Rahman sir

matrices ch-3

Matrices: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (or functions). For example,

[ ]
x 4 3
A= 4 3 x
1 x 2

(i) The numbers (or functions) are called the elements or the entries of the matrix
(ii) The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute rows of the matrix and the vertical
lines of elements are said to constitute columns of the matrix.
(iii) A matrix is generally denoted by Capital letters.
Order of a Matrix:
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n matrix.
(read as an m by n matrix).
In the above example, we have A as a matrix of order 3 × 3 i.e., 3 × 3 matrix.
In general, an m × n matrix has the following rectangular array:

[ ]
a 11 a 12 a13 … a1 n
a a a … a2 n
A = [ a ij ]m × n= 21 22 23 1 ≤i ≤ m, 1≤ j ≤ n ,i , j ∈ N
⋮
am 1 a m 2 a m3 … a mn m ×n

The element a ij is an element lying in the i th row and j th column and is known as the ( i , j )th element
of A. The number of elements in an m ×n matrix will be equal to mn .
Example 1. Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women workers
in three factories I, II and III
Men Workers Women workers
I 30 25
II 25 31
III 27 26
Represent the above information in the form of a 3 × 2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row
and second column represent?
Solution: The information is represented in the form of a 3 × 2 matrix as follows:

[ ]
30 25
A= 25 31
27 26
The entry in the third row and second column represents the number of women workers in
factory III.
Example 2. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Solution. We know that if a matrix is of order m × n, it has mn elements. Thus, to find all
possible orders of a matrix with 8 elements, we will find all ordered pairs of natural numbers,
whose product is 8.
Thus, all possible ordered pairs are (1, 8), (8, 1), (4, 2), (2, 4)
Hence, possible orders are 1 × 8, 8 ×1, 4 × 2, 2 × 4
1
Example 3. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by a ij= |i−3 j|
2
1
Solution. Now, A=aij = |i−3 j| , i= 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2.
2
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matrices ch-3

1 1
a 11= |1−3|= ( 2 )=1
2 2
1 1 5
a 12= |1−6|= ( 5 )=
2 2 2
1 1 1
a 21= |2−3|= ( 1 )=
2 2 2
1 1
a 22= |2−6|= ( 4 )=2
2 2
1 1
a 31= |3−3|= ( 0 ) =0
2 2
1 1 3
a 32= |3−6| = ( 3 )=
2 2 2

[]
5
1
2
1
∴ A= 2
2
3
0
2
Types of Matrices.
(i) Column matrix
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.

[]
0
√3
For example, A = −1 is a column matrix of order 4 × 1.
1
2
In general, A = [ a ij ]m × 1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.
(ii) Row Matrix.
A matrix is said to be a Row matrix if it has only one row.

For example, B = [ −1
2 ]
√5 2 is a row matrix.
1 ×3

In general, B = [ b ij ]1 ×n is a row matrix of order 1 × n.

(iii) Square Matrix.
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, is said to be a
square matrix. Thus, an m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known
as a square matrix of order ‘n’.

[ ]
3 −1 0
3
For example, A = √3 1 is a square matrix of order 3.
2
4 3 −1
In general, A = [ a ij ]m × m is a square matrix of order m .
(iv) Diagonal matrix.

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A square matrix B = [ b ij ]m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non -diagonal

elements are zero, that is a matrix B = [ b ij ]m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if b ij = 0,
when i ≠ j.

[ ]
−1 0 0
For example, A= [ 4 ] , B = [
−1 0
0 2 ]
C = 0 2 0 , are diagonal matrices.
0 0 3
(v)Scalar Matrix. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are
equal, that is, a square matrix B = [ b ij ]n × n is said to be a scalar matrix
if b ij = 0, when i ≠ j.
b ij = k when i= j for some constant k.

For Example

[ √3
]
0 0
A= [3], B = [ −1 0
0 −1 ]
, C= 0
0
√3
0
0
√3
are scalar matrices of order 1,2, 3

respectively.
(vi) Identity matrix.
A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero is called
an identity matrix. In other words, the square matrix A = [ a ij ]n × n is an identity matrix,

If a ij= {
1 if i= j
0 if i≠ j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by I n . When order is clear from the context, we
simply write it as I.

[ ][ ]
1 0 0
1 0
For example [1], , 0 1 0 are identity matrix of order 1,2,3 respectively.
0 1
0 0 1
Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix when k = 1. But every identity matrix is
clearly a scalar matrix.
(vii) Zero matrix.
A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.

[0], [ 00 00] ,[ 00
0 0
0 0 ]
, [ 0 0 ] are all zero matrices. We denote zero matrix by O .Its order will

be clear from the context.

Equality of matrices.
Two matrices A = [a ij ¿ and B = [b ij ¿ are said to be equal if
(i) They are of same order.
(ii) Each element of A is equal to corresponding element of B, that is a ij=bij for all
i∧ j

[ ][ ]
x +3 z + 4 2 y−7 0 6 3 y−2
Example 4. If A= −6 a−1 0 = −6 −3 2 c +2
b−3 −21 0 2 b+4 −21 0

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Find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.

Solution. As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be
equal. Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x + 3 = 0, z + 4 = 6, 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a – 1 = – 3, 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4,
Simplifying, we get
a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = –5, z=2
Example 5. Find the values of a, b, c, and d from the following equation:

[ 2 a+b a−2b
5 c−d 4 c +3 d ][ =
4 −3
11 24 ]
Solution. By equality of two matrices, equating the corresponding elements, we get
2a + b = 4 5c – d = 11
a – 2b = – 3 4c + 3d = 24
Solving these equations, we get
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d=4
EXERCISE 3.1

[ ]
2 5 19 −7
5
1. In the matrix A = 35 −2 12 , write
2
√3 1 −5 17
(i) The order of the matrix ( ii ) The number of elements,
(iii) Write the elements a 13, a 21, a 33, a 24 , a 23
Solution. (i) The order of matrix = number of rows × number of columns = 3 × 4
( ii ) The number of elements = 3 × 4=12
5
( iii ) Elements: a 13 = 19, a 21 = 35, a 33= -5, a 24=12 , a23=
2

2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 13
elements?
Solution. The number of elements = 24
Therefore, the possible orders are as follows;
1 ×24 , 2 ×12 , 3× 8 , 4 × 6 , 6 ×4 , 8× 3 ,12 ×2 ,∧24 ×1
If it has 13 elements, then the possible orders; 13 ×1 and 1 ×13

3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has
5 elements?
Solution. The number of elements in matrix = 18
Therefore, the possible orders are as follows;
1 ×18 , 2× 9 , 3× 6 , 6 ×3 , 9 ×2 ,∧18 × 1
If it has 5 elements, then the possible orders; 5 ×1 and 1 ×5
4. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [ a ij ] , whose elements are given by:
( i+ j )2 i ( i+2 j )2
(i) a ij= (ii) a ij= (iii) a ij=
2 j 2

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( i+ j )2
Solution. (i ) Here a ij= , the elements of the matrix are:
2
( 1+1 )2 4 =2 ( 1+2 )2 9
a 11= = a 12= =
2 2 2 2
2 2
( 2+1 ) 9 ( 2+2 )
a 21= = a 22= =8
2 2 2

[ ]
9
2
2
Therefore , matrix =
9
8
2
i
(ii) a ij= the elements of the matrix are:
j

1 1
a 11= =1 a 12=
1 2
2 2
a 21= =2 a 22= =1
1 2

[ ]
1
1
Therefore , matrix = 2
2 1
2
( i+2 j )
(iii) a ij= , the elements of the matrix are:
2

( 1+2 )2 9 ( 1+ 4 )2 25
a 11= = a 12= =
2 2 2 2
2 2
( 2+2 ) 16 ( 2+ 4 )
a 21= = =8 a 22= =18
2 2 2

[ ]
9 25
Therefore , matrix = 2 2
8 18
5. Construct a 3 × 4matrix, whose elements are given by:
1
(i) a ij= |−3i+ j| ( ii ) a ij=2i− j
2
1
Solution. (i ) Here a ij= |−3i+ j| the elements of the matrix are:
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
a 11= |−3+ 1|=1 , a 12= |−3+2|= , a 13= |−3+3|=0 , a14= |−3+4|=
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 5 1 1 3 1
a 21= |−6+1|= , a 22= |−6+2|=2 , a 23= |−6+3|= , a 24= |−6+ 4|=1 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 7 1 1 5
a 31= |−9+1|=¿ 4, a 32= |−9+2|= , a33= |−9+3|=3 , a34= |−9+4|=
2 2 2 2 2 2

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matrices ch-3

[ ]
1 1
1 0
2 2
5 3
Therefore , matrix = = 2 1
2 2
7 5
4 3
2 2
( ii ) a ij=2i− j
a 11=2 ( 1 )−( 1 ) =1, a 12=2 ( 1 )− ( 2 )=0,a 13=2 ( 1 ) −( 3 )=−1 a 14=2 ( 1 )−( 4 )=−2
a 21=2 ( 2 ) −( 1 )=3, a 22=2 ( 2 ) −( 2 )=2, a 23=2 ( 2 )−( 3 )=1 a 24=2 ( 2 )−( 4 )=0
a 31=2 ( 3 )−( 1 )=5, a 2=2 (3 )−( 2 )=4 , a 33=2 ( 3 )−( 3 )=3 a 34=2 ( 3 )−( 4 ) =2

[ ]
1 0 −1 −2
Therefore , matrix = 3 2 1 0
5 4 3 2

6. Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations:

[ ][]
x+ y + z 9
[ ][ ] [ 1 5 5+ z xy ][ ]
( i ) 4 3 = y z ( ii ) x + y 2 = 6 2 ( iii ) x + z = 5
x 5 5 8
y+ z 7

Solution.( i ) [ ] [ 1 5]
4 3 y z
=
x 5
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore
x=1 , y=4 , z=3

[ ][ ]
( ii ) x + y 2 = 6 2
5+ z xy 5 8
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore
x + y=6 , 5+ z=5 and xy=8
⇒ z=0 ,
8
Or x + =6
x
2
or x −6 x +8=0
¿ ( x−4 ) ( x−2 )=0
x=4∧x=2

[ ][]
x+ y + z 9
( iii ) x + z = 5
y+ z 7
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore
x + y + z=9 … (1)
x + z=5 ... (2)
y + z=7 … (3)
On solving x=2 , y=4 ,∧z =3
7. Find the values of a, b, c and d from the equation:

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matrices ch-3

[ 2a−b
a−b 3 c +d
=
][
2 a+c −1 5
0 13 ]
Solution. If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore
a−b=−1 … (1)
2 a−b=0 … (2)
2 a+ c=5 … (3)
3 c +d=13 … (4)
Solving equation (1) and (2) we get a = 1, b = 2
Putting value of ‘a’ in equation (3) we get c = 3
Putting value of ‘c’ in equation (4) we get d = 4

8. A = [ a ij ]m × n is a square matrix, if
( A) m<n (B) m>n (C) m = n (D) None of these.
Solution. In a square matrix the number of columns is same as number of rows, so the correct
option is (C) m = n.
9. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal.

[3 x +7
y +1 2−3 x
5
][ =
0 y−2
8 ]
4
−1
(A) x= , y=7 (B) not possible ¿ find
3
−2 −1 −2
( C ) y =7 , x = (D) x= , y=
3 3 3
Solution. If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore
−7
3 x+ 7=0∨x=
3
−2
y +1=8∨ y =7 and y−2=5∨ y=7 also 2−3 x=4 or x =
3
Here , the value of x is not unique, therefore option (B) is the correct answer.
10. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512
Solution. The total number of elements in a matrix of order 3 ×3=9
If each entry is 0 or 1, then total number of permutation for each element is 2.

Therefore, the total permutation for 9 positions = 29=512

Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.

Operations on Matrices:
(i) Addition of matrices. Two matrices can be added if they are of the same order.
In general, if A = [ a ij ] and B =[ b ij ] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n.

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Then, the sum of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix C = [ c ij ]m ×n , where c ij
= a ij +b ij, for all possible values of i and j.

[ ]
2 √5 1
Example 6. Given [ √3 1 −1 ∧ B=
2 3 0 ] −2 3
1 find A + B
2

Solution. Since A, B are of the same order 2 × 3. Therefore, addition of A and B is defined and is

[ ]
2+ √ 3 1+ √ 5 0
given by A + B = 1
0 6
2
(ii) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.
If A = [ a ij ]m × n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is obtained
by multiplying each element of A by a scalar k, i.e. kA = [ k a ij ]m × n

For example, if A =
3 1 −1
2 3 0 [√ then 3A =
6]
3 √ 3 3 −3
9 0 [ ]
(iii) Negative of a matrix The negative of a matrix is denoted by – A. We define
–A = (– 1) A.
For example, let A =
3 1
−5 x [ ]
, then – A is given by

− A=(−1 ) A=(−1 )
−5 x [
3 1 −3 −1
=
5 −x ][ ]
(iv) Difference of matrices: If A = [ a ij ] and B =[ b ij ] are two matrices of the same order, say m
× n , .then, the difference A−B defined as a matrix D = [ d ij ] m ×n ,
where d ij = a ij−bij, for all possible values of i and j.
Example7. If A = [
1 2 3
2 3 1
∧B=
] [
3 −1 3
−1 0 2
, then find 2 A−B ]
Solution: We have 2 A−B = 2 [ 12 2 3
3 1 −1 0 2
−
][
3 −1 3
]
= [
2 4 6
4 6 2
+ ] [
−3 1 −3
1 0 −2 ]
= [
2−3 4 +1 6−3 −1 5 3
4+1 6+0 2−2
=
5 6 0 ][ ]
Properties of matrix addition.
(i) Commutative Law. If A = [ a ij ] and B =[ b ij ] are two matrices of the same order,
say m × n, then, A + B = B + A
Now A + B = [ a ij ] + [ b ij ] = [ a ij +b ij ]
= [ b ij +a ij ] as addition of numbers are commutative.
= [ b ij ] + [ a ij ]
=B+A

(ii) Associative Law. If A = [ a ij ] , B =[ b ij ] and C =[ c ij ] are matrices of the same order,

say m × n, then, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
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Now, (A + B) + C = ( [ a ij ] + [ b ij ] ) + [ c ij ]
= (a ij +b ij )+ [ c ij ]
= [ a ij ] + (b ij +c ij ) = A + ( B + C)
(iii) Existence of additive identity. Let A = [ a ij ] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero
matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the additive identity for matrix
addition
(iv) The existence of additive inverse. Let A = [ a ij ]m × n be any matrix, then we have another
matrix as – A = [−a ij ]m × n such that A + (– A) = (– A) + A= O. So – A is the additive
inverse of A or negative of A.

Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix. If A = [ a ij ] and B =[ b ij ] are two matrices of the

same order, say m × n, and k and l scalars, then
(i) k ( A+ B ) =kA +kB (ii) ( k +l ) A=kA +lA

[ ] [ ]
8 0 2 −2
Example 8. If A = 4 −2 and B = 4 2 , then find matrix X, such that 2 A +3 X =5 B
3 6 −5 1
Solution: We have 2 A +3 X =5 B
Or 2A + 3X – 2A = 5B – 2A
Or 2A – 2A + 3X = 5B – 2A (Matrix addition is commutative)
⇒ O + 3X = 5B – 2A (– 2A is the additive inverse of 2A)
⇒3X = 5B – 2A (O is the additive identity)
1
Or X = (5 B−2 A)
3

( [ ] [ ])
2 −2 8 0
1
X= 5 4 2 −2 4 −2
3
−5 1 3 6

([ ] [ ])
10 −10 −16 0
1
¿ 20 10 + −8 4
3
−25 5 −6 −12

[ ]
−10
−2
3

[ ]
−6 −10
1 14
¿ 12 14 = 4
3 3
−31 −7
−31 −7
3 3

Example 9. Find X and Y, if X+ Y = [ 50 29] and X-Y = [ 30 −16 ]

Solution: We have (X + Y) + (X – Y) = [
0 9 ] [0 −1 ]
5 2 3 6
+

⇒ 2 X =¿ [
0 8]
8 8

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Or
1 8 8
X=
2 0 8 [ ][ ]
=
4 4
0 4

Also, (X + Y) - (X – Y) =
5 2
0 9 [ ][ ]
−
3 6
0 −1

⇒ 2 Y =¿
2 −4
0 10 [ ]
⇒Y =
1 2 −4
2 0 10[ = ] [
1 −2
0 5 ]
Example 10. Find the values of x and y from the following equations:
2
x
[ 5
+
7 y −3 1 2 ][
3 −4
=
7 6
15 14 ][ ]
Solution: We have,

[ 7x y −3
2
5
]+[31 −42 ]=[ 157 146 ]
⇒[
14 2 y −6 ] [ 1 2 ] [15 14 ]
2x 10 3 −4 7 6
+ =

Or [ 2 x15+3 6
2 y−4
=
][
7 6
15 14 ]
Or 2 x+3=7 and 2 y−4=14
Or 2 x=7−3 and 2 y=18
x=2 and y=9
Example 11. Two farmers Ramkishanand GurcharanSingh cultivates only three varieties of rice
namely Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sale (in Rupees) of these varieties of rice by both the
farmers in the month of September and October are given by the following matrices A and B.
September sales (¿ Rupees)
Basmati Permal Naura
A= [10,000 20,000 30,000
]
Ramkishan
50,000 30,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh

October sales (¿ Rupees)

Basmati Permal Naura
B= [5,000 10,000 6000
]
Ramkishan
20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh

( i ) Find the combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety.
(ii) Find the decrease in sales from September to October.
(iii) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross sales, compute the profit for each farmer for each
variety sold in October.
Solution: Combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety is given by
Basmati Permal Naura
A+B = [
15,000 30,000 36000
]
Ramkishan
70,000 40,000 20,000 Gurcharan Singh

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( ii ) Change in sales from September to October is given by

Basmati Permal Naura
A-B = [ 5,000 10,000 24000
30,000 20,000 ]
Ramkishan
0 Gurcharan Singh
2
( iii ) 2% of B = × B=0.02 B
100
Basmati Permal Naura
¿ 0.02
[ 5,000 10,000 6000
]
Ramkishan
20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh

Basmati Permal Naura

¿
[100 20 120
]
Ramkishan
400 200 200 Gurcharan Singh
Thus, in October Ramkishan receives Rs 100, Rs 200 and Rs 120 as profit in the sale of each
variety of rice, respectively, and GrucharanSingh receives profit of Rs 400, Rs 200 and Rs 200 in
the sale of each variety of rice, respectively

Multiplication of matrices:
The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B. Let A = [ a ij ] be an m ×n matrix and B = [ b jk ] be a m × p matrix.
Then, the product of the matrices A and B is the matrix C of the order m × p. To get the ( i , k )th
element c ik of the matrix C, we take i th row of A and k th column of B, multiply them elementwise
and take the sum of all these products. In other words, if A = [ a ij ]m × n and

[]
b1 k
b2 k
B = [ b jk ]n× p then the i th row of A is [a i1 , a i2, a i3 … a ¿ ¿ and the k th column of B is
⋮
b nk
n
Then c ik = a i1 b1 k +a i 2 b2 k + a i3 b3 k + … + a ¿ bnk =∑ aij b jk
j=1

The matrix = [ c ik ]m × p is product A and B.

Example 12 Find AB, if A = [ 62 93] and B = [ 27

6 0
9 8 ]
Solution: The matrix A has 2 columns which is equal to the number of rows of B. Hence AB is
defined. Now

AB= [
6 ( 2 ) +9(7) 6 ( 6 ) +9 (9) 6 ( 0 )+ 9(8)
2 ( 2 ) +3(7) 2 ( 6 ) +3(9) 2 ( 0 )+3 (8) ]
= [ 12+
36 +81 0+72
63
4+21
12+27 0+ 24
= ] [
75 117 72
25 39 24 ]
Remark If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined. In the above example, AB is defined but
BA is not defined because B has 3 columns while A has only 2 (and not 3) rows. If A, B are,
respectively m × n, k × l matrices, then both AB and BA are defined if and only if n = k and

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l = m. In particular, if both A and B are square matrices of the same order, then both AB and
BA are defined. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices Now, we shall see by an
example that even if AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA.

[ ]
2 3
Example 13. If A = [
1 −2 3
−4 2 5 ]
and B = 4 5 , then find AB, BA. Show that AB ≠ BA
2 1
Solution: Since A is a 2 × 3 matrix and B is 3 × 2 matrix. Hence AB and BA are both defined
and are matrices of order 2 × 2 and 3 × 3, respectively. Note that

][ ][
2 3
AB= [ 1 −2 3
−4 2 5
4 5 =
2 1
2−8+6 3−10+ 3
−8+8+10 −12+10+5
=
0 −4
10 3 ][ ]
[ ][ [ ][ ]
2 3 2−12 −4 +6 6+15 −10 2 21
And BA = 4 5
2 1
1 −2 3
−4 2 5
= ]
4−20 −4+2 6+5 = −16 2 37
2−4 −4+2 6+5 −2 −2 11
Clearly AB ≠ BA
In the above example both AB and BA are of different order and so AB ≠ BA. But one may
think that perhaps AB and BA could be the same if they were of the same order. But it is not so,
here we give an example to show that even if AB and BA are of same order they may not be
same.
Example 14. If A =
1 0
0 −1[ ]
and B =
0 1
1 0 [ ]
, then AB =
0 1
−1 0 [ ]
And BA = [ 0 −1
1 0 ]
. Clearly A B ≠ BA.
Thus, matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Example 15. Find AB, if A =
0 −1
0 2 [ ]and B =
3 5
0 0 [ ]
,

Solution: AB = [
0 −1 3 5
0 2 0 0 0 0
=
][ ] [ ]
0 0

Thus, if the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the matrices
is a zero matrix.
Properties of multiplication of matrices.
1. The associative law. For any three matrices A, B and C. We have
(AB) C = A (BC), whenever both sides of the equality are defined.
2. The distributive law. For three matrices A, B and C.
(i) A (B+C) = AB + AC
(ii) (A+B) C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined.
3. The existence of multiplicative identity. For every square matrix A, there exist an identity
matrix of same order such that IA = AI = A.

[ ] [ ]
1 1 −1 1 3
Example 16. If A = 2 0
3 −1 2
3 , B= 0 2 and C =
−1 4
1 2 3 −4
2 0 −2 1[ find]
A(BC), (AB)C and show that (AB)C = A(BC).
Solution:

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matrices ch-3

[
][ ] [ ][ ]
1 1 −1 1 3 1+0+1 3+2−4 2 1
We have A B = 2 0 3 0 2 = 2+0−3 6+ 0+12 = −1 18
3 −1 2 −1 4 3+0−2 9−2+ 8 1 15

[ ][ ] [ ]
2 1 2+2 4+0 6−2 −8+ 1
1 2 3 −4
(AB) (C) = −1 18 = −1+36 −2+ 0 −3−36 4 +18
2 0 −2 1
1 15 1+30 2+ 0 3−30 −4 +15

[ ]
4 4 4 −7
= 35 −2 −39 22
31 2 −27 11

[ ][ ][ ]
1 3 1+6 2+ 0 3−6 −4+3
1 2 3 −4
BC¿ 0 2 = 0+ 4 0+0 0−4 0+ 2
2 0 −2 1
−1 4 −1+8 −2+ 0 −3−8 4 +4

[ ]
7 2 −3 −1
¿ 4 0 −4 2
7 −2 −11 8

[ ][ ]
1 1 −1 7 2 −3 −1
Therefore, A(BC) = 2 0 3 4 0 −4 2
3 −1 2 7 −2 −11 8

[ ][ ]
7+4−7 2+0+2 −3−4 +11 −1+2−8 4 4 4 −7
= 14 +0+21 4+0−6 −6+ 0−33 −2+0+24 = 35 −2 −39 22
21−4+14 6+ 0−4 −9+ 4−22 −3−2+16 31 2 −27 11

Clearly, (AB) C= A (BC)

[
] [ ] []
0 6 7 0 1 1 2
Example 17. If A = −6 0 8 , B= 1 0 2 and C = −2
7 −8 0 1 2 0 3
Calculate AC, BC and (A +B) C Also, verify ( A+ B ) C=AB+ AC

[ ]
0 7 8
Solution: Now , A + B = −5 0 10
8 −6 0

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
0 7 8 2 0−14+24 10
So, ( A+ B ) C= −5 0 10 −2 = −10+0+30 = 20
8 −6 0 3 16+12+0 28

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
0 6 7 2 0−12+ 21 9
Further AC = −6 0 8 −2 = −12+0+24 = 12
7 −8 0 3 14+16+ 0 30

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1 1 2 0−2+3 1
And B C¿ 1 0 2 −2 = 2+0+ 6 = 8
1 2 0 3 2−4+0 −2

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matrices ch-3

[ ][ ][ ]
9 1 10
So A C + B C = 12 + 8 = 20
30 −2 28
Clearly, (A + B) C = AC + BC

[ ]
1 2 3
Example 18. If A = 3 −2 1 , then show that A3 −23 A−40 I =O
4 2 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 2 3 19 4 8
2
Solution: We have A = A . A= 3 −2 1 . 3 −2 1 = 1 12 8
4 2 1 4 2 1 14 6 15

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 2 3 19 4 8 63 46 69
So, A =A . A =¿ 3 −2 1 1 12 8 = 69 −6 23
3 2

4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63

[ ] [ ] [ ]
63 46 69 1 2 3 1 0 0
3
A −23 A−40 I = 69 −6 23 −23 3 −2 1 −40 0 1 0
92 46 63 4 2 1 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
63 46 69 −23 −46 −69 −40 0 0
= 69 −6 23 + −69 46 −23 + 0 −40 0
92 46 63 −92 −46 −23 0 0 −40

[ ]
63−23−40 46−46+0 69−69+0
= 69−69+0 −6+ 46−40 23−23+0
92−92+0 46−46+0 63−23−40

[ ]
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =O
0 0 0

Example 19. In a legislative assembly election, a political group hired a public relations firm
to promote its candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls, and letters. The cost per
contact (in paise) is given in matrix A as
cost per contact

[ ]
40 telephone
A= 100 Housecall
50 Letter

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given by
Telephone housecall Letter

B= [ 1000
3000
500
]
5000 → X
1000 10,000 → Y
, Find the total amount by the group in the two cities. X
and Y
Solution We have

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matrices ch-3

BA = [ 120,000+100,000+500,000
40,000+50,000+250,000 →
]→ X
Y

[ 340,000 ] → X
720,000 → Y

So, the total amount spent by the group in the two cities is 340, 000 paise and 720,000 paise
i.e., Rs3400. and Rs7200, respectively.

EXERCISE 3.2

1. Let A = [ 23 42] , B=[−21 35] , C=[−23 54 ]

Find each of the following:
(i) A + B (ii) A – B (iii) 3A – C (iv) AB (v) BA

[ ][ ][
Solution. (i ) A + B =
2 4
+
1 3
=
3 2 −2 5 3−2 2+5 ][ ]
2+1 4+ 3
=
3 7
1 7

(ii) A – B =[ ][ ][
2 4
−
3 2 −2 5
1 3
=
][ ]
2−1 4−3
3+2 2−5
=
1 1
5 −3

[ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
(iii) 3A – C = 3
2 4 −2 5
3 2
−
3 4
=
6 12
9 6
−
−2 5
3 4
=
8 7
6 2

(iv) AB =[ ][ ] [
2 4 1 3
3 2 −2 5
= ][ ]
2× 1+4 ×(−2) 2 ×3+ 4 × 5 −6 26
3 ×1+2 ×(−2) 3 ×3+5 ×2
=
−1 19

(v) BA = [ ] [ ] [ ] =[
11 2 ]
1 3 2 4 1 ×2+3 ×3 1 ×4 +3 ×2 11 10
=
−2 5 3 2 −2 ×2+5 ×3 −2 × 4+5 ×2
2. Compute the following:

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
2 2 2 2
a b a b
+ a +b b + c 2 ab 2bc
(i) ( ii ) +
−b a b a a 2+ c2 a2 +b 2 −2 ac −2 ab

[ ][ ]
−1 4 −6 12 7 6
[ ][ ]
2 2 2 2
cos x sin x sin x cos x
( iii ) 8 5 16 + 8 0 5 (iv) +
2 8 5 3 2 4 cos2 x sin2 x cos 2 x sin2 x

Solution. (i) [−ba ba]+[ ab ba]=[ 20a 2b2 a]

[ ] [ −2 ac −2 ab ]
2 2 2 2
a +b b +c 2 ab 2bc
( ii ) +
a 2+ c2 2
a +b 2

[ ][ ]
2 2
2 2 2 2
a +b + 2 ab b +c +2 bc ( a+b ) ( b +c )
¿ 2 2 2 2 =
a + c −2 ac a + b −2 ab ( a−c )2 ( a−b )2

[ ][ ][ ]
−1 4 −6 12 7 6 −1+ 12 4+7 −6+6
( iii ) 8 5 16 + 8 0 5 = 8+ 8 5+ 0 16+5
2 8 5 3 2 4 2+ 3 8+2 5+4

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matrices ch-3

[ ]
11 11 0
¿ 16 5 21
5 10 9

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos x sin x sin x cos x cos x+ sin x sin x +cos x 1 1
(iv) 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 =
sin x sin x cos x sin x sin x +cos x cos x+ sin x 1 1

3. Compute the indicated products.

[]
1
(i) [
a b a b
−b a b a ][ ] (ii) 2 [ 2 3 4 ]
3
(iii) [ 12 −23 ] [12 2 3
3 1 ]
[ ][ ] [ ][
2 3 4 1 −3 5 2 1
(iv) 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
(v) 3 2
−1 1
1 0 1
−1 2 1 ]
][ ]
2 −3
(vi)
−1 0 2[
3 −1 3
1 0
3 1
Solution.

[ ][ ] [ a × (−b ) +ba
][ ]
2 2
a b a b a × a+b ×b a +b 0
(i) = =
−b a b a −b × a+a × b −b× (−b )+ a ×a 0 b +a 2
2

[] [ ][ ]
1 1 ×2 1× 3 1× 4 2 3 4
(ii) 2 [ 2 3 4 ] = 2 ×2 2× 3 2× 4 = 4 6 8
3 3 ×2 3 ×3 3× 4 6 9 12

(iii) [ 12 −23 ] [12 2 3

3 1
= ][
1×1+ (−2 ) × 3 1 ×2+(−2)×3 1 ×3+(−2)×1
2× 1+ 3× 2 2× 2+3 ×3 2× 3+3 ×1 ]
¿
[−38 −413 19]
[ ][ ]
2 3 4 1 −3 5
( iv ) 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5

[ ]
2 ×1+3 × 0+4 ×3 2 × (−3 ) +3 × 2+ 4 × 0 2× 5+3 ×4 +4 ×5
¿ 3 × 1+ 4 × 0+5 ×3 3 × (−3 )+ 4 ×2+5 × 0 3× 5+4 ×4 +5 ×5
4 ×1+5 × 0+6 ×3 4 × (−3 ) +5 ×2+6 × 0 4 ×5+ 5× 4 +6 ×5

[ ]
14 0 42
¿ 18 −1 56
22 −2 70

[ ][ [ ]
2 1 2 ×1+1 ×(−1) 2 ×0+ 1× 2 2 ×1+1 ×1
(v) 3 2
−1 1
1 0 1
−1 2 1 ]
= 3 ×1+2 × (−1 ) 3 × 0+2× 2 3 ×1+2 ×1
−1 ×1+1 ×−1 −1 ×0+ 1× 2 −1 ×1+1 ×1

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matrices ch-3

[ ]
1 2 3
= 1 4 5
−2 2 0

][ ]
2 −3
(vi) [ 3 −1 3
−1 0 2
1 0
3 1

= [ 3× 2+ (−1 ) ×1+3 ×3 3 × (−3 ) + (−1 ) ×0+ 3× 1 4 −6

−1× 2+0 ×1+2 ×3 −1× (−3 ) +0 × 0+2× 1
=
4 5 ][ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
4. If A = 5 0 2 , B= 4 2 5 , and C = 0 3 2 then compute
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3
(A+B) and (B – C). Also, verify that A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C.

[ ][ ][ ]
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 −1
Solution. A + B = 5 0 2 + 4 2 5=9 2 7
1 −1 1 2 0 3 3 −1 4

[ ][ ][ ]
3 −1 2 4 1 2 3−4 −1−1 2−2
B−C= 4 2 5 − 0 3 2 = 4−0 2−3 5−2
2 0 3 1 −2 3 2−1 0−(−2) 3−3

[ ]
−1 −2 0
= 4 −1 3
1 2 0

[ ][ ][ ]
1 2 −3 −1 −2 0 0 0 −3
L . H . S= A+ ( B−C )= 5 0 2 + 4 −1 3 = 9 −1 5
1 −1 1 1 2 0 2 1 1

[ ][ ][ ]
4 1 −1 4 1 2 0 0 −3
R.H.S = (A+B) – C = 9 2 7 − 0 3 2 = 9 −1 5
3 −1 4 1 −2 3 2 1 1

[ ]
0 0 −3
Hence, A+ ( B−C ) = ( A +B ) – C= 9 −1 5
2 1 1

[ ][ ]
2 5 2 3
1 1
3 3 5 5
1 2 4 1 2 4
5. If A = ∧B= , then compute 3 A−5 B
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2 7 6 2
2
3 3 5 5 5

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matrices ch-3

[ ][ ]
2 5 2 3
1 1
3 3 5 5
1 2 4 1 2 4
Solution. 3 A−5 B=3 −5
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2 7 6 2
2
3 3 5 5 5

[ ][ ] [ ]
2 3 5 2 3 5 2−2 3−3 5−5
¿ 1 2 4 − 1 2 4 = 1−1 2−2 4−4
7 6 2 7 6 2 7−7 6−6 2−2

[ ]
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =O
0 0 0

6. Simplify cosθ [−sinθ

cosθ
sinθ
cosθ
+ sinθ
] [
sinθ −cosθ
cosθ sinθ ]
Solution.cosθ [
cosθ sinθ
−sinθ cosθ
+ sinθ
] [
sinθ −cosθ
cosθ sinθ ]
[ ][ ]
2 2
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ −sin θ cos θ
= 2 +
−sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin2 θ

[ ][ ]
2 2
cos θ+ sin θ sin θ cos θ−sin θ cos θ 1 0
= = =I
−sin θ cos θ+sin θ cos θ 2 2
cos θ+sin θ 0 1
7. Find X and Y, if
(i) X +Y =
7 0
2 5 [ ]and X −Y =
3 0
0 3[ ]
(ii) 2 X +3 Y =
2 3
4 0 [ ] and 3 X +2 Y =
2
−−1 5[ −2
] …
Solution.
i ¿ X +Y = [ ]
7 0
2 5
… (1)

and X −Y = [ ]
3 0
0 3
… (2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
2X = [ ][ ][ ]
7 0 3 0
+
2 5 0 3
=
10 0
2 8

⇒ X= [ ][ ]
1 10 0
2 2 8
=
5 0
1 4
Putting value of X ∈equatoion ( 1 ) we get

[ ] [ ]
5 0
1 4
+Y =
7 0
2 5

⇒Y=[ ][ ][ ]
7 0
2 5
−
5 0
1 4
=
2 0
1 1

[ ]
(ii) 2 X +3 Y =
2 3
4 0
… (1)

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matrices ch-3

and 3 X +2 Y = [−12 −25 ] … (2)

Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2, on subtracting we get

[ ] [
3 ( 2 X +3 Y )−2 ( 3 X +2 Y )=3
2 3
4 0
−2
2 −2
−1 5 ]
⇒ 5Y = [ 6−4 9+ 4
12+ 2 −10 ] [ ]
=
1 0
0 2

[ ]
2 13
5 5
⇒Y =
14
−2
5
Putting value of Y ∈equatoion ( 1 ) we get

[ ][ ]
2 13
5 5 2 3
2 X +3 =
14 4 0
−2
5

[ ][ ][ ]
6 39 6 39
2− 3−
2 3 5 5 5 5
⇒ 2X = − =
4 0 42 42
−6 4− 0+6
5 5

[ ][ ]
4 −24 2 −12
1 5 5 5 5
⇒ X= =
2 −22 −11
6 3
5 5

8. Find X, if Y ¿ [31 24 ] and 2 X +Y =[−31 02]

Solution. 2 X +Y =[
−3 2 ]
1 0

⇒ 2 X +¿ [
1 4 ] [−3 2 ]
3 2 1 0
=

⇒2 X =
[−31 02]−[ 31 24 ]=[−3−1
1−3 0−2
2−4 ] [−4 −2 ]
=
−2 −2

⇒ X=
[−1
−2 −1 ]
−1

9. Find X and Y, if 2 [ 10 3x ]+[ 1y 02]=[51 68]

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matrices ch-3

Solution. 2 [ 10 3x ]+[ 1y 02]=[51 68]

⇒[ ] [ ] [ 1 8]
2 6 y 0 5 6
+ =
0 2x 1 2
⇒
[ 2+1 y 2 x+6 2] ¿ [51 68]
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore,
2+ y=5∧2 x+ 2=8
y=3∧¿ 2 x = 6, or x = 3

10. Solve the equation for x, y, z and t, if 2 [ xy zt ]+3 [10 −12 ]=3[ 34 56 ]
Solution. 2[ xy zt ]+3 [10 −12 ]=3[ 34 56 ]
⇒ [ ] [ ] [ 12 18 ]
2 x 2 z 3 −3 9 15
+ =
2 y 2t 0 6

⇒ [
2 t+6 ] [ 12 18 ]
2 x +3 2 z −3 9 15
=
2y

If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore,
2 x+3=9 , 2 y=12 , 2 z−3=15 , 2t +6=18
⇒ x=3 , y=9 , z=9 ,t=6

11 If x [ 23]+ y [−11]=[ 105], find the values of x and y.

Solution. x [ ]+ y [ ]=[ ]
2 −1 10
3 1 5

⇒ [ ]+ [
y ] [5]
2x −y 10
=
3x

⇒[
3 x+ y ] [ 5 ]
2 x− y 10
=

If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore,
2 x− y=10 … (1)
¿ 3 x+ y=5 … (2)
adding (1) and (2) we get 5 x=15∨x =3
Putting the value of x in equation (2)
3 ( 3 ) + y=5∨ y=−4
Hence, x=3∧ y=−4

12. Given 3 [ xz wy ]=[−1x 26w ]+[ z +w4 x+ y

3 ]
find the values of x , y, z and w

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matrices ch-3

Solution. 3 [ xz wy ]=[−1x 26w ]+[ z +w4 x+ y

3 ]
[ 33 xz 33wy ]=[−1+x +z4+w 6+2 w+3
x+ y
]
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore,
3 x=x +4 ,3 y=6+ x + y ,3 z=−1+ z + w ,3 w=2 w +3
⇒ x=2 , y=4 , z=1 and w = 3

[ ]
cosx −sinx 0
13. If F ( x )=¿ sinx cosx 0 , show that F(x) F(y) = F ( x + y ¿
0 0 1
Solution. L.H.S = F(x) F(y)

[ ][ ]
cosx −sinx 0 cosy −siny 0
= sinx cosx 0 siny cosy 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

[ ]
cosxcosy−sinxsiny+0 −cosxsiny−sinxcosy +0 0+0+ 0
= sinxcosy + cosxsiny +0 −sinxsiny+cosxcosy +0 0+0+ 0
0+0+ 0 0+ 0+0 0+ 0+1

[ ]
cos ⁡(x+ y) −sin ⁡(x + y ) 0
= sin ⁡(x+ y) cos ⁡( x+ y ) 0 = F ( x + y ¿ = R.H.S.
0 0 1

14. Show that

[
(i)
5 −1
6 7 ][ 23 14] ≠ [23 14 ][ 56 −17 ]
[ ][ ][ ][ ]
1 2 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 2 3
( ii ) 0 1 0 0 −1 1 ≠ 0 −1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0

[ 56 −17 ][ 23 14] = [ 10+−3

Solution.( i ) L.H.S =
5−4
12+21 6+28 ] =[
33 34 ]
7 1

R.H.S = [ ] [ ] =[ ] [ 39 25 ]
2 1 5 −1 10+6 −2+7 16 5
=
3 4 6 7 15+24 −3+28

Hence, [
6 7 ][ 3 4 ] [3 4 ][ 6 7 ]
5 −1 2 1 2 1 5 −1
≠

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 −1 1 0
( ii ) L.H.S = 0 1 0 0 −1 1
1 1 0 2 3 4
=¿

[ ]
5 8 14
= 0 −1 1
−1 0 1

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ ][ ]
−1 1 0 1 2 3
R.H.S = 0 −1 1 0 1 0
2 3 4 1 1 0

[ ]
−1× 1+ 1× 0+0 ×1 −1× 2+1× 1+0 ×1 −1× 3+1× 0+0 × 0
= 0 ×1+ (−1 ) ×0+1 ×1 0 ×2+ (−1 ) ×1+1 ×1 0× 3+ (−1 ) ×0+1 × 0
2 ×1+3 × 0+4 × 1 2 ×2+3 × 1+ 4 × 1 2 ×3+3 × 0+4 × 0

[ ]
−1 −1 −3
= 1 0 0
6 11 6

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
1 2 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 2 3
Hence, 0 1 0 0 −1 1 ≠ 0 −1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0

[ ]
2 0 1
2
15. Find A −5 A+ 6 I , if A= 2 1 3
1 −1 0

[ ]
2 0 1
Solution. A= 2 1 3
1 −1 0

[ ][ ]
2 0 1 2 0 1
2
A = 2 1 3 2 1 3
1 −1 0 1 −1 0

[ ]
2× 2+0 ×2+1 ×1 2× 0+0 ×1+1 ×(−1) 2× 1+0 ×3+1 ×0
= 2× 2+1× 2+3 ×1 2× 0+1 ×1+3 ×(−1) 2× 1+1× 3+3 ×0
2+ (−1 ) × 2+0 ×1 1 × 0+ (−1 ) × 1+0 ×(−1) 1× 1+ (−1 ) × 3+0 ×0

[ ]
5 −1 2
= 9 −2 5
0 −1 −2
Therefore, A2−5 A+ 6 I

[ ][ ][ ]
5 −1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
= 9 −2 5 −5 2 1 3 +6 0 1 0
0 −1 −2 1 −1 0 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
5 −1 2 10 0 5 6 0 0
= 9 −2 5 − 10 1 15 + 0 6 0
0 −1 −2 5 −5 0 0 0 6

[ ]
5−10+ 6 −1+ 0+6 2+5+0
= 9−10+ 0 −2−1+6 5−15+ 0
0−5+ 0 −1+ 5+0 −2+0+6

[ ]
1 −1 −3
= −1 −1 −10
−5 4 4

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ ]
1 0 2
16. If A = 0 2 1 , prove that A3 −6 A 2 +7 A +2 I =0
2 0 3

[ ]
1 0 2
Solution. A = 0 2 1
2 0 3

[ ][ ]
1 0 2 1 0 2
2
A=0 2 1 0 2 1
2 0 3 2 0 3

[ ]
1× 1+0 ×0+2 ×2 1 ×0+ 0× 2+2× 0 1× 2+0 ×1+2 ×3
= 0 ×1+2 ×0+1 ×2 0 × 0+2× 2+1× 0 0 ×2+2 ×1+1 ×3
2× 1+ 0 ×0+3 × 2 2 ×0+ 0× 2+3 ×0 2× 2+0 ×1+3 ×3

[ ]
5 0 8
= 2 4 5
8 0 13

[ ][ ]
5 0 8 1 0 2
3 2
A =A . A= 2 4 8 0 2 1
8 0 13 2 0 3

[ ]
5× 1+0 ×0+ 8× 2 5 × 0+0 ×2+8 × 0 5 ×2+ 0× 1+8 ×3
= 2× 1+ 4 × 0+5 ×2 2 ×0+ 4 × 2+ 5× 0 2 ×2+ 4 ×1+5 ×3
8 ×1+0 × 0+13× 2 8 × 0+0 ×2+13 × 0 8 × 2+ 0 ×1+13 ×3

[ ]
21 0 34
= 12 8 23
34 0 55
Therefore, L.H.S= A3 −6 A 2 +7 A +2 I

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0
= 12 8 23 −6 2 4 5 +7 0 2 1 +2 0 1 0
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
21 0 34 30 0 48 7 0 14 2 0 0
= 12 8 23 − 12 24 30 + 0 14 7 + 0 2 0
34 0 55 48 0 78 14 0 21 0 0 2

[ ]
21−30+7+2 0−0+0+0 34−48+ 14+0
= 12−12+0+0 8−24 +14+ 2 23+30+7+ 0
34−48+14 +0 0−0+0+0 55−78+ 21+ 2

[ ]
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =O=R . H . S
0 0 0

17. If A = [ 34 −2
−2 ]
and I = [
0 1]
1 0 2
, find k so that A =kA−2 I

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

Solution A = [ 34 −2
−2 ]

4 −2 4 −2 [ 4 × ( 3 )+(−2)×(4) ]
∴ A =[ 3 −2 ] . [ 3 −2 ]=
2 3 ×3+(−2)×4 3 ×−2+(−2)×(−2)
4 ×−2+(−2)(−2)

=[
4 −4 ]
1 −2

Given A2=kA−2 I

[
1 −2
4 −4
=k
] [
3 −2
4 −2
−2
1
0 ] [ 01]
¿ [
1 −2
4 −4
=
][
3 k −2 k
4 k −2 k
−
2
0 ] [ 02]
[1 −2
4 −4
=
][
3 k −2 −2 k
4k −2 k −2 ]
⇒ 4 k =4 , ⇒ k=1

[ ]
α
0 −tan
2
18. If A = and I is identity matrix of the order 2, show that
α
tan 0
2

I + A=( I − A )
[ cosα
sinα
−sinα
cosα ]

[ ][ ]
α α
0 −tan 1 −tan
Solution. L.H.S.= I + A = [ 10 01]+ tan α 0
2
=
tan
α
1
2
… (1)
2 2

R . H . S = ( I − A) [cosα
sinα
−sinα
cosα ]

( [ ])
α
0 −tan
[ 10 01 ]− tan α 0
2
[ cosα
sinα
−sinα
cosα ]
2

[ ][
α
1 tan

−tan
α
1
2 cosα −sinα
sinα cosα ]
2

[ ]
α α
cos α +tan sin α −sin α + tan cos α
2 2
=
α α
−tan cos α +sin α tan sin α +cos α
2 2

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[ ]
α α
sin sin
2 2
cos α + sin α −sin α + cos α
α α
cos cos
2 2
=
α α
−sin sin
2 2
cos α +sin α sin α +cos α
α α
cos cos
2 2

[ ]
α α α α
cos α cos + sin sin α −sin α cos +sin cos α
2 2 2 2
α α
cos cos
2 2
=
α α α α
−cos α sin +cos sin α sin α sin cos cos α
2 2 2 2
α α
cos cos
2 2

[ ][ ]
α
cos ⁡(α − )
2 (
−sin α −
α
2 ) α
2
cos −sin
α
2

[ ]
α α α α α
cos cos cos cos 1 −tan
2 2 2 2 2
= = = = L.H.S from (1)
( )
α α α α α
sin α − cos ⁡(α− ) sin cos tan 1
2 2 2 2 2
α α α α
cos cos cos cos
2 2 2 2

19. A trust fund has Rs30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first
bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide Rs30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund
must obtain an annual total interest of:
(a) Rs1800 (b) Rs2000
Solution. Let the amount invested in first bond = ₹ x
Therefore, the amount invested in second bond = ₹ (30000−x )
(a) If the total annual interest is ₹ 1800 then
Investment ∈Bonds(¿ ₹ ) annualinterest rate interest ∈₹

[ ]
[ x 3000− x ] 5 % [ 1800 ]
7%
On solving, x × 5 %+ (3000−x ) × 7 %=1800
5 x 7( 3000−x )
+ =1800
100 100
⇒ 5 x +210000−7 x =180000
⇒−2 x=−30000

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⇒ x=15000
Therefore , the amount invested in the first bond is ₹ 15000 and in second bond ₹ 15000
(b) If the total annual interest is ₹ 2000 then
Investment ∈ Bonds(¿ ₹ ) annualinterest rate interest ∈₹

[ ]
[ x 3000− x ] 5 % [ 2000 ]
7%
On solving, x × 5 %+ (3000−x ) × 7 %=2000
5 x 7( 3000−x )
+ =1800
100 100
⇒ 5 x +210000−7 x =200000
⇒−2 x=−10000
⇒ x=5000
Therefore , the amount invested in the first bond is ₹ 5000 and in second bond ₹ 25000

20. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10
dozen economics books. Their selling prices are Rs80, Rs60 and Rs40 each respectively. Find the
total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.
Solution.
number of books selling price of books total amount (¿ ₹ )

[]
80
Chemistry Physics Economics
60 [ x ]
[ 120 96 120 ] 40
On solving, we get
120 ×80+ 96 ×60+120 × 40=x
⇒ x=9600+5760+4800
⇒ x=20160
Hence ,the bookshop will receive ₹ 20160 from selling all the books.

21. The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined are:

(A) k = 3, p = n (B) k is arbitrary, p = 2
(C) p is arbitrary, k = 3 (D) k = 2, p = 3
Solution. Order of P = p ×k and order of Y = 3 × k
So, PY will be defined, if k = 3 hence, order of PY is p ×k
Order of W = n ×3 and , order of Y is 3 × k
According to order, WY is defined and its order is n × k
PY +WY is defined, if the order of PY and WY are equal.
⇒ p ×k = n × k ⇒ p=n
Hence, the option (A) is the correct answer.

22. If n = p, then the order of the matrix 7X – 5Z is:

(A) p × 2 (B) 2 × n (C) n × 3 (D) p × n
Solution. During addition or subtraction, the order of matrix does not change,

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matrices ch-3

Therefore, the order of 7X – 5Z = order of Z = 2 ×n

Hence, the option (B) is correct answer.
Transpose of a Matrix.

If A = [ a ij ] be an m ×n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A
is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A′ or ( AT ). In other words, if,
A = [ a ij ]m × nthen A′ = [ a ji ]n× m

[ ] [ ]
3 5
3 √3 0
For example, if A =
√3 1 '
then A = −1
−1 5 1
0 5 2 ×3
5 3× 2

Properties of transpose of the matrices.

For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
(i ) (A′)′ = A, (ii) (kA)′ = kA′ (where k is any constant)
(iii) ( A+ B )' = A′ + B′ (iv) ( AB )' = B′ A′

Example 20. If A =
3 √3 2
4 2 0 [ and B = ]
2 −1 2
1 2 4 [
, verify that ]
(i ) (A′)′ = A (ii) ( A+ B )' = A′ + B′ (iii) (kB)′ = kB′ (where k is any constant)

[ ]
3 4
Solution.(i ) We have A =
4 2 0 [
3 √ 3 2 , A '=
√ 3 2
2 0
] ⇒ ( A ' ) = 3 √3 2 = A
'

4 2 0 [ ]
(vi) A = [ 3
4 2 0 ]1 2 4 [
√ 3 2 , B = 2 −1 2 ⇒ A+ B= 5 √3−1 4
5 4 4 ] [ ]
[ ]
5 5
'
Therefore, ( A+ B ) = √3−1 4
4 4

[ ] [ ]
3 4 2 1
' '
Now A = √ 3 2 and B = −1 2
2 0 2 4

[ ]
5 5
' '
So, A + B = √ 3−1 4
4 4

Thus, ( A+ B )' = A' + B'

(vii)We have
kB=k
[21 −1 2
2 4
= ] [
2 k −k 2 k
k 2k 4k ]

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[ ] [ ]
2k k 2 1
' '
Then , ( kB ) = −k 2k = k −1 2 =k B
2k 4 k 2 4
Thus, (kB)′ = kB′

[]
−2
Example 21. If A = 4 and B=[ 1 3 −6 ] , verify ( AB )' =B ' . A '
5

[]
−2
Solution. We have A = 4 , B=[ 1 3 −6 ] then
5

[] [ ]
−2 −2 −6 12
AB= 4 [ 1 3 −6 ] = 4 12 −24
5 5 15 −30

[ ]
−2 4 5
'
( AB ) = −6 12 15 ……… (1)
12 −24 −30

[]
1
'
Now , A = [−2 4 5 ], B = 3
'

−6

[] [ ]
1 −2 4 5
B . A = 3 [ −2 4 5 ] = −6 12
' '
15 … (2)
−6 12 −24 −30
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get
( AB )' =B ' . A '
Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices.

Symmetric Matrix. A square matrix A = [ a ij ] is said to be symmetric if A' = A , that is

[ a ij ]= [ a ji ] for all possible values of i∧ j

[ ]
√3 2 3
For Example if A = 2 −1.5 −1 is symmetric matrix as A' = A .
3 −1 1

Skew Symmetric Matrix. A square matrix A = [ a ij ] is said to be symmetric if A' =− A , that is

a ij=−a ji for all possible values of i∧ j. Now if we put i= j we have a ii=−aii. Therefore, 2a ii=0
or a ii=0 , for all i ' s .

This means that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.

[ ]
0 e f
For Example if B = −e 0 g is symmetric matrix as B' =−B .
−f −g 0

Theorem 1. For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and

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A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.

Proof: Let P = A + A′
' '
P =( A+ A )
'

' '
¿ A +( A ) ¿ ]
'

= A' + A [ ∵ ( A¿ ¿' )'=A ¿

= A+ A ' [∵ A +B=B+ A ¿
=P
Therefore, P = A + A′ is a symmetric matrix.
Now Let Q = A - A′
' '
Q =( A+ A )
'

' '
¿ A −( A ) ¿ ]
'

= A' − A [ ∵ ( A¿ ¿' )'=A ¿

= −( A− A ' ) = −Q
Therefore, Q = A - A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2. Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix.
Proof: Let A be a square matrix, then we can write
1 1
A= ( A+ A ' )+ ( A− A ' )
2 2
From the Theorem 1, we know that (A + A′) is a symmetric matrix and (A – A′) is a skew
1
symmetric matrix. Since for any matrix A, (kA)′ = kA′, it follows that ( A+ A ' ) is symmetric
2
1
matrix and ( A− A ' )is skew symmetric matrix. Thus, any square matrix can be expressed as the
2
sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

[ ]
2 −2 −4
Example 22. Express the matrix B = −1 3 4 as sum of a symmetric and
1 −2 −3

a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution. Here,

[ ]
2 −1 1
B' = −2 3 −2
−4 4 −3

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matrices ch-3

[ ]
−3 −3
2
2 2

[ ]
4 −3 −3
1 1 −3
Let P = ( B+B '
) = −3 6 1 = 3 1
2 2 2
−3 2 −6
−3
1 −3
2

[ ]
−3 −3
2
2 2
' −3
Now, P = 3 1 =P
2
−3
1 −3
2

1
Thus, P = ( B+B ' ) is a symmetric matrix.
2

[ ]
−1 −5
0
2 2

[ ]
0 −1 −5
1
Also, let Q = = ( B−B' )= 1 1 0 6 = 1 0 3
2 2 2
5 −6 0
5
−3 0
2

[ ]
1 5
0
2 2
' 1
Then Q = 0 −3 = −Q
−2
−5
3 0
2

1
Thus, Q = ( B−B' ) is a skew symmetric matrix.
2

[ ][ ][
−3 −3 −1 −5
2 0
2 2 2 2

]
2 −2 −4
−3 1
Now, P+Q = 3 1 + 0 3 = −1 3 4 =B
2 2
1 −2 −3
−3 5
1 −3 −3 0
2 2

Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

EXERCISE 3.3

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

[] [ ]
5
−1 5 6
(i)
1
2
( ii ) [
1 −1
2 3 ] ( iii ) √ 3 5 6
2 3 −1
−1

[]
5
Solution. (i) let A=
1
2
'
then A = 5 [ 1
2
−1
]
−1

( ii ) let B = [ 12 −13 ] then B =

'
[−11 23]
[ ] [ √3
]
−1 5 6 −1 2
'
( iii ) let C= √3 5 6 hence, C = 5 5 3
2 3 −1 6 6 −1

] [ ] [
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
2. If A = 5 7 9 and B = 1 2 0 , then verify that
−2 1 1 1 3 1
(i) ( A+ B )' = A ' + B'
(ii) ( A−B )' =A ' −B'

[ ][ ] [ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5 −5 3 −2
Solution. (A + B ) = 5 7 9 + 1 2 0 = 6 9 9
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −1 4 2

[ ][ ]
'
−5 3 −2 −5 6 −1
'
Therefore, ( A+ B ) = 6 9 9 = 3 9 4 … (1)
−1 4 2 −2 9 2

[ ][ ]
' '
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
' '
A +B = 5 7 9 + 1 2 0
−2 1 1 1 3 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
−1 5 −2 −4 1 −5 −5 6 −1
¿ 2 7 1 + 1 2 0 = 3 9 4 … (2)
3 9 1 1 3 1 −2 9 2
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get
( A+ B )' = A ' + B'

[ ][ ][ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5 3 1 8
( ii ) (A - B ) = 5 7 9− 1 2 0 = 4 5 9
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −3 −2 0

[ ][ ]
'
−3 1 8 3 4 −3
'
∴ ( A−B ) = 4 5 9 = 1 5 −2 … (1)
−3 −2 0 8 9 0

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[ ][ ]
' '
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
' '
A −B = 5 7 9 − 1 2 0
−2 1 1 1 3 1

[ ][ ]
−1 5 −2 −4 1 −5
¿ 2 7 1 − 1 2 0
3 9 1 1 3 1

[ ]
−1+ 4 5−1 −2−1
¿ 2−1 7−2 1−3
3+5 9−0 1−1

[ ]
3 4 −3
¿ 1 5 −2 … (2)
8 9 0
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get
( A−B )' =A ' −B'

[ ]
3 4
3.
'
If A = −1 2 and B =
0 1
−1 2 1
1 2 3 [
then verify that ]
(i) ( A+ B )' = A ' + B' (ii) ( A−B )' =A ' −B'

[ ]
3 4
'
Solution. A = −1 2 ⇒ A=
0 1
3 −1 0
4 2 1 [ ]
A+B= [ 342 1
+
1 2 3
=
][
−1 0 −1 2 1 3−1 −1+ 2 0+1
4+1 2+ 2 1+3 ][ ]
[ 2 1 1
5 4 4 ]
[ ]
2 5
[ ]
'
2 1 1
( A+ B ) ='
= 1 4 … (1)
5 4 4
1 4

[ ][
3 4
]
'
−1 2 1
'
A +B ='
−1 2+
1 2 3
0 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
3 4 −1 1 3−1 4+1
¿ −1 2 + 2 2 = −1+2 2+2
0 1 1 3 0+1 1+ 3

[ ]
2 5
= 1 4 … (2)
1 4
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get
( A+ B )' = A ' + B'
( ii ) A - B = [
3 −1 0 −1 2 1
4 2 1
−
1 2 3
=
][
3+ 1 −1−2 0−1
4−1 2−2 1−3 ][ ]
~ 32 ~
 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ 43 −3 −1
0 −2 ]
[ ]
4 3
( A−B ) =[ 4
−2 ]
'
' −3 −1
= −3 0 … (1)
3 0
−1 −2

[ ][ ]
3 4 '
−1 2 1
'
A −B
'
= −1 2 −
1 2 3
0 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
3 4 −1 1 3+1 4−1
= −1 2 − 2 2 = −1−2 2−2
0 1 1 3 0−1 1−3

[ ]
4 3
= −3 0 … (2)
−1 −2
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get
( A−B )' =A ' −B'

4. If A =
'
[−21 32] and B = [−11 02 ], then find ( A+2 B)'
Solution. A =[ ] [ 3 2]
−2 3 ' −2 1
then A=
1 2

( A+2 B) = [
3 2 ] [ 1 2 ] [
−2 1 + 2 −1 0 = −2+(−2) 1+0
3+2 2+4 ] =[
5 6]
−4 1

( A+2 B)' = [
1 6]
−4 5

5. For the matrices A and B, verify that (AB)′ = B′A′, where

[] []
1 0
(i) A = −4 , B = [ −1 2 1 ] (ii) A = 1 , B = [ 1 5 7 ]
3 2

[] [ ][ ]
1 1 ×(−1) 1 ×2 1× 1 −1 2 1
Solution. A B= −4 [ −1 2 1 ] = −4 ×(−1) −4 × 2 −4 ×1 = 4 −8 −4
3 3 (−1) 3 ×2 3× 1 −3 6 3

[ ]
−1 4 −3
(AB)′ = 2 −8 6 … (1)
1 −4 3

[] []
'
−1 '
1
B =¿ [ −1 2 1 ] = 2 and A = −4 =[ 1 −4 3 ]
' '

1 3

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[] [ ][ ]
−1 −1× 1 −1 ×(−4) −1× 3 −1 4 −3
Now B′A′ = 2 [ 1 −4 3 ] = 2× 1 2×−4 2× 3 = 2 −8 6 … (2)
1 1× 1 1×−4 1× 3 1 −4 3
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we get ,
( AB)'=B ' A ' ,

6. ( i ) If A = [−sinα cosα ]
cosα sinα
, then verify A A=I '

If A = [
−cosα sinα ]
sinα cosα
( ii ) , then verify A A=I '

Solution. (i) A =
sinα
cosα [−sinα
cosα
'
then A =
cos α −sin α
sin α cos α ] [ ]
Now, A' A = [
cos α −sin α cos α sin α
sin α cos α −sin α cos α ][ ]
[ ]
2 2
cos α +sin α cos α sin α −sin α cos α
¿
cos α sin α −sin α cos α sin2 α + cos2 α

=
1 0
0 1 [ ]
= I since cos 2 α +sin2 α =1

( ii ) A= [
sinα cosα
−cosα sinα
then A =
'
]
sinα −cosα
cosα sinα [ ]
'
Now, A A= [
sinα −cosα sinα cosα
cosα sinα −cosα sinα ][ ]
[ ]
2 2
sin α +cos α sin α cos α−sin α cos α
=
cos α sin α −sin α cos α cos2 α + sin2 α

= [ ]
1 0
0 1
= I since cos 2 α +sin2 α =1

[ ]
1 −1 5
7. (i) Show that the matrix A = −1 2 1 is a symmetric matrix.
5 1 3

[ ]
0 1 −1
(ii) Show that the matrix A = −1 0 1 is a skew symmetric matrix.
1 −1 0

[ ] [ ] [ ]
'
1 −1 5 1 −1 5 1 −1 5
'
Solution. (i) A = −1 2 1 ⇒ A = −1 2 1 = A= −1 2 1 = A
5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3

[ ]
1 −1 5
⇒ A =A , therefore, A = −1 2 1 is a symmetric matrix.
'

5 1 3

~ 34 ~
 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ ]
0 1 −1
(ii) A = −1 0 1
1 −1 0

[ ][ ] [ ]
'
0 1 −1 0 −1 1 0 1 −1
'
⇒ A = −1 0 1 = 1 0 −1 = − −1 0 1 =− A
1 −1 0 −1 1 0 1 −1 0

[ ]
0 1 −1
⇒ A =−A , '
therefore, A = −1 0 1 is a skew symmetric matrix.
1 −1 0

8. For the matrix A = [ 16 75] verify that

(i) ( A+ A ' ) is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) ( A−A ' ) is a skew – symmetric matrix.

[ ] [ ][ ]
'
1 5 ' 1 5 1 6
Solution. A = , then A = =
6 7 6 7 5 7

[ ][ ][ ]
Let P = ( A+ A ' ) =
1 5 1 6
+
6 7 5 7
=
2 11
11 14

Now, P =[
11 14 ] [11 14 ]
'
2 11
' 2 11
= =P

Hence, P = ( A+ A ' ) is a symmetric matrix.

[ 16 75]−[ 15 67 ]=[ 01 −10 ]

(ii) Let Q = ( A−A ' ) =

Now , Q =[ ] [ ] [ 1 0 ]
'
' 0 −1 0 1 0 −1
= =− =−Q
1 0 −1 0

Hence, Q = ( A−A ' ) is a skew – symmetric matrix.

[ ]
0 a b
1 ' 1 '
9. Find ( A + A ) and ( A− A ) , when A = −a 0 c
2 2
−b −c 0

[ ] [ ]
0 a b 0 −a −b
'
Solution. A = −a 0 c then A = A= a 0 −c
−b −c 0 b c 0

([ ][ ]) [ ] [ ]
0 a b 0 −a −b 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 ' 1 1
Now, ( A + A ) = −a 0 c + a 0 −c = 0 0 0 = 0 0 0
2 2 2
−b −c 0 b c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

([ ][ ])
0 a b 0 −a −b
1 1
( A−A ) = −a 0 c − a 0 −c
'
2 2
−b −c 0 b c 0

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 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ ][ ]
0 2a 2b 0 c b
1
¿ −2 c 0 2 c = −c 0 c
2
−2 b 0 0 −b 0 0

10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:

[ ]
6 −2 2
(i)
3 5
1 −1 [ ] ( ii ) −2 3 −1
2 −1 3

[ ]
3 3 −1
(iii) −2 −2 1
−4 −5 2
( iv ) [−11 52]
[ ] [ ][ ]
'
3 5 ' 3 5 3 1
Solution. Given that A = , then A = =
1 −1 1 −1 5 −1

Let P = ( A+ A ) = ([ ] [ ] [ ] [
) 3 −1 ]
1 1 3 5 ' 3 1 1 6 6 3 3
+ = =
2 2 1 −1 5 −1 2 6 −2

[33 −13 ] =[ 33 −13 ] = P

'
'
P=

⇒ P is a symmetric matrix.

1
Q= ( A− A ) =
2
' 1 3 5
2 1 −1
−
] [ ]) [
3 1
5 −1
=
1 0 4
2 −4 0([
=
0 2
−2 0 ][ ]
[−20 20] =[ 02 −20 ]=−[−20 02]=−Q
'
'
Q=

⇒ Q is a skew – symmetric ¿.

P+Q=
[ 33 −13 ]+ ¿ [−20 20 ]=[31 −15 ]=A
[ ] [ ]
6 −2 2 6 −2 2
'
( ii ) Let A= −2 3 −1 then A = −2 3 −1
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

([ ][ ])
6 −2 2 6 −2 2
1 1
Let P = ( A+ A '
) = −2 3 −1 + −2 3 −1
2 2
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

[ ][ ]
12 −4 4 6 −2 2
1
= −4 6 −2 = −2 3 −1 ,.
2
−4 −2 6 2 −1 3

~ 36 ~
 Rahman sir
matrices ch-3

[ ] [ ]
'
6 −2 2 6 −2 2
'
P =¿ = −2 3 −1 =¿ −2 3 −1 =P
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

⇒ P is a symmetric matrix.

([ ][ ])
6 −2 2 6 −2 2
1 1
Q= ( A−A '
)= −
−2 3 −1 −2 3 −1
2 2
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

[ ][ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
= 0 0 0 = 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 0 0

[ ][ ]
'
0 0 0 0 0 0
'
Q = 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 =−Q
0 0 0 0 0 0

⇒ Q is a skew – symmetric ¿.

[ ][ ][ ]
6 −2 2 0 0 0 6 −2 2
P+Q= −2 3 −1 + 0 0 0 = −2 3 −1 = A =
2 −1 3 0 0 0 2 −1 3

[ ] [ ]
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
'
(iii) Let A = −2 −2 1 then A = 3 −2 −5
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2

([ ][ ])
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
1 1
Let P = ( A+ A ) = −2 −2 1 + 3 −2 −5
'
2 2
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2

[ ]
1 −5
3
2 2

[ ]
6 1 −5
1 1
= 1 −4 −4 = −2 −2
2 2
−5 −4 4
−5
−2 −2
2

[ ][ ]
'
1 −5 1 −5
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1
P' = −2 −2 = −2 −2 =P
2 2
−5 −5
−2 −2 −2 −2
2 2

⇒ P is a symmetric matrix.

~ 37 ~
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matrices ch-3

([ ][ ])
3 3 −1 3 −2 −4
1 1
Q = ( A−A )=
'
−2 −2 1 − 3 −2 −5
2 2
−4 −5 2 −1 1 2

[ ]
5 3
0
2 2

[ ]
0 5 3
1 −5
−5 0 6 = 0 3
2 2
−3 −6 0
−3
−3 0
2

[ ][ ] [ ]
'
5 3 −5 −3 5 3
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
−5 5 −5
Q' = 0 3 = 0 −3 =− 0 3 =−Q
2 2 2
−3 3 −3
−3 0 3 0 −3 0
2 2 2

⇒ Q is a skew – symmetric ¿.

[ ][ ]
1 −5 5 3
3 0
2 2 2 2

[ ]
3 3 −1
1 −5
P+Q= −2 −2 + 0 3 = −2 −2 1 =A
2 2
−4 −5 2
−5 −3
−2 −2 −3 0
2 2

( iv ) let A= [−11 52] [ 15 −12 ] then A =

'

Let P = ( A+ A ) = ( [
2 −1 2 ] [ 5 2 ]) [ 2 2 ]
1 1 1 5 1 −1 ' 1 2
+ =
2

[
[2 2 ] 2 2 ] = P
'
' 1 2 1 2
P= =

⇒ P is a symmetric matrix.

Q=¿=
1
2([ ] [ ]) [
( A−A ' )= 1 1 5 − 1 −1 = 1 0 6 = 0 3
2 −1 2 5 2 2 −6 0 −3 0 ] [ ]
[−30 30] =[ 03 −30 ]=−[−30 30]=−Q
'
'
Q=

⇒ Q is a skew – symmetric ¿.

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P+Q=¿ [ 12 22]+[−30 30]=[−11 52] = A

Choose the correct answer in the Exercises 11 and 12.
11. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB – BA is a
(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix

Solution. ( AB – BA )'
' '
¿ ( AB ) −( BA ) [∵ ( X−Y )'= X ' −Y ' ]
'
¿B A −A B
' ' '
[∵ ( XY )' =Y ' X ' ¿

= BA− AB [∵ Given A ' = Aand B ' =B ¿

= −(AB−BA)
Therefore, AB – BA is a Skew symmetric matrix.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

12. If A = [ cosα
sinα
−sinα
cosα ]
, then A' + A=I if the value of α is
π π 3π
(A) (B) (C) π (D)
6 3 2

Solution. A = [ cosα
sinα
−sinα
cosα ] '
, then A =
[
cosα sinα
−sinα cosα ]
Now, A' + A=I

Or [−sinα
cosα
cosα
+
][
sinα cosα −sinα
sinα cosα
=
1 0
0 1 ][ ]
Or [ 2 cos0 α 2 cos α ] [ 0 1 ]
0
=
1 0

1
⇒ cos α =
2
π
⇒ α=
3
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix.

There are six operations (transformations) on a matrix, three of which are due to rows and three due
to columns, which are known as elementary operations or transformations.
(i) The interchange of any two rows or two columns. Symbolically the interchange of i th and j th

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rows is denoted by Ri ↔ R j and interchange of i th and j th column is denoted by C i ↔ C j.

[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 −1 √3 1
R R −
For example, applying 1↔ 2 to A = 1 √3 1 we get = 1 2 1
5 6 7 5 6 7

(ii) The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non- zero number.
Symbolically, the multiplication of each element of the i th row by k, where k ≠ 0 is denoted by
Ri → k Ri . The corresponding column operation is denoted by Ci → k Ci

[ ]
1
1 2
1
For example, applying C 3 → C 3, to B =
7
1
−1 [ 2 1
√3 1 ]
, we get
−1 √3
7
1
7

( iii ) The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements of any other
row or column multiplied by any non - zero number. Symbolically, the addition to the elements of
i row, the corresponding elements of j row multiplied by k is denoted by Ri → Ri + k R j .
th th

The corresponding column operation is denoted by C i → C i + kC j

For example, applying R2 → R2−2 R1, to C = [ 12 −12 ] we get [ 10 −52 ]

Invertible Matrices.
Definition. If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the
same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is
denoted by A−1. In that case A is said to be invertible.

For example, A =[ 21 32] and B = [−12 −32 ] be two matrices.

Now, AB = [
1 2 ] [−1 2 ] [ 0 1 ]
2 3 2 −3 1 0
= =¿ I

Also BA = [ ] [ ] [ 0 1]
2 −3 2 3 1 0
= =¿ I Thus, B is inverse of A,
−1 2 1 2

in other words B = A−1 and A is inverse of B i.e., A = B−1

Note.
1. A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since for products BA and AB to
be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A and B should be square
matrices of the same order.
2. If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.

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Theorem 3 (Uniqueness of inverse) Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

Proof: Let A = [ a ij ] be a square matrix of order m. If possible, let B and C be two inverses of
A. We shall show that B = C.
Since B is the inverse of A
AB = BA = I ... (1)
Since C is also the inverse of A
AC = CA = I ... (2)
Thus B = BI = B (AC) = (BA) C = IC = C

Theorem 4. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then ( AB )−1=B−1 A−1

Proof. From the definition of inverse of a matrix, we have

( AB )( AB )−1=¿I
−1 −1 −1
Or A ( AB )( AB ) = A I (Pre multiplying both sides by A−1)

Or ( A−1 A ) B ( AB )−1=A −1 (since A−1 I = A−1 ¿

Or IB ( AB )−1= A−1

Or B ( AB )−1= A−1
−1 −1 −1 −1
Or B B ( AB ) =B A

Or I ( AB )−1=B−1 A−1

Hence, ( AB )−1=B−1 A−1

Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations.

Let X, A and B be matrices of, the same order such that X = AB. In order to apply a sequence of
elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will apply these row operations
simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
Similarly, in order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X
= AB, we will apply, these operations simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the
product AB on RHS.
In view of the above discussion, we conclude that if A is a matrix such that A−1 exists, then to
find A−1 using elementary row operations, write A = IA and apply a sequence of row operation on
A = IA till we get, I = BA. The matrix B will be the inverse of A. Similarly, if we wish to find
−1
A using column operations, then, write A = AI and apply a sequence of column operations on A
= AI till we get, I = AB.
Remark. In case, after applying one or more elementary row (column) operations on
A = IA (A = AI), if we obtain all zeros in one or more rows of the matrix A

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on L.H.S., then A−1 does not exist.

Example 23. By using elementary operations, find the inverse of the matrix A = [ 12 −12 ]
Solution: In order to use elementary row operations we may write A = IA.

Or [ 12 −12 ]=[ 10 01] A ,

Then [ ] [ −2 1 ]
1 2 1 0
= A (applying R2 → R2 −2 R 1)
0 −5

[ ]
1 0
Or [ ]
1 2
0 1
= 2
5
−1 A
5
(applying R2 →
−1
R)
5 2

[ ]
1 2
Or [ ]
1 0
0 1
=
5
2
5
−1
A (applying R1 → R1 −2 R2 )
5 5

[ ]
1 2
−1 5 5
Thus, A =
2 −1
5 5

Example 24. Obtain inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations,

[ ]
0 1 2
A= 1 2 3
3 1 1

[ ][ ]
0 1 2 1 0 0
Solution: Write A = IA, i.e., 1 2 3 = 0 1 0 A
3 1 1 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 0 1 0
Or 0 1 2=1 0 0 A (applying R1 ↔ R2 )
3 1 1 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 0 1 0
Or 0 1 2 =1 0 0 A applying R3 → R 3−3 R 1
0 −5 −8 0 −3 1

[ ][ ]
1 0 −1 −2 1 0
Or 0 1 2 = 1 0 0 A applying R1 → R1 −2 R2 ∧¿ R3 → R 3+5 R2
0 0 2 5 −3 1

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[ ]
−2 1 0

[ ]
1 0 −1
1 0 0 1
Or 0 1 2 =¿ A applying R3 → R )
5 −3 1 2 3
0 0 1
2 2 2

[ ]
1 −1 1

[ ]
1 0 0 2 2 2
Or 0 1 2 =¿ 1 0 0 A (applying R1 → R1 + R3 )
0 0 1 5 −3 1
2 2 2

][ ]
1 −1 1

[
1 0 0 2 2 2
Or 0 1 0 =¿ −4 3 −1 A (applying R2 → R2 −2 R 3)
0 0 1 5 −3 1
2 2 2

[ ]
1 −1 1
2 2 2
−1
Hence, A =¿ −4 3 −1
5 −3 1
2 2 2

Example 25. Find P−1 , if it exists, given P =

10 −2
−5 1 [ ]
Solution. We have P = I P

Or [−510 −21 ] = [ 10 01] P

[ ][ ]
−1 1
1 0 1
5 = 10 P (applying R1 → R )
10 1
−5 1 0 0

[ ][ ]
1
−1 0
1 10
5 = P (applying R2 → R2 +5 R1 )
1
0 0 1
2

We have all zeros in the second row of the left hand side matrix of the above equation.
Therefore, P−1 does not exist.

EXERCISE 3.4

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Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists in
Exercises 1 to 17.

1. [ 12 −13 ]
Solution.
Let A = [ 12 −13 ], therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[ 2 3 ] [ 0 1] A
1 −1
=
1 0

⇒
[ 10 −15 ]=[−21 01] A [ applying R → R −2 R ]
2 2 1

[ 5 5]
1 0
⇒[
1 −1
0 1 ] = −2 1 A
[ applying R → R
5 ]
1
2
2

[ ]
3 1
⇒
[ ]
1 0
0 1
=
5
−2
5
1
A [ applying R 1 → R 1+ R 2 ]
5 5

[ ]
3 1
−1 5 5
Hence , A =¿ −2 1
5 5

2. [ 21 11]
Solution

Let A = [ 21 11] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]

⇒
[ 21 11]=[ 10 01] A
⇒
[ 11 01]=[ 10 −11 ] A [ applying R → R −R ]
1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−11 −1 −2 ]
A [ applying R → R −R ]
2 2 1

Hence, A =[
−1 −2 ]
−1 1 −1

3. [ 12 37]
Solution

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Let A = [ 12 37] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]

⇒ [ ] [ 0 1]
1 3 1 0
¿ A
2 7
⇒
[ 10 31]=[−21 01] A [ applying R → R −2 R ]
2 2 1

⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−27 31] A [ applying R → R −3 R ]
1 1 2

Hence, A =[
−2 1 ]
−1 7 3

4. [ 25 37 ]
Solution. Let A = [ 25 37 ] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒ [ ] [ 0 1]
2 3 1 0
¿ A
5 7
⇒
[51 27]=[30 −11 ] A [ applying R → 3 R −R ] 1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 −32 ]=[−153 −16 ] A [ applying R → R −5 R ]
2 2 1

⇒
[ 10 21]=[35 −1 −2 ] A
[ applying R →
2
−1
3
R
]
2

⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−75 −23 ] A [ applying R → R −2 R ]
1 1 2

Hence, A =
−1
[−75 −23 ]
5. [ 27 14]
Solution. Let A = [ 27 14] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[ 27 14]=[10 01] A
⇒
[ 17 04]=[ 40 −11 ] A [ applying R → 4 R −R ]
1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 04]=[−284 −18 ] A [ applying R → R −7 R ]
2 2 1

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⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−74 −12 ] A [ 1
applying R2 → R
4 2 ]
Hence, A =[
−7 2 ]
4 −1
−1

6. [ 21 53]
Solution. Let A = [ 21 53] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒ [ 21 53] ¿ [10 01] A
⇒
[ 11 23]=[ 10 −11 ] A [ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]
⇒
[ 11 23]=[ 10 −11 ] A [ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]
⇒
[ 10 21]=[−11 −12 ] A [ applying R 2 → R 2−R1 ]
⇒
[ 0 1 ] [−1 2 ] A
1 0
=
3 −5
[ applying R 1 → R 1−2 R 2 ]

Hence, A =[
−1 2 ]
−1 3 −5

7. [ 35 12]
Solution. Let A = [ 35 12], therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[ 35 12]=[ 10 01] A
⇒
[51 02]=[ 20 −11 ] A [ applying R 1 → 2 R1−R 2 ]
⇒
[ 10 02]=[−102 −16 ] A [ applying R 2 → R 2−5 R1 ]
⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−52 −13 ] A [ 1
applying R2 → R
2 2 ]
Hence, A =¿ [
−5 3 ]
−1 2 −1

8. [ 43 54]
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Solution. Let A = [ 43 54] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]

⇒
[ 43 ]=[ 10 01] A
5
4
⇒
[ 13 ]=[ 10 −11 ] A
1
4
[ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]
⇒
[ 10 ]=[−31 −14 ] A
1
1
[ applying R 2 → R 2−3 R1 ]
⇒
[ 10 ]=[−34 −54 ] A
0
1
[ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]

Hence, A =[
−3 4 ]
−14 −5

9. [ 32 107 ]
Solution. Let A = [ ]
3 10
2 7
, therefore, A= AI where I =
1 0
0 1 [ ]
⇒
[ 32 107 ]=[ 10 01] A
⇒
[ 12 37]=[10 −11 ] A [ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]
⇒
[ 10 31]=[−21 −13 ] A [ applying R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 ]
⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[−27 −103 ] A [ applying R 1 → R 1−3 R2 ]

Hence, A =[
3 ]
−1 7 −10
−2

10. [−43 −12 ]

Solution. Let A = [−43 −12 ], therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[−43 −12 ]=[ 10 01] A
⇒
[−41 12]=[ 30 21] A [ applying R → 3 R +2 R ]
1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 61]=[ 123 29] A [ applying R → R + 4 R ]
2 2 1

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[ ]
3 2
⇒ [ ]
1 1
=
0 1 2
2 A
3
[ 1
applying R2 → R
6 2 ]

[ ]
1
1
⇒
[ 10 01 ]= 2 2
3
A [ applying R 1 → R 1−R2 ]
2

[ ]
1
1
−1 2
Hence, A =
3
2
2

11. [ 21 −6
−2 ]

Solution. Let A = [ 21 −6
−2 ], therefore, A= AI where I = [
0 1]
1 0

⇒
[ 21 −6
−2 ]=
[ 0 1]
1 0
A

⇒
[ 11 −2 ] [ 0 1 ]
−4
=
1 −1
A [ applying R → R −R ]
1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 2 ] [−1 2 ]
−4
=
1 −1
A [ applying R → R −R ]
2 2 1

1 ] [ 1 ]
1 −1
⇒
[ 10 −4
= −1
2
A
[ 2 ]
1
applying R → R
2
2

[ ]
−1 3
⇒ [ ]
1 0
0 1
= −1
2
1
A [ applying R 1 → R 1+ 4 R2 ]

[ ]
−1 3
−1
Hence, A = −1
1
2

12. [−26 −31 ]

Solution. Let A = [−26 −31 ] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[−26 −31 ]=[10 01] A
⇒
[ 60 −30 ]=[ 13 01 ] A [ applying R → R + 3 R ]
2 2 1

Here , all the elements of second row is zero . Hence, A−1 does not exists.

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matrices ch-3

Note : If elements of a row is proportional to elements of another row or If elements of a

column is proportional to elements of another column then the inverse do not exists, as whole
row or column can be made zero.

13. [ 2 −3
−1 2 ]
Solution. Let A = [−12 −32 ] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[−12 −32 ]=[10 01] A
⇒
[−11 −12 ]=[ 10 11] A [ applying R → R + R ]1 1 2

⇒
[ 10 −11 ]=[11 12] A [ applying R → R + R ]
2 2 1

⇒
[ 10 01 ]=[ 21 32] A [ applying R → R + R ]
1 1 2

Hence, A =
−1
[ 21 32]
14. [ 24 12]
Solution. Let A = [ 24 12] , therefore, A= AI where I = [ 10 01]
⇒
[ 24 12]=[ 10 01] A
⇒
[ 20 10 ]=[−21 01] A [ applying R → R −2 R ]
2 2 1

Here , all the elements of second row is zero . Hence, A−1 does not exists.

[ ]
2 −3 3
15. 2 2 3
3 −2 2

[ ] [ ]
2 −3 3 1 0 0
Solution. Let A = 2 2 3 , therefore, A= AI where I = 0 1 0
3 −2 2 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
2 −3 3 1 0 0
⇒ 2 2 3=0 1 0 A
3 −2 2 0 0 1

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matrices ch-3

[ ][ ]
1 1 4 1 1 −1
⇒ 2 2 3=0 1 0 A [ applying R 1 → R 1+ R 2−R3 ]
3 −2 2 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 1 4 1 1 −1
⇒ 0 0 −5 = −2 −1 2 A [ applying R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 ]
3 −2 2 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 1 4 1 1 −1
⇒ 0 0 −5 = −2 −1 2 A [ applying R 3 → R 3−3 R1 ]
0 −5 −10 −3 −3 4

[ ][ ]
1 1 4 1 1 −1
⇒ 0 −5 −10 = −3 −3 4 A [ applying R 3 ↔ R 2 ]
0 0 −5 −2 −1 2

][ ]
1 1 −1

[
1 1 4
⇒ 0 1 2 =
0 0 −5
3
5
3 −4
5 5
A
[ applying R2 →
−1
R
5 2 ]
−2 −1 2

[ ]
2 2 −1

[ ]
1 0 2 5 5 5
⇒ 0 1 2 = 3 3 −4 A applying R 1 → R 1−R2
0 0 −5 5 5 5
−2 −1 2

[ ]
2 2 −1
5 5 5

[ ]
1 0 2
⇒ 0 1 2=
0 0 1
3
5
3
5
−4
5
A [ applying R3 →
−1
R
5 3 ]
2 1 −2
5 5 5

][ ]
−2 3
0
5 5

[
1 0 0
−1 1
⇒ 0 1 0= 0 A applying R 1 → R 1−2 R 3 and R2 → R2 −2 R 3
5 5
0 0 1
2 1 −2
5 5 5

[ ]
−2 3
0
5 5
−1 −1 1
Hence, A = 0
5 5
2 1 −2
5 5 5

[ ]
1 3 −2
16. −3 0 −5
2 5 0

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[ ] [ ]
1 3 −2 1 0 0
Solution. Let A = −3 0 −5 , therefore, A= AI where I = 0 1 0
2 5 0 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⇒ −3 0 −5 ¿ 0 1 0 A
2 5 0 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⇒ 0 9 −11 = 3 1 0 A applying R 2 → R 2+ 3 R 1 and R3 → R 3−2 R 1
0 −1 4 −2 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⇒ 0 −1 4 = −2 0 1 A [ applying R 3 ↔ R 2 ]
0 9 −11 3 1 0

[ ][ ]
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⇒ 0 1 4 = −2 0 1 A [ applying R 2 →(−1)R 2 ]
0 9 −11 3 1 0

[ ][ ]
1 0 10 7 0 −3
⇒ 0 1 4 = −2 0 1 A applying R 1 → R 1−3 R2 and R3 → R 3−9 R2
0 0 25 −15 1 9

][ ]
−5 0 3

[
1 0 10
⇒ 0 1 −4 =
0 0 1
2
−3
0 −1
1 9
A
[ applying R3 →
1
R
25 3 ]
5 25 25

[ ]
−2 18
1 3−
5 5

[ ]
1 0 0
12 4 36
⇒ 0 1 0 = 2− −1+ A
5 25 25
0 0 1
−3 1 9
5 25 25

applying R 1 → R 1−10 R3 and R2 → R2 + 4 R3

][ ]
−2 −3
1
5 5

[
1 0 0
−2 4 11
⇒ 0 1 0= A
5 25 25
0 0 1
−3 1 9
5 25 25

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[ ]
−2 −3
1
5 5
−1 −2 4 11
Hence, A =
5 25 25
−3 1 9
5 25 25

[ ]
2 0 −1
17. 5 1 0
0 1 3

[ ] [ ]
2 0 −1 1 0 0
Solution. Let A = 5 1 0 , therefore, A= AI where I = 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
2 0 −1 1 0 0
⇒ 5 1 0 =0 1 0 A
0 1 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 −1 −3 3 −1 0
⇒ 5 1 0 =0 1 0 A [ applying R 1 → 3 R 1−R2 ]
0 1 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 −1 −3 3 −1 0
⇒ 0 6 15 = −15 6 0 A applying R 2 → R 2−5 R1
0 1 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 −1 −3 3 −1 0
⇒ 0 1 3 = 0 0 1 A [ applying R 3 ↔ R 2 ]
0 6 15 −15 6 0

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 3 −1 1
⇒ 0 1 3 = 0 0 1 A applying R 1 → R 1+ R 2 and R3 → R 3−6 R2
0 0 −3 −15 6 −6

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 3 −1 1
⇒ 0 1 3=0 0 1 A
0 0 1 5 −2 2
[ applying R3 →
−1
R
3 3 ]
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 3 −1 1
⇒ 0 1 0 = −15 6 −5 A applying R 2 → R 2−3 R3
0 0 1 5 −2 2

[ ]
3 −1 1
−1
Hence, A = −15 6 −5
5 −2 2

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18. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if

(A) AB = BA (B) AB = BA = 0
(C) AB = 0, BA = I (D) AB = BA = I
Solution.
We know that A A−1 =¿ I, so, AB=BA=¿ I.
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
Miscellaneous Examples

Example 26. If A = [−sinθ

cosθ sinθ
cosθ], then prove that An =¿
cos nθ sin nθ
[
−sin nθ cos nθ ]
Solution. We shall prove the result by using principle of mathematical induction.
We have P(n): If A = [
cosθ sinθ
−sinθ cosθ ]
, then An =¿
[
cos nθ sin nθ
−sin nθ cos nθ
,n ∈ N
]
P(1): A = [ cosθ sinθ
−sinθ cosθ ] 1
, so A = [
cosθ sinθ
−sinθ cosθ ]
Therefore, P (1) is true.
Let the result be true for n = k. So
P (k) = A k =¿ [ cos kθ sin kθ
−sin kθ cos kθ ]
Now, we prove the result holds for n = k + 1
Now, A k+1 = A Ak =¿ [cosθ sinθ cos kθ sin kθ
−sinθ cosθ −sin kθ cos kθ][ ]
=¿

=[ cos(θ +kθ) sin(θ+ kθ)

−sin(θ+ kθ) cos (θ+ kθ) ]
=¿
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Thus by principle of mathematical induction,
We have An =¿ [ cos nθ sin nθ
−sin nθ cos nθ ]
, holds for all natural numbers.

Example 27. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is
symmetric if and only if A and B commute, that is AB = BA.
Solution. Since A and B are both symmetric matrices, therefore A′ = A and B′ = B.
Let AB be symmetric, then (AB)′ = AB
But (AB)′ =B′A′= BA
Therefore, BA = AB
Conversely, if AB = BA, then we shall show that AB is symmetric.
Now (AB)′ =B′A′
= B A (as A and B are symmetric)
= AB

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Hence AB is symmetric.

Example 28. Let A = [ 23 −14 ] , B = [ 57 24], C= [ 23 58 ],

find matrix D such that CD− AB=O
Solution: Since A,B C are all square matrices of order 2 , and CD− AB is well defined, D must be
a square matrix of order 2.

Let D= [ ac bd ] then CD − AB=O gives

[ 23 58 ][ ac bd ]−[ 23 −14 ] [75 27 ]=O
[ 23 a+5 c 2b +5 d
a+8 c 3 b +8 d ]−
[ 3 0
43 22 ]=
[ 0 0]
0 0

[ 32a+8
a+5 c−3 2 b+ 5 d
c−43 3 b +8 d−22 ] =
[ 0 0]
0 0

By equality of matrices, we get

2a + 5c – 3 = 0 ... (1)
3a + 8c – 43 = 0 ... (2)
2b + 5d = 0 ... (3)
3b + 8d – 22 = 0 ... (4)
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = –191, c = 77. Solving (3) and (4), we get b = – 110, d = 44.

Therefore, D=
[−191
77
−110
44 ]
Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 3

1. Let A = [ 00 10], show that ( aI +bA ) =a I +n a

n n n−1
bA where I is the identity matrix of order 2
and n ∈ N
Solution. It is given that A = [ 00 10]
To show: ( aI +bA )n=an I +n a n−1 bA
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction.
For n = 1, we have:
P(n) : ( aI +bA )=aI + b a0 A=aI + bA
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
Let the result be true for n = k.

P(k) = ( aI +bA )k =ak I +n ak−1 bA

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Now, we prove that the result is true for n = k + 1.

Consider

( aI +bA )k+ 1=( aI +bA )k ( aI + bA )

= a k+1 I + k ak bAI + ak bIA+ k ak −1 b2 A 2

= a k+1 I + (k + 1)a k b A + k a k−1 b 2 A2 … (1)

Now A =
2
[ 00 10][ 00 10]=[ 00 00]=O
From (1) we get
k+1
a I + (k + 1)a kb A
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1.
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:

( aI +bA )n=an I +n a n−1 bA for all n ∈ N

[ ] [ ]
1 1 1 3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1
2. If A = 1 1 1 then prove that An = 3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1 , n∈ N
1 1 1 3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1

[ ]
3n−1 3n−1 3 n−1
Solution. Here, P(n) : An = 3n−1 3n−1 3 n−1
3n−1 3n−1 3 n−1

[ ][ ]
30 3 0 30 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
Therefore, P(1): A = 3 3 3 = 1 1 1 = A
30 3 0 30 1 1 1
Hence, the result is true for n = 1

[ ]
3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1
k
Let the result be true for n = k + 1, therefore, P(k) : A = 3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1
3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1
We have to prove that it is true for n = k+1 also. That is

[ ]
3k 3 k 3k
P(k+ 1): A k+1 = 3k 3 k 3k
3k 3 k 3k

[ ][ ]
3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1 1 1 1
L.H.S = A k+1= A k A= 3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1 1 1 1
3k−1 3 k−1 3k−1 1 1 1

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[ ]
3k−1 +3k−1 +3k−1 3 k−1+3 k−1+3 k−1 3k−1 +3k−1 +3k −1
= 3k−1 +3k−1 +3k−1 3 k−1+3 k−1+3 k−1 3k−1 +3k−1 +3k −1
3k−1 +3k−1 +3k−1 3 k−1+3 k−1+3 k−1 3k−1 +3k−1 +3k −1

[ ]
3.3k−1 3.3 k−1 3.3k−1
= 3.3k−1 3.3 k−1 3.3k−1
3.3k−1 3.3 k−1 3.3k−1

[ ]
3k 3 k 3k
= 3k 3 k 3k = R.H.S
3k 3 k 3k
Therefore, the result is true for n= k + 1. Hence, by principal of mathematical induction

[ ]
3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1
An = 3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1 ,is true for all n ∈ N .
3n−1 3 n−1 3n−1

3. If A = [ 31 −4
−1 ] then prove that A =[
n 1−2 n ]
1+2 n −4 n n
, where n is positive integer.

Solution. Here, P(n): A =[

1−2 n ]
1+2 n −4 n n
n

Therefore, P(1): A =[
1−2(1) ] [ 1 −1 ]
1+2(1) −4(1) = 3 −4 = A
1

Hence, the result is true for n = 1

Let the result be true for n = k , therefore, P(k) : A k = [ 1+k2 k −4 k

1−2 k ]
We have to prove that it is true for n = k+1 also. That is

P(k+ 1): A k+1 =

k +1 [
1+ 2(k +1) −4 (k +1)
1−2(k +1) ]
L.H.S = A k+1= A k A= [ 1+k2 k
−4 k 3 −4
1−2 k 1 −1 ][ ]
= [
3+6 k −4 k −4−8 k + 4 k
3 k+ 1−2 k −4 k−1+ 2 k ]
= [
1+ 2(k +1) −4 k −4
k +1 1−2(k +1) ]
k +1
= [
1+ 2(k +1) −4 (k +1)
1−2(k +1)
= R.H.S ]
Therefore, the result is true for n= k + 1. Hence, by principal of mathematical induction
n
A=
n [
1+2 n −4 n
1−2 n ]
is true for all natural numbers n.

4. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution. ( AB – BA )' = ( AB )' −( BA )' [ ∵ ( X−Y )' =X ' −Y ' ]

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= B' A' − A ' B' [ ∵ ( XY )' =Y ' X ' ]

= BA− AB [ ∵ B=B ' ∧A= A ' ]
= −(AB−BA)
Therefore, AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

5. Show that the matrix B′AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or
skew symmetric.
Solution.
If A is a symmetric matrix then A' = A
'
Here, ( B' AB ) =( AB )' ( B' )
'
[ ∵ ( AB )' =B' A ' ]
= B' A' B [ ∵ ( B ) =B ]
' '

= B' AB [ ∵ Given ( A )' = A ]

'
⇒ ( B' AB ) =B' AB

Hence , the matrix B′AB is also symmetric.

If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A' =− A
'
Here, ( B' AB ) =( AB )' ( B' )
'
[ ∵ ( AB )' =B' A ' ]
= B' A' B [ ∵ ( B ) =B ]
' '

= −B' AB [ ∵ Given ( A )' = A ]

'
⇒ ( B' AB ) =−B' AB

Hence , the matrix B′AB is also skew symmetric.

[ ]
0 2y z
6. Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix A= x y −z satisfy the equation A' A=¿ I
x −y z

Solution. Given that A' A=I

[ ][ ][ ]
'
0 2y z 0 2y z 1 0 0
x y −z x y −z = 0 1 0
x −y z x −y z 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
0 2y z 0 x x 1 0 0
x y −z 2 y y − y = 0 1 0
x −y z z −z z 0 0 1

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[ ][ ]
0+ 4 y 2 + z 2 0+2 y 2−z 2 0−2 y 2+ z 2 1 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 0+2 y −z x + y + z x − y −z = 0 1 0
2 2 2
0−2 y + z x − y −z 2 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 0 0 1

If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal. Therefore,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 y + z =1, 2 y −z =0 and x + y + z =1
1 1 1
On solving, we get x=± , y=± and z=±
√2 √6 √3

[ ][ ]
1 2 0 0
7. For what values of x : [ 1 2 1 ] 2 0 1 2 =O ?
1 0 2 x

[ ][ ]
1 2 0 0
Solution Given that[ 1 2 1 ] 2 0 1 2 =O
1 0 2 x

[]
0
Or [ 1+4 +1 2+0+ 0 0+2+2 ] 2 =O
x

[]
0
Or [ 6 2 4 ] 2 =O
x

Or [ 0+ 4+ 4 x ] =[0]
⇒ 4 x+ 4=0
⇒ x=−1
8. If A = [3 1
−1 2 ]
, show that A2−5 A+ 7 I =0

Solution. L.H.S = A2−5 A+ 7 I

= [−13 12] [−13 12]−5 [−13 12]+7 [ 10 01 ]

=[
−3−2 −1+4 ] [−5 10 ] [ 0 7 ]
9−1 3+2 15 5 7 0
− +

= [ ] +[ [
5 −10 0 7 ]]
8 5 −15 −5 7 0
+
−5 3

=[ [
−5+5+0 3−10+ 7 0 0 ]
]
8−15+7 5−5+ 0 0 0
= =O=R . H . S

[ ][ ]
1 0 2 x
9. Find x if [ x −5 −1 ] 0 2 1 4 =O
2 0 3 1

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[ ][ ]
1 0 2 x
Solution. Given that [ x −5 −1 ] 0 2 1 4 =O
2 0 3 1

[]
x
⇒ [ x +0−2 −10 2 x−8 ] 4 =O
1

⇒ [ x 2−2 x−40+2 x−8 ] =[0]

2
⇒ x =48
⇒ x=± 4 √ 3
10. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets. Annual sales
are indicated below:
Markets Products
I 10,000 2,000 18,000
II 6,000 20,000 8,000
(a) If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs2.50, Rs1.50 and Rs1.00, respectively, find the total
revenue in each market with the help of matrix algebra.
(b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs2.00, Rs1.00 and 50paise, respectively.
Find the gross profit.
Solution (a) If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs2.50, Rs1.50 and Rs1.00, then
Product selling price

[ ]
Market
x y z ₹ 2.50
I
II [
10000 2000 18000
6000 20000 8000 ] ₹ 1.50
₹ 1.00

Total revenue of each market

][ ][
₹ 2.50
= [ 10000 2000 18000
6000 20000 8000
₹ 1.50 =
₹ 1.00
₹ 25000+ ₹ 3000+₹ 18000
₹ 15000+₹ 30000+ ₹ 8000
=
₹ 46000
₹ 53000] [ ]
Hence, the revenue of market I is ₹ 46000 and that of market II is ₹ 53000
(b)If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs2.00, Rs1.00 and 50paise, then
Product cost price

[ ]
Market
x y z ₹ 2.00
I
II [
10000 2000 18000
6000 20000 8000 ] ₹ 1.00
₹ .50

Gross profit from each market

][ ][
₹ 2.00
= [
10000 2000 18000
6000 20000 8000
₹ 1.00 =
₹ .50
₹ 20000+ ₹ 2000+₹ 9000
₹ 12000+₹ 20000+₹ 4000
=
₹ 31000
₹ 36000 ] [ ]
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Total revenue from Market I is ₹ 46000 and cost ₹ 31000

Therefore, the gross profit = Revenue −cost =₹ 46000−₹ 31000=₹ 15000
Total revenue from Market II is ₹ 53000 and cost ₹ 36000
Therefore, the gross profit from market II = Revenue −cost =₹ 53000−₹ 36000=₹ 17000

11. Find matrix X so that X [ 14 5 6 2 ][

2 3 −7 −8 −9
=
4 6 ]
Solution. Let = [ ac bd ]
⇒
[ ac bd ][ 14 25 36]=[−72 −84 −96 ]
⇒
[ a+c+ 44db 22c++5
a+5 b 3 a+6 b
d 3 c+ 6 d ] =[
−7
2
−8 −9
4 6 ]
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal.
a+ 4 b=−7 … (1)
2 a+5 b=−8 , … (2)
c + 4 d=2 … (3)
¿ 2 c+ 5 d=4 … (4)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
a −b 1
= = or a = 1 and b = −2
32−35 8−14 5−8
Solving (3) and (4) we get
c −d 1
= = or c = 2, and d = 0
−16+10 −4 +4 5−8

12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA, then prove by induction
that A Bn = Bn A . Further, prove that ( AB )n = An Bn for all n ∈ N.

Solution.
Here, P(n): A Bn = Bn A
Therefore, P (1): AB = BA
Hence, the result is true for n = 1
Let it be true for n = k , so, P(k): A Bk = Bk A
Now we have to prove that it is true for n = k + 1 also. That is

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P(k + 1): A Bk+1 = Bk+1 A

L.H.S= A Bk+1 = A. Bk . B

= Bk AB [ ∵ A B k =B k . A ]

= Bk BA [ ∵ AB=BA ]
= Bk+1 A = R.H.S
Therefore, the result is true for n= k + 1. Hence, by principal of mathematical induction
n n
A B = B A is true for all natural number n.
(ii)If ( AB )n = An Bn

Here, P(n): ( AB )n = An Bn

Therefore, P(1): (AB) = A1 B 1=AB

Hence, the result is true for n = 1
Let it be true for n = k , so, P(k):¿ = A k Bk
Now we have to prove that it is true for n = k + 1 also. That is
P(k + 1): ¿ = A k+1 Bk +1

L.H.S= ¿ =( AB )k ( AB)

= A k Bk AB ¿

= A k A Bk B [ ∵ AB=BA ]
= A k+1 Bk +1= R.H.S
Therefore, the result is true for n= k + 1. Hence, by principal of mathematical induction
¿ = An Bn is true for all natural number n.
Choose the correct answer in the following questions:

13. If A = [ αγ βδ ] such that A =I then

2

(A) 1+α 2+ αβ=0 (B) 1−α 2 +αβ =0

( C ) 1−α 2−αβ=0 (D) 1+α 2−αβ =0

Solution. Given that A2=I

[ αγ βδ ][ αγ βδ ]=[ 10 01]
[ ] 0 1]
[
2
α + βγ αβ + βγ 1 0
⇒ =
γα +γ 2 γβ +δ 2

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On comparing we get,
2 2
α + βγ=1 or 1−α −αβ=0
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
14. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
(A) A is a diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix
(C) A is a square matrix (D) None of these
Solution. We know that only zero matrix is always both symmetric and skew symmetric.
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

15. If A is a square matrix such that A2= A , then ( I + A )3−7 A is equal to

(A) A (B) I – A (C) I (D) 3A

Solution. ( I + A )3−7 A

= I 3+ 3 I 2 A +3 I A2 + A3−7 A
2
¿ I + 3 A +3 A + A A−7 A [ ∵ I 3=I 2=I , A 2= A ,∧IA =A ]
= I+ 6A + A . A−7 A = I + 6 A + A−7 A=I
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

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