de

the
chonacteisties or
Seriee metor
) s peed Cwm) vs Armatune Current(ta)
Vs Armate Current(ia)
Torque (T)
 DC Sexieß Motor -
If = Ia

Ia
Ia
but at high valS La

wm Vs Ta - tC-Conglot.
Jouo Ia, - I4
Ea = Km Um
Ea Wm = Ve
Wm = KmCIa
Ahypebola) Sat &

m= Ve - Taa
Km huh a
Km
DO sevies mDioo Should mot n at mo load
Dthes- uwe he peed o motba becomes dangevou59
high
)T V5 Ia
T- Km Ia AR.

AL low To
T - Km CI,
A high I,
T= KmC Ia yIa
Saturaion
& A-R.
 3) Wm Y8 T
T- Km Ia
Ea = Kn Wm At low Ta

T KmCI

Ve - IaVa KmC
Km )
AA high Ta
At Jous Ta
T = Rm C Ia
ba
Dm = Ta =
KmCIa KmC KmC
EXAMDOST
VE da
KmC
Om

AA high Ta Sct & AR

J Considesed

T
de shut moto:
- i)
Sheed Vs Armae Curent
Ar matune Current
speed
 Shunt Motuo Ir Va i3 Kepi fixed fo a
DC motos (shun) then If majvg
V CoNSAant and hence Bepesately
Rsh excled De Motes and ghbn
Cmotos behaves ldenttcally
Wm AR Considered.

Ea
Kyn) AR \gnord

Km
As aomatue Lwhich reduces the
Amalue Reacion also Inceasey
OVeTall fUx and hence increases the Speed

T= Km Ia m= AR
kegedd
Km AR
AR Cbrsideved
konsihec T
As o educes the meoe mend in Second o
L4 moYe than the fist em s0 Oveo-ay
Ia w neduces as Compocd to the CONdion
otth amCtvoe eacion ignored.
3.
is the stati urrent *
 mpound
shunt series
and for At
the the
,motorarmature time
of
and starting,
e
circuit,
r
,
+rJmotors. the
rated
With the
motor
for voltage
both speed
eriesequation
is
voltage
applied zero,
and the
is
und therefore,
V,=0+1,,

counter
tors.
rmature
starting for
shunt emt
ince E,
motor (=
the k,00,m)
ces and
current
V,=0+I(, IS
also
is,
therefore,r, zero.
and
Consequert
(r,+ +r)
rJj V/r,tu bcftohr
ae
4. strter wed for stoatyde mator 9 Enplain
the þofnt stauter. What the
dhas back thee oint starter 9
 The chall
motoo
ovgeegimtze
to he
eperation, f he Motos
Cuiendto Tnaximize
hptng heawy lbad
E - K lom =0
Vi - Ea A Stat
a
VË - Ea
a
Vi
(si(Seies
mn) compa
atBge TatTse
Con have
The heay nough of 8tarting cUSOnt
the follouolngd disad vantages
Commutate
at
spaating 0pmate (oindiug aud decaioion
terealton inguaie aCceleatieh Can
3 High slatng teague Yd
hesha r he machine
daimage 'Uppy Voltoge.
Looge dip
he gtas4ing cUren! we heed to
To lind
extesna. essiånce the amaduye ckt
add ional eSiance
but Ineases chm< loR8eg
Condition,.he
coñdion
CHieieng 30 ondes
nced toemoe extemal
e

Da
s moBoo accelecles
As he moto accelevaBg the back emf sBots to
increate and decveases
TeMove the evtenal
Connecd to
 F
aata Poini Thoce
4hees4
ance imsesting,
CUnenta Bu
ininAmtZe
he
fom tpevating Jess
eind-4mpto fÜx, quscd E0ch to
uohich flux Looge due
ped oproathng es nc3ult
omlDD -high
) Kpm
minlmo
toqu pabicuaJ
TIa d Ia Te
avmatuse tosque
MinimZd avd
ield maxtmum because mum nat
kep! beBhould exctatOn Bo+lng field When the
compoond and hont
mote
These 3 teominals 3
L,FA
polnd
ay
Stateo
hence Caled
Postion
Tridjally e SBates havdle s
mean a

When Awe Siento havde g noved

paseg hon 9tato
handle gels, dvided
Ta And he endre
Ra, R R3
amahure minimzeg he statHng cuext
doauon by moteo Ag thc MOto anelesaleg he
back em bouds ayd
educed toe, can
esistances by moving the gtatr handle to
8tod- 2.

The R4 CU
Ahe LJHance
dben'
ef field
ImpacB much
The,sae poDress depecled ontuthe stato
he en ie
hande moved
gBoxtng 7eL34ance
Whexthe handle u noved to tud -4 the
hoing cou atoache g0pt ion Reepes
Cmd keepg he handle a Aha positie
Othestole o oe back the
handle to pesdion o
he

ND Voll4 9eleake
lesscUNC tghich alfb edbcès 4he
cayied by hodingcou, end ths
magnelic field isredoed and the spia pina
toke back Hhe 2lato handle to agr pestien
 Release
then
Bve lod (oR) nognet easies high cuTevt
avd produces naghelc ield ushich
Ane holdivg ushich then pooduceg
gets back

rausback -
cenmected In Seies oth pieid
col

Km)
ST
To be reduced
mot be dured
BHe
Siore handle epf So loe can mot gel
Speed
What Conthal de seies
metor
 As we know speed = n= KN This equation gives us two methods of
changesi.e. the variation of field excitation I, and that of terminal voltage, V.
effecting speed
1. Diverter field control:
Adiverter resistor is connected across the field winding. By varying R,the field Current
Tield ampere-turns can be varied and desired speed can be obtained.
and hence the
R

I,
Rse

2. Tapped-field control:
Here the field ampere turns are adjusted in steps by varying the number of turns included in the circuit.

3. Series-parallel control:
Here the field windings are divided into tWO equal halves and
then connected in series of pda
control the field ampere-turns. For any armature current, parallel
connection of half-winaings gi
AT,parallel 1 1

N,J2 No2
2-NalaAas Ngel2 lal2
Nga/2
u La2
V
Rhat ae te methoto r <feed contot of de ohmt
mebog
 Speed controlof DCshunt motors:
Speedof DCshunt motor is controlled by the factors stated below:
A. Fieldl Control of DCShunt Motor
Bythis method speed control is obtained by any one of the following means
1. Field Rheostat Control of DCShunt Motor: In this method, speed variation is
accomplished by means of a variable resistance inserted in series with the shunt
field. An increase in controlling resistances reduces the field current with a
reduction in flux and an increase in speed. This method of speed control is
independent of load on the motor. Power wasted in controlling resistance is very
less as field current is a small value. This method of speed control is also used in
DCcompound motor.
2. Field Voltage Control: This method requires a variable voltage supply for the
field circuit which is separated from the main power supply to which the
armature is connected. Such a variable supply can be obtained by an electronic
rectifier.
B. Armature Control of DCShunt Motor
Speed control by thismethod involves two ways. These are:
1. Armature Resistance Control: In thiS method armature circuit is provided with
a variable resistance. Field is directly connected across the supply so flux is not
changed due tovariation of series resistance. This is applied for DC shunt motor.
This method is used in printing press, cranes, hoists where speeds lower than
used for a short period only.
2. Armature Voltage Control: This method of speed control needs a variable
source of voltage separated from the source supplying the field current. This
method avoids disadvantages of poor speed regulation and low efficiency of
armature-resistance control methods. The basic adjustable armature voltage
control method of speed d control is accomplished by means of an adjustable
voltage generator is called Ward Leonard System. This method involves using a
motor-generator (M-G) set. This method is best suited for steel rolling mills,
paper machines, elevators, mine hoists, etc. This method is known as Ward
Leonard System.
7 wandkeomahd metadfet enmte.
 Wand leo-mard Method -
Amadue yoHOge and esis+ ace Control glve
Speed belous bage peed uohue fleld condol
Qives above base speed
I both Condol are desinable hen we move
Leo-axd method tha' can gie speed
both above & belous base speed -

3-0 Supply

EXAMDOST (IM

DC
Supply

Connede
The termnalg of a DC gentor ae generato
to temntncl of DC MbtD 80 the De
Aet as powes Suppls fo DC moto.
A3- IM Conne ced to 3-0 Sbpply aCt as a
pome- moVer De uteneat0 o
exctation of geneadoo is keDt.
AL Stabmg fiesd0odes to Keep he teminat NO|lage
minimum in motog .
minimum to limit he Stasting CUMent 0f
CUsNEYd Shoud be guff icient g0 that
But the
motor can doive the load
 and moto
We can Vay the genevatoT amadrc
can imple mert
Leminal VoHage 80 we mofo Can
VOlHage Conhol & speed of
educe belouw base speed .

adtuSting the moBor pield cumert we Vay

By fUX
flUx D moios and by educing the
above
we Can noease the peed of motb
base speed
Fldd
COnhol Cono
Torqye

Fower

'N base.
ST
Cong4ay Constat
Pdolve
T drive

To deBemine behaviou o power and Torqve we

assUme CUYTend
maximum possible VolUe.

Betouo base gpeed we evmote VolBage

Cordoo method m which plux COnJtan
and due COnStant CmatuC CUment:
also Constant
The torque
Above base speed e wse ield condao) 30 Tf
bu V ls Kept cons4ort end
Simce Ta Ls also
taken
V b Ta 4he powe
be conant
do
ma
cline
asres
drlu
tte
Dee
8.
 The total losses in a D.C. Machine are as under:
1. Copper losses: The losses take place in armature and Field a) In case of armature, the
Cu-loss is equal to Rwhere is the armature current and R, = resistance of
of shunt
armature and interpoles and series field winding. b) Field Cu-loss. In case is
generator it is practically constant and equal to 1.'R. In case of series generator,
winding. While the
equal to I R where Rs is the resistance of the series field
2

Cu-loss is about 20 to
armature Cu-loss is about 30 to 40% of the full load loss, the field
usually included in the
30% of the F. L. losses. The loss due to brush contact resistance is
armature Cu-loss.

2. Magnetic loss or Iron or core losses:

These losses consist of: -
of magnetism of the armature core
i) Hysteresis loss: This loss is due to the reversal maximum value of flux density
and depends upon the volume and grade of iron,
and frequency of magnetic reversal and the loss is given by Stein- metz
Bmay
V= volume of the core in
formula i.e. W, =nB6fVJoules/sec or Watts where
good dynamo steel =
mand )=Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient, value of n for
502.4J m, silicon steel = 191 J/m.
Current Loss: VWhen the armature core rotates, then it also cuts the flux. Hence
i) Eddy laws of electromagnetic
an emf is induced in the body of the core according to the body of the core due to
induction. The emf though small sets up large current in the
current and the eddy current loss is
its small resistance. The current is known as Eddy
B = Maximum flux density,
given by W, = K B f V watts where B.. max

magnetic reversals, = thickness of each lamination, V= volume

f=frequency of
of armature core.
losses. Eddy current losses are
Boththese losses total up to 20 to 30% of the full load
reduced by using lanninated core.

3) Mechanical losses: This losses consist of

windage loss of rotating
i) friction loss at bearings and commutators ii) air friction and
armature.
 are collectively known as stray
4) StrayLosses: Usually magnetic and mechanical losses
losses.
constant for shunt and compound
5) Constant or Standing Losses: Since field Cu-loss isconstant in their case. These losses
generators, hence stray losses and shunt Cu-losses are
are together known as standing or constant losses W,

Hence, for shunt and compound generators,

Total loss = Arnmature copper loss + Wc
= 1, R, + We =(I+ Is)´ R, + We
the load current.
Armature Cu-loss, IR. is known as variable loss because it varies with
a

Total loss =Variable loss + constant losses Wc