DPE 031 – ADMINISTRATION OF PE AND SPORTS IN SCHOOLS

COURSE OUTLINE

• Introduction and Definitions of terms in School Sports

Administration

• Concept of Administration

• Concept of Sports Administration and functions

• Intramurals – Types and Principles of a Sound Intramurals

• Funding Intramurals

• Purchase and Care of School Sport Supplies and Equipment

• Organising for School Sports Competition

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 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN SCHOOL

SPORTS ADMINISTRATION

Introduction

The purpose of sports in schools colleges, varsities and establishments

is to offer an opportunity for voluntary participation by all, both skilled

and unskilled. School sports grew from Intramural athletics to Intramural

sports, Intramural activities and then finally into wide-ranging

Intramurals. However, the following are terminologies used

interchangeably in school sports administration:

Definitions of Terminologies in School Sports Administration

Organisation:

Organisation literarily means planning. It is the arrangement or

gathering of structures, resources and efforts into an order whole, so as

to be achieve a set goal or objective.

Administration:

This refers to the guidance or the leadership or ability to control or

blend the different structures, resources, and efforts available, with

minimum loss of fund, time and energy, in order to achieve the goal of

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the organisation. The quality of administration somewhat depends on

that of the organisation.

Intramural:

The word was coined out from two Latin words, Intra meaning within and

muralis meaning walls. When the two words are joined together, it

becomes within walls and when used with sports, it becomes those

sporting activities planned and organised for members of an

organisation, within the confines (four walls) of the organisation.

Examples are Interhouse, Interhalls, Inter units, Interfaculties, etc.

When the competition involves more than one school or organisation, it

becomes EXTRAMURALS. It is an outgrowth of Intramurals and it

involves more highly skilled competitors.

Sports Equipment:

These are movable and expendable materials, used in running or

enjoying sports. Examples are balls, bats, foot wears, jerseys, nets, the

missiles (Discus, Shot put, Javelin, Hammer). They are also referred to as

perishable supplies.

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Sport Facilities:

These are more permanent and more durable aids or structures, used

for running and enjoying sports. Examples are the gymnasium,

swimming pool, the playing fields, the courts, etc.

Competition:

This is also known as contest.

Competition or contest is a struggle between two or more individuals,

over a cherished reward or goal, be it position or a substance.

Competition can be direct or indirect. When a person or a team

competes against others, it is direct competition but when an individual

or a team tries to better his or its former record or mark, that is

competes against himself, it is called an indirect competition.

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What is Sports Administration?

Sports Administration can be defined as activities, which are intended

towards the development of sports in general and carried out by

specific people trained in the sports management and administration.

Sport administration can also be defined as formulation of plans and

programmes which serve as guidelines in the execution of programmes

that are sports oriented. Sports administration is the coordination of

activities of specific individuals in a sports organization with the sole aim

of accomplishing the objectives of the organization.

In order to achieve success in sports therefore, any sports programme

should have all its activities closely coordinated to achieve the ultimate

aims and objectives. The success of any sports programmedepends on

the contents of the programme, how they are organized, the personality

of the leader, method of coaching and finance. Nonetheless, many

reasons have been advanced pointing out that the success of any sports

programme depends more upon the quality of the administrator than

any other factor.

Sports administration, according to Fasan(1994), is the process of

planning, directing, managing and coordinating programmes, human,

of accomplishing the objectives of the organization through collective or

collaborative efforts.

By concept, a review and analysis of several definitions of sports

administration reveal elements, including:

- Achievement of sport objectives and goals

- Coordination of human efforts

- Effective utilization of resources

- Involvement of people

- Motivation

- Instructing and supervising

- Leading

- Commitment to the mission

- Facilitation of education

Sports administration consists of the leadership and guidance of

individuals, the procuring and manipulating of resources, and the

coordinating of many diverse efforts so that effective progress can be

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made toward the achievement of the goals and purposes of an

organization. By implication, administrators of athletics or sports have as

their basic responsibility the optimal development of student athletes in

all dimensions – intellectual, social, physical, and spiritual.

Functions of Sports Administration

Sports organisations are similar to other business organisations,

including religious, school, hospital or any other business organisations.

The functions carried out by Sports Administrator as identified by

different scholars in administration and management are as followed:

(i) Planning

(ii) Organising

(iii) Directing

(iv) Staffing

(v) Coordinating

(vi) Reporting

(vii) Budgeting

(viii) Decision making

(ix) Controlling

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 TYPES AND PRINCIPLES OF SCHOOL INTRAMURAL SPORTS

Types of Intramural Sports

There are three main types of Intramurals; we have the ‘Informal, the

Formal, and the Organized.

Informal: Sometimes the regular practical class may be half way

through and the teacher or lecturer may decide to end the class with an

impromptu competition between two groups, just like trying to test or

evaluate the skills taught in the class. This kind of Intramurals is

‘Informal’ and cannot bring out the best in individual participated

students. This is because they may not play well since nothing is at

stake.

Formal:This type of Intramurals has a date fixed for some low level sport

competitions, in the school or establishment. The teacher may announce

after a day’s class or lecture that next week, diploma one shall engage

diploma two in Volleyball match. In this type, students play well but not

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well enough. This is because the only thing at stake is some pride or

self-esteem.

Organized: As the name implies, this type of Intramurals is well

planned. There is enough energy, time and money put into it. The

student competitors on their own part prepare very well for it and put in

their best, because a lot is at stake. Examples are Inter-house, Inter-hall,

and Inter-faculty sport competitions.

The Principles of School Intramural Sports

Many things are involved before setting out for any Intramurals. These

are discussed briefly under the following headlines:

1. The aims and objectives

Anything worthwhile in Intramural sports must be guided by the

aims and objectives. These must be identified and they must be

consistent with those of general education. However, it is wrong to

set objectives that are too high or too low. The best thing is to have

objectives that are attainable.

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2. Programming

This is a process of developing the planned programme, and this

includes all the variables needed for the conduct and achievement

of the set goal. Planning must be on democratic principles,

allowing both students and staff to be involved at every stage.

3. Publicity

In many instances, the reputation of a school may be measured by

the manner in which its Intramurals programme is conducted. You

should allow as many people as possible to know about your

programme, such as parents’ alumni, colleagues, etc. This could

be done through the students themselves, through postals,

handbills, Radio, Tellevision announcement, Logos, notice boards

badges, etc.

4. Activities

It is very essential to go for activities that will involve as many

students as possible in your Intramurals. Gamesor sports like

soccer, basketball, handball, track and field (athletics), swimming,

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 etc., are good examples.The gender of participants, their interest,

size/population, age, time, equipment, facilities available, their

needs and of course the teacher’s skills are of the things to

consider in selecting activities for Intramurals.

5. Scheduling

The periods of practice and competition must reflect the interest of

the participants and that of the planners. The main aim is to

achieve the greatest possible playing time. The weather, facilities,

equipment, class work, officiating personnel, and others will

determine the scheduling of Intramurals competition. Equipment

and facilities must be available on equal terms, to all teams.

6. Supervision

Physical and sports education classes are unique, unlike other

disciplines. The skills, tactics and other demands found in it are not

easy to acquire. It is of utmost importance that sport programmes

are well supervised, because of its occasional dedicate moments.

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 Therefore, only qualified professionals should supervise

Intramurals, to make it safe and interesting.

7. Awards

There should be adequate provision for awards in a good

Intramurals and it should be given instantly, not waiting till the

following month or year. Examples of awards are certificate,

trophies, and shields. It should be appropriate, not bogus or

meaningless. Awards should not be confused with reward.

An award is given as recognition of an achievement, e.g.

certificates, trophies, colours, title while reward is compensation

for work done, e.g. money, gift. It is what you take out of what

you have done, e.g. good health as a reward from taking part in

sports

8. Duration

Any sports programme that drags for too long will lose its flavour.

It is therefore, good to make one’s Intramurals as short as possible.

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9. Fund

The longer the programme, the more fund it is likely to gulp. A

sound Intramurals is not that which utilizes all available sports fund

invest mainly on major games and spend less money on tivialites.

10. Evaluation

Every programme calls for evaluation. This is a way by which

errors are corrected and good decisions maintained for the future.

The numerical count of participants must be known, matches

postponed, lost, won and by which teams, mostly attended

matches and games/sports, hooliganism, good and bad officiating

official, amount of money spent, etc. are some of the things, to

record and evaluate at the end of the Intramurals.

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LEADERSHIP STYLES IN SCHOOL INTRAMURAL SPORTS

What is Leadership?

Leadership is the behavior of an individual directing the activities of a

group toward a shared goal. It is the influential increment over and

above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the

organization.

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Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized

group toward goal achievement. It is also, a process of giving purpose

(meaningful direction) to collective effort, and causing wiling effort to be

expended to achieve purpose”. (Jacobs &Jaques, 1990).

However, the following are the various leadership styles that can be

applied by administrators (leaders) in school Intramural sports:

a. Autocratic - He is called autocratic because of his rigid nature of

administration. He is chosen because he was the best qualified

candidate. He is best qualified to make decision. He ignores

human factors. He enforces regulations without regards for

circumstances. He does not listing to reactions.

b. Laissez-Faire - He is regarded as a pot of weakening. He allows

individual acts to be conducted without government control. He

believes in freedom. He lacks security. Things remain as they are,

no initiative and no creativity.

c. Anarchist - This leadership style has no rules and regulations. He

also believes in the principles that voluntary co-operative actions

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 will solve all problems. He waits for another person to solve

problems.

d. Democratic - He is regarded as the most productive leadership.

He does not mean or allow abrogation of authority. He believes in

allotting jobs or responsibilities among staff members of the

organization, collective decision taken takes priority in the

administrative system. The emphasis is on "we" and not "I"

PURCHASE AND CARE OF SCHOOL SPORT SUPPLIES AND

EQUIPMENT

Supplies are those materials that are expendable and that needed to be

replaced at frequent intervals e.g., shuttle corks, adhesive tape, etc.

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Equipment refers to those items that are not considered expendable but

are used for a period of years, e.g. parallel bars and audio meters.

Factors affecting needs for supplies and equipment are programmes

themselves and the activities offered, facilities, training rooms, and

playing space available. Other factors include nature of the clientele

(age, sex, and number of clienteles involved) the money available, the

length of playing seasons and health and safety provision.

Guidelines for Selecting Supplies and Equipment

1 Selection should be based on local needs

2 Selection should be based on quality

3 Selection should be made by competent person.

4 Selection should be continuous

5. Selection should consider service and replacement needs.

6. Selection should consider the handicapped

7. Selection should consider acceptable standards for athletic

equipment

8. Selection should consider trends in athletic uniforms.

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FUNDING SCHOOL INTRAMURAL SPORTS

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