CHAPTER 5: COUNTING

PRINCIPLES AND
PROBABILITY
BASIC/FUNDAMENTAL
COUNTING PRENCIPLES
 PROBABILITY:
What is Probability?
It is branch of mathematics that deals with the
occurrence of a random event. The value is
expressed from zero to one. Probability has
been introduced in Math to predict how likely
events are to happen.
What is Basic/fundamental Counting Principle?
- When we say fundamental counting principles, were actually
counting the number of ways, the number of Sample space, or the
number of outcomes.

- Counting Principle: is often used in probability and statistics to figure

out how many possible options there are. The fundamental counting
principle is a rule used to count the total number of possible
outcomes in a situation.

- It states that if there are n ways of doing something and m ways of

doing another thing after that, then there are nxm ways to perform
both of these actions.
 PROBLEM OPENER
Jane wants to do an OOTD for her Instagram post, and
unfortunately, there are 3 only remaining blouses on her
cabinet, black blouse, white blouse, and blue blouse, the
two black and maroon skirt and three white, black, and
brown pairs of shoes. How many OOTD can Jane have
using these blouses?
1.Tree diagram

2. The Fundamental Counting Principles

 TREE DIAGRAM

• From the word it self, the tree diagram is

making use of diagram which is similar toa
tree with a trunk an branches.

• Lets try the tree diagram!

*There are 18 OOTD Jane can have.
 EXAMPLE:

• A new polo shirt is released in 4 different colors and 3 different sizes. How
many different colors and size combinations are available to the public?
• Use the tree diagram
• Colors – (red, blue , green , yellow) There are 12 different
combinations.
• Sizes – ( small , medium , large )
BLU GREEN YELLOW
RED

S M L S M L S M L
S M L
S M L
S M L S M L
- - -
S M L - - - - - - Y Y Y
- - - B B B G G G E E E
R R R L L L R R R L L L
E E E U U U E E E L L L
D D D E E E O O O
E E E
N N N W W W
 ADDITION PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
• if you have 2 events (mutually exclusive events ) (there
are no common outcomes). Event A can occurs in “m”
and event B can occur in “n” ways, then event A or B
can happen in m + n ways.
Example: Jose want to go to Pasay. He can
choose from 3 bus services or jeep service to
head from home to Pasay. How many choices
does Jose have for his home to Pasay? Use the
addition principles of counting to get the
outcome.
* Answer: 3+4= 7
 FUNDAMENTAL / BASIC COUNTING PRINCIPLES
• MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

• Applies when we are making more than one

selection.
• If you have 2 events. Event A ca occur “m” ways
and event B can occur “n” ways then the number
of ways that both can occur is m.n or m x n.
 PROBLEM OPENER
Jane wants to do an OOTD for her Instagram post, and
unfortunately, there are 3 only remaining blouses on her
cabinet, black blouse, white blouse, and blue blouse, the
two black and maroon skirt and three white, black, and
brown pairs of shoes. How many OOTD can Jane have
using these blouses?
3 tops 2 bottom 3 pairs of shoes
Multiply the events.
Events: 3 x 2 x 3 = 18
we get 18, which is the same as what we have using the
tree diagram
 FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

• Example: A new polo shirt is released in 4

different colors and 3 different sizes. How many
different color and size combination are
available to public?
• Answer: Number of Possible
Number of Possible Number of
Colors
4
x Possible size
3
= Combination.
12
 EXAMPLE:

• How many ways can you answer a 5 true or

false question?
2

Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4

Item 5

Answer: 2x2x2x2x2x= 32
 TWO THINGS THAT NEED TO REMEMBER USING
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.
• Using the fundamental principle, always
remember that first, you have to get the
number of selection or what we called events,
secondly, find the number of ways or the
choices of your selection.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
PREPARED BY:
JESICA F. SONORON
FRACTIONAL
NOTATION
 What is Fractional Notation?
Fractional notation is a number written in fraction form. A
fraction has two parts, the numerator and denominator.
Fractional notation is the way to represents numbers that
are not whole numbers. It consists of a numerator and a
denominator separated by a slash (/). The numerator
represents the number of parts we have, while the
denominator represents the total number of equal parts
into which the whole is divided
 • We have 3 kinds of Factional Notation
1.Proper Fraction Notation
In proper fraction notation, the numerator is always
smaller than the denominator.
Example:
2. Improper Fraction Notation
In improper fraction notation, the
numerator is equal to or greater than the
denominator.
Example:
3.Mixed Number Notation
In mixed number notation, the fraction is
represented as a combination of a whole
number and a proper fraction.
Example:
La n g u a g e
Of
Un c e r t a i n t y
Reporter:
Jessa R. Agusto
Introduction

• Outcome
• Sample Space
• Event
• Equally Likely
What is Language of uncertainty?

• Refers to the use of probability theory and statistics

to quantify and analyze uncertainty and
randomness in various mathematical models and
situations.
Lets go to each
key concepts!
 OUTCOME

• It is the possible results of an experiment.

Example 1:
Tossing two coins.
 OUTCOME
• It is the possible results of an experiment.
Example 1: Possible results;
Head Head
Head Tail
Tail Head Outcomes
Tail Tail
 OUTCOME

• It is the possible results of an experiment.

Example 2:
Rolling a die.
 OUTCOME

• It is the possible results of an experiment.

Example 2: Possible results;
1 4
2 5 Outcomes
3 6
 Sample Space

• Is the set of all possible outcomes for a

probability experiment or activity. It is
usually denoted by the letter S.
 Sample Space
Example 1: Tossing two coins.

Head Head
All possible Head Tail Sample Space
result Tail Head
Tail Tail
 Sample Space

Example 2: Rolling a die.

1 4
All possible Sample Space
2 5
result 3 6 S= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
 Event

• It is the subset of all possible outcomes

or sample space of an experiment
 Event
Example 1: Tossing two coins.
All possible outcomes
{HH,HT,TH,TT}

{HH}
{HH,HT,TH} Event
{HH,TT, HT}
 Event
Example 2: Rolling a die.
All possible outcomes
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
{1,2}
{1} Event
{1,2,3}
 Equally Likely

• Is when all outcomes in the sample

space have the same probability of
occurring, they are said to be equally
likely.
 Equally Likely
Example 1: Flipping a fair coin.
All possible outcomes
Head
or
Tail
 Equally Likely
Example 2: Throw of die.
All possible outcomes
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
Probability(1)=
Equally likely
6

Probability(3)= 1
6
 Equally Likely
Example 2: Throw of die.
All possible outcomes
1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability(Even=
3

Equally likely
6
Probability(Odd)= 3
6
 Summary
Language of uncertainty is the use of probability theory and
statistics to quantify and analyze uncertainty and randomness in
various mathematical models and situations
Outcome is the possible results of an experiment.
Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes for a probability
experiment or activity.
Event is the subset of all possible outcomes or sample space of an
experiment.
Equally likely is when all outcomes in the sample space have same
probability or occurring.
Equally likely, mutually
exclusive events,
certain
and impossible events
When we talk about Probability, we use few words that help us
understand the chance of something to happen. It can be expressed in
the following ways:

Equally likely : the chance of each event happening is the

same.

Mutually exclusive : are the events that can’t happen at the

same time, cannot occur together.

Certain : an event will happen without a doubt.

Impossible : there’s no chance that an event will happen.

Equally likely
Two events, A and B are said to be equally likely when
one event is likely to occur as the other.

2 things needed to find the probability:

1. How many ways in which the event can occur.
2. What are the total outcomes.

Q1. What is the probability of getting a 1?

1
Probability (1) =
6

EQUALLY
Q2. What is the probability of getting a 3? LIKELY
1
Probability (3) =
6
Tossing a coin

There are only 2 possibilities.

Q1. What is the possibility of a coin landing a head?

1
Probability (head) =
2
EQUALLY
Q2. What is the possibility of a coin landing a tail? LIKELY
1
Probability (head) =
2

Number of ways an event can happen

Possibility of an event =
Total number of possible outcomes
When will the numerator not be 1?

Q3. What will be the probability of getting an even number at the throw of a die?
numerator that tells us the number of ways in which an event can occur
3 the number of all possible outcomes for a throw of one die won’t
Probability (even) =
6 changed. It is the numerator that will change in view of what has been
asked.

Q4. What will be the probability of getting an odd number at the throw of a die?

3
Probability (odd) =
6

They are EQUALLY LIKELY, this means that if we throw a die once, the
likelihood of getting an even number is the same as getting an odd number.
A bag contains six yellow jerseys numbered 1 to 6. The bag also
contains four purple jerseys numbered 1 to 4. You randomly pick
a jersey. Find the probability that you will pick a purple jersey or
a jersey that has a number greater than four.
4 2
P (purple) =
10
��
5
Formula
2 1
P (A or B) = P (A)
P (number > 0) =
10
��
5 + P (B)
2 1
P (purple or number > 0) = +
5 5
3
P (purple U number > 0) =
5
CERTAIN AND IMPOSSIBLE EVENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q1. What would be the probability of 8, if we choose a random

number in the 7 numbers?

0
Probability (8) = 8 is not part of the set.
7
Getting an 8 is impossible because it does not exist in the set.
Therefore the probability of 8 is 0 or IMPOSSIBLE.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q2. What is the probability of picking a natural number from
the 7 numbers?

7
Probability (natural numbers) = or 1
7

Therefore the probability of getting a natural number is 1 or

100%. We call this a CERTAIN EVENT, it will certainly
happen.
Carl places for some markers in a
box. If Carl reaches in for a
marker without looking, how
likely he will get a blue marker?

0
Probability (blue marker) =
6

There are no blue markers in the

box, so there is no chance or it’s
IMPOSSIBLE that he will get a
blue marker.
Sally wants to clean the fishbowl, so she
needs to take all the fish, she’ll do that
with a net, reaching in a fish one at a time.
If Sally reaches in without looking, how
likely is she to get an orange fish?

7
Probability (orange fish) = or 1
7

It is CERTAIN that she’ll get an orange

fish, all the fish in the fishbowl are orange.
Thank you for
listening!!!
Presented by: Dhanzelle Grace B. Barrun
BEEd II
EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITY
SIMULATION
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

v Experiment:
A scientific test in which you perform a series of actions and carefully
observe their effects in order to learn about something.

v Probability:
Is simply how likely something is to happen.
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

• A probability based on the results of an experiment.

Formula:
Probability of an Event P(E)= Number of an event
occur ÷ Total number of trials.
•EXAMPLE 1
• The table show a the result of spinning this spinner 40 times.
• What is the Experimental probability of spinning blue?
EXAMPLE 2
I caught ___ out of ___ pencil flips.

If this trend continues, how many pencils flips

would you expect me to cath out 50
EXPECTED
VALUE
 EXPECTED VALUE
• Is an extremely useful probability concept to learn.

• It provides a simple way to understand the concept of average in the

context of probability and helps in making predictions based on
probabilities.

• Expected Value can be explained in simpler terms as the average or

most likely outcome of a random event.

• It helps in understanding what is expected to happen on average when

an experiment is repeated many times.
TYPE OF PROBABILITY WHEN FINDING
EXPECTED VALUE

1. THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
 THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
• The ratio of a number of favorable outcomes to the
number of possible outcomes.
• Theoretical probability is a concept taught in elementary grades
that relates to the likelihood of an event occurring based on
mathematical reasoning rather than actual experimentation.
• It is calculated by analyzing the possible outcomes of an event and
determining the ratio of favorable outcomes to the total number of
outcomes.
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY

1
__ = 20%
5
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY
1
__ of 200 = 40 times
5 or
20% of 200 = 40 times
SPINNER EXPERIMENT
100 spins 500 spins 1000 spins
5 spins 50 spins

20% 18.80% 20.70%

Blue 0% 10%

Yellow 20% 30% 19% 22.40% 19.30%

Green 20% 20% 18% 21% 19%

Purple 20% 30% 17% 18.40% 20.20%

The more trials you carry out, the closer
the experimental probability is likely to be
Red 40% 10%
26% 19.40% 20.80%
to the Theoretical probability .
20% 20% 20%
In theory with

1%
20% 20%
 TYPES OF THOERITICAL
PROBABILITY

1. RELATIVE FREQUENCY
2. PROBABILITY AND LIKELIHOOD
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
• Is the number of times of a particular outcome occured divided by
the total number of outcomes. Relative frequencies are equal to
experimental probabilities.

PROBABILITY
• Is a measure of how likely an event is to happen. It is a number that
ranges from 0-1.

LIKELIHOOD
• Is the chance of an event happening.
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Example:
Example no.2
• The spinner is divided into 8 equal section. Each
section is either pink, yellow or blue as shown.
The arrow on the spinner will be spun 4800 times.
Predict the number of times the arrow will stop on
blue.
PROBABILITY
#Desired outcomes
________________
Formula: P (event) = #Possible outcomes
Example: What is the probability of rolling an even number
with a six sided die?
LIKELIHOOD
LIKELIHOOD
Example:
Example:
 THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
PRESENTED BY: KARLA MAE A. LACHICA
MATHEMATICS 102B