CEHDRA2

(Hydraulics 2)

Department of Civil Engineering

De La Salle University
Term 2 AY 2020-2021
 Piping System:
Pipes in Series and
Parallel
W2-3

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Topics
◼ Losses in Piping System
◼ Simple Pipe Systems: Pipes in Series and Parallel

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◼ Piping systems are considered to
be composed of elements and
components.
(a) single pipe
◼ Basically, pipe elements are
reaches of constant-diameter
piping, and the components
consist of valves, tees, bends,
reducers, or any other device
that may create a loss to the
system.
(b) distribution network

◼ In addition to components and

elements, pumps add energy to
the system and turbines extract
energy.

◼ The elements and components

are linked at junctions.
(c) tree network
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Pipe systems
 Losses in Piping System
◼ Losses can be divided into two categories:
A. Due to wall shear in pipe elements
- distributed along the length of pipe elements
B. Due to piping components.
- treated as discrete discontinuities in the hydraulic and energy
grade lines and are commonly referred to as minor losses;
◼ Both are due primarily to separated or secondary flows.
◼ It is convenient to express the pipe element frictional loss in the
exponential form:

◼ in which hL is the head loss over length L of pipe, R is the resistance

coefficient, Q is the discharge in the pipe, and b is an exponent.
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 Losses in Piping System
◼ Depending on the formulation chosen, the resistance
coefficient may be a function of pipe roughness, Reynolds
number, or length and diameter of the pipe element.
◼ In particular, the Darcy–Weisbach relation, can be
substituted where β = 2, and the resulting expression for R
is:

◼ where f is the friction factor.

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 Losses in Piping System
◼ The friction factor formula developed by Swamee and Jain can be
substituted to resistance coefficient (R) as shown:

The Swamee and Jain and R equation valid over the ranges:
0.01 > e/D > 10-8 and 108 > Re > 5000
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◼ The fully rough regime, where Re has a negligible effect on f, begins at a Reynold
number given by:

◼ For values of Re greater than this, the friction factor is a function only of e/D, and
given by:

◼ Two additional expressions for pipe frictional losses, which have found wide use, ar
the Hazen–Williams and Chezy–Manning formulas. For water flow, the value of
for the Hazen–Williams relation is:

in which the exponents are β =1.85 and m = 4.87, and C is the Hazen–William
coefficient dependent only on the roughness.

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 Nominal Values of the Hazen–Williams Coefficient C

◼ The Chezy–Manning equation is more commonly associated with open-

channel flow.
R= A/P (ft, m)- Hydraulic radius
S= slope of EGL (m/m)

◼ However, in sewage and drainage systems in particular, it has been applied to

conduits flowing under surcharge, that is, under pressurized conditions.
◼ The Chezy–Manning equation:
Resistance coeff.

◼ in which n is the Manning roughness coefficient.

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 Losses in Piping System
◼ An advantage to using Hazen-Williams or Chezy-
Mannings as opposed to the derived resistance coefficient
R using Swamee and Jain is that in the first two, C and n
are dependent on roughness only, while in the last, f
depends on the Reynolds number as well as the
relative roughness.
◼ However, the derived resistance coefficient R using
Swamee and Jain is recommended since it provides a
more precise representation of pipe frictional losses.
◼ Note that the Hazen–Williams and Chezy–Manning
relations are dimensionally inhomogeneous, whereas the
Swamee–Jain equation is dimensionally homogeneous
and contains the two parameters e/D and Re, which
appropriately
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 Losses in Piping System
◼ The limitations of the Hazen–Williams and Chezy–Manning formulas are
demonstrated as follows.
◼ The head loss using Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient is equated to
the head loss using Hazen–Williams coefficient to derive an equation for
friction factor f.
head loss (hL) head loss (hL)
exponent β=2.0
Hazen–Williams coefficient, with β=1.85.

Darcy–Weisbach
resistance
coefficient

Introducing the Reynolds number to

eliminate Q and solving for the friction factor With SI
f results in: units and
for water
at 20°C

11
that f is weakly dependent uponForDCEHDRA2
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 Losses in Piping System
◼ The head loss using Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient is equated to
the head loss using The Chezy–Manning coefficient to derive an equation
for friction factor f.

head loss (hL) head loss (hL)

exponent β=2.0 exponent β=2.0

Darcy–Weisbach
resistance
coefficient

The formulation is therefore equal to:

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 Comparison of several approximate formulas with the original Colebrook formula.
◼ Comparisons between the original Colebrook formula, the formula of Swamee and
Jain, and the equivalent expressions for the Hazen–Williams and Manning
coefficients are shown for a 1-m-diameter concrete pipe flowing full with water
(C=130, n=0.012, e/D=0.00015).
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 Comparison of several approximate formulas with the original Colebrook formula.
◼ It is evident that the Hazen–Williams and Chezy–Manning relations are valid over a
limited range of Re, and that derived resistance coefficient R using Swamee and Jain
provides a more versatile and accurate estimate of pipe losses.

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 Example 1

◼ A pipeline is conveying 0.05 m3/s of water, at 30°C.

The length of the line is 300 m, and the diameter is
0.25 m. Estimate the head loss due to friction using
the three formulas:
(a) Darcy–Weisbach (e = 0.5 mm)
(b) Hazen–Williams (C = 110)
(c) Chezy–Manning (n = 0.012)

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Example 1 Solution
𝑚 2
◼ Given: Q = 0.05 m3/s, L = 300 m, D = 0.25 m, 𝑣 = 0.804𝑥10−6 @30°𝐶
𝑠

a) hL Darcy–Weisbach (e = 0.5 mm) (β =2.0)

Q 0.05 𝑚
𝑄 = v𝐴; v = = 𝜋 = 1.0186
A 2 𝑠
4 ∗ 0.25
vD 1.0186 ∗ 0.25 5
Re = = = 3.1673𝑥10
𝑣 0.804𝑥10−6
𝑒 0.5
= = 0.002
𝐷 250
0.9 −2
𝐿 𝑒 1
𝑅 = 1.07 ln 0.27 + 5.74
𝑔𝐷5 𝐷 𝑅𝑒
0.9 −2
300 1
𝑅 = 1.07 ln 0.27 0.002 + 5.74 = 610.0046 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(0.255 ) 3.1673𝑥105

ℎ𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄𝛽 = 𝑅𝑄2 = 610.0046 ∗ 0.052 = 1.5250 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎

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Example 1 Solution
𝑚 2
Given: Q = 0.05 m3/s, L = 300 m, D = 0.25 m, 𝑣 = 0.804𝑥10−6 @30°𝐶
𝑠

b) hL Hazen–Williams (C = 110) (K1 = 10.59 (SI) or 4.72 (English), β =1.85

and m = 4.87)
𝐾1 𝐿 10.59 ∗ 300 2 /𝑚 5
𝑅= = = 454.4362 𝑠
𝐶𝛽 𝐷𝑚 1101.85 (0.254.87 )
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄𝛽 = 𝑅𝑄1.85 = 454.4362 ∗ 0.051.85 = 1.7806 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝒎

c) Chezy–Manning (n = 0.012) (K2 = 1.0 (SI) or 2.22 (English) and β =2.0)

10.29𝑛2 𝐿 10.29(0.0122 ) ∗ 300

𝑅= 5.33
= 5.33
= 719.2484 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
𝐾2 𝐷 1.0(0.25 )
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄𝛽 = 𝑅𝑄2.0 = 719.2484 ∗ 0.052 = 1.7981 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝒎
Part (a) with hL= 1.52 m is the most accurate. The Hazen–Williams result is 17% too
high, and the Chezy–Manning result is 18% too high.

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Simple Pipe Systems
◼ The principles of continuity and energy are used to
analyze pipe systems.
◼ The predicted parameters are discharge and piezometric
head.
◼ Types of Simple Pipe Systems:
◼ Series Piping
◼ Parallel Piping
◼ Branch Piping

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 Simple Pipe Systems: Series Piping
◼ The series system consists of N pipe elements with a specified number
of minor-loss components ∑K associated with each ith pipe element.

A single minor
loss:
It is convenient here to
express the minor loss in
terms of the discharge Q.
◼ For many flow situations, it is common practice to neglect the kinetic-
energy terms at the inlet and outlet; they would be significant only if
the velocities were relatively high.

Series System
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 Simple Pipe Systems: Series Piping
Assuming β=2, the energy equation applied from location A
to location B:
Pipe 1 Pipe 2

Eq. 1

Pipe n

Ri is the resistance coefficient for pipe i

negligible

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Simple Pipe Systems: Series Piping

◼ The statement of continuity for the series system is

that the discharge in every element is identical or
Eq. 2

◼ Replacing Qi with Q, Eq. 1 becomes:

Eq. 3

◼ For the losses, these are accumulative; that is,

they are the sum of the minor loss components
and the pipe frictional losses.
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 Simple Pipe Systems: Series Piping
◼ Category 1 problem, the right-hand side of Eq.3 is known
(piezometric head) and the solution is straightforward.

Note: No machine

◼ Category 2 problem, in which Q is unknown, a trial-and-error

solution is required, since the Reynolds number, in terms of the
unknown discharge (Re = 4Q/πvD), is present in the friction
factor relation.
 Note that if flow in the fully rough zone is assumed, friction
factor is independent of Q and Eq.3 reduces to a quadratic in
Q.

◼ Category 3 problem is not (usually) encountered in this type of

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analysis.
 Example 2
◼ For the system shown, find the required power to pump 100 L/s of liquid (S =
0.85, v = 10-5 m2/s). The pump is operating at an efficiency η=0.75. Pertinent
data are given in the figure.
◼ Line 1: L=10 m, D=0.20 m, e=0.05 mm, K1=0.5, Kv=2
◼ Line 2: L=500 m, D=0.25 m, e=0.05 mm, Ke=0.25, K2=1

p = 200 kPa

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Example 2 Solution
◼ Given: Q = 100 L/s of liquid (S = 0.85, v = 10-5
m2/s), η=0.75
CategoryLine 1:theL=10
1 Problem solution ism, D=0.20 m, e=0.05 mm,
straightforward.

K1=0.5,𝑄K=v100 =2;
𝐿 𝐿 𝑚3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜 1𝐿 =
1 3
𝑚 =
100
= 0.1
𝑚3
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1000 1000 𝑠
Line 2: L=500 m, D=0.25 m, e=0.05 mm,
Energy Equation:

Ke=0.25, K2=1 𝑝
+𝑧 +𝐻 =
𝑝
+𝑧 + ෍ 𝑅 +
𝑁
σ𝐾
𝑄 2
𝑃 𝑖
𝛾 𝐴
𝛾 𝐵
2𝑔𝐴2𝑖
𝑖=1

Computing the resistance coefficient:

0.9 −2
𝐿 𝑒 1
𝑅 = 1.07 ln 0.27 + 5.74
𝑔𝐷5 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

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Example 2 Solution
Given: Q = 100 L/s of liquid (S = 0.85, v = 10-5 m2/s), η=0.75
Line 1: L=10 m, D=0.20 m, e=0.05 mm, K1=0.5, Kv=2;
Line 2: L=500 m, D=0.25 m, e=0.05 mm, Ke=0.25, K2=1

Line 1
vD 𝑄𝐷1 4𝑄 4 ∗ 0.1 4
R e1 = = = = = 6.3661𝑥10
𝑣 𝐴1 𝑣 𝜋𝐷1 𝑣 𝜋0.2(10−5 )
𝑒 0.05
= = 0.00025
𝐷 1 200
Line 2
vD 𝑄𝐷2 4𝑄 4 ∗ 0.1
R e2 = = = = −5
= 5.0930𝑥104
𝑣 𝐴2 𝑣 𝜋𝐷2 𝑣 𝜋0.25(10 )
𝑒 0.05
= = 0.0002
𝐷 2 250

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Example 2 Solution
Given: Q = 100 L/s of liquid (S = 0.85, v = 10-5 m2/s), η=0.75
Line 1: L=10 m, D=0.20 m, e=0.05 mm, K1=0.5, Kv=2;
Line 2: L=500 m, D=0.25 m, e=0.05 mm, Ke=0.25, K2=1
0.9 −2
𝐿 𝑒 1
𝑅 = 1.07 ln 0.27 + 5.74
𝑔𝐷5 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

0.9 −2
10 1
𝑅1 = 1.07 ln 0.27 0.00025 + 5.74 = 53.4388 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(0.25 ) 6.3661𝑥104

0.9 −2
500 1
𝑅2 = 1.07 ln 0.27 0.0002 + 5.74 = 904.6980𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(0.255 ) 5.0930𝑥104

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Example 2 Solution
The minor loss coefficient terms are calculated to be:
𝑒 0.05
𝐾1 + 𝐾𝑣 0.5 + 2 R e1 = 6.3661𝑥104 ; = = 0.00025
= = 129.1045 𝐷 1 200
2𝑔𝐴12 𝜋 2
2 ∗ 9.81 4 ∗ 0.22 𝑅1 = 53.4388 𝑠 /𝑚 2 5
𝑒 4
0.05
2𝐾𝑒 + 𝐾2 2(0.25) + 1 R e2 = 5.0930𝑥10 ; = = 0.0002
𝐷 2 250
= 2 = 31.7287
2𝑔𝐴22 𝜋 𝑅2 = 904.6980 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
2 ∗ 9.81 4 ∗ 0.252
Substitute these values into the energy equation and obtain
𝑁
𝑝 𝑝 σ𝐾
+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + ෍ 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑄2
𝛾 𝐴
𝛾 𝐵
2𝑔𝐴2𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑝 𝑝 𝐾1 +𝐾𝑣 2𝐾𝑒 +𝐾2

+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + 𝑅1 + + 𝑅2 + 𝑄2
𝛾 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵 2𝑔𝐴21 2𝑔𝐴22

200 ∗ 1000 53.4388 +

0 + 10 𝐴 + 𝐻𝑃 = + 20 + (0.12 )
0.85 ∗ 9810 129.1045 + 904.6980 + 31.7287
𝐵
10 + 𝐻𝑃 = 23.9851 + 20 + 1118.97 (0.12 )
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Example 2 Solution
10 + 𝐻𝑃 = 23.9851 + 20 + 11.1887
𝐻𝑃 = 45.1738 𝑚
𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 9810 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 45.1738
𝑊ሶ𝑃 = = = 50224.2308 𝑊 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝑾
𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 0.75

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 Example 3
◼ Water at 20°C is being pumped through the
three pipes in series as shown. The power
delivered to the pump is 1920 kW, and the
pump efficiency is 0.82. Compute the
discharge.

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 B

Example 3 Solution A
Given:
Power: 1920 kW, and the pump efficiency = 0.82

Energy Equation:
𝑁
𝑝 𝑝 σ𝐾
+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + ෍ 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑄2
𝛾 𝐴
𝛾 𝐵
2𝑔𝐴2𝑖
𝑖=1

σ𝐾 σ𝐾 σ𝐾
0+0 𝐴 + 𝐻𝑃 = 0 + 𝑧 𝐵+ 𝑅+ + 𝑅+ + 𝑅+ 𝑄2
2𝑔𝐴2 1
2𝑔𝐴2 2
2𝑔𝐴2 3

𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 ሶ
𝑊𝑃 𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: 𝑊ሶ𝑃 = , 𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝛾𝑄
𝑊ሶ𝑃 𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 2 0 10
= 50 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 𝑄2
𝛾𝑄 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 9.81 ∗ 1.52 2 9.81 ∗ 12 2 9.81 ∗ 1.22
4 1 4 2 4 3
1920𝑥103 ∗ 0.82 2 0 10
= 50 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 𝑄2
9810𝑄 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋
2 9.81 ∗ 1.52 2 9.81 ∗1 2 9.81 ∗ 1.22
4 1 4 2 4 3
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Example 3 Solution
Compute the resistance coefficients assuming high Re-number flows:
0.9 −2
𝐿 𝑒 1
𝑅 = 1.07 ln 0.27 + 5.74
𝑔𝐷5 𝐷 𝑅𝑒
−2
200 1
𝑅1 = 1.07 ln 0.27 = 0.0386 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(1.55 ) 1500
−2
Substitute 300 1
R1, R2, R3, 𝑅2 = 1.07 ln 0.27 = 0.4846 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(15 ) 1000
R4 to the
−2
energy 120 1
equation: 𝑅3 = 1.07 ln 0.27 = 0.0746 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
9.81(1.25 ) 1200
1920𝑥103 ∗ 0.82 2 0 10
= 50 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 + 𝑅+ 2 𝑄2
9810𝑄 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋
2 9.81 ∗ 1.52 2 9.81 ∗1 2 9.81 ∗ 1.22
4 1 4 2 4 3

160.4893
= 50 + 0.0386 + 0.0326 1 + 0.4846 + 0 2 + 0.0746 + 0.3985 3 𝑄2
𝑄
160.4893
Simplify: = 50 + 1.0289 𝑄2 ; 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎𝑸 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝑸𝟑
𝑄
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Example 3 Solution
◼ To solve for Q use Newton-Raphson Method
◼ Recall: The Newton—Raphson method (Ralston and Wilf, 1967; Carnahan et
al., 1969) is a numerical iterative procedure that can be used to solve nonlinear
equations.
◼ An iterative procedure is a technique of successive approximations, and each
approximation is called an iteration.
◼ If the successive approximations approach the solution very closely, we say that
the iterations converge.
◼ Let f (x) = 0 be the equation to be solved for x. The Newton—Raphson method
requires an initial estimate of x, say 𝑥ො0 , such that f ( 𝑥ො0 ) is close to zero
preferably, and then the first approximate iteration is given by:

◼ where f’ (𝑥ො0 ) is the first derivative of f (x) evaluated at 𝑥 = 𝑥ො0 . In general, the
(k+1)th iteration or approximation is given by:
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Example 3 Solution Initial estimate Q=2.0 𝑚3 /s
function
1st derivative of function

◼ where f’ (𝑥ො𝑘 ) is the first derivative of f (x) evaluated at 𝑥 = 𝑥ො𝑘 . The iteration terminates
at the kth iteration if f (𝑥ො𝑘 ) is close enough to zero or the difference between 𝑥ො𝑘 and
𝑥ො𝑘−1 is negligible. The stopping rule is rather subjective. Acceptable rules are that f
(𝑥ො𝑘 ) or d = 𝑥ො𝑘 − 𝑥ො𝑘−1 is in the neighborhood of 10-6 or 10-7.
160.4893 = 50𝑄 + 1.0289 𝑄3
𝑓(𝑄) = 1.0289 𝑄3 + 50𝑄 − 160.4893
𝑓 ′ 𝑄 = 3 ∗ 1.0289 𝑄2 + 50
𝑓 ′ 𝑄 = 3.0867𝑄2 + 50
3
Iteration Q (m /s) f f' ∆Q = -f/f’
1 2.0 - 62.346 +0.8382
52.2581 8
2 2+∆Q=2.8382 4.9442 74.864 -0.0660
5
3 2.8382+∆Q=2.772 0.0410 73.721 -0.00056
2 6
Q =1/8/2024 3 33
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 Simple Pipe Systems: Parallel Piping

◼ A parallel piping arrangement is shown; it is

essentially an arrangement of N pipe elements
joined at A and B with ∑K minor loss
components associated with each pipeEq.element
The total flow rate is the sum of the flow
rates in individual pipes.
4

i.
◼ The continuity equation applied at either
Eq. 3
location A or B is given by:

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 Simple Pipe Systems: Parallel Piping
◼ The algebraic sum of the energy grade line around any
defined loop must be zero.
◼ As in the case of series piping, it is customary to assume
that:
◼ Hence, for any pipe element i, the energy equation from
location A to B is:
Eq. 5

◼ The unknowns in Eqs. 4 and 5 are the discharges Qi and

the difference in piezometric head between A and B; the
discharge Q into the system is assumed known. For pipes in
parallel, the head loss is the same in each pipe.
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 Simple Pipe Systems: Parallel Piping
◼ It is possible to convert the minor loss terms using
an equivalent length. For each pipe element i the
equivalent length Le for ∑K minor loss components
Eq. 6
is:

◼ Thus Eq. 5 simplifies to the form:

Note that the right-hand side of
ഥ𝑖 is
Eq. 7 is equivalent to the term Ri
Eq. 7 pipe resistance coefficient 𝑅
in which the modified + K/(2gAi2) where Ri is
given by: expressed as:
Note 𝑅ത 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒.
For CEHDRA2 Use Only 1/8/2024 36
 Simple Pipe Systems: Parallel Piping
◼ A solution employing the method of successive
substitution is developed in the following
manner. The equation can be
solved for Qi in terms of
 Define the variable W to be the W. change in
hydraulic grade line between A and B; that is, W=
(p/γ + z)A -below
When the equations
(p/γare+combined,
z)B . this can eliminate the unknown discharges
Qi:
The remaining unknown W is
taken out of the summation
sign since it is the same in all
pipes. Therefore the simplified
equation is:

1/8/2024 37
 Simple Pipe Systems: Parallel Piping
◼ An iterative procedure can be formulated to solve for W
and the discharges Qi as follows:
1. Assume flows in each line to be in the completely rough
zone, and compute an initial estimate of the friction factors
in each line using:

2. Compute 𝑅ത𝑖 for each pipe and evaluate W using:

3. Compute Qi in each pipe using:
4. Update the estimates of the friction factors in each line
using the current values of Qi and using this equation:

5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until the unknowns W and Qi do not

Note that if friction factors are in the completely rough zone so that they are
vary withinof athe
independent desired tolerance.
discharge and therefore constant, steps 4 and 5 are
unnecessary and a solution results on the first iteration.
For CEHDRA2 Use Only 1/8/2024 38
 Example 4
◼ Find the distribution of flow and the drop in
hydraulic grade line for the three-parallel pipe
arrangement shown. Use variable friction
factors with v = 10-6 m2/s. The total water
discharge is Q = 0.020 m3/s.

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Example 4 Solution
Given:
◼Step v = 10 -6 m2/s, Q = 0.020 m3/s
1 Assume flows in each line to be
in the completely rough zone, and
compute an initial estimate of the
friction factors in each line using:
𝑒 −2
𝑓 = 1.325 ln 0.27
𝐷
𝑒1 0.1
= = 0.0020
𝐷1 0.05 ∗ 1000
𝑒2 0.2
= = 0.0027
𝐷2 0.075 ∗ 1000 𝑒 −2
𝑓2 = 1.325 ln 0.27
𝑒3 0.1 𝐷
= = 0.0012 −2
𝐷3 0.085 ∗ 1000 = 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0027 = 0.0254
−2 𝑒 −2
𝑒
𝑓1 = 1.325 ln 0.27 𝑓3 = 1.325 ln 0.27
𝐷 𝐷
−2 −2
= 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0020 = 0.0234 = 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0012 = 0.0205
1/8/2024 40
For CEHDRA2 Use Only
Example 4 Solution
Step 2.1 to 2.3 Compute 𝑅ത𝑖 for each pipe and evaluate W using:
2
𝑄 8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
𝑊= (Step 2.3)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑅ത𝑖 = (Step 2.2); 𝐿𝑒 𝑖
1 2
𝑔𝜋 𝐷𝑖5
σ𝑁
𝑖=1
𝑅ത𝑖
𝐷𝑖
= ෍ 𝐾 (Step 2.1) Recall! W= (p/γ + z)A - (p/γ + z)B
𝑓𝑖

Step 2.1
𝐷𝑖 0.05
𝐿𝑒 1 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 10 = 21.3675 m
𝑓𝑖 0.0234

𝐷𝑖 0.075
𝐿𝑒 2 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 3 = 8.8583 m
𝑓𝑖 0.0254

𝐷𝑖 0.085
𝐿𝑒 3 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 2 = 8.2927 m
𝑓𝑖 0.0205

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Example 4 Solution
Step 2.2 Step 2.3
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] 𝑄 2
ത
𝑅1 = 𝑊=
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5 1
σ𝑁
𝑖=1
8 ∗ 0.0234[100 + 21.3675] 𝑅ത𝑖
=
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.055 2
= 750912.7460 𝑠 2 /𝑚5 0.020
=
1 1 1
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] + +
𝑅ത2 = 750912.7460 140494.2482 79515.9984
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5 = 7.3678 𝑚
8 ∗ 0.0254[150 + 8.8583]
=
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.0755
= 140494.2482 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
𝑅ത3 =
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
8 ∗ 0.0205[200 + 8.2927]
=
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.0855
= 79515.9984 𝑠 2 /𝑚5

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Example 4 Solution
Step 3 Compute Qi in each pipe using:

𝑊
𝑄𝑖 =
𝑅ത𝑖

7.3678 𝑚3
𝑄1 = = 0.0031
750912.7460 𝑠

7.3678 𝑚3
𝑄2 = = 0.0072
140494.2482 𝑠

7.3678 𝑚3
𝑄3 = = 0.0096
79515.9984 𝑠
Continuity Check
3
𝑚3
𝑄 = ෍ 𝑄𝑖 = 0.0031 + 0.0072 + 0.0096 = 0.0199 = 0.02
𝑠
𝑖=1
Is this the final answer?
For CEHDRA2 Use Only 1/8/2024 43
Example 4 Solution
Step 4.1 to 4.5 Update the estimates of the friction factors in each line using the
current values of Qi and using this equation:
0.9 −2
𝑒 1
𝑓 = 1.325 ln 0.27 + 5.74 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4.2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝐷 𝑅𝑒

8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
𝑅ത𝑖 = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4.3
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
2
𝑄
𝑊= 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4.4
1
σ𝑁
𝑖=1
𝑅ത𝑖

𝑊
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4.5
𝑅ത𝑖

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Example 4 Solution
Step 4.1
4𝑄 4 ∗ 0.0031
𝑅𝑒1 = = = 78940.8518
𝜋𝐷𝑣 𝜋 ∗ 0.05 ∗ 1𝑥10−6
4𝑄 4 ∗ 0.0072
𝑅𝑒2 = = = 122230.9963
𝜋𝐷𝑣 𝜋 ∗ 0.075 ∗ 1𝑥10−6
4𝑄 4 ∗ 0.0096
𝑅𝑒3 = = = 143801.1721
𝜋𝐷𝑣 𝜋 ∗ 0.085 ∗ 1𝑥10−6
Step 4.2
0.9 −2
1
𝑓1 = 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0020 + 5.74 = 0.0257
78940.8518

0.9 −2
1
𝑓2 = 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0027 + 5.74 = 0.0268
122230.9963

0.9 −2
1
𝑓3 = 1.325 ln 0.27 0.0012 + 5.74 = 0.0224
143801.1721
For CEHDRA2 Use Only 1/8/2024 45
Example 4 Solution
Step 4.3 Step 4.4
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] 𝑄 2
ത
𝑅1 = 𝑊=
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5 1
σ𝑁
𝑖=1
8 ∗ 0.0257[100 + 21.3675] 𝑅ത𝑖
=
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.055 2
= 824720.4091 𝑠 2 /𝑚5 0.020
=
1 1 1
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] + +
𝑅ത2 = 824720.4091 148238.0256 86885.77386
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟏 𝒎
8 ∗ 0.0268[150 + 8.8583]
= Remember ?W= (p/γ + z)A - (p/γ + z)B
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.0755
= 148238.0256 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
𝑅ത3 =
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
8 ∗ 0.0224[200 + 8.2927]
=
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.0855
= 86885.77386 𝑠 2 /𝑚5

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Example 4 Solution
Step 4.5

𝑊 7.9551 −𝟑
𝒎𝟑
𝑄1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑. 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝑅ത𝑖 824720.4091 𝒔

𝑊 7.9551 −𝟑
𝒎𝟑
𝑄2 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟕. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝑅ത𝑖 148238.0256 𝒔

𝑊 7.9551 𝒎 𝟑
𝑄3 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟗. 𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
ത
𝑅𝑖 86885.77386 𝒔

Continuity Check
3
𝑚3
𝑄 = ෍ 𝑄𝑖 = 0.0031 + 0.0073 + 0.0096 = 0.02
𝑠
𝑖=1

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 Example 5
◼ Find the water flow distribution in the parallel
system shown, and the required pumping
power if the discharge through the pump is Q1
=3 m3 /s. The pump efficiency is 0.75. Assume
constant friction factors.

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Example 5 Solution
Given: efficiency = 0.75, Q1 =3 m3 /s
Friction factor (f) is already given so
we can skip step 1.
Step 2.1 to 2.3 Compute 𝑅ത𝑖 for each
pipe and evaluate W using:
𝐷𝑖
𝐿𝑒 𝑖 = ෍ 𝐾 (Step 2.1)
𝑓𝑖
2
𝑄 8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
𝑊= (Step 2.3)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑅ത𝑖 = (Step 2.2);
1 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
σ𝑁
𝑖=1
𝑅ത𝑖
Step 2.1
𝐷𝑖 1.2 𝐷𝑖 0.75
𝐿𝑒 1 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 2 = 160 m 𝐿𝑒 4 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 4 = 142.8571 m
𝑓𝑖 0.015 𝑓𝑖 0.021

𝐷𝑖 1
𝐿𝑒 2 = ෍𝐾 = ∗ 3 = 150 m
𝑓𝑖 0.020

𝐷𝑖 0.5
𝐿𝑒 31/8/2024
= ෍𝐾 = ∗ 2 = 55.5556 m
For CEHDRA2 Use Only 49
𝑓𝑖 0.018
Example 5 Solution
Step 2.2
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
ത
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] 𝑅ത3 =
𝑅1 = 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
8 ∗ 0.018[1500 + 55.5556]
8 ∗ 0.015[100 + 160] =
= 9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.55
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 1.25 = 74.0337 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
= 0.1295 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ]
8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑖 ] 𝑅ത4 =
𝑅ത2 = 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5
8 ∗ 0.021[800 + 142.8571]
8 ∗ 0.020[1000 + 150] =
= 9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 0.755
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 15 = 6.8941 𝑠 2 /𝑚5
= 1.9004 𝑠 2 /𝑚5

Step 2.3
2 2
𝑄 3
𝑊= = = 6.0222 𝑚
1 1 1 1
σ𝑁
𝑖=1 + +
𝑅ത𝑖 1.9004 74.0337 6.8941

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Example 5 Solution
Step 3 Compute Qi in each pipe using

𝑊
𝑄𝑖 =
𝑅ത𝑖

6.0222 𝒎𝟑
𝑄2 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖
1.9004 𝒔

6.0222 𝒎𝟑
𝑄3 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗
74.0337 𝒔

6.0222 𝒎𝟑
𝑄4 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑
6.8941 𝒔
Continuity Check
3
𝑚3
𝑄 = ෍ 𝑄𝑖 = 1.7801 + 0.2852 + 0.9346 = 2.9999 = 3.0
𝑠
𝑖=1
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Example 5 Solution
For Pumping Power
Energy Equation from A to B:
𝑁
𝑝 𝑝 σ𝐾
+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + ෍ 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑄2
𝛾 𝐴
𝛾 𝐵
2𝑔𝐴2𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑝 𝑝
+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + 𝑅1 𝑄12 + 20s
𝛾 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵

𝑝 𝑝
+𝑧 + 𝐻𝑃 = +𝑧 + 𝑅1 𝑄12 + 20
𝛾 𝐴
𝛾 𝐵
𝐻𝑃 = 𝑊 + 𝑅1 𝑄2 + 20 = 6.0222 + 0.1295 3 2
+ 20 = 27.1877 𝑚
𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 9810 ∗ 3 ∗ 27.1877
𝑊ሶ𝑃 = = = 1,066,845.348𝑊 = 1,066.8453𝑘𝑊 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝑴𝑾
𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 0.75

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