Republic of the Philippines

ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

LEON CAMPUS

NAME: ALLEN JADE CATANUS COURSE & SECTION: BSA 1 C

Laboratory Exercise 1: Dairy farm requirements and the milk supply chain

I.Introduction:

The production of milk on dairy farms and the processing of milk and milk products at dairy plants
make up the dairy industry. Along with producing many kinds of milk, the industry makes butter, cheese,
yogurt, and ice cream.

II. Objectives

1.Species – Different cow breeds naturally produce different quantities (and qualities) of milk.

2.Age – Younger cows generally produce more milk than older ones. ...

3.Milking frequency – Farmers are very precise about how frequently cows are milked.

III. Materials

The principal constituents of milk are water, fat, proteins, lactose (milk sugar) and minerals
(salts). Milk also contains trace amounts of other substances such as pigments, enzymes, vitamins,
phospholipids (substances with fatlike properties), and gases.

IV. Methods

Dairy supply chain management is the process of managing the supply of milk from milk farms and
processing it as per requirement and transporting it to the end consumers.
V. Discussion

Dairy chains link the actors and activities involved in delivering milk and milk products to the final
consumer; with each activity the product increases in value. A dairy chain can involve production,
transport, processing, packaging and storage.

VI. Conclusion

Milk and its derivatives are proposed as being useful foods throughout all life periods, in particular
during childhood and adolescence, when their contents of calcium, protein, phosphorus, and other
micronutrients might promote skeletal, muscular, and neurologic development.

VII. Recommendations

A process applying a minimum temperature of 132°C [270°F] for at least one second (ultra-high
temperature [UHT]), or 2. if the milk has a pH less than 7.0, a process applying a minimum temperature
of 72°C [161°F] for at least 15 seconds (high temperature - short time pasteurisation [HTST]), or

Laboratory Exercise 2: Identifying a good dairy cow

I. Introduction
 A good dairy cow has lean and long wedge shaped bodies which enable them to convert
much feed into milk. They also have long necks and straight backlines. Choose cows from a family with a
history of getting pregnant easily when inseminated. Select cows that also give birth easily.

II. Objectives

1.Udder Quality:Characteristics: A good dairy cow should have a well-attached udder with strong
suspensory ligaments. The udder should be symmetrical, not pendulous, and have four evenly spaced
teats of moderate size.Reasoning: High-quality udders are less prone to injuries and infections, and they
contribute to efficient milking and longevity in milk production.

2.Milk Production Records:Characteristics: Consistent high milk yield with good butterfat and protein
content over multiple lactation periods. Look for cows with proven records of high daily and annual milk
production.Reasoning: Historical milk production data is a reliable indicator of a cow’s productivity and
efficiency. This ensures that the cow is a high performer, providing economic benefits.

3.Conformation and Body Structure:Characteristics: A good dairy cow should have a strong, well-
structured frame with a deep, capacious body that indicates good digestive capacity. The cow should
have a straight back, strong legs, and good hoof health.Reasoning: Proper body structure supports
better health and longevity, allowing the cow to withstand the physical demands of high milk
production. Good conformation also correlates with reduced health issues and better

III. Materials:

A cow that excels in dairy strength will have:

A feminine head.

A long, lean neck.

Sharp and angular withers.

A long barrel.

A lot of space between her ribs.

Ribs that are flat in shape (not round).

A flat (not round) conformation in the part of her legs between the hocks and dew claws.

Wide through the chest floor.

IV. Methods:Look for a wide but medium sized udder that does not hang loosely. The teats that point
downwards and are spaced evenly makes milking easy. Strong legs and feet enable a cow to feed and
walk comfortably especially when pregnant. Choose a cow with straight legs but wide apart when
observed from behind or the front.

V. Discussion:Excellent dairy character is shown by a great deal of angularity and openness, freedom
from coarseness, and cleanness throughout. The order of importance for dairy character traits is ribs,
thighs, withers, neck, and chine.

VI. Conclusion:A cow with good dairy character is one who is sharp, particularly at the shoulders and
withers, and one who shows no excess flesh or fat. A long, lean neck showing refinement and not
coarseness is desirable. Thickness at the shoulders, neck, withers or thighs indicates a lack of dairy
character.

VII.Recommendations:Look for a wide but medium sized udder that does not hang loosely. The teats
that point downwards and are spaced evenly makes milking easy. Strong legs and feet enable a cow to
feed and walk comfortably especially when pregnant. Choose a cow with straight legs but wide apart
when observed from behind or the front.

Laboratory Exercise 3: Beef cattle production systems and supply chain

I. Introduction: Beef cattle production is done within a system that includes grazing on large amounts of
land per cow; being fed high-calorie diets for a few months in large populations immediately prior to
slaughter; long gestation and growth periods so that animals are sold for food 2-3 years from the time
they were conceived; and:

II. Objectives:
1.Milk

2.cheese

3.butter

III. Materials: Cow-Calf Operations:Description: Involves maintaining breeding cows to produce

calves.Materials: Pasture land, feed (grass, hay, silage), water, veterinary supplies, fencing,
housing/shelter.

IV. Methods:Processed meats are products in which the properties of fresh meat have been modified by
the use of procedures such as mincing, grinding or chopping, salting and curing, addition of seasonings
and other food materials, and, in many instances heat treatment.

V. Discussion:Firstly, beef supply Cattles are sold by farmers to processors for slaughter and processing.
Secondly, Slaughtered animals are processed into a variety of products. Thirdly, Processors will supply
beef products to domestic customers through the retail and wholesale/food service markets.

VI. Conclusion:Beef cattle play a significant role in the production of food for humans, from forages and
vast tracks of both tame and native pasturelands

VII. Recommendations: The data also show that there are areas for improvement, such as minimizing
bruising, better mobility scores in fed cattle, and eliminating any foreign objects found in beef. The
results also revealed the need for a continued focus on disease traceability and systems to improve
animal health and well-being.

Laboratory Exercise 4: Beef cattle breeds, breeding and reproduction

I. Introduction:

Beef cattle breeding involves selecting and mating specific cattle breeds to produce offspring with
desired traits such as size, conformation, and temperament. There are various beef cattle breeds, each
with its own characteristics and purposes. beef cattle breeding and reproduction require careful
planning, management, and monitoring to ensure the production of healthy and high-quality cattle for
meat production.
II. Objectives:

The primary objectives of beef cattle breeds breeding and reproduction include:

1. Enhancing meat quality: Improving the marbling, tenderness, and flavor of beef produced by breeding
cattle with desirable traits.

2. Increasing productivity: Maximizing growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass yield to increase overall
productivity in beef cattle operations.

3. Improving genetic traits: Selecting for traits such as disease resistance, calving ease, and maternal
instincts to enhance the overall health and wellbeing of the herd.

III.Materials:

Materials needed for beef cattle breeds breeding and reproduction may include:

1. Breeding stock: High-quality breeding animals with desirable traits to pass on to the next generation.

2. Genetic testing tools: Tools like DNA testing and Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) to assess genetic
potential and make informed breeding decisions.

3. Reproductive technologies: Equipment for artificial insemination, estrus synchronization, and

pregnancy diagnosis.

4. Nutrition management: Proper nutrition to support reproductive performance and overall health of
breeding animals.

IV.Methods:

1.Selection of breeding stock:Identify and select breeding animals with desirable traits such as growth
rate, meat quality, and adaptability. Use genetic testing and performance data to make informed
decisions.

2.Breeding methods:Choose appropriate breeding methods such as natural breeding, artificial

insemination, or embryo transfer based on farm goals and resources.

3. Estrus synchronization: Implement estrus synchronization protocols to control the timing of breeding
and optimize breeding outcomes.
4.Pregnancy diagnosis:Monitor the reproductive status of cattle using methods like rectal palpation,
ultrasound, or blood tests to confirm pregnancy.

5.Calving management:Provide proper care and nutrition to pregnant cows, monitor them nearing
calving, and assist as needed during calving to ensure the health of both the cow and the calf.

V.Discussion:

Beef cattle breeds breeding and reproduction are essential components of successful beef cattle
production. By carefully selecting breeding stock with desirable traits and utilizing effective breeding
methods, producers can improve meat quality, productivity, and overall herd health. Genetic
improvement through selective breeding helps to enhance key traits such as growth rates, feed
efficiency, and disease resistance, leading to a more profitable and sustainable operation.

Reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination and estrus synchronization offer producers
greater control over breeding outcomes and allow for the propagation of superior genetics within the
herd. Proper calving management practices ensure the health and well-being of both the cow and the
newborn calf, leading to higher survival rates and overall productivity.

VI.Conclusion:

Beef cattle breeds breeding and reproduction play a crucial role in the success and sustainability of
beef cattle operations. By employing selective breeding, reproductive technologies, and proper
management practices, producers can enhance meat quality, productivity, and genetic traits within their
herds. The strategic selection of breeding stock, utilization of genetic testing tools, implementation of
reproductive technologies, and careful monitoring of reproductive performance are essential
components of a successful breeding and reproduction program.

VII.Recommendation:

1.Invest in genetic testing:Utilize genetic testing tools to assess the genetic potential of breeding stock
and make informed breeding decisions to improve overall herd genetics.

2. Implement estrus synchronization:Implement estrus synchronization protocols to optimize breeding

outcomes and control the timing of breeding within the herd.
3. Monitor reproductive performance: Regularly monitor the reproductive performance of cattle
through pregnancy diagnosis and calving management practices to ensure successful breeding
outcomes.

4. Continual improvement:Continually evaluate breeding programs and practices to identify areas for
improvement and adjust breeding strategies to meet evolving production goals.

By focusing on improving genetic traits, enhancing meat quality, and optimizing reproductive
performance, beef cattle producers can enhance the overall success and profitability of their operations
in the long run.

Laboratory Exercise 5: Beef cattle feeds and feeding

I. Introduction

Feeding is a critical aspect of beef cattle management that directly affects their health, growth, and
productivity. Proper nutrition is essential for maximizing meat quality, reproductive performance, and
overall profitability in beef cattle operations. Developing effective feeding strategies tailored to the
nutritional needs of cattle is key to achieving optimal outcomes.
II.Objectives:

The primary objectives of beef cattle feeds and feeding include:

1. Providing a balanced diet: Formulating diets that meet the nutritional requirements of beef cattle at
different stages of production to support growth, reproduction, and overall health.

2. Maximizing feed efficiency: Utilizing feeding strategies to optimize feed conversion and minimize
wastage, ultimately improving the efficiency of feed utilization in beef cattle.

3. Enhancing meat quality: Implementing feeding practices that promote the development of desirable
meat traits, such as marbling, tenderness, and flavor, in beef cattle.

III.Materials:

Materials needed for beef cattle feeds and feeding may include:

1. Feed ingredients: High-quality feeds such as forages, grains, protein supplements, and mineral mixes
to meet the nutritional needs of beef cattle.

2. Feeding equipment: Equipment such as feeders, troughs, and waterers to deliver feed and water to
cattle efficiently.

3. Nutritional analysis tools: Tools for analyzing feed samples to determine nutrient content and quality
for accurate diet formulation.

4. Storage facilities: Facilities for storing feed ingredients to maintain quality and prevent spoilage.

IV.Methods:

1. Diet formulation:Develop balanced diets tailored to the specific nutritional requirements of beef
cattle based on factors such as age, weight, production stage, and environmental conditions.

2. Feed management:Implement feeding strategies to regulate feed intake, prevent overfeeding or

underfeeding, and promote optimal growth and performance.
3. Supplementation:Provide additional supplements such as minerals, vitamins, and protein sources to
address any deficiencies in the base diet and support cattle health and productivity.

4. Feeding schedules: Establish consistent feeding schedules to maintain digestive health, prevent
digestive disorders, and ensure cattle have access to fresh, clean water at all times.

V Discussion:

Feeding plays a crucial role in the overall management of beef cattle and directly impacts their growth,
health, and productivity. Proper diet formulation and feeding practices are essential for meeting the
nutritional requirements of cattle, supporting efficient growth and development, and optimizing meat
quality. By providing a balanced diet that meets the specific needs of beef cattle at various stages of
production, producers can ensure optimal health, performance, and profitability in their operations.

Efforts to maximize feed efficiency through strategic feeding practices can help reduce feed costs,
minimize waste, and improve overall resource utilization in beef cattle operations. Implementing feeding
strategies that enhance meat quality traits, such as marbling and tenderness, can further increase the
value of beef produced by improving consumer satisfaction and marketability.

VI.Conclusion:

In conclusion, proper nutrition and feeding management are fundamental aspects of beef cattle
production that directly impact herd health, growth, and profitability. Developing balanced diets,
implementing effective feeding practices, and utilizing nutritional supplements are essential for meeting
the diverse nutritional needs of beef cattle and supporting optimal performance. By focusing on
maximizing feed efficiency, enhancing meat quality, and ensuring proper feeding management,
producers can improve the overall health, productivity, and sustainability of their beef cattle operations.

VII.Recommendations:

1. Conduct regular nutritional analysis of feed ingredients to ensure accurate diet formulation.

2. Implement feeding strategies tailored to the specific needs of beef cattle at different production
stages.

3. Monitor feed intake and body condition to adjust feeding practices as needed.
4. Provide access to clean water at all times and maintain proper feeding schedules to promote digestive
health and efficiency.

Laboratory Exercise 6: Rope exercises and cattle handling

I.Introduction:

Rope exercises are a valuable tool in cattle handling practices, serving as a versatile and effective means
of managing and moving cattle. By incorporating rope exercises into cattle handling routines, producers
can improve their ability to safely and efficiently handle cattle, reduce stress on the animals, and
enhance overall herd management practices.

II.Objectives:

The objectives of rope exercises in cattle handling include:

1. Enhancing cattle handling skills: Develop proficiency in using ropes to safely and effectively move,
restrain, and manage cattle during various husbandry practices.

2. Improving livestock welfare: Minimize stress and injury to cattle by utilizing gentle, low-stress
handling techniques facilitated by rope exercises.

3. Increasing operational efficiency: Streamline cattle handling procedures and improve overall
productivity through the strategic application of rope exercises in daily management tasks.

III Materials:

Materials needed for rope exercises and cattle handling may include:

1. Ropes of varying lengths and thickness: Durable ropes that are suitable for safely handling and
restraining cattle.

2. Handling facilities: Well-designed cattle handling facilities with appropriate infrastructure to facilitate
rope exercises and safe cattle handling.

3. Safety equipment: Personal protective equipment such as gloves, boots, and helmets to ensure the
safety of individuals working with cattle.

4. Training resources: Educational materials, workshops, or training sessions to enhance cattle handling
skills and proficiency in using rope exercises.

IV.Methods:

1. Practice and Training:Familiarize yourself with various rope handling techniques through practice and
training sessions to develop proficiency in safely and effectively handling cattle.
2. Restraint and Control:Utilize rope exercises to restrain and control cattle during tasks such as loading,
sorting, or medical procedures, ensuring the safety of both animals and handlers.

3. Movement and Direction:Employ ropes to guide and direct cattle movement, facilitating the efficient
and stress-free transfer of animals between different areas or through handling facilities.

4. Communication:Use rope signals and cues to communicate with cattle and establish a clear
understanding of desired actions, facilitating smooth and effective handling practices.

V Discussion:

Rope exercises play a crucial role in cattle handling by providing producers with a versatile and practical
tool for managing and working with livestock. By incorporating rope techniques into handling practices,
producers can improve their skills, enhance livestock welfare, and streamline operational efficiency.
Rope exercises allow for gentle and low-stress handling of cattle, reducing the risk of injury and stress to
both animals and handlers.

Effective use of ropes in cattle handling can also contribute to the development of a calm and
cooperative herd by promoting positive interactions between humans and livestock. By establishing
clear communication through rope signals and cues, handlers can effectively guide and control cattle
movements, leading to smoother and more efficient handling procedures.

VI.Conclusion:

Rope exercises are a valuable component of cattle handling practices, offering producers a practical and
versatile tool for managing and working with livestock. By incorporating rope techniques into handling
routines, producers can enhance their skills, improve livestock welfare, and increase operational
efficiency. Through proper training and practice, producers can develop proficiency in using rope
exercises to safely and effectively handle cattle, ultimately improving overall herd management
practices.

VII.Recommendations:

1. Invest in training opportunities to develop proficiency in rope handling techniques for cattle handling.

2. Ensure the availability of appropriate ropes and safety equipment for use during cattle handling
activities.
3. Implement low-stress handling practices facilitated by rope exercises to promote animal welfare and
reduce stress on cattle.

4. Continuously evaluate and refine rope handling techniques to optimize cattle handling efficiency and
effectiveness.