely
pious and God-fearing and the Prophet (P.B.U.H) had predicted that she would be the first wife to die after
him. She died during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar and was buried in Jannat al Baqi
Hazrat Ramla bint Abu Sufyan was the daughter of Abu Sufyan the chief of the Umayyad clan and the
leader of the whole Quraish tribe and one of the most powerful opponents of Prophet (P.B.U.H). Her first
husband was Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh a brother of Hazrat Zainab bint jahsh. Ubaydullah ibn jahsh and Ramla
were among the first people to accept to accept Islam. In 616, in order to escape the hostilities of the
Quraish they both emigrated to Abyssinia where she gave birth to her daughter Habibah and came to be
known Umm Habibah. When Ubaydullah died while still in Abyssinia, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) sent her a
proposal of marriage which she gladly accepted.
The wedding ceremony took place in Abyssinia even though the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was not present. The
Negus a huge feast after the ceremony and arranged to send all thirty of the remaining immigrant Muslims
back to Arabia. They travelled to Madina in to boats, Shurahbil ibn Hasana accompanied HazratRamlah on
this journey. hazratRamlah held the Prophet (P.B.U.H) in high regard. When her father came to seek her help
re-negotiating the Treaty of Hudabiya she refused to let him sit on the Prophet’s bedding as he was at that
time still a polytheist. She was a simple and pious lady and it is said that she narrated some sixty- five
hadiths Hazrat Safiyah bint Huyyay ibn Akhtab Was the daughter of Huyyay ibn Akhtab, the
Jewish instigator of the pagan siege of Madina. After the Muslims Survived that assault, they marched
northwards towards Khaybar, a Jewish settlement from where the plot was hatched. After some fighting ,
the Jews were subdued and HazratSafiyah was taken captive and given to a Muslim named Dahia as part of
his share of Spoils. Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) purchased her freedom from Dahia and proposed
marriage to her, which she accepted and converted to Islam .The wedding took place in 628 and this
cemented the relations between Jews and Mulims.HazratSafiyah though young in years, was fiercely loyal
to Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), She was also very intelligent and Charitable. She accompanied the Holly Prophet
(P.B.U.H) to Makkah on his Farewell Pilgrimage. She outlived Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) by 38 years and died at
the age of 60 in the month of Ramadan. She too is buried in Jannat al-Baqi
Hazrat Maymunah bint al-Harith Was widow and sister- in-law of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
uncle Abbas.T he Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) married her in the year 629, and She was his last Wife. She died in
681 and was also the last of his Wives to follow Him, Hazrat Maymunah is also buried in Jannat al-Baqi.
Hazrat Rayhana bint Amir Rayhana bint Amir was A Jewish women from the Banu Nadir married to
man from the Banu Qurayazah. She was also taken captive from the campaign against Banu Qurayazah and
7

given to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) .He freed her but initially she refused to marry him and lived quietly in
her own apartments. She did not accept Islam until a few years later and was never included among the
‘Mother of the Faithfull ’. Some accounts say that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) married her, but these were
untested claims. She died shortly after Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H) farewell Pilgrimage .

(b) Taking two aspects of their relationship, explain how the marriage of the Prophet and
Khadija sets a good example for Muslim marriages today? [4]
• They had a love and respect for each other that people could learn from today; she had her own
business which the Prophet never stopped her from, and she supported the Prophet through all his
difficulties. Following their example, Muslim couples today should support each other in times of
difficulty and distress.
• She reassured her husband when he told her about the revelation and never stopped believing he was
telling the truth because she knew his character. In times of difficulty people should be patient with
each other and try to reassure their partners.

(b) How can Hazrat Aisha be seen as a role model for Muslims now? [4] • Her
role as a teacher of sunna should inspire Muslims to learn and teach their religion. • She
memorized the Qur’an which Muslims should also aspire to do.
• She is especially a role model for women as she was more learned than many of the men of her time. •
She was patient in times of difficulty and generous with wealth when she had it. • she took part in public
life which should encourage Muslim women today to take an active part in
nation building after acquiring education and necessary skills e.g. medicine, teaching, research,
nursing etc. women can play a vital role in society and should not be deprived of education.

(b) “The best of you is the one best to his wife.” Explain what the Prophet meant by this
statement and how it is relevant to Muslims now. [4]
• The Prophet encourages men to look after their wives and that those with good character treat their
wife better than they treat others. Prophet (pbuh) treated all of his wives with love, respect,
compassion and kindness.
• Muslims should not compete in jobs or wealth but rather in how well they treat their wife and family.
Those who treat their wife well are those who should have most respect.
• Now many Muslims do not treat their wives well, they treat them like slaves, or they beat them, but
 this is not what the example of the Prophet teaches Muslim men about their relationship with their
wives.
1

Week 06
DAY 04 (Paper 01)
Aaminah:
• A year before “the year of the elephant,” ‘Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib was married to Aminah
daughter of Wahb.
• When the time came close to the birth of the Prophet (s.a.w.), Amina saw a dream that she gave birth
to a boy and with this boy a magnificent emergence of light spread out and enveloped the earth
until it reached Busra in al-Sham. She also saw herself in the dream saying ‘I seek for him, refuge in
Allah the One from the evil of every envier’. Aminah, named him Ahmad [meaning one who
renders praise (to God)].
• Soon after he was given to Halima saadia for nursing. When he was two Halima brought him back but
requested Aaminah to keep him for more time, to which she agreed.
• When Muhammad s.a.w. was 6 years old, his mother decided to visit the grave of her husband,
Abdullah, in Yathrib. Both Barakah and Abdal-Muttalib tried to dissuade her. Aminah however was
determined. The caravan took ten days to reach Yathrib. Muhammad s.a.w. was left with his
maternal uncles of the Banu Najjar in Madinah(Yathrib), while Aminah went to visit the grave of
Abdullah. Each day for a few weeks she stayed at the grave.
• On the way back to Makkah, Aminah became seriously ill with fever. Halfway between Yathrib and
Makkah, at a place called al-Abwa, they stopped where she died and was buried.
• The Prophet (pbuh) did not spend a lot of time with his mother yet he had great love for her and
always remembered her. In the last year of his life, on his way perform the farewell pilgrimage, the Prophet
(pbuh) stopped at Abwa at the grave of his mother and wept there by remembering her. Halima Sadia
:
• She was an Arab Beduin woman. She was a Wet-nurse and raised up the prophet Muhammad when
he was a child and took care of him for the first 5 years of his life.
• There were many signs about how Halimah`s life was changed to a better days. Her goats used to
come home full, and over flowing with milk, while the rest of the Bedouins' goats used to come
home scraggy and empty. Halimah knew that she had a blessed child with all the miracles and
blessings.
• After two years, Muhammad was returned to his mother Amina. She told Amina about the great
blessings that she had received when Muhammad was in her care, but soon, Amina was persuaded
by Halima and her husband (Al-Harith) to return the child back with them for another two years to
protect him from a spreading disease in Makkah.
• After two years, a strange incident happened to the prophet. He was playing with his foster brother at
the back of their homes, when two Angels appeared to them as two men wearing white clothes.
The Angels laid down the prophet and opened his chest, took out his heart, split it and removed a
blood clot and washed it and his chest until they became purified . Then, they returned the heart
back to Muhammad's body before going away. His foster brother ran to Halimah and told her that
Muhammad has been murdered. She rushed out and found Muhammad standing with a pale white
face. She checked all over his body and found that he was fine and then she took him back to their
home. Due to that incident, she was afraid.
• Later and very shortly, she returned Muhammed to his mother. Then, Muhammad was returned to
 the care of his mother Amina and continued to live with her until she died..
• Years after Muhammad's mother died and he got married to Khadijah, Halimah came to him
complaining of her poverty. He asked Khadijah to give her 40 sheep. After Muhammad got his first
revelation, Halimah and her husband came to the Islamic prophet and embraced Islam. When she
2

came to Muhammad on the day of Hunayn, he took off his robe and put it on the ground for her to
sit.She died in 8 A.H. and her grave lies in JannatulBaqi, Madinah.The Prophet (pbuh) was known to
call Halima ‘my mother’.
Abu Talib
• Abu Talib was paternal uncle of the Holy Prophet who brought him up after the death of his parents
and his grandfather by the time he was eight years old. He took him into his family and treated him
like his own son, giving him extra kindness.
• When the Holy Prophet started to preach Islam, his relatives turned against him. But Abu Talib, who
had taken care of him since he was a child, said to him: ‘Go ahead with what you have been bidden
and I pledge to continue to give you my support and protection’.
• Abu Talib continued to maintain his positive attitude as his nephew Hazrat Muhammad did not mean
any harm and did not call anything wrong. The chiefs of Makkah did not take any action against the
Holy Prophet in the early stages. When he started to criticize their idol worship, they decided that
the matter was too serious to ignore. Yet they could not do much about it because Abu Talib
protected his nephew against all threats and let everyone know of his readiness to fight for him.
• As the Holy Prophet continued to preach his mission, oppositions increased. Therefore, a delegation
composed of the most influential people of Makkah came to Abu Talib and asked him to stop his
nephew from preaching his religion or to hand him over to them. Abu Talib who continued to follow
the religion of his people, did not let his nephew down. He called the Holy Prophet and told him
what had taken place. He explained to the Holy Prophet the difficulty of the situation and said:
“Save me as well as yourself and do not cause me to carry a burden I cannot bear.”
But the Holy Prophet was firm as ever and said, “O my uncle if they place the sun of my right hand and the
moon on my left hand and ask me to renounce my work, Iwill not stop until Allah fulfils it for me, or
destroys me in the process”
Abu Talib was deeply moved and said: “you may go and do whatever you like. I will never withdraw my
protection from you and will never let you down”
• Abu Talib communicated his resolution to the people of his tribe and asked them to protect the
Prophet against the Quraish. He was the Holy Prophet’s protector as long as he lived. He died I 10th
year of prophethood. His death was such a great loss to the Holy Prophet that he called the year of
his death the ‘year of Grief’. After Abu Talib’s death. Quraish started abusing the Holy Prophet
verbally and physically.
Muhajirin and Ansar
➢ Among the numerous blessing of the holy Prphet’s (p.b.u.h) Hijrat, one of the most important and
unique blessing was that of Mawakhat i.e the creation of brotherhood between Muhajirin and
Ansar.

➢ Muhajaririn or the emigrants is the name often applied in the Quran those followers of Holy Prophet
Muhammad (p.b.u.h) who had immigrated from Makkah to Madinah with him. They were tortured
and persecuted by the unbelievers but they remained steadfast. They sacrificed their lives as well as
their wealth for the sake of Islam. Some of them even left their families behind when they migrated
to Madinah. They did not even claim their belonging after the conquest of Makkah, in accordance
with the orders of the holy Prophet (p.b.u.h). The term Muhajir is not applied to the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) himself, but only to those who migrated with, before or after him and later made up a
large portion of the population to Madinah. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) described them as favourites of
 Allah who will receive a splendid reward as the Quran says:
“ Those who believed, emigrated and fought in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their lives
are greater in rank in the sight of Allah. And it is those who are the attainers [of success].” [9:20] ➢
The Muslims of Madinah, who received and help the prophet (p.b.u.h) after his migration from
Makkah, were called Ansar or the helpers. They were also called Ansar-un-Nabi, or Helpers of the
3

Prophet. They were given this titleto distinguish them from the Muhajirin, who were mainly
dependent upon their help and support after migration of Madinah.
They were good natured, soft spoken and pious people who were devoted to the holy Prophet
(p.b.u.h). This is confirmed by the Holy Quran in the following words:
‘’But those who before them had homes (in Madinah) and had adopted the faith, showed their affection
to those, who came to them for refuge and entertain no desire in their hearts for things given to the
emigrants, but gave them preference over themselves even though they themselves were poor.’’ [59:9]
➢ The holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) assembled them at the house of Anas five months after migrating to
Medina and told them that the Muhajirin had left all their belongings in Makkah and were now
penniless and shelter less. He, therefore wanted to create the relationship of Brotherhood between
the Muhajirin and Ansar. He appointed ninety Muslims, the forty-five of whom were from the Ansar
and the other forty-five from the migrants, as brothers.
According to this foundation of brotherhood established, leaders of each family in Medina would
provide a Muslim family from Mecca with accommodation and share their belongings with them,
and they would work together.
➢ The Prophet did not choose two Muslims to become brothers randomly. Contrarily, he investigated
them carefully and appointed the best matches as brothers. For instance, there was an exact
harmony between Salman al Farisi and Abu’d-Dardaa; Ammar and Khuzaifa; Mus’ab and Abu
Ayyub, in terms of character, likes, and feelings. On this occasion, the Prophet(pbuh) too Hazrat Ali
as his brother and said, “You are my brother in this world and in the hereafter.”
➢ The emigrants tried their best so as not to be a burden on anyone. The most remarkable example of
this is Abdur Rahman bin Awf’s answer to Saad bin Rabi’s proposal.
“I am the richest of all Muslims of Medina in terms of money. I saved half of my wealth for you!” said Sa’d
bin Rabi to Abdur Rahman bin Awf, who were appointed as brothers.
Great Companion Abdur Rahman bin Awf’s answer was as noteworthy as the proposal: “May God make
your wealth auspicious for you! I do not need it. The greatest favour you can do me is to show me the
way to the market where you do business.”
The next morning, Abdur Rahman bin Awf, who was taken to Qaynuqa’s market, bought some goods such
as oil and cheese and started the trade business. After a while, he earned a fair income and then became
one of the well-known tradesmen of Medina. Many other Muslims of Mecca found appropriate jobs for
themselves and lived happily by their own work, like Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Awf e.g Abu Bakr made a
living by farming.
➢ The Ansar wanted to share their date palms with the Muhajirun but the Muhajirun refused, so the
Ansar offered them to work in their orchards and in return they were given dates. In this way the
Madinans gave protection and material assistance to their Makkan brothers and the Makkans came
with their faith to share and spread in Madina.

5(b) How can Muslims apply this model of brotherhood to help their communities? •
Islam establishes human brotherhood on the basis of faith. Allah describes the believers as being
brother. “The believers are but brothers” [49:10]
• Brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar reminds the Muslims that the feeling of brotherhood is
an essential prerequisite for unity. It guarantees the safety and the well-being of the society at
large.
• Muslims can help by looking to see what they can offer others. Help can be in any form, e.g.,
 financial assistance to poor, youth services, challenging social injustice etc.
• Muslims may live in areas where people from another country have come to settle, whether it be
because they are fleeing from persecution or to seek work. Muslims can help them by finding out
about them, asking if they need any help, providing food/clothing/information and /or by helping
them to integrate.
4

Prophet’s (pbuh) Daughters

1. Hazrat Zainab
• She was eldest daughter. She was born in 5th year of marriage when the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was
30.
• She was married to Abul Aas bin Rabi, Khadija’s nephew. When Hazrat Zainab became a
Muslim and her husband did not, it caused problems.
• Abul Aas fought on the side of Quraish in the battle of Badr, and he was taken as prisoner and
brought before the Prophet. Hazrat Zainab sent a necklace, which her mother had given her,
for his release. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H) saw the necklace, he recognized it and his eyes
were filled with tears. He consulted his companions and returned the necklace and freed
Abul Aas on condition that he sent Zainab to Madina.
• Later Abul Aas came to Madina. However, they were separated when a Divine Revelation
prohibited Muslim women to marry non-Muslims. Later, Abul Aas accepted Islam, and they
were rejoined.
• Zainab died in 8 A.H as a result of sword wound inflicted by Habbar bin Aswad at the time she
was migrating to Madina. She had a son Ali and a daughter Umamah.
2. Hazrat Ruqayyah (R.A)
• She was three years younger than Zainab.
• She was first married to Utba, son of Abu Lahab before prophethood. However, Abu Lahab
became a bitter enemy of the Prophet after his prophethood.
• After the revelation of Surah Lahab Abu Lahab asked his son to divorce Ruqayyah which he did.
• She then was married to Hazrat Usman and migrated with him to Abyssinia Where she gave
birth to a son Abdullah who died when he was six year old. They came back to Makkh in the
tenth year of prophethood. A few years later she migrated to Madina with her husband.
• She Died in 2 A.H, just at the time when Muslims were returning from the Battle of Badr. The
Prophet (P.B.U.H) performed her funeral prayer. Due to her illness, Hazrat Usman did not
participate in the Battle of Badr.
3. Hazrat Umm e Kulthum (R.A)
• Hazrat Umm Kulthum was the third daughter of Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• She was first married to Utaibah another son of Abu Lahab. When the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
declared his mission, Abu Lahab became his enemy.
• After the revelation of surah Lahab and asked his son to divorce Umm e Kulthum, which he did. •
She migrated to Madina with her step mother HazratSawdah.
• After the death of her sister Ruqayyah she was married to Hazrat Usman, hence he came to be
known as Zul-Noorain. She did not have any child.
• She died in 9 A.H in the month of Shabaan while her father and husband were away on the Tabuk
expedition.
4. Hazrat Fatima(R.A)
• She was the youngest daughter born to Prophet (P.B.U.H) and Hazrat Khadja five years before
prophethood. She was much loved by her father and among all her sisters resembled him the most. •
She used to hear him recite the Quran and had memorized the entire Holy Book. She also acquired
much knowledge and wisdom by spending time in the Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) company. After the death of
 her mother Hazrat Khadija she tried to look after the comfort and needs of her father at home.
Whenever the Prophet (P.B.U.H), came home injured from the streets of Makkah she would tend to his
wounds.
• Once she saw Abu Jahl putting the guts of a dead animal on her father’s back when he was praying
and was in prostration, she ran to him to remove the filth from its back whilst he stayed in his
5

position. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H) saw her crying he said, “Don’t cry, my daughter for indeed
Allah will make your father victorious”.
• Prophet (P.B.U.H) migrated to Madina before her because he knew that if he allowed her to go before
him the Quraish would have known about his plans to migrate , and if he took her with him it
would have posed a big danger to her. So, she stayed back and followed later him to Madina with
Hazrat Saudah.
• In Madina many sought Hazrat Fatima hand in marriage but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) politely declined all
and gave her in marriage to Hazrat Ali. In 624AD they were married and lived simple yet happy life
together, experiencing the poverty faced by the most of the immigrants. A Year later Hazrat
Fatima gave her birth to her first son who the Prophet (P.B.U.H) named al-Hassan, the beautiful
one and the following years in 626 she gave birth to another son who the Prophet (P.B.U.H) named
al-Hussain the little beautiful one. She also had two daughters Zainab and umm kulthoom.
• Prophet (P.B.U.H) had a special affection for his youngest daughter on one occasion he said to her
“You are the highest of the women of the people of paradise except for Maryam daughter of
Imran .”
• In his last illness he foretold that Hazart Fatima would be the first of his family to follow him and she
died in 632, within 6 months of her father death. Muslim hold Hazrat Fatima in high respect and
she regarded as the perfect role model for Muslims women. She also remembered by her title ‘Al
Zahra’, ‘the shining one’. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) showed his affection for her and would visit her
before he left on a journey and upon returning.

5.(b) Can Muslims learn from the Prophet’s bond with Fatima? Give reasons for your
answer. [4]
There is no greater father daughter relationship example than that of prophet and Fatima. We can model
our life after them. The holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had special affection for Hazrat Fatima. He always stood up
when she came to him. Prophet’s great respect and dignity to her teaches us what good treatment to our
daughters looks like. Distance and dismissive behavior is against Islamic tradition. Once Prophet (P.B.U.H)
said “Fatima is a part of me, whoever hurts her, hurts me and whoever holds malice against her hold
malice against me”. Father who have a healthy connection with their daughters will find that what hurts
their daughter will hurts them.
Once Prophet (P.B.U.H) summoned Hazrat Fatima and told her that she would be the first one to join him in
paradise. This is an extra ordinary example of father daughter relationship which should be followed today.
Prophet (P.B.U.H) never mourned that he had daughters and no sons (as his three sons died in infancy) so
Muslim should not think thatsons are better than daughters. Daughters can learn from Hazrat Fatima
loyalty and respect for her father.
1

WEEK 07
DAY 01(Paper 02)
Paper Pattern 2058/02
 Marks: 50
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Q1. Hadiths [8]
(a) [4]
(b) [4]
Q2. History and Importance of Hadith [14]
(a) [10]
(b) [4]
Q3,4,5: [14] Marks each
🞂 Rightly Guided Caliphs
🞂 Pillars, Articles, Jihad
(a) [10]
(b) [4]

Introduction to Syllabus
1. Major teachings in the Hadiths of the Prophet
Two groups of passages are set for close study. These relate to:
➢ Individual conduct
➢ Life in the community.

2. The history and importance of the Hadiths

Candidates should study:
➢ The history of the compilation of the Hadiths;
➢ The earliest collections;
➢ The main musnad and musannaf collections;
➢ The main compilers and their activities;
➢ The methods based on examination of the chain of transmitters (isnad) and the text (matn)
of a Hadith to test the reliability of the Hadith;
➢ The main features of the six collections of Sunni Hadiths and the four collections of Shi‘a
Hadiths;
➢ The major themes of the Hadiths as these are contained both in the passages set for special
study and in other similar passages;
➢ Their use in legal thinking, and their relationship with the Qur’an, consensus (ijma‘) and
analogy (qiyas);
2

➢ Their significance in thought and action in Islam.

3. The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their

importance as leaders
Candidates should study:
➢ The main events of the rules of the four Caliphs;
➢ Their policies in maintaining and expanding the state;
 ➢ Their approaches to leading the community;
➢ Their main achievements;
➢ The main difficulties they encountered;
➢ Their significance as examples of leadership;
➢ The importance of their rules as models for government today;
➢ Their importance as examples for Muslim communities in their relations with other states.

4. The Articles of Faith and the Pillars of Islam

Candidates should study:
➢ The Six Articles of Faith:
➢ God, including what Muslims believe about him;
➢ Angels, their nature and duties;
➢ Books, their contents and purpose;
➢ Prophets, their character and function;
➢ God’s predestination and decree, its meaning and significance;
➢ Resurrection and the last day, the main events and its significance.
The Five Pillars of Islam:
➢ The declaration of faith, shahada, including the significance of what it contains; ➢ Prayer,
salat, including preparations, its performance and importance, congregational prayers on
Fridays and festivals, times of prayer, the place of prayer, private prayer, delayed prayer;
➢ Alms-giving, zakat, how it is performed and its significance in the community; ➢
Fasting, sawm, including the way it is observed, its significance and those exempted; ➢
Pilgrimage, hajj, including the main observances involved and their significance.

Jihad in its range of meanings, physical, mental and spiritual.