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Lecture 7-9 Work Measurement

The document discusses work measurement techniques including stop watch time study, work sampling, and predetermined motion time systems. It covers procedures for stop watch time studies including selecting work, obtaining methods, selecting workers, dividing work into elements, conducting observations, and calculating performance ratings, normal time, and standard time. Methods for measuring time with stop watches like fly back and continuous are also described.

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11 views

Lecture 7-9 Work Measurement

The document discusses work measurement techniques including stop watch time study, work sampling, and predetermined motion time systems. It covers procedures for stop watch time studies including selecting work, obtaining methods, selecting workers, dividing work into elements, conducting observations, and calculating performance ratings, normal time, and standard time. Methods for measuring time with stop watches like fly back and continuous are also described.

Uploaded by

VAIBHAV TIWARI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PEME-722D

Work Study & Ergonomics

Lecture 7-9 (Work Measurement)

Trades
Name of Class Teacher

• GME-20
• Dr Jagtar Singh

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
LONGOWAL
(Deemed to-be University)
Work Measurement

Work Measurement :-
 Work measurement is a technique to establish the time required for a qualified
worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance.

Objectives of work measurement :-


 To understand the time study and conduct a time study,
 Rate a job and a worker doing certain job.
 Calculate the basic time, normal time and standard time of a job or
element.
 fix the target for job.
Techniques of Work Measurement

 Stop watch time study

 Work sampling or Ratio delay study

 Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)


Procedure for Stop watch Time Study

 Selection of the work for time study.

 Obtain an improved method from method study.

 Collect the necessary equipments.


Stopwatch
Time study Board
Time Study Form

 Select the worker for time study. Take the worker as well as supervisor into
confidence and explain to them the objectives of time study. Explain to the worker about
improved working method and also uses of the tools.

 Divide the operation/work into small elements.


Procedure for Stop watch Time Study

 Determine the no. of observations to be timed for each element.

 Conduct the no. of observations


Timing of each element and record them on time study form.

 Determine the Performance Rating of the worker.

 Calculate the normal time from observed time.


Normal time (NT) = Basic time x Rating factor

 Calculate the standard time.


 “Standard time = NT + Allowances”
Time Study Equipments (Stop watch)

Stop Watch:-
 Non fly back stop watch
 Fly back Stop watch
 Split Type Stop watch

Non Fly Back Stop Watch:-


This is used for timing only one element.
 First time: Pressing of winding knob, starts the watch and long hand begins
moving.
 2nd time: Pressing of winding knob, the hand stops.
 3rd Time: Pressing the knob, hand return to zero position.
Stop watch

Fly Back:-
If two elements are to be timid and 2nd element immediately starts after first.
Then non fly back system is not used.
For 2nd element it does not give accurate time.

 In this stop watch slide is used to stop and start the watch. Pressing the winding
knob brings the hands back to zero, but they do not stop.

 It starts immediately moving forward again.


Split Hand Type:- (It consists two hand)
When two elements are to be timed, then it gives better accuracy.

By pressing the winding knob, one hand to stop


(observer can record/read time accurately after finishing of first element)

While the other hand keeps moving

After the reading has been taken, 2nd time pressing the knob to restart the hand and then
both the hands go together.
Time Study Board

It is a light -weight board used for holding the observation


sheet and stopwatch in position. It is of size slightly larger than
that of observation sheet used. Generally, the watch is mounted
at the center of the top edge or as shown in Figure , near the
upper right-hand corner of the board.

The board has a clamp to hold the observation sheet. During


the time study, the board is held against the body and the upper
left arm by the time study person in such a way that the watch
could be operated by the thumb/index finger of the left hand.
Watch readings are recorded on the observation sheet by the
right hand.
Time Study Form

Time Study Form


Operation Number Date:
Operation Description:- Time Study Engineer:-
No. of cycles
Stand Time found
Element Observed time Average Rating NT Allowances Stand Time
Description (Stop water recording) observed Factor
time
1 2 3 4 5
Measuring Time with a Stop Watch

Two methods of timing :-


 Fly back or Snap back method.
 Continuous or Cumulative method.
Fly back/ Snap back method
 Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of the first element.
 At the end of the element the reading is noted in the study sheet (in the WR column).
 At the same time, the stop watch hand is snapped back to zero.
 This is done by pressing down the knob, immediately the knob is released.
 The hand starts moving from zero for timing the next element.
 In this way the timing for each element is found out.
 This is called observed time (O.T.) .
Measuring Time with a Stop Watch

Continuous Method:-
Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of the first element.

The watch runs continuously throughout the study.

At the end of each element the watch readings are recorded on the study sheet.

The time for each element is calculated by successive subtraction.

The final reading of the stop watch gives the total time.

This is the observed time (O.T.).


Breaking a Job into elements
General rules:-
 Element should have a definite beginning and ending.

 An element should be as short as possible so that it can be conveniently


timed. The shortest element that can be timed using a stop watch is 0.04 mt.

 Manual elements and machine elements should be separately timed.

 Constant element should be separated from variable elements.

 Occasional and foreign elements should be timed separately.


Classification of elements
Repetitive element: It is an element which occurs in every work cycle of the job.
Example:- Loading the machine, locating a job in a fixture.

Constant element: It is an element for which the basic time remains constant whenever
it is performed.
Example:- Switching on/Off the machine.

Variable element : It is an element for which the basic time varies depending on the
characteristics of the product, equipment or a process.
Example:- Cleaning the room . As it depends upon area.

Occasional element: It is an element which does not occur in every work cycle of the
job. It may occur at regular or irregular intervals.
Example:- Regrinding of tools, re-setting of tools. Greasing the machine
Classification of elements

Foreign element: It is an element which is not a part of the work cycle/job.


Example:- Cleaning a job that is to be machined.

Manual element: It is an element performed by the worker.


Example:- Cleaning the machine, loading the machine.

Machine element: It is the element automatically performed by a power driven machine.


Example:- Turning in a lathe using automatic feed.

Governing element: The element of the operation which taken up the major part
of the total operation time is called governing element.
Example:- Turning time of a job on a lathe machine. It is a machine element and it will
consume major portion of the total operation time.
How many no. of Observations:
STATISTICAL METHOD
Confidence Level : 95%
Accuracy Level : ±5%

N= =

B = 2 (±5%)
= 3 (±2%)
A = 0.05
Confidence Level : 90%
Accuracy Level : ±10%
N = No. of observations
n = No. of preliminary readings
= Sum of preliminary set of readings
= Sum of the squares of individual observations of preliminary set of readings.
Conventional Method

Minute/Cycle 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 20.00 40.00 >40

No. of cycles 200 100 60 40 30 20 15 10 8 5 3


Example
A work element was timed as following:
6,7,7,6,7 units of time
Determine the no. of observation requirement for 95%CL and ±5% accuracy.

N=

n = 05
= 33

= 36+49+49+36+49 = 219

N =
Example=II

A work element was timed as given in the following table. It is required to find out whether the
no. of observations are = 15 or not so as to given an accuracy of ±5% with 95% CL.

Work 0.1 0.2 0.09 0.14 0.13 0.085 0.095 0.10


Element
0.13 0.15 0.094 0.097 0.096 0.14 0.15

n = 15
=? =? , N=
THANK YOU

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