Contemporary Educational Technology, 2023, 15(3), ep424

ISSN: 1309-517X (Online)

OPEN ACCESS Research Article

The social perceptions of young children’s use of smart

devices in South Korea: Evidence from big data
methodologies

Sang Eun Lee 1

0000-0003-3085-2768

Naya Choi 1*
0000-0001-9189-9370

Jieun Kiaer 2
0000-0003-0195-8213
1
Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA
2
Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Citation: Lee, S. E., Choi, N., & Kiaer, J. (2023). The social perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices in South
Korea: Evidence from big data methodologies. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), ep424.
https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13098

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: 17 Mar 2021 The study explored the social perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices in South
Accepted: 11 Mar 2023 Korea using big data methodologies. Big data methodologies allowed to uncover underlying
thoughts and feelings about young children’s use of smart devices that had not been discovered
in existing studies. The study extracted raw data from three different groups: the public, the
journalist, and academia. Then, the study conducted keyword frequency, sentiment analysis,
and CONCOR analysis with UCINET 6.0. The results of the study revealed that each group viewed
young children’s use of smart devices in a different way. The public was interested in effective
use of smart devices while the journalist focused on educational aspects. The academia focused
on parents’ perception of smart devices from a developmental perspective. Regarding the
results of sentiment analysis, they showed that each group had different opinion on young
children’s use of smart devices. The public had an ambivalent attitude toward young children’s
use of smart devices. While the journalist showed a positively inclined attitude, the academic
had a negatively inclined attitude.

Keywords: big data methodologies, smart devices, social perceptions, young children

INTRODUCTION
Smart devices have already profoundly altered the culture of young children’s lifestyle as well as the
society. As smart devices transformed children from passive receivers of media to active users, people’s
attitudes and perceptions toward smart devices have been also transformed. The situation is not much
different in South Korea, known as a fairly strong IT country. In South Korea, 70% of young children start using
smart devices before reaching one-year-old (Yang, 2019), and previous studies reported social perceptions of
use of smart devices among young children are mixed. Some are concerned while others regard smart devices
as a learning tool; many have viewed smart devices effective only with appropriate guidance (Gil & Lee, 2016;
Kim, 2013; Ryu, 2014). Social perception refers to the socially constructed perception of a particular group
formed by politics, culture, socialization, history, media, literature, and religion (Kim & An, 2006). That is, social
perception describes how one recognizes and understands social information and feelings about a particular
topic. In order to conduct studies that are meaningful and effective, the exploration of the social perceptions
on the topic should be proceeded to meet the social demands and awareness. Thus, this study investigated

Copyright © 2023 by authors; licensee CEDTECH by Bastas, CY. This article is an open access article distributed under the
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Lee et al.

the social perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices in South Korea. The study could provide some
insights into young children’s use of smart devices that can be implemented in the field of mathematics,
science, and technology education.
Young children using smart devices have been increased worldwide (Donnelly, 2019; Ducharme, 2017). A
broad array of previous literature documented that using smart devices allowed young children get access to
abundant educational content, fostered learning environments, helped the burden of care by supporting
parents (Chen et al., 2018; Choi & Ahn, 2020; Oh & Park, 2019). However, the use of smart devices at an early
age can also trigger deterioration of physical, emotional, social, cognitive development as well as poor
eyesight (Chen et al., 2018; Choi & Ahn, 2020; Kim et al., 2018; Mullins, 2015). The effects of smart devices by
young children would depend on how properly and effectively they are used.
Along with the exploration of developmental trajectories of children using smart devices, it is important to
understand how people perceive the children’s use of the tools. This perception, which could be referred as
social perception, is an important social capital because it reflects norms and values that conduct interactions
among people. While identifying developmental trajectories of using smart devices at a young age would
matter to children’s psychological and social development, understanding various social stakeholders’
perceptions of the issue is important in terms of policy, welfare, and education. Despite of its importance,
most existing literature has been mainly dependent on self-reported questionnaires, interviews, and
literature reviews (Gil & Lee, 2016; Hwang & Hwang, 2016; Kim, 2013; Shin & Li, 2017). These do not provide a
comprehensive insight of smart devices and young children. Surveys and qualitative research are difficult to
find social perception in a large framework due to limited participants.
One way to resolve such difficulties and figure out social demands and perceptions of people would be
big data. Big data refers to large-scale and complex massive data sets that it becomes difficult to process and
analyse using traditional data processing technology (Hassanien et al., 2015). It has become an important of
research methodology due to a significant increase in unstructured data (Park et al., 2020). Big data is
particularly useful because new insights and values that cannot be obtained from small amounts of data such
as surveys can be extracted. As a result, this study employed big data methodologies to explore people’s social
perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices. This approach would be able to collect massive data of
honest, personal perceptions on the topic and the study of social perceptions would help understand young
children’s use of smart devices at larger perspectives.
This study was conducted in South Korea because it is believed that many young children in South Korea
are using smartphones at a young age and the first-exposed age is low compared to other countries (Hwang
& Hwang, 2016). Most smart device related studies are being conducted in the US and Europe (Chang et al.,
2018). Thus, the study could reveal South Korean children’s use of smart devices to provide a comparative
perspective on the topic and the results from the study could be able to provide insightful implications for
other Asian countries and beyond. Considering the influence of smart devices on South Korea’s young
children, studies on young children’s use of smart devices in South Korea could have significant implications.
In addition, the study divided the data into three different groups: the public, the press and academia.
When big data is gathered, there is a high chance that different sources of opinions and information including
commercial and brand integration are contained. To separate between commercial integration and personal
postings and to understand what each group in society views young children’s use of smart devices,
classification would seem necessary. If the data is divided into three groups, it would be able to identify what
each group thinks and feels about the topic and allow to find the similarities and differences among each
group’s perceptions. This will enable to compare the viewpoints of each group on the topic and provide
guidelines how to communicate and exchange information among the groups. The public within the study
will be defined as an entire population including individuals of all ages who had posted something on
websites, blogs or SNS about the topic. The press within the study will refer to any opinions from the
newspaper articles written by journalists. Academia within this study would be any published scholarly articles
on young children and smart devices. In short, the public will show how ordinary people perceive the topic
while the journalist group will allow to peep into how the press presents it; academia will demonstrate how
the research deal with the keywords. The research questions of the study are listed, as follows:
1. What are the social perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices?

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a. What is the perception of young children’s use of smart devices in the public?
b. What is the perception of young children’s use of smart devices in the press?
c. What is the perception of young children’s use of smart devices in academic?

METHODOLOGY
Data Collection

Data from the public

To understand the perception of the public regarding to young children’ use of smart devices, the study
collected raw data from using Textom. Textom is a big data management solution at the IMC Institution of
Korea and a modified version of full text software developed by Professor Loet Leydedorff (Jun & Chung, 2016;
Sung et al., 2020). Its reliability and functionality have been adequately proven since it has attained good
software certificate from the Korea Information and Communication Technology Association (Lee et al.,
2017b). In addition, diverse studies using Textom are being accumulated through different fields of literature.
The data collection period was from January 1st, 2016, to December 31st, 2018 (three years). The raw data
for the public was gathered from Naver and Daum, the biggest search engines in South Korea. The study was
limited to scrap the texts only from blogs, café (forum) and websites since these three categories are the most
places where people post their personal opinions in South Korea. The targets of the study were blogs primarily
posting people’s personal experiences with smart devices, cafes (forum) where people with similar interests
share information, and websites where information of smart devices delivered. All texts related to “young
children” (yu-a) AND “smart devices” (seu-ma-teu-gi-gi) were collected. The volume of the corpus was 178
kilobytes, and the data were translated into English for analysis purpose.

Data from the press

Data for the journalist was collected using Bigkinds. Provided by Korea Press Foundation, BigKinds is a big-
data analytic service based on a news archive of over 42 million articles from all media companies in South
Korea (Prawitkarn, 2017). Similar to the public, the raw data was extracted for three years from January 1st,
2016, to December 31st, 2018. The word “young children” AND “smart devices” were typed as keywords to
collect the raw data. Irrelevant articles and duplicate articles were deleted to get more reliable results. The
total number of newspaper articles collected was 288 articles, and the size of the data was 114 kilobytes, and
the data were translated into English for analysis purpose.

Data from academia

Data collection of academia was extracted from the Research Information Service System–the Korean
national research information system for some 400 universities and research institutions. The data was
collected for three years from January 1st, 2016, to December 31st, 2018. The word “young children” AND
“smart devices” were typed as keywords. The total number of academic articles collected was 12 articles, and
the size of the data was 292 kilobytes. The data were translated into English for analysis purpose. The PDF
version of the publications was then extracted into the text format and then the texts were organized into
excel for text analysis.

Data Analysis
In this study, text mining, sentimental analysis, and semantic network analysis (SNA) were performed to
analyze big data on young children’s use of smart devices. Textom was used for the process of text mining
and sentimental analysis and UCINET 6–the social network analysis software–were performed for SNA
analysis (Johnson, 1988). The research process is depicted in Figure 1 and Table 1.
Text mining refers to the process of retrieving meaningful information from unstructured texts employing
natural language processing. Thus, it allows to analyze vast number of texts to discover meaningful values
and enable to interpret the texts with insight (Park et al., 2020). The frequency analysis was used using text
mining and it refers to the number of times a word or a term addressed in a text.

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Figure 1. Data analysis process (Source: Authors)

Table 1. Analysis process

Analysis Steps
Text mining ① Textom: Click ‘data analysis’→click ‘text mining’→click ‘frequency analysis’
Sentimental ① Learning data: Collect ‘learning data’ samples→code ‘learning data’ samples→check reliability of data
analysis ② Textom: Upload ‘learning data’→click sentimental analysis→click ‘apply’
Social network ① Textom: Click ‘data analysis’→click ‘matrix’→upload the screened data→download ‘matric 2-mode’
analysis ② UCINET: Click ‘network’→click ‘roles & positions’→click ‘structural’→click ‘CONCORr’→click ‘standard’

Sentiment analysis is the technique of natural language processing to identify subjective information from
a text. It is used to identify, monitor, and evaluate negative and positive opinions on social issues (Yoo & Kim,
2019). The study classified the learning data–the basis for classifying the entire data–by two researchers based
on 100 samples of extracted raw data. The results were classified as positive/neutral/negative. Then, the
learning data was used to analyze the entire corpus: data from the public, the press, and from academic. The
process of the data analysis can be found in the Textom blog (Textom, 2020).
For SNA analysis, a CONCOR analysis was conducted. The CONCOR analysis, the most presentative
concept in SNA, enables to discover patterns and relationship between keywords. It is a technique of grouping
similar keywords by repeatedly executing the analysis until the correlation is found (Sung et al., 2020). The
process of the data analysis can be found in the Textom blog (Textom, 2017).

RESULTS
Text Mining Analysis
The results of performing a frequency analysis on the top-30 terms related to young children and smart
devices were shown in Table 2. The results showed that the keyword frequency among each group was
different.
First, among the public group, the most repeated word was ‘smartphones’ (1,504); then, ‘young children’
(1,315), ‘smart’ (1,181), ‘according to’ (1,062), and ‘reasons’ (1,015) went after respectively. ‘Negative’ (849; #11)
and ‘positive’ (840; #12) were found on the top list and this could indicate that the public is interested to know
both negative and positive effects of smart devices. Keywords related to methods of using smart devices such
as ‘questions’(416; #16), ‘prepare’(195, #25), ‘how to’ (193, #26), and ‘support’ (167, #30) ranked high. Thus,
these keywords could infer that the public may seek the appropriate use of smart devices for young children.
Second, the most written keywords among journalists were ‘children’(986) and ‘smart’ (480) and the list
went after ‘education’ (393), ‘use’ (379), and ‘learning’ (322) in a consecutive manner. The journalists seemed
to prefer to use words related to education when they refer to young children and smart devices. The press

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Table 2. Results of the frequency analysis

The public The journalist The academic
Rank
Keyword Freq Keyword Freq Keyword Freq
1 Smartphones 1,504 Children 986 Young children 2,129
2 Young children 1,315 Smart 480 Smart devices 1,468
3 Smart 1,181 Education 393 Use 1,120
4 According to 1,055 Use 379 Research 881
5 Reasons 1,015 Learning 322 Mothers 852
6 Use 1,000 Content 320 Smart 850
7 Need 965 Smartphones 319 According to 562
8 Teachers 962 Service 290 Impact 483
9 Temperament 962 Products 233 Parents 403
10 Do 864 English language 217 Results 397
11 Negative 849 Provision 194 Utilization 370
12 Positive 840 Market 192 (Child) development 297
13 Stories 591 Parents 184 Child (as a son or a daughter) 292
14 Look 588 Teachers 168 Smartphones 271
15 General 574 Application 162 Behaviors 268
16 Questions 416 Launch 161 Analysis 257
17 Smart devices 372 Smart devices 137 Addiction 254
18 Addiction 328 Corporation 119 Play 247
19 Books 282 Programs 115 Negative 229
20 Learning 271 Representatives (CEOs) 96 Relationship 221
21 Education 248 Growth 95 Problem behaviors 212
22 Provision 245 Tablet PC 91 Difference 198
23 Listen 209 Digital 91 Average 174
24 Application (Apps) 202 Child (as a son or a daughter) 87 (Found) significant 174
25 Prepare 195 Play 87 Variables 173
26 How to 193 Chinese 86 Society 172
27 Parents 190 China 84 Need 164
28 English 177 Textbooks 83 Participants 162
29 Functions 176 Study 81 Time 152
30 Support 167 Addiction 78 Parenting attitude 150

Table 3. Results of the sentiment analysis (in percentage)

The public The journalist The academic
Positive 27.67 76.82 1.86
Neutral 33.49 16.56 14.13
Negative 38.85 6.62 84.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

also used words such as ‘services’ (290; #8), ‘products’ (233; #9), ‘market’ (192; #12), and ‘launch’ (161; #16),
revealing that the press’ focus was closely related to the smart device industry that targets for young children.
Third, the keywords most addressed by academia were ‘young children’ (2,129) and ‘smart devices’ (1,468),
followed by ‘use’ (1,120), ‘research’ (881), and ‘smart’ (850). Keywords such as ‘behavior’ (268; #15), ‘addiction’
(254; # 17), ‘play’ (247; # 18), ‘problem behaviors’ (212; #21), and ‘parenting attitudes’ (150; #30) ranked high
to infer the interests of researchers in the topic.

Sentiment Analysis
The results of performing a sentiment analysis in relation to young children and smart devices were shown
in Table 3.
The public seemed to have ambivalent attitudes toward young children’s use of smart devices. The neutral
opinion consisted of 33.49% of the raw data while positive and negative opinion were 27.67% and 38.85%
respectively. The results of sentiment analysis for the public were displayed in Figure 2.
Positive words related to the group were positive, interesting, and fun and negative words of the
sentimental analysis related to the group were disgust, worried, and embarrassed.
The journalist had a positive attitude towards the young children’s use of smart devices. The results
showed that nearly 77% of the data were positively opinionated. The positive words of the journalist data

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Figure 2. Visualization of the sentiment analysis for the public (Source: Authors)

Figure 3. Visualization of the sentiment analysis for the press (Source: Authors)

Figure 4. Visualization of the sentiment analysis for academia (Source: Authors)

were growth, balance, and satisfaction and the negative words were crying, embarrassing, burdensome and
worried. The results of sentimental analysis for the journalist were shown in Figure 3.
Last, academia had a negative attitude. 84% of the data were negatively opinionated. Positively extracted
words in the group’s raw data were appropriate, and satisfied while negatively extracted words were caution,
lacking, and difficult.
The results of the group were displayed in Figure 4.

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Figure 5. CONCOR analysis of the public (Source: Authors, using UCINET program)

Social Network Analysis (CONCOR Analysis)

Social network analysis can visualize patterns of the unstructured data by extracting structured
information from the data. CONCOR analysis–an analysis of SNA–shows the similarity between keywords and
the patterns by analyzing their relationship among the latent sub-clusters in the network cluster. In the study,
homogenous groups were identified according to relationships and correlations of the extracted keywords.
Three clusters were formed in the public. The first cluster, visualized with yellow, included attributes such
as ‘learning’, ‘education’, and ‘English’ and was named ‘education attribute’ cluster. The next cluster, visualized
with blue, included terms like ‘how to’, ‘preparation’, ‘questions’, and ‘support’ and was named ‘how to use
smart devices for young children attribute’ cluster. The last cluster, visualized with green, was named
‘addiction attribute’ cluster and could reveal that the public was interested in the addiction of smart devices
for young children. The results of the CONCOR data analysis were shown in Figure 5.
CONCOR analysis of the press included three clusters as well. The largest cluster, visualized with blue, was
composed of keywords such as ‘learning’, ‘play’, ‘education’, ‘service’, and ‘products’ and was named ‘learning
and playing with smart devices attribute’ cluster. The next largest cluster, visualized with yellow, consisted of
attributes such as ‘digital’, ‘content’, as well as ‘textbooks’ and was categorized ‘digital content using smart
devices attribute’ cluster. The last cluster, visualized with green, composed of keywords like ‘programs’ and
‘corporation’ and it could represent programs for children using smart devices are likely to be promoted via
newspapers. The results of the group were displayed in Figure 6.
The academic group was found to have three large clusters. The largest cluster, visualized with blue,
contained attributes like ‘addition’, ‘utilization’, ‘negative’, and ‘need’ and was categorized as ‘negative effects
of smart devices attribute’ cluster. The next cluster, visualized with orange, included terms like ‘impact’,
‘parenting attitude’, ‘play’ as well as ‘problem behavior’ and named ‘impact of smart devices attribute’ cluster.
The last cluster, visualized with yellow, included research-related attributes such as ‘analysis’, ‘participants’,
and ‘results’ and named ‘research-related attribute’ cluster. The results were shown in Figure 7.

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

The study aimed to explore the social perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices in South Korea.
More specifically, by analyzing unstructured texts, the study was able to identify some insights what each
group–the public, the press, and academia–was interested in. The study employed text mining, sentiment
analysis, and SNA to get the results. The findings are, as follows.

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Figure 6. CONCOR analysis of the journalist (Source: Authors, using UCINET program)

Figure 7. CONCOR analysis of the academia (Source: Authors, using UCINET program)

First, the keywords extracted from each group were different and this could refer that each group viewed
young children and their use of smart devices in a different manner. The public seemed to have reservations
about the use of smart devices consumed by young children, and they were also seeking how to use smart
devices wisely for children. The results were congruent with the previous studies that investigated parents’
perceptions of smart devices among young children (Gil & Lee, 2016; Lee, 2014; Lee et al., 2014; Oh & Park,
2019; Prasad et al., 2019). The journalists were interested in educational aspects of smart devices for young
children. They concerned how to introduce new educational programs, content and technologies for young
children that involved smart devices. The research group was interested in developmental and psychological
aspects of smart devices and young children with emphasis on negative influence and the role of parents. Oh
and Park (2019) argued that most studies on the topic have been conducted to verify the negative outcomes
of smart device use, focusing mainly on social and emotional variables such as depression, anxiety,
aggression, and sociality and the results of this study confirmed the argument.

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Second, the results of the sentiment analysis pointed at the difficult directions. The public showed mixed
opinions with a nearly equal percentage of positive, neutral, and negative views. Instead, the journalist was
positively inclined, and the positive words linked to the group were growth, balance, and satisfaction. The
research group was negatively inclined, and the negative words linked to the group were caution, lacking, and
difficult.
Finally, the results of the CONCOR analysis elucidated the social perceptions of smart devices by young
children. The public group formed three clusters: ‘education attribute’ , ‘addiction attribute’, and ‘how to use
attributes’, indicating that the public seeking how to use smart devices wisely to avoid addiction but to
maximize their educational outcomes. The press group yielded three clusters: ‘learning and playing with smart
devices for young children’, ‘children’s programs operated by corporations’, and ‘digital content involving
smart devices’ clusters. The academic produced three clusters: ‘negative effects of smart devices’, ‘impact of
smart devices’, and ‘research-related’ clusters.
Based on the analysis, three groups perceived young children’s use of smart devices differently. The public
considered young children’s use of smart devices with caution as well as curiosity. They were both aware of
the positive and negative effects of smart devices when they were given to the children. Thus, they questioned,
searched, and sought for effective use of smart devices. It was similar to the perception of parents that
reported negative concerns toward the use of smart devices by young children and viewed positively only on
the premise when harmful content was removed (Kim, 2013). The journalist was mostly concerned with
promotion of educational products involving smart devices and then this made them to focus on positive
aspects of the devices. The academia seemed to be biased toward the use of smart devices at a younger age
and projected negative effect of smart devices.
Based on the results of the study, some preliminary implications for the use of smart devices among young
children can be drawn. These differences in the findings could suggest three implications. First, the interests
of each group have some similarities and differences and the complimentary interactions among the groups
should be encouraged. For example, the public is seeking both the negative and positive aspects of smart
devices among young children, but researchers have been presenting findings related to negative outcomes
of smart devices. In addition, the press group carried education and media fields supported by private sector
educational specialists and they found to play an important to role in instigating to buy educational apps
compatible with multiple smart devices. This implication has been addressed with previous studies that
conducted discourse analysis on newspaper articles (Choi, 2005; Jun, 2011).
Next, there is a social tendency to believe that the use of smart devices by young children must be handled
by parents. Although the order was quite different, words like “parents”, and “mothers” are all appeared on
the upper. The appearance of parent-related words can infer that although smart devices are used in almost
every aspect of children’s lives including classrooms and preschools, the use of smart devices among young
children is closely linked to private or home sector. This is also consistent with the previous studies (Hwang &
Hwang, 2016). The role of parents is important since parents are the ones who hand smart devices over to
their children (Kim & Moon, 2015) and teach how to use the devices (Ki, 2016).
Last, the findings from the research suggest there is a need for general awareness of the use of smart
devices among young children. This implication is similar to previous studies (Lee et al., 2017a; Ryu, 2014;
Hwang & Hwang, 2016). The public is concerned but not well informed; their attitude towards smart devices
and young children tended to be either extremely positive or negative. Ryu (2014)’s study revealed that 81%
of parents are looking for educational programs for how to use smart devices properly for their children, and
this curiosity has been consistently reported in other Asian countries as well (Pham & Lim, 2019; Shin & Li,
2017).
Although this exploratory study has identified key terms related to young children’s use of smart devices
on a massive scale with the help of big data methodologies, it has several limitations. Since the methodology
is still in its infancy, some areas of methodology are not fully constructed yet. Second, the interpretation of
big data is still viewed as subjective. As many previous studies lacked abilities in data reliability as well as its
interpretation, this could be the limitation of the study. Lastly, the study only scrutinized the social perceptions
of two keywords: young children and smart devices for specific purposes.

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Since there have not been many studies on the perceptions of young children and their use of smart devise
especially involving big data methodologies, the study could provide some insights in the field. The study has
brought the personal but prevailing perceptions of young children’s use of smart devices to light, and the case
in South Korea can be further extended to Asian and beyond where children are exposed to smart devices in
a faster rate. Comparative studies with other regions of the world are also highly suggested for future studies.

Author contributions: All authors were involved in concept, design, collection of data, interpretation, writing, and
critically revising the article. All authors approved the final version of the article.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
Ethics declaration: The authors declared that this research has been carried out in accordance with a good code of
ethics.
Declaration of interest: Authors declare no competing interest.
Data availability: Data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the authors on request.

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