Optics

For B1 Students
Academic year 2023-2024

Dr. Hoàng Thị Hồng Cẩm

Dept. of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology
[email protected] 1
 OVERVIEW
Hours
Chapter

Contents Ref./Resources Assignment(s)

Lect.

Prc.
Exr.
1 The nature and propagation of light 2.0 1.0 Exercises
2 Geometric optics 5.0 2.0 Exercises
Interference
3 3.0 1.5 Exercises
Midterm test (0.5h)
4 Diffraction 3.0 1.5 Exercises
5 Photons: Light waves behaving as particles* Exercises
13 6
Attendance/Attitude 10%
Assessment/ Exercise(s) 0%
Evaluation Practicals 0%
Mid-term test 30 %
Reference Literature: Final exam 60 %
[1] Young and Freedman – University Physics with Modern Physics 15th Edition (2020)
2
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.1 Reflection and Refraction at a plane surface
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface
2.4 Thin lenses
2.5 Cameras
2.6 The eye
2.7 The magnifier
2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Kaleidoscope
List of Exercises:
In textbook “University Physics with Modern Physics” 15th Edition,
Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman, A. Lewis Ford (2020)
34. 3, 5, 8, 13, 19, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32, 40, 43, 45, 50, 52, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 66,
3
71
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.1 Reflection and Refraction at a plane surface What is an object?
• Object: Anything from which light rays radiate.
ü Light could be emitted by the object itself if it is self-luminous.
ü Light could be emitted by another source and then reflected from the object.
na > nb
=> P’ is closer to the surface than P

The refracted rays entering the eye look as

though they had come from image point P’.

Image point:
Object point: apparent source
source of rays Image point:
of reflected rays
Object point: apparent source
source of rays of refracted rays
Plane mirror
Light rays from the object at point
4 P
Light rays from the object at point P are reflected from a plane mirror. are refracted from a plane interface.
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.1 Reflection and Refraction at a plane surface
2.1.1 Image formation by a plane mirror

The location of the virtual image P’

of object P formed by a plane mirror?

Two incoming rays: Two reflected rays:

• PV is incident normally on the mirror => returns along its original path
Image P’
• PB is incident at angle ! with PV => reflects at an equal angle with the normal

s = PV: object distance

|s’| = |s|
s’ = P’V: image distance
5
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.1 Reflection and Refraction at a plane surface
2.1.2 Sign rules
1. Sign rule for the object distance:
When the object is on the same side of the reflecting or refracting
surface as the incoming light,
the object distance s is positive; otherwise, it is negative.

2. Sign rule for the image distance:

When the image is on the same side of the reflecting or refracting
surface as the outgoing light,
the image distance s’ is positive; otherwise, it is negative.

3. Sign rule for the radius of curvature of a spherical surface:

When the center of curvature C is on the same side as the outgoing light,
the radius of curvature is positive (R > 0); otherwise, it is negative (R < 0).

For plane mirror: s’ = -s 6

 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.1 Reflection and Refraction at a plane surface y’ = y
2.1.3 Image of an extended object: plane mirror
• Height of an object/image: the distance
from the head to the tail of an arrow.
• The lateral magnification m:
#′
!=
#
Image of object P Image of image P1’
• The image is erect: formed by mirror 1 formed by mirror 2
the image arrow points in the same direction as
the object arrow. !>0
• The image is inverted:
the image arrow points in the direction opposite to
that of the object arrow. !<0 Image of object P
formed by mirror 2
• An image formed by one surface or optical device can serve
as the object for a second surface or device. 7
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
All rays from P that have a small angle !
2.2.1 Image of a point object: spherical mirror pass through P’, forming a real image.
• A spherical mirror with radius of curvature R,
with its concave side facing the incident light.
For a spherical mirror,
! + # = 2&

• PV passes through C, strikes the mirror normally

s>0, s’ >0 => is reflected back on itself

• The center of curvature of the surface is at C. • PB at angle ! with the axis, Image P’
• The vertex of the mirror is at V. strikes the mirror at B
8
• CV is called the optic axis. => is reflected: '’= '
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.2.1 Image of a point object: spherical mirror

! + # = 2&
' ' *
(
+ =
() +
object– image relationship

• Paraxial rays: the rays are nearly parallel to the axis and close to it.

• Spherical aberration: the image is ”smeared out” when the ! is large.

2.2.2 Focal point and focal length

- Focal point F
,= Focal length
2
' ' '
(
+
()
= /
object– image relationship 9
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.2.3 Image of an extended object: Spherical mirror

#′ &′
!= =− Lateral magnification
# &
Exp.2.1: Image formation by a concave mirror I
A concave mirror forms an image, on a wall 3.00m
in front of the mirror, of a headlamp filament
10.0cm in front of the mirror.
(a) What are the radius of curvature and focal
length of the mirror?
(b) What is the lateral magnification? What is the
image height if the object height is 5.00mm?

10
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.2.4 Convex mirrors
R<0

! ! %
+ =
" "$ &

)′ ,′
'= =− Lateral magnification
) ,
11
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.2.4 Convex mirrors

Virtual focal point F

(Behind the mirror)

# %
+
%
=
%
Focal length != & &( )
2 12
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
2.2.5 Graphical methods for mirrors Principle rays
1. A ray parallel to axis, after reflection, passes through the focal point F of a concave mirror
appears to come from the virtual focal point of a convex mirror
2. A ray through (or proceeding toward) the focal point F is reflected parallel to the axis
3. A ray along the radius through or away the center of curvature C intersects the surface normally and is
reflected back along its original path.
4. A ray to the vertex V is reflected forming equal angles with the optic axis.

13
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.2 Reflection at a spherical surface
Exp.2.3: Concave mirror with various object distances
A concave mirror has a radius of curvature with absolute value 20 cm. Find graphically the image of
an object in the form of an arrow perpendicular to the axis of the mirror at object distances of
(a) 30 cm, (b) 20 cm, (c) 10 cm, and (d) 5 cm. Check the construction by computing the size and lateral
magnification of each image.

(a) d = 30 cm (b) d = 20 cm (c) d = 10 cm (d) d = 5 cm

14
 Chapter 2. Geometricn <optics
n
(5.0h)
a b
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface nb
2.3.1 Image of a point object: s, s’, R > 0
Spherical Refracting surface

• A spherical surface with radius R

• Two materials with
refractive indexes na and nb
• P’ is image of point P

s = ? s’ = ? The image P’ of P formed by refraction at a spherical surface.

The refractive indexes of two materials are na and nb (na < nb)
• PV strikes the sphere
=> passes straight into the second material.
• PB is incident at an angle !a s = PV
intersect at P’
=> is refracted at an angle !b s’ = P’V
15
 Chapter 2. Geometricn <optics
n
(5.0h)
a b
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface nb
2.3.1 Image of a point object: s, s’, R > 0
Spherical Refracting surface
• Consider the triangles
PBC and P’BC:
!" = $ + &
& = ' + !(
• Snell’s law:
)" sin!" = )( sin!(
)"
• ! ≪: )" !" = )( !( !( = $+& )" $ + )( ' = )( − )" &
sin! ≈ ! )(
ℎ ℎ ℎ
tan$ = tan' = tan& =
2+3 2′ − 3 5−3
• ! ≪: ℎ ℎ ℎ
$= '= &= 16
tan! ≈ ! (3 ≪)
 na < nb
Chapter 2. Geometric optics
nb (5.0h)
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface s, s’, R > 0
2.3.1 Image of a point object:
Spherical Refracting surface

• Object-Image relationship,
Spherical refracting surface
!" !% !% − !"
+ =
# #′ )
na < nb
2.3.2 Image of an extended object:
nb
Spherical Refracting surface s, s’ > 0

• Lateral magnification,
Spherical refracting surface
+, -. /,
*= =−
+ -0 / 17
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics
na < (5.0h)
nb
nb
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface
s, s’ > 0
2.3.2 Image of an extended object:
Spherical Refracting surface

• P’Q’ is image of an
extended object PQ
• QV strikes the sphere at an angle !a
=> refracts at an angle !b An image formed by refraction at a spherical surface.
The refractive indexes of two materials are na and nb (na < nb).
• QC is incident through C intersect at Q’
=> refracts along C
• Consider the triangles PQV and P’Q’V: • ! ≪: • Lateral magnification,
' −'′ tan! ≈ sin! Spherical refracting surface
tan!% = tan!) =
( (′
• Snell’s law: 23 4
=−
26 47 '′ ,% (′
,% sin!% = ,) sin!) 5 57 8= =−
' ,) ( 18
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface
2.3.3 Image of an object: Plane refracting surface

• Object-Image relationship,
Plane refracting surface (R=∞)
!" !%
+ =0
# #′
• Lateral magnification,
Plane refracting surface

)=1 The same lateral size, erect.

19
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.3 Refraction at a spherical surface
Exp.2.4: Image formation by refraction
A cylindrical glass rod has index of refraction 1.52. It is surrounded by air. One end is ground to a
hemispherical surface with radius R = 2.00 cm. A small object is placed on the axis of the rod, 8.00 cm
to the left of the vertex. Find (a) the image distance and (b) the lateral magnification.

!" !% !% − !"
+ =
# #′ )
+, -. /,
*= =−
+ -0 /
(a) The image distance 1 1.52 1.52 − 1
+ = => s’ = 11.3cm
8 #′ 2
6×66.8
(b) The lateral magnification * =− = −0.929
6.9:×;
20
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
• A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces.
• A thin lens: has two spherical surfaces close enough together that the
distance between them (the thickness of the lens) can be neglected.
2.4.1 Properties of a lens Second focal point
• A converging thin lens:
ü a beam of rays // to the axis First focal point
passes through the lens,
Optic axis
=> the rays converge to a point F2.
ü rays passing through F1
=> emerge from the lens as a beam of // rays.
• F1, F2: first and second focal points.
Focal length
• f: distance from the focal point to A converging thin lens.
the center of the lens: focal length. f>0
• The line connecting the centers of curvature
21
of two spherical surfaces: optic axis.
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
2.4.2 Image of an extended object: s and s’ are both positive,
Converging lens the image is inverted

s, s’: the object and image distances

y, y’: the object and image heights
• QA: // the optic axis
=> passes through the 2nd focal point F2.
• QOQ’: passes undeflected straight
through the center of the lens
• Consider the similar triangles Construction used to find image position for a thin lens
PQO and P’Q’O:
!′ %′ 1 1 1 Object-Image relationship,
=− + = thin lens
! % % %′ '
• Consider the similar triangles
OAF2 and P’Q’F2: !′ %& − ' y′ %′ Lateral magnification,
=− *= =− thin lens
! ' y % 22
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
Second focal point First focal point
2.4.3 Diverging lens

• A diverging thin lens:

ü a beam of rays // to the axis
passes through the lens,
=> the rays diverge to a point F2.
ü incident rays converging toward A diverging thin lens.
the first focal point F1 f<0
=> emerge from the lens // to axis.

• Any lens that is thicker at its center than at its edges

is a converging lens with positive ƒ;
• Any lens that is thicker at its edges than at its center
is a diverging lens with negative ƒ

23
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
2.4.4 The lensmaker’s equation
• The relationship among:
ü the focal length f,
ü the refractive index n of the lens
ü the radii of curvature R1, R2 of the
lens surfaces.
• Two spherical interfaces (C1, R1), (C2, R2) separating
three materials with refractive indexes na, nb, and nc • t ≪ " 1, " 1% , " 2, " 2′
• s1, s1’: the object and image distances for the 1st surface => s2 = -s1’
• s2, s2’: the object and image distances for the 2nd surface
() (+ (+ − () na = nc = 1 1 ( (−1 1 1 1 1
+ = + = + = (( − 1) −
" 1 " 1′ .1 nb = n " 1 " 1′ .1 " 1 " 2′ .1 .2
(+ (/ (/ − (+ s2 = -s1’ ( 1 1−( 1 1 1 1
+ = − + = + = (( − 1) −
" 2 " 2′ .2 " 1′ " 2′ .2 " "′ .124 .2
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
2.4.4 The lensmaker’s equation
1 1 1
= (% − 1) −
" (1 (2
lensmaker equation
for a thin lens
Exp.2.5: Determining the focal
R2 < 0: C2 on the ingoing R1 > 0: C1 on the outgoing
length of a lens side of the lens side of the lens
Suppose the absolute value of the
radii of curvature of the lens surface
in this following figure are both
equal to 10 cm and the refractive
index of the glass is n = 1.52. What is
the focal length f of the lens?
* * * * *
= (% − 1) − =(1.52 − 1) − 25
+ ,* ,- 0.* 10.*
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
2.4.5 Graphical methods for lenses
1. A ray parallel to the axis emerges from the lens in a direction that
passes through the second focal point F2 of a converging lens
appears to come from the second focal point of a diverging lens
2. A ray through the center of the lens emerges at essentially the same angle at which it enters
and along essentially the same line.
3. A ray through (proceeding toward) the first focal point F1 emerges parallel to the axis.

Converging lens Diverging lens

26
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses

27
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
Exp.2.6: Image position and magnification by a converging lens
Find the image position and magnification for an object at each of the following distances
from a converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm: (a) 50 cm; (b) 20 cm; (c) 15 cm; (d) -40 cm.
Draw the rays to find the image and mention the properties of the image.
! ! ! Object-Image relationship,
+ =
" "# $ thin lens
(′ Lateral magnification,
%=−
( thin lens
f = 20 cm
(a) s = 50 cm => s’ = 33.3 cm; m = -2/3
(b) s = 20 cm => s’ = ±∞ ; m = ±∞
(c) s = 15 cm => s’ = -60 cm ; m = 4
(d) s = -40 cm => s’ = 13.3 cm ; m = 1/3 28
 Chapter 2. Geometric optics (5.0h)
2.4 Thin lenses
Exp.2.7: Image position and magnification by a diverging lens
A beam of parallel rays spreads out after passing through a thin diverging lens, as if the rays
all came from a point 20.0 cm from the center of the lens. You want to use this lens to form an
erect, virtual image that is 1/3 the height of the object.
(a) Where should the object be placed? Where will the image be?
(b) Draw a principal ray diagram.
y′ &′ 1 s = 40 cm
!= =− =
y & 3 s’ = -13.3 cm
) = −20,!
- - -
+ =
. ./ 0

29