RF Transceiver Design

Lecture 15
Transceiver Architecture – II

Prof. Darshak Bhatt

1
Basic Heterodyne Receivers
LNA Mixer
RF BPF IF -ωin 0 ωin ω
INPUT Output

Local -ωLO 0 +ωLO ω

-ωin -ωLO +ωin -ωLO +ωin +ωLO

2
Problem of Image
Desired
Signal
Image

LPF
ωin ωim ω ωIF ω
ωIF ωIF
CosωLOt
-ωLO ω
ωim = ωin + 2ωIF = 2ωLO - ωin
Image Reject
LNA Filter
Image
Reject
Filter
ωin ωim
CosωLOt 2ωIF

3
 Image Rejection versus Channel selection
LNA Channel • A high IF allows substantial rejection of
Image
Select the Image, whereas a low IF helps with
Reject
Filter the suppression of in-band interferers.
Filter
Desired
Signal CosωLOt
Image Reject
Filter Image Channel Select
Interferer Filter

ωin ωim ω ωIF ω

2ωIF ω ωIF ω

4
Dual Down Conversion Channel IF
Band Image Channel Select Amplifier
Select Reject RF Mixer Select IF Mixer Filter
Filter LNA Filter MX1 Filter MX2
BPF1 BPF2 BPF3 BPF4
A B C D E F G H

ωLO1 ωLO2

5
Direct-Conversion Receivers
• Mixing Spurs: due to non-ideal mixing and LO generation. Mixing of RF input by all LO
harmonics.
ωint ± mωLO1 ± nωLO2 = ωin - ωLO1 – ωLO2

LPF I

LNA
BPF CosωLOt
ωin

LPF Q

SinωLOt

6
Self Image
Symmetrically-modulation Asymmetrically-modulation
S(f) S(f-fLO) xBB(t)
VCO
fc f
0 f fLO ω t

fLO f
-ωIF1 +ωIF1 ω

0 ω

7
Modern Heterodyne Receiver
• Heterodyne RX with quadrature down-conversion

LPF XBB,I(t)
LNA
BPF
ωin CosωLO2t

ωLO1
LPF XBB,Q(t)
• Sliding-IF Receivers SinωLO2t

LPF XBB,I(t)
LNA
BPF LO2,I
ωin
fLO1
LPF XBB,Q(t)
LO2,Q 𝑓𝐿𝑂1
LO1 ÷2 2
Example
𝑓𝐿𝑂1 2
𝑓𝐿𝑂1 + = 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝐿𝑂1 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛
2 3
Mix2 BB
VGA
LPF XBB,I(t)
IF
Mix1
LNA VGA
I
ωin
BB
Mix2 VGA

LPF
48GHz XBB,Q(t)
PLL
4:1 12GHz Q