Electrical Installation Design

Seminar
Prepared By:-
Eng Elmamoun Ibrahim Mustafa

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Seminar Contents

Introduction

Currents and correction factors

Public Electricity Supply Systems

Power supply arrangement

Distribution Transformer

Cable Sizing calculation

Objectives

• To Know bout correction factors

• To Know bout load calculation
methods
• To understand cable sizing
procedures.
Introduction
Electrical installation design become
most common job.

Selection of cables, equipment sizes

and load calculation certainly
important tasks of the design process.
 Correcting Factors
For cables installed in air:
• Ca: for ambient temperature.
• Cg: for grouping.
• Ci: for conductors embedded in thermal insulation.
• Cf : if BS 3036 re-wirable fuse is used (it is 0.725).
• Ch: for harmonic currents.
For buried cables:
Ctg: for ground temperatures different from 15oC.
Cdg: for depths more than 0.5 m from ground level.
Crg: for ground thermal resistivities greater than 1.2
K.m/W.
Currents
Ia= Current causing automatic
operation of protective device within
the time stated.
Ib=The design current to be
carried by the circuit in normal
service.
If =( or I ) fault current.
In= nominal current or current setting
of protective device.
Currents
I2=current causing effective operation of
the overload protective device.
IΔn=residual operating current of the
protective
device (RCCB)
It = tabulated current-carrying capacity of
a cable.
Iz=current-carrying capacity of a cable
for continuous service under the
particular installation conditions
concerned.
Coordination between cables’ conductors ratings
and protective devices
PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Typical Public Supplies Voltage Levels These are usually

declared as line rather than phase values:-
GENERATION: MV Range ( e.g. 11 kV )
HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTIONS: LV Range
400/230V, 415/240 V, 380/220V.
DISTRIBUTION: MV Range 11kV, 33kV.
SUB TRANSMISSION: HV Range 66kV, 110kV, 132kV.
TRANSMISSION: HV/EHV Range
220kV, 275kV, 380kV, 400kV,500kv.
Basic Information For Extending Electrical
Supplies To Premises

Information Provided By the Supply Authority

The following information about the Public Supply
network is normally provided by the Electricity Supply
Authority:
i. The maximum Prospective Short-circuit Current at
the supply terminals (PSCC).
ii. The maximum Earth Loop Impedance of the earth
fault path outside the installation ( Ze).
Basic Information For Extending
Electrical Supplies To Premises

iii.The type and rating of the Supplier’s protective

devices nearest to the supply terminals.
iv.The type of earthing system applicable to the
connection.
v. The number of phases of the supply.
vi. The supply frequency and tolerance.
vii. The supply voltage and tolerance.
Basic Information For Extending
Electrical Supplies To Premises
Information Provided By Applicants
For Connection To The Public Networks ,A typical list of
information as normally included in “Applications For
New Connections” should include as a minimum:
[i] Number of phases (which depends on the maximum demand
and site layout ).It could be 1 or 3 phases with a neutral (a 4-
wire system).
[ii] Single/3-phase voltage levels (230V/ 400V).
[iii] Frequency (50Hz).
[iv] Load characteristics (harmonics, voltage fluctuations,
motor starting currents and any other abnormalities).
[v] Characteristics of standby supplies.
Basic Information For Extending
Electrical Supplies To Premises

[vi] Fault current contributions of motors /

standby generators.
[ vii ] Maximum 3 phase or single phase load
(normally in kVA or kW+ power factor).
It should be noted that the majority of electrical
appliances are single phase.
Power supply ranges
Generally the following guidelines are applicable
(Other countries-Gulf):
Loads below 100kVA can be supplied as single phase 230V.
Loads in the range 100–300 kVA can be connected as 3-
phase,400/230 V loads.
 A dedicated Transformer can be arranged for loads in the range 200
– 500 kVA,11kV supplies can be arranged
The local regulation in Sudan (If applicable)
Up to 15(10<) KW(single Phase ).
25 -47(10-50)KW (3phase one supply).
47-100 KW(50-200) (high current -300 Amp)
200 KW> and above (Power transformer).
Supply Arrangements

1- Low Voltage Intakes

From public low voltage over head line network
2- High Voltage Intakes
Loads exceeding 500 kVA can be connected to
the 11kV High Voltage system in 3 common
ways:
• A ring main.
• Duplicate feeders.
• A radial feeder or a single spur from a radial
feeder.
Transformers
Basically there are two types of Distribution
Transformers.
1- The oil-immersed
2- the dry type.
Cooling and insulation is provided in the first type by
oil, while air is the insulating and cooling medium in
the second transformer type.
Dry type transformers’ windings are normally
encapsulated within a moisture– resistant cladding of
epoxy resin.
 oil-immersed
LOGO Transformer
Dry type
Transformer.
LOGO
Transformers
Distribution transformers can also be classified as pole or
ground – mounted.
Due to weight considerations, pole-mounted transformers
ratings do not normally exceed 315 kVA.
Preferred kVA Distribution transformers ratings according to
BS 171 are :
5 - 6.3 – 8 – 10 - 12.5 – 16 – 20 – 25 - 31.5 – 40 – 50 – 63 – 80 –
100 – 125 – 160 – 200 – 250 – 315 – 400 – 500 – 630 – 800 –
1000 – 1250 – 1600 - 2000 etc„.
Transformers
Transformers’ voltage ratings are normally the rated line
voltages of the primary, secondary or the tertiary
windings for the open circuit (off load) values.
The line currents Il flowing in the transformer’s primary or
secondary winding is given by the following formula:
l = VA rating/(√3. VL)
[Use this formula to prove that the full load Primary
current in a 3-phase 500kVA, 11/0.4 kV transformer is 26 A
& the secondary current is 722A].
Transformers
Transformer
Transformers Cooling

Typically Distribution transformers efficiency is in the range

96% 98.5%.The efficiency is lower at very low loads.
Transformers iron losses are due to the magnetizing effects
within the steel core and from the eddy currents induced
within the steel.
These losses are dependent on the supply voltage and
frequency but not on the load current.
Transformers Cooling

Description Symbol
Cooling Medium
Oil O
Non-flammable Liquid L
Gas G
Water W
Air A
Method Of heat Dissipation
Natural N
Forced (not directed oil) F

Forced Directed Oil D

Transformers Cooling

To illustrate the application of these symbols we mention

that a Dry Transformer which has natural cooling and the
facility for automatic fan operation should the
transformer’s winding temperature increase beyond their
normal limits is designated as an AN / AF transformer.
The most common distribution transformer is the ONAN
transformer where the windings and core are naturally
cooled by oil, and the oil is subsequently naturally cooled
by air.
Transformers Cooling

ONAN
Cooling type
Power
Transformer
Transformers Cooling
ONAF Cooling type
Power Transformer
Transformers Cooling
Distribution Transformers Selection
Criteria

Main factors to be considered when selecting a Distribution

transformer are:
• Load characteristics (cyclic loading characteristics in particular).
• Cost of losses.
• Maintenance cost.
• Fire resistance qualities.
• Associated civil works costs (foundations in particular).
• Space limitations.
• Ambient temperature.
• Noise level.
• Capital cost.
The tabulated values are for 11kV/415V, Class T1 GEC
Distribution Transformers, refered to 415V base.
Rating Resistance/phase when
cold
Reactance/phase
(mΩ/phase)
Full load
current (A)
Max S.C
current
Per-unit Imp.
(%)
KVA (mΩ/phase) (kA)

200 12 42.3 278 5.50 5.09

315 7.1 27 438 8.60 5.09
500 3.8 17.3 696 13.6 5.14
800 2.2 11 1113 21.4 5.20
1000 1.6 8.7 1391 27.1 5.13
1500 1.0 6.8 2087 34.90 5.98
2000 0.8 5.6 2782 42.40 6.56
Principles Of Safety, Efficiency &
Economy Of Designs
An electrical installation should be designed and
constructed with :-
• Safety
• Efficiency
• Economy in mind
In this regard it should be done base on one or more of
International standard such as :-
• British standard
• IEC Standard
• NEC Standard „..Ect.
Principles Of Safety, Efficiency &
Economy Of Designs

Types of load
• Motor load
• Resistive-type heating appliances&
lamps.
How to calculate installed power

There are two case of calculating installed

power (KVA / KW):-
A- The load characteristics are known.
B- The load characteristics are not known
Table use when load characteristics are
not known
Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand

 All individual loads are not necessarily

operating at full rated nominal power nor
necessarily at the same time.
 Factors ku and ks allow the determination of
the maximum power and apparent-power
demands actually required to dimension the
installation.
Factor of maximum utilization (ku)

 In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load

is sometimes less than that indicated as its nominal power
rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application
of an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.
 This factor must be applied to each individual load, with
particular attention to electric motors, which are very rarely
operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may
be estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors. For
incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
 For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the
type of appliances being supplied from the sockets concerned.
 Factor of simultaneity (ks)

 It is a matter of common experience that the

simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a
given installation never occurs in practice, i.e.
there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating
purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor (ks).
 The term diversity factor, as defined in
IEC standards, is identical to the factor of
simultaneity (ks) used in this guide.
Factor of simultaneity (ks)

Factor of simultaneity (ks) have three

types of applications:-
1- For an apartment block.
2- For distribution board Number of circuits.
3- According to circuit function in distribution
board.
Factor of simultaneity (ks)
1- Factor of simultaneity
for an apartment block:
Some typical values for this case
are given in the Figure below, and
are applicable to domestic
consumers supplied at 230/400 V
(3-phase 4-wires). In the case of
consumers using electrical heat-
storage units for space heating, a
factor of 0.8 is recommended,
regardless of the number of
consumers.
Example(1)

5storey's (‫)طوابق‬apartment building with 25 consumers,

each having 6 kVA of installed load. the KVAs distributed
as following:-
 Ground floor = 36 KVA
 First floor=24 KVA
 Second floor =30 KVA
 Third floor =36 KVA
 Forth floor =24 KVA
Using the previous table (Factor of simultaneity for an
apartment block)Determine the following
(1) Total install load KVA.
(2) The apparent-power supply required.
(3) KS factor in different sections of all floors
(4) the current entering the rising main at ground level and the current
entering third level.
 Example(1)
Solution
(1)The total installed load for the
building is:
36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
(2)The apparent-power supply
required for the building is:
150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
(3) Figure below shows KS factor
in different sections of all floors
So it is possible to determine
the magnitude of currents in
different sections of the
common main feeder supplying
all floors.
 Example(1)
(4) In the example, the current entering the rising main at
ground level is:

the current entering the third floor is:

Notice:-
 For vertical rising mains fed at ground level, the cross-sectional
area of the conductors can evidently be progressively reduced
from the lower floors towards the upper floors.
 These changes of conductor size are conventionally spaced by
at least 3-floor intervals. In the example.
2- Factor of simultaneity for distribution board

The below figure shows

hypothetical(‫ )افتراضي‬values of ks
for a distribution board supplying
a number of circuits for which
there is no indication of the
manner in which the total load
divides between them.
If the circuits are mainly for
lighting loads, it is prudent to
adopt ks values close to unity.
3- Factor of simultaneity according to circuit
function
ks factors which may be
used for circuits
supplying commonly-
occurring loads, are
shown in this Figure.
Example (2) application of factors ku and ks

Determine the following

1. The total installed apparent power(KVA).
2.The estimation of actual maximum kVA demands at
all levels of an installation.
3.calculate the total current for power determine in
point (1).
4.calculate the total current for power determine in
point (2).
5.From the tabulated value select the right size of the
main cable and what is the cable size if we uses the
answer in point no (1) & (2).
 Application of factors ku and ks

Solution
1. In this example, the total installed apparent
power is the total of all KVA in the Installation if
we assume that the power factor is constant.
Total(KVA)max=4x5+2x2+18+3+1x15+10.6+1+2x2.5+
2x15+18+1=126.6 KVA
2. Estimation of actual maximum kVA demands at all
levels of an installation ,by aid of the following
diagram.
Application of factors ku and ks

An actual (estimated) maximum

S Total estimated = 65 kVA
3.The current In (in amps) for the power 126.6
KVA through a circuit is determined from
the equation:
4.The current In (in amps) for the power 65
KVA through a circuit is determined from
the equation:
Application of factors ku and ks
5. to select the right size of the main cable if we uses the answerin
point no (1) & (2).
Point (1) :
In = 176.12 Amp suitable cable size from the table = 50 mm2
Point (2) :
In = 90.4 Amp suitable cable size from the table = 16 mm2
Choice of transformer rating
When an installation is to be supplied directly from a
MV/LV transformer and the maximum apparent-power
loading of the installation has been determined, a suitable
rating for the transformer can be decided, taking into
account the following considerations:
1-The possibility of improving the power factor of the
installation.
2- Anticipated(‫ )متوقع‬extensions to the installation.
3- Installation Constraints(‫()قيود‬e.g. Temperature).
4- Standard transformer ratings.
Choice of transformer rating
Standard apparent
powers for MV/LV
transformers and
related nominal
output currents
“IEC 60076”
Correction factors for cables’ current
ratings (air & ground installation)
1- Ambient Temperature Correction;
Ca [BS 7671:2001 Tables 4C1/4C2]:-
C a = √[ (70 – Θ) / 40] where Θ> 30
2- Grouping Correction: Cg [ Regulation Table 4B].
NO OF CCTS OR Touching()
MULTICORE OR
CABLES Spaced(S) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
INST METHOD

Enclosed & bunched 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52
Single layer clipped T 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71
to non-metal surface S 0.94 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Single layer T 0.86 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73
multicore on metal cable S 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
tray
Grouping
Correction factors for cables’ current
ratings (air & ground installation)
3- Thermal Insulation Derating Factor; Ci
[Regulation Table 52A].
CABLE LENGTH UNDER Ci
INSULATION (mm)
50 0.89
100 0.81
200 0.68
400 0.55
>400 0.50
Example for Ca &Cg values How affect the
Currant currying capacity
A 3-phase circuit with a load current of 35 A is
to be wired in multicore,PVC insulated and
sheathed cable which is rated at 80 A .
For approximately 2/3 of its length it is run in
trucking with 4 other circuits where the
ambient temperature is 25oC.
For the remainder of its route it is run singly
but in an ambient temperature of 45C.
By applying appropriate de-rating factors,
determine the cable rating for each section of
the run.
Example for Ca &Cg values How affect the
Currant currying capacity

SOLUTION

• FOR SECTION 1 • FOR SECTION 2

• No Number of circuits= 5 • No of circuits = 1, Cg= 1
• Cg= 0.6
• Ambient temp. =
• Ambient temperature=25C,
45CCa=0.79
• Ca=1.03
• Cable rating = 80X0.6X1.03 • Cable rating=80X1X0.79
• = 49.4 A • = 63.2A
Coordination between cables’ conductors
ratings and protective devices

Hence: applying de-rating factors to condition (II) above, the

limiting value of Iz will be:
Iz = In / (Cgx Ca x Ci xCf)
Normal conditions with O/L & S.C protection provided (i)
not all circuits are protected against overloads. For such circuits Ib
replaces In when calculating Iz, meaning that the protective device is
only providing fault current protection and the conductors can be sized
to the design current Ib ; and the re-wirable O/L fuse correcting factor
Cf will not be applicable];we therefore have for fixed loads:
Iz = Ib / (Cg X Ca X Ci) when O/L protection is not provided (ii).
…
Selection of the cable size

1- Cable Selection Based on

Current Rating
After The values of Iz thus determined so you
can then use them to pick up the right cable
size from table (an extract from BS 7671:2001
table 4D1A).
for the nearest tabulated current It such that
It ≥ Iz and for the correct ref method column.
Table 4D1A
Selection of the cable size
2- Cable Selection Based on Voltage Drop
There will be a voltage drop across it, derived
by Ohm's Law (i.e. V = IZ). The voltage drop
will depend on two things:
1. Current flow through the cable - the higher
the current flow, the higher the voltage drop.
2. Impedance of the conductor - the larger the
impedance, the higher the voltage drop.
The impedance of the cable is a function of the
cable size (cross-sectional area) and the length of
the cable. Most cable manufacturers will quote a
cable's resistance and reactance in ῼ /km or ῼ /ft.
Selection of the cable size

For a 3 Ø system:

For a 1 Ø system:

Where V is the 3Ø or 1Ø voltage drop (V)

I= is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)
Rc = is the Ac resistance of the cable (ῼ/km or ῼ /ft)
Xc =is the ac reactance of the cable (ῼ /km or ῼ /ft)
Cos Ø = is the load power factor (pu)
L= is the length of the cable (m or ft)
Selection of the cable size

3- Short Circuit Temperature Rise

• During a short circuit, a high amount of current can
flow through a cable for a short time.
• This surge in current flow causes a temperature rise
within the cable. High temperatures can trigger
unwanted reactions in the cable insulation, sheath
materials and other components, which can
prematurely degrade the condition of the cable.
• As the cross-sectional area of the cable increases, it
can dissipate higher fault currents for a given
temperature rise. Therefore, cables should be sized
to withstand the largest short circuit that it is
expected to see.
Selection of the cable size

3- Short Circuit Temperature Rise

The minimum cable size due to short circuit
temperature rise is typically calculated with an equation
of the form:

Where
A=is the minimum cross-sectional area of the cable
(mm2)
I=is the prospective short circuit current (A)
t= is the duration of the short circuit (s)
K=is a short circuit temperature rise constant
K factor values for LV conductors, commonly used in
national standards and complying with IEC 60724
k values Nature of insulation
Cross-linked-
Polyvinylchlor polyethylene (XLPE)
ide (PVC) Ethylene-propylene-
rubber(EPR)
Final temperature (°C) 160 250
Initial temperature (°C) 30 30
Insulated Copper 143 176
conductors not
incoporated Aluminium 95 116
in cables or bare
conductors in Steel 52
contact 64
with cable jackets
Conductors of Copper 115 143
a multi-core-
cable Aluminium 76 94
 Example (Case Study)

11/ 0.415 KV
500 KVA, Z=5%
ONAN,Dyn11
OFF Load TAP Changer

415 V,800 A,TPN,15 KA for 3 sec

MCCB
250 A
4 C X 120 mm2
PVC/SWA/PVC
Cable
Production Line Motor AC feeder
Example (Case Study)

Given one of the industrial plant MDB panel

including the following :-
 Power transformer
– 11/ 0.415 KV
– 500 KVA, Z=5%
– ONAN,Dyn11
– OFF Load TAP Changer
 Bus-Bar With following ratings
 415 V,800 A,TPN,15 KA for 3 sec
 Power cable
 4 C X 120 mm2 PVC/SWA/PVC Cable (Multi-core)
Check if the Cable is suitable for the bus bar Sc level
condition and if not what is the suitble size.
Solution

Given:-
Design Isc= 15 KA , t= 3 sec
K factor from the table =115
Max Isc from the power Transformer
Isec 722
Isc= = =14440 Amp=14.4 KA
Z% .05
PVC cable >> K factor = 115
𝐼 𝑡 14440 3
A= = = = 217 mm2
𝐾 115
The minimum cable size to withstand the short circuit
is 217 mm2 so the adequate size required in this case
the nearest standard size above the actually installed
cable will be 240 mm2
 Thank You
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