7th Grade Science

For a complete understanding of the content to be taught, visit the ​Standards​/​Unpacking​, ​NC DPI K-12 Vertical Alignment​ and ​Next Generation Science Standards K-12 Progressions Framework

Unit 1. Lab Safety & 2. Earth’s 3. Weather 4. Forces & Motion 5. Energy 6. Work and Energy 7. Cells 8. Body Systems 9. Evolution &
Scientific Method Atmosphere Genetics

Days/Weeks 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 4-5 weeks 5-6 weeks 4-5 weeks 2-3 weeks 4-5 weeks 4-5 weeks 4-5 weeks

Standards Next Generation 7.E.1.1​ - Compare 7.E.1.3 ​- Explain the 7.P.1.1​ - Explain how 7.P.2.1 ​- Explain how 7.P.2.3 ​- Recognize 7.L.1.1​ - Compare the 7.L.1.3​ - Summarize 7.L.2.1​ - Explain why
Science and the composition, relationship between the motion of an kinetic and potential that energy can be structures and life hierarchical offspring that result
Engineering Practices properties and the movement of air object can be energy contribute to transferred from one functions of organization of from sexual
structure of Earth’s masses, high and low described by its the mechanical system to another single-celled multicellular reproduction
atmosphere to pressure systems, position, direction of energy of an object. when two objects organisms that carry organisms from cells (fertilization and
include: mixtures of and frontal motion, and speed push or pull on each out all of the basic to tissues to organs meiosis) have greater
gases and differences boundaries to storms with respect to some 7.P.2.2​ - Explain how other over a distance functions of life to systems to variation than
in temperature and (including other object. energy can be (work) and electrical including: organisms. offspring that result
pressure within thunderstorms, transformed from circuits require a - Euglena from asexual
layers. hurricanes, and 7.P.1.2​ - Explain the one form to another complete loop - Amoeba 7.L.1.4​ - Summarize reproduction
tornadoes) and other effects of balanced (specifically potential through which an - Paramecium the general functions (budding and
7.E.1.2​ - Explain how weather conditions and unbalanced energy and kinetic electrical current can - Volvox of the major systems mitosis).
the cycling of water that may result. forces acting on an energy) using a pass. of the human body
in and out of the object (including model or diagram of 7.L.1.2​ - Compare the (digestion, 7.L.2.2​ - Infer
atmosphere and 7.E.1.4​ - Predict friction, gravity and a moving object 7.P.2.4 ​- Explain how structures and respiration, patterns of heredity
atmospheric weather conditions magnets). (roller coaster, simple machines functions of plant reproduction, using information
conditions relate to and patterns based pendulum, or cars on such as inclined and animal cells, circulation, and from Punnett squares
the weather patterns on information 7.P.1.3​ - Illustrate the ramps as examples). planes, pulleys, including major excretion) and ways and pedigree
on Earth. obtained from: motion of an object levers and wheel and organelles (cell that these systems analysis.
- Weather data using a graph to axles are used to membrane, cell wall, interact with each
7.E.1.5​ - Explain the collected from direct show a change in create mechanical nucleus, chloroplasts, other to sustain life. 7.L.2.3​ - Explain the
influence of observations and position over a advantage and mitochondria, and impact of the
convection, global measurement (wind period of time. increase efficiency. vacuoles). environment and
winds and the jet speed and direction, lifestyle choices on
stream on weather air temperature, 7.P.1.4​ - Interpret biological inheritance
and climatic humidity and air distance versus time (to include common
conditions. pressure) graphs for constant genetic diseases) and
- Weather maps, speed and variable survival.
satellites and radar motion.
- Cloud shapes and
types and associated
elevation

7.E.1.6​ - Conclude
that the good health
of humans requires:
monitoring the
atmosphere,
maintaining air
quality and
 stewardship.

Unit 1. Lab Safety & 2. Earth’s 3. Weather 4. Forces & Motion 5. Energy 6. Work and Energy 7. Cells 8. Body Systems 9. Evolution &
Scientific Method Atmosphere Genetics

Science &
Engineering 1,2,4,7,8 1,2,4,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
Practices*

*Science & Engineering Practices

1​ - Asking Questions and Defining Problems
2​ - Developing and Using Models
3​ - Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
4​ - Analyzing and Interpreting Data
5​ - Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
6​ - Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
7​ - Engaging in Argument from Evidence
8​ - Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
1. Lab Safety and The Scientific Method

Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions “I can” Statements Sample Questions

(Teacher) (Students)

Next Generation Science and Engineering The Scientific Method Essential Questions Videos Which device is used to determine the
Practices Why should experiments be replicated? Amoeba Sisters, Nature of Science volume of a liquid?
Review steps and processes of the Scientific Amoeba Sisters, General Lab Safety A. anemometer
Method and The Rules of Graphing What are possible sources of error in B. graduated cylinder
experiments? C. test tube
Reading
D. thermometer
How do you design an experiment? CK-12, Laboratory Safety
What is the first thing a student should do if
“I Can” Statements Simulations an accident happens during a science
I can classify qualitative and quantitative StudyJams!, Scientific Inquiry experiment?
observations. A. report to the teacher
Apps B. clean the laboratory station
I can analyze experimental data to determine Science News Magazine C. locate the nearest exit
possible sources of error. D. put on safety goggles

Vocabulary

Analyze:​ ​to examine carefully and in detail so as to identify causes, key factors, possible results, etc. Dependent variable: ​the variable studied and expected to change during an experiment
Classify:​ ​to arrange or organize by ​classes​; order according to class Independent variable:​ the variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect
Collaborate: ​to work, one with another; cooperate Scientific method:​ a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is
Communicate: ​to impart knowledge of; make known formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is tested.
Control variable: ​the value that is used as a constant and unchanging standard during an experiment Sequence: ​the following of one thing after another; succession
2. Earth’s Atmosphere
Earth Systems, Structures and Processes
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
Standards Progression “I Can” Statements

7.E.1 Understand how the cycling of matter 7.E.1.1 Compare the composition, properties 7.E.1.1 Videos Which layer of the atmosphere contains the
(water and gases) in and out of the and structure of Earth’s atmosphere to Essential Questions Peekaboo Kidz, Layers of Atmosphere most water vapor?
atmosphere relates to Earth’s atmosphere, include: mixtures of gases and differences in What differentiates one layer of the A. troposphere
weather and climate and the effects of the temperature and pressure within layers. atmosphere from another? Reading B. stratosphere
atmosphere on humans. CK-12 FlexBook - Earth Science for Middle C. mesosphere
Teacher Notes: What gases make up the atmosphere? School D. exosphere
6th Grade The atmosphere is a mixture of gases: National Geographic, Earth Science Resources
6.E.2 Understand the structure of the Earth Nitrogen (78%) “I Can” Statements Which is the ​most likely​ cause of tropical
and how interactions of constructive and Oxygen (21%) I can explain the differences in the layers of storms?
Simulations
destructive forces have resulted in changes Argon (0.93%) the atmosphere. A. Water runoff from the land fuels storm
in the surface of the Earth over time and the Carbon dioxide (0.04%) StudyJams!, Weather and Climate clouds.
effects of the lithosphere on humans. Trace gases I can identify the gases that make up the PhET, Gas Properties B. High-pressure air causes storm clouds to
6.E.2.1​ Summarize the structure of Water vapor. Earth’s atmosphere. form.
the earth, including the layers, the Apps C. Sea breezes close to shore push storm
mantle and core based on the Gases found in the atmosphere are constantly I can compare and contrast differences Science News Magazine clouds together.
relative position, composition and being used and renewed by the processes of between the Earth’s atmospheric layers. D. Warm water evaporates, rises quickly, and
density. respiration, photosynthesis, evaporation and interacts with a colder air mass.
6.E.2.2​ Explain how crustal plates condensation, the weathering of rock, and the 7.E.1.2
and ocean basins are formed, move decay of organic matter. Essential Questions What causes convection currents to occur on
and interact using earthquakes, heat How does Earth maintain a constant water Earth?
flow and volcanoes to reflect forces Air pressure, also known as atmospheric supply? A. cool air rising, warm air sinking
within the earth. pressure, refers to the weight of the Earth’s B. cool air rising, warm air rising
6.E.2.3​ Explain how the formation of atmosphere pressing down on everything at How does the water cycle affect weather in C. warm air rising, cool air sinking
soil is related to the parent rock type the surface. different parts of the world? D. warm air sinking, cool air sinking
and the environment in which it
develops. Low pressure is associated with storms, “I Can” Statements How does the arrangement of the air
6.E.2.4​ Conclude that the good tornadoes, and hurricanes. High pressure is I can explain the water cycle. molecules found in the troposphere compare
health of humans requires: associated with clear, dry conditions. to the arrangement of those found in the
monitoring the lithosphere, I can explain how the water cycle affects thermosphere?
maintaining soil quality and Air molecules are in constant motion and are Earth’s weather patterns. A. The air molecules are closer together in the
stewardship. affected by gravity. troposphere and are farther apart in the
8th Grade 7.E.1.5 thermosphere.
8.E.1 Understand the hydrosphere and the 7.E.1.2 Explain how the cycling of water in Essential Questions B. The air molecules are farther apart in the
impact of humans on local systems and the and out of the atmosphere and atmospheric What are the effects of global winds and the troposphere and are closer together in the
effects of the hydrosphere on humans. conditions relate to the weather patterns on jet stream on Earth’s climate and weather? thermosphere.
8.E.1.1 Explain the structure of the Earth. C. The number of air molecules is the same in
hydrosphere including: “I Can” Statements the troposphere as in the thermosphere.
● Water distribution on Earth Teacher Notes: I can explain how global winds and the jet D. There are fewer air molecules in the
● Local river basin and water The cycling of water in and out of the stream affect climate and weather. troposphere than in the thermosphere.
availability atmosphere is a significant aspect of the
8.E.1.2 Summarize evidence that weather patterns on Earth. Why do thunderstorms most often occur in
Earth’s oceans are a reservoir of the summer months?
 nutrients, minerals, dissolved gases, Sunlight provides the energy that evaporates A. The air pressure is higher in the summer
and life forms: from the surface of Earth. months.
● Estuaries Explain how all parts of the water cycle are B. Increases in sunlight cause air molecules to
● Marine ecosystems connected and relate to weather. contract.
● Upwelling C. The jet stream forces air upward during the
● Behavior of gases in the Weather reports include many factors. Those summer months.
marine environment factors include: D. Higher temperatures increase the rate of
● Value and sustainability of Temperature evaporation and convection.
marine resources Air pressure
● Deep ocean technology and Wind speed and direction Earth’s atmosphere is mainly composed of
understandings gained Amount of moisture in the air which gases?
8.E.1.3 Predict the safety and Amount of clouds A. hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and argon
potability of water supplies in North Type of clouds B. nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon
Carolina based on physical and dioxide
biological factors, including: 7.E.1.5 Explain the influence of convection, C. nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and carbon
● Temperature global winds and the jet stream on weather dioxide
● Dissolved oxygen and climatic conditions. D. helium, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
● pH dioxide
● Nitrates and phosphates Teacher Notes:
● Turbidity Discuss the importance of The Gulf Stream, a
● Bio-indicators warm surface current in the North Atlantic
8.E.1.4 Conclude that the good Ocean, in the weather in a given area.
health of humans requires:
● Monitoring of the Thermal energy carried in ocean currents has
hydrosphere a strong influence on climates around the
● Water quality standards world.
● Methods of water
treatment
● Maintaining safe water
quality
● Stewardship

Standard Vocabulary

Atmosphere:​ layer of air surrounding the Earth. Jet stream:​ a region of long, narrow, high speed winds that typically flow northeastward, eastward, and southeastward in the
Barometer: ​device used to measure air pressure. middle and upper troposphere or lower stratosphere.o
Climate: ​conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time. Mesosphere: ​the region of the earth's atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere, between about 30
Condensation: ​deposition of a liquid or a solid from is vapor. and 50 miles.
Convection: ​process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid such as air or water. Ozone layer: ​region of the upper atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone molecules (O​3​).
Coriolis effect: ​air tends to rotate counter clockwise around large-scale low-pressure systems and clockwise Precipitation:​ all liquid or solid water particles that fall from clouds and reach the ground.
around large-scale high-pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere (reversed in the Southern Hemisphere). Radiation:​ flow of atomic and subatomic particles and of waves, such as those that characterize heat rays, light rays, and
Emissions: ​the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation. X-rays.
Evaporation: ​the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state. Runoff: ​waters that travel over the land surface and through channels to reach a stream
Exosphere: ​Layer farthest from the Earth, thick layer with little air, transitional layer between Earth’s Smog:​ community-wide polluted air, commonly used to describe the pall of automotive or industrial origin that lies over many
atmosphere and outer space cities.
Fossil fuels: ​decomposed plant and animal matter exposed to high pressure, turned into Stratosphere: ​the layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 32 miles (50 km) above the
Groundwater:​ water that occurs below the surface of the Earth where it occupies all or part of the void spades earth's surface.
 in soils or geologic strata. Thermosphere: ​the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the height at which the atmosphere ceases to
Ionosphere: ​the layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons have the properties of a continuous medium.
and is able to reflect radio waves, lies above the mesosphere and extends from about 50 to 600 miles above the Troposphere: ​the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 3.7–6.2 miles
Earth.

3. Weather
Earth Systems, Structures and Processes
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.E.1 Understand how the cycling of matter 7.E.1.3 Explain the relationship between the 7.E.1.3 Videos Over a period of several hours, a barometer
(water and gases) in and out of the movement of air masses, high and low Essential Questions The Weather Network, Weather Fronts shows rapidly decreasing air pressure. What
atmosphere relates to Earth’s atmosphere, pressure systems, and frontal boundaries to How do the properties of air affect how it National Geographic, Thunderstorms 101 type of weather will ​most likely​ occur next?
weather and climate and the effects of the storms (including thunderstorms, hurricanes, moves? National Geographic, Tornadoes 101 A. clear, sunny weather
atmosphere on humans. and tornadoes) and other weather National Geographic, Hurricanes 101 B. rainy weather for days
conditions that may result. How do air masses affect weather? C. cloudy, stormy weather
5th Grade Reading D. calm, windless weather
5.E.1 Understand weather patterns and Teacher Notes: What are the characteristics of the different CK-12 FlexBook - Earth Science Concepts for
phenomena, making connections to the Storms are natural disturbances in the air masses? Middle School Why are scientists concerned with ozone
weather in a particular place and time. atmosphere that involve air pressure, clouds, National Geographic, Earth Science Resources depletion in the upper atmosphere?
5.E.1.1​ Compare daily and seasonal precipitation, and strong winds. The major “I Can” Statements A. because it causes greater levels of
changes in weather conditions types of storms are: I can identify the different types of air ground-level ozone
Simulations
(including wind speed and direction, Thunderstorms, masses. B. because it allows ultraviolet radiation to
precipitation, and temperature) and Hurricanes, StudyJams!, Weather and Climate reach Earth’s surface
patterns. Tornadoes, I can explain pressure systems, fronts, and C. because it increases the amount of smog in
5.E.1.2​ Predict upcoming weather Winter storms storms. Apps highly populated cities
events from weather data collected Science News Magazine D. because it decreases global temperatures
through observation and Explain the formation and characteristics of 7.E.1.4 by decreasing incoming solar radiation
measurements. each type of storm. Essential Questions
5.E.1.3​ Explain how global patterns What types of weather events do the What type of weather is ​most likely​ observed
such as the jet stream and water 7.E.1.4 Predict weather conditions and different fronts cause? in an area when cirrus clouds are present?
currents influence local weather in patterns based on information obtained A. rainy weather
measurable terms such as from: What do the symbols on a weather map B. calm weather
temperature, wind direction and Weather data collected from direct represent? C. foggy weather
speed, and precipitation. observations and measurement D. stormy weather
(wind speed and direction, air What types of clouds exist in Earth’s
8th Grade temperature, humidity and air atmosphere?
8.E.1 Understand the hydrosphere and the pressure)
impact of humans on local systems and the What type of weather is associated with each
effects of the hydrosphere on humans. Weather maps, satellites and radar type of cloud?
8.E.1.1​ Explain the structure of the
hydrosphere including: Cloud shapes and types and “I Can” Statements
● Water distribution on Earth associated elevation I can identify symbols on a weather map and
● Local river basin and water their meaning.
availability Teacher Notes:
8.E.1.2​ Summarize evidence that Describe the characteristics of each type of I can identify the different types of clouds and
 Earth’s oceans are a reservoir of cloud as well as the weather patterns their associated weather.
nutrients, minerals, dissolved gases, associated with each.
and life forms: 7.E.1.6
● Estuaries 7.E.1.6 Conclude that the good health of Essential Questions
● Marine ecosystems humans requires: monitoring the How does air quality affect human health?
● Upwelling atmosphere, maintaining air quality and
● Behavior of gases in the stewardship. “I Can” Statements
marine environment I can explain how the Ozone Layer affects
● Value and sustainability of Teacher Notes: human health, and how human actions
marine resources Natural and human activities influence the impact the Ozone Layer.
● Deep ocean technology and quality of air. The environment may contain
understandings gained dangerous levels of substances that are I can explain how air quality affects human
8.E.1.3​ Predict the safety and harmful to human beings. health and what I can do to maintain air
potability of water supplies in North quality.
Carolina based on physical and The cumulative ecological effects of global
biological factors, including: ozone depletion, air pollution, increased
● Temperature particulate matter, acid rain, and global
● Dissolved oxygen warming concern the entire global
● pH community.
● Nitrates and phosphates
● Turbidity
● Bio-indicators
8.E.1.4​ Conclude that the good
health of humans requires:
● Monitoring of the
hydrosphere
● Water quality standards
● Methods of water
treatment
● Maintaining safe water
quality
● Stewardship

Standard Vocabulary

Air mass: ​large body of air having nearly uniform conditions of temperature and humidity at any given level of Humidity:​ the amount of water vapor in the air.
altitude. Hurricane: ​tropical cyclone, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low
Air pressure:​ force per unit area exerted by an atmospheric column. atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
Cirrus:​ high wispy white clouds that are composed of minute ice crystals formed at high altitudes. Isobar:​ a line on a weather map of constant barometric pressure drawn on a given reference surface.
Climate change:​ periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere Isotherm:​ a line on a map or chart joining points with the same temperature.
as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic Occluded front:​ weather front formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front.
factors. Stratus:​ low-level clouds characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base.
Cumulus:​ cloud forming rounded masses heaped on each other above a flat base at fairly low altitude. Thunderstorm:​ a violent, short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense
Dew point: ​the temperature at which the atmosphere is saturated with water vapour, when it is cooled without clouds, heavy rain or hail, and strong, gusty winds.
changing its pressure or vapour content. Tornado:​ a small-diameter, column of violently rotating air developed within a convective cloud and in contact with the
Environmental Protection Agency: ​EPA, agency of the U.S. government that sets and enforces national ground.
pollution-control standards. Transpiration:​ a plant’s loss of water, mainly through the stomates of leaves.
 Front:​ transition zone between two air masses of different density and temperature. Weather: ​state of the atmosphere at a particular place during a short period of time.
Green energy: ​renewable energy, also called alternative energy, usable energy derived from replenishable
sources.
Greenhouse effect: ​a warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere cause by the presence of water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, and certain other gases in the air.

4. Forces and Motion

Forces and Motion
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.P.1 Understand motion, the effects of 7.P.1.1 Explain how the motion of an object 7.P.1.1 Videos How do people determine if a vehicle in which
forces on motion and the graphical can be described by its position, direction of Essential Questions Elesapiens, Force and Motion they are sitting is moving?
representation of motion. motion, and speed with respect to some How can the motion of an object be PBS Learning Media, Physical Science A. by comparing their position to a fixed
other object. determined? object inside the vehicle
5th Grade Reading B. by comparing their position to a fixed
5.P.1 Understand force, motion and the Teacher Notes: “I Can” Statements CK-12 FlexBook - Physical Science Concepts object outside the vehicle
relationship between them. The motion of an object is always judged with I can determine how an object moves. for Middle School C. by comparing their position to a moving
5.P.1.1​ Explain how factors such as respect to some other object or point. When National Geographic, Physics Resources object inside the vehicle
gravity, friction, and change in mass an object changes position over time relative 7.P.1.2 D. by comparing their position to a moving
affect the motion of objects. to a reference point, the object is in motion. Essential Questions object outside the vehicle
Apps
5.P.1.2​ Infer the motion of objects in How do forces affect the motion of an
terms of how far they travel in a Motion can be described with a reference object? Science News Magazine Two students pull on a rope in opposite
certain amount of time and the direction such as North, South, East, West, up directions, each with a force of 100 N. What
direction in which they travel. or down. What is the difference between balanced and would ​most likely​ happen to the rope if the
5.P.1.3​ Illustrate the motion of an unbalanced forces? student on the left increased her force to 125
object using a graph to show a The seed of an object is a measure of how N?
change in position over a period of quickly the object gets from one place to How do balanced and unbalanced forces A. The rope would decrease its acceleration to
time. another. affect the motion of an object? the left.
5.P.1.4​ Predict the effect of a given B. The rope would decrease its acceleration to
force or a change in mass on the 7.P.1.2 Explain the effects of balanced and How does gravity affect motion of an object? the right.
motion of an object. unbalanced forces acting on an object C. The rope would go from motionless to
(including friction, gravity and magnets). “I Can” Statements accelerating to the left.
6th Grade I can analyze how forces affect the motion of D. The rope would go from accelerating to the
6.P.1 Understand the properties of waves Teacher Notes: an object. right to accelerating to the left.
and the wavelike property of energy Newton’s Laws should not be memorized at
earthquakes, light and sound. this age. Rather, the principles which underpin I can differentiate between balanced and Which applied force will cause a glass of
6.P.1.1​ Compare the properties of the Laws ought to be well conceptualized and unbalanced forces. water sitting on a countertop to move?
waves to the wavelike property of applied. A. a balanced force
energy in earthquakes, light and I can explain how balanced and unbalanced B. a frictional force
sound. 7.P.1.3 Illustrate the motion of an object forces move objects in different ways. C. a gravitational force
6.P.1.2​ Explain the relationship using a graph to show a change in position D. an unbalanced force
among visible light, the over a period of time. I can explain how gravity affects motion.
electromagnetic spectrum, and sight.
 6.P.1.3​ Explain the relationship Teacher Notes: 7.P.1.3
among the rate of vibration, the Collect and organize data showing how the Essential Questions
medium through which vibrations motion of an object changes in position over a How can the distance-time graph be used to
travel, sound and hearing. period of time. demonstrate an object's motion?

7.P.1.4 Interpret distance versus time graphs “I Can” Statements

for constant speed and variable motion. I can use a distance-time graph to see how
objects move.
Teacher Notes:
Students should collect and organize their 7.P.1.4
own data for graphing distance versus time. Essential Questions
Graphs for constant speed and variable How does the slope of a line on a
motion. Students will interpret prepared distance-time graph relate to an object's
graphs for distance versus time for constant motion?
speed and variable motion.
“I Can” Statements
I can understand how the slope of a graph
correlates with an object's motion.

Standard Vocabulary

Acceleration: ​an object’s capacity to gain speed. Inertia: ​a tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged.
Applied force: ​a force that is applied to an object by person or another object. Mass​: the quantity of matter which a body contains, as measured by its acceleration under a given force or by the force
Axis: ​an imaginary line about which a body rotates. exerted on it by a gravitational field.
Balanced force: ​two forces acting in opposite directions on an object, and equal in size. Motion: ​change with time of the position or orientation of a body.
Constant speed: ​when the speed of an object remains the same - it does not increase or decrease. Position:​ a​ place where someone or something is located or has been put.
Direction: ​a​ course along which someone or something moves. Reference point: ​basis or standard for evaluation, assessment, or comparison.
Distance: ​an amount of space between two things or people. Speed: ​the rate at which someone or something is able to move or operate.
Force: ​strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement. Time: ​the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole.
Friction: ​the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another. Unbalanced force: ​causes an object on which it is acting to accelerate, change position, speed or direction.
Gravity:​ ​the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having Vector: ​a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative
mass. to another.
Velocity: ​the speed of something in a given direction.
5. Energy
Energy: Conservation and Transfer
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.P.2 Understand forms of energy, energy 7.P.2.1 Explain how kinetic and potential 7.P.2.1 Videos Which will cause an increase in the
transfer and transformation and energy contribute to the mechanical energy Essential Questions PBS Learning Media, Physical Science mechanical energy of an object?
conservation in mechanical systems. of an object. How are mechanical, kinetic, and potential A. decreasing its kinetic energy
energy related? Reading B. increasing its electrical energy
5th Grade Teacher Notes: CK-12 FlexBook - Physical Science Concepts C. increasing its potential energy
5.P.3 Explain how the properties of some Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by “I Can” Statements for Middle School D. decreasing its gravitational energy
materials change as a result of heating and an object due to its motion or its stored I can explain how mechanical, kinetic, and National Geographic, Physics Resources
cooling. energy of position. Mechanical energy can be potential energy are related. How does the mechanical energy of a rock
5.P.3.1​ Explain the effects of the either kinetic (energy of motion) or potential change as it falls from a mountain?
Simulations
transfer of heat (either by direct (energy of position). 7.P.2.2 A. The mechanical energy remains the same
contact or at a distance) that occurs Essential Questions StudyJams!, Energy and Matter because kinetic energy is changed into
between objects at different An object that possesses mechanical energy is How is energy transferred in a system? potential energy.
temperatures (conduction, able to do work. Mechanical energy is the Apps B. The mechanical energy remains the same
convection or radiation). form involved in the operation of simple “I Can” Statements Science News Magazine because potential energy is changed into
5.P.3.2​ Explain how heating and machines. I can explain how energy is transformed in a kinetic energy.
cooling affect some materials and system. C. The mechanical energy increases because
how this relates to their purpose and 7.P.2.2 Explain how energy can be the kinetic energy is changed into speed,
practical applications. transformed from one form to another while the potential energy remains the same.
(specifically potential energy and kinetic D. The mechanical energy increases because
6th Grade energy) using a model or diagram of a the potential energy is changed into
6.P.3 Understand characteristics of energy moving object (roller coaster, pendulum, or acceleration, while the kinetic energy remains
transfer and interactions of matter and cars on ramps as examples). the same.
energy.
6.P.3.1​ Illustrate the transfer of heat Teacher Notes:
energy from warmer objects to Objects that have potential energy do not use
cooler ones using examples of their energy until they move. Any object that
conduction, radiation and can move to a lower place has the potential to
convection and the effects that may do work on the way down, such as a marble
result. rolling down a driveway.
6.P.3.2​ Explain the effects of
electromagnetic waves on various Energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
materials to include absorption, Energy appears in different foams, such as
 scattering, and change in motion and heat. Energy can travel in
temperature. different forms, such as light, sound or
6.P.3.3​ Explain the suitability of electricity.
materials for use in technological
design based on a response to heat The workings of the universe plus all of
(to include conduction, expansion, present day technology can be viewed from
and contraction) and electrical the perspective of energy flowing from one
energy (conductors and insulators). place to another and changing back and forth
from one form to another.
8th Grade
8.P.2 Explain the environmental implications
associated with the various methods of
obtaining, managing and using energy
resources.
8.P.2.1​ Explain the environmental
consequences of the various
methods of obtaining, transforming
and distributing energy.
8.P.2.2 ​Explain the implications of
the depletion of renewable and
nonrenewable energy resources and
the importance of conservation.

Standard Vocabulary

Kinetic energy: ​energy of motion. Potential energy:​ the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself,
Light energy: ​electromagnetic radiation, photons which are produced when an objects atoms heat up. electric charge, and other factors.
Mechanical energy: ​sum of the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and the potential energy, or energy stored in a Sound: ​vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or
system by reason of the position of its parts. animal's ear.:"light travels faster than sound".
6. Work and Energy
Energy: Conservation and Transfer
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.P.2 Understand forms of energy, energy 7.P.2.3 Recognize that energy can be 7.P.2.3 Videos A person enters a room, flips the light switch,
transfer and transformation and transferred from one system to another Essential Questions PBS Learning Media, Physical Science and a lamp turns on. What causes the lamp to
conservation in mechanical systems. when two objects push or pull on each other What is necessary for energy to be turn on?
over a distance (work) and electrical circuits transferred from one system to another? Reading A. The circuit is open, and flipping the switch
5th Grade require a complete loop through which an CK-12 FlexBook - Physical Science Concepts closes the circuit.
5.P.3 Explain how the properties of some electrical current can pass. What are the four different ways that energy for Middle School B. The circuit is closed, and flipping the switch
materials change as a result of heating and Teacher Notes: can be transferred from one system to National Geographic, Physics Resources opens the circuit.
cooling. Energy can be transferred from one system to another? C. The wires are connected, and flipping the
5.P.3.1​ Explain the effects of the another in different ways: switch disconnects the wires.
Simulations
transfer of heat (either by direct 1. Thermally, when a warmer object How is electrical energy produced? D. The wires are connected, and flipping the
contact or at a distance) that occurs is in contact with a cooler one, StudyJams!, Energy and Matter switch disconnects the lamp.
between objects at different 2. Mechanically, when two objects “I Can” Statements
temperatures (conduction, push or pull on each other over a I can explain what is needed for energy to Apps How does a wind turbine produce electricity?
convection or radiation). distance, move from one system to another. Science News Magazine A. It releases kinetic energy to the wind.
5.P.3.2 ​Explain how heating and 3. Electrically, when an electrical B. It releases potential energy to the wind.
cooling affect some materials and source such as a battery or generator I can explain four ways that energy can be C. It converts the wind’s kinetic energy to
how this relates to their purpose and is connected in a complete circuit to moved from one system to another. mechanical energy.
practical applications. an electrical device, D. It converts the wind’s potential energy to
4. By electromagnetic waves. I can explain how electrical energy is mechanical energy.
6th Grade produced.
6.P.3 Understand characteristics of energy Energy can change from one form to another,
transfer and interactions of matter and although in the process some energy is always 7.P.2.4
energy. converted to heat. Essential Questions
6.P.3.1​ Illustrate the transfer of heat How can simple machines be used to provide
energy from warmer objects to It is not necessary to investigate nuclear mechanical advantage to do work and
cooler ones using examples of energy. increase efficiency?
conduction, radiation and
convection and the effects that may 7.P.2.4 Explain how simple machines such as What are the different types of simple
result. inclined planes, pulleys, levers and wheel machines? Give an example of each.
6.P.3.2 ​Explain the effects of and axles are used to create mechanical
 electromagnetic waves on various advantage and increase efficiency. “I Can” Statements
materials to include absorption, I can explain how simple machines provide
scattering, and change in Teacher Notes: mechanical advantage and increase
temperature. A machine is a device that makes work easier efficiency.
6.P.3.3​ Explain the suitability of by changing the size or direction of a force.
materials for use in technological When you use a machine, you do the work on I can identify each type of simple machine.
design based on a response to heat the machine, and the machine does the work
(to include conduction, expansion, on something else.
and contraction) and electrical
energy (conductors and insulators). Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) is what is
desired of a machine, where Actual
8th Grade Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is what the
8.P.2 Explain the environmental implications machine actually does.
associated with the various methods of
obtaining, managing and using energy
resources.
8.P.2.1​ Explain the environmental
consequences of the various
methods of obtaining, transforming
and distributing energy.
8.P.2.2 ​Explain the implications of
the depletion of renewable and
nonrenewable energy resources and
the importance of conservation.

Standard Vocabulary

Battery: ​a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as Electricity: ​a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either
a source of power. statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current.
Circuit: ​a complete and closed path around which a circulating electric current can flow. Electromagnetic transfer: ​the transfer of energy through matter or space.
Conservation: ​prevention of wasteful use of a resource. Generator: ​any machine that converts mechanical energy to electricity.
7. Cells
Structures and Functions of Living Organisms
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.L.1 Understand the processes, structures 7.L.1.1 Compare the structures and life 7.L.1.1 Videos In which way are a euglena and a volvox
and functions of living organisms that enable functions of single-celled organisms that Essential Questions Amoeba Sisters, Introduction to Cells different?
them to survive, reproduce and carry out carry out all of the basic functions of life How do different single-celled A. A euglena is an individual cell, while a
basic functions for life. including: organisms carry out basic life functions? Reading volvox is a colony of cells.
Euglena B. A euglena uses cilia to move, while a volvox
CK-12 FlexBook - Lives of Cells
6th Grade Amoeba What parts of a cell perform essential uses flagella to move.
6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes, Paramecium functions in single-celled organisms? National Geographic, Biology Resources C. A euglena can make its own food, while a
and behaviors of plants that enable them to Volvox volvox must capture its food.
survive and reproduce. “I Can” Statements Simulations D. A euglena only reproduces sexually, while
6.L.1.1​ Summarize the basic Teacher Notes: I can identify structures that allow StudyJams!, Animals a volvox only reproduces asexually.
structures and functions of flowering Within cells, many of the basic functions of single-celled organisms to carry out basic life StudyJams!, Plants
plants required for survival, organisms - such as extracting energy from functions. Which function does the nucleus of a cell
reproduction and defense. food, getting rid of waste, movement and Apps perform?
6.L.1.2 ​Explain the significance of the secreting waste - are carried out. I can compare structures that allow single A. It releases energy for the cell.
Science News Magazine
process of photosynthesis, celled organisms to carry out basic life B. It provides structure for the cell.
respiration and transpiration to the The way in which cells function is similar in all functions C. It controls the activity of the cell.
survival of green plants and other living organisms. Even the simplest organisms D. It forms the boundary of the cell.
organisms. have parts which enable them to move, take 7.L.1.2
in food, to reproduce and to detect the Essential Questions Which ​best​ explains why muscle is considered
8th Grade environment they are in. Identify the role of the following: cell a tissue?
8.L.1 Understand the structure and hazards membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chloroplasts, A. It is connected to bone.
caused by agents of disease that effect living 7.L.1.2 Compare the structures and functions mitochondria, and vacuoles. B. It can move voluntarily or involuntarily.
organisms. of plant and animal cells, including major C. It interacts with several organ systems.
8.L.1.1 ​Summarize the basic organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, “I Can” Statements D. It is a group of cells working together.
characteristics of viruses, bacteria, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and I can identify different parts of a cell
fungi and parasites relating to the vacuoles). How do a volvox and an amoeba get their
spread, treatment and prevention of I can tell the difference between a plant cell food?
disease. Teacher Notes: and an animal cell. A. A volvox uses eyespots, and an amoeba
 8.L.1.2 ​Explain the difference These parts are found in plant and animal uses cilia to find food.
between epidemic and pandemic as cells: I can identify the role of each organelle in a B. A volvox uses photosynthesis, and an
it relates to the spread, treatment Cell membrane cell. amoeba surrounds its food.
and prevention of disease. Cytoplasm C. A volvox surrounds its food, and an
Nucleus amoeba uses cilia to find food.
Nuclear membrane D. A volvox uses pseudopods to find food, and
Mitochondria an amoeba uses photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
Some organelles are only found in plant cells:
Cell wall
Chloroplasts

Standard Vocabulary

Amoeba: ​a single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of Mitochondria:​ an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy
protoplasm. Amoebas are either free-living in damp environments or parasitic. production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Autotroph: ​an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances Nuclear membrane: ​a double-membrane that encloses the cell nucleus.
such as carbon dioxide. Nucleus: ​a specialized structure occurring in most cells, separated from the rest of the cell by the nuclear membrane, contains
Cell membrane: ​the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. DNA.
Cell Theory:​ states that all organisms are made of cells, all cells come from existing cells, and cells are the basic Oral groove: ​a channel found in certain protozoa and aquatic invertebrates which directs food into the mouth.
unit of life. Organelle:​ a specialized structure found within a cell that performs a specific function.
Cell wall: ​a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and Organism: ​an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose. Paramecium: ​genus of microscopic, single-celled, and free-living protozoans.
Chloroplasts:​ (in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis: ​the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon
Cilia: ​a short microscopic hairlike vibrating structure found in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a
either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing byproduct.
propulsion. Protist:​ any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.
Colony: ​a community of animals or plants of one kind living close together or forming a physically connected Pseudopod: ​a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that are developed in the direction of movement.
structure. Ribosome: ​a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.
Cytoplasm: ​the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Euglena: ​single-celled microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Vacuoles:​ a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Eye spot:​ a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the bodies of invertebrates such as flatworms, starfishes, and Volvox:​ a green single-celled aquatic organism which forms minute free-swimming spherical colonies.
microscopic crustaceans, and also in some unicellular organisms.
Flagella: ​a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa,
bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim.
Heterotroph:​ an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Homeostasis: ​the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially
as maintained by physiological processes.
8. Body Systems
Structures and Functions of Living Organisms
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.L.1 Understand the processes, structures 7.L.1.3 Summarize hierarchical organization 7.L.1.3 Videos What is one way the respiratory system and
and functions of living organisms that enable of multicellular organisms from cells to Essential Questions Amoeba Sisters, Human Body Systems the circulatory system work together in the
them to survive, reproduce and carry out tissues to organs to systems to organisms. How are the parts or a multicellular organism Functions Overview human body?
basic functions for life. organized? A. The circulatory system takes in nutrients,
Teacher Notes: Reading while the respiratory system delivers oxygen.
Different body tissues and organs are made “I Can” Statements CK-12 Flexbook - Life Science for Middle B. The circulatory system takes in water, and
5th Grade up of different kinds of cells. The cells in I can illustrate how the human body is School the respiratory system takes in carbon
5.L.1 Understand how structures and similar tissues and organs in other animals organized from smallest parts to largest. National Geographic, Biology Resources dioxide.
systems of organisms (to include the human are similar to those in human beings but differ C. The respiratory system takes in nutrients,
body) perform functions necessary for life. somewhat from cells found in plants. 7.L.1.4 while the circulatory system delivers carbon
Simulations
5.L.1.1​ Explain why some organisms Essential Questions dioxide to the cells of the body.
are capable of surviving as a single Specialized cells perform specialized functions What is the function of the digestive system? StudyJams!, The Human Body D. The respiratory system takes in oxygen,
cell while others require many cells in multicellular organisms. and the circulatory system delivers the
that are specialized to survive. What organs make up the digestive system? Apps oxygen to the cells of the body.
5.L.1.2​ Compare the major systems Each type of cell, tissue, organ, organ system Science News Magazine
of the human body (digestive, has a distinct structure and functions that What is the function of the respiratory Which statement describes the organization
respiratory, circulatory, muscular, serve the organism as a whole. system? of living organisms.
skeletal, and cardiovascular) in terms A. All organisms are composed of many cells,
of their functions necessary for life. 7.L.1.4 Summarize the general functions of What organs make up the respiratory which are the basic units of structure but do
the major systems of the human body system? not perform life functions.
8th Grade (digestion, respiration, reproduction, B. All organisms are composed of one or
8.L.1 Understand the structure and hazards circulation, and excretion) and ways that What is the function of the reproductive more cells, which are the basic units of
caused by agents of disease that effect living these systems interact with each other to system? structure and perform essential life functions.
organisms. sustain life. C. All organisms are composed of many cells
 8.L.1.1 ​Summarize the basic What organs make up the reproductive that have basic units with unique structures
characteristics of viruses, bacteria, system? and functions.
fungi and parasites relating to the D. All organisms are composed of one or
spread, treatment and prevention of What is the function of the circulatory more cells with the same shape and purpose
disease. system? but are not the basic units of structure.
8.L.1.2 ​Explain the difference
between epidemic and pandemic as What organs make up the circulatory system? How do the digestive system and the
it relates to the spread, treatment circulatory system work together in the
and prevention of disease. What is the function of the excretory system? human body?
A. The digestive system send electric
What organs make up the excretory system? messages, while the circulatory system
responds to the messages.
“I Can” Statements B. The digestive system provides structure for
I can explain the function of each body the body, while the circulatory system directs
system. the movement.
C. The digestive system removes liquid toxins
I can describe how two or more systems work from the body, while the circulatory system
together. removes solid waste.
D. The digestive system extracts nutrients
I can identify major organs and what body from food, while the circulatory system
system they belong to. transports those nutrients.

I can explain how the characteristics of an

organ allows it to perform its function.

Standard Vocabulary

Antigen: ​a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the Negative feedback:​ ​the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a
production of antibodies. high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain
Artery:​ any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that action may inhibit further performance of that action.
which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body. Nephron​: each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the
Atriums: ​each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.
atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from Nervous system: ​the network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
the pulmonary vein. Neuron: ​a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
Bladder: ​a membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a fluid or gas. Organ:​ ​a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in
Brain: ​an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating humans.
center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. Ovary: ​a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.
Capillary: ​any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules. Ovulation: ​discharge of ova or ovules from the ovary.
Cardiac muscle: ​one of the three major muscle types, found only in the heart. Ovum: ​a mature female reproductive cell, especially of a human or other animal, which can divide to give rise to an embryo
Cervix: ​the narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus. usually only after fertilization by a male cell.
Chemical digestion: ​sequence by which food is broken down and chemically converted so that it can be Peristalsis: ​the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like
absorbed by the cells. movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
Chyme: ​the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices Prostate: ​a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
and partly digested food. Puberty:​ ​the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.
Circulatory system: ​the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood Reflex: ​an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.
vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. Response: ​an excitation of a nerve impulse caused by a change or event; a physical reaction to a specific stimulus or situation.
Digest: ​breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body. Seminal vesicle: ​each of a pair of glands which open into the vas deferens near to its junction with the urethra and secrete
Ejaculate: ​eject semen from the body at the moment of sexual climax. many of the components of semen.
Electrical impulse: ​electrical signal sent through a neuron. Sexual reproduction: ​the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of
Endocrine: ​relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood. different types (sexes).
Epididymis: ​a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens. Skeletal muscle: ​a muscle which is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs
Excretory system: ​a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids and other parts of the body.
of an organism. Skeletal system: ​a system that includes all of the bones and joints in the body.
Fallopian tube:​ (in a female mammal) either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the Smooth muscle: ​a type of tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines, uterus and stomach.
uterus. Sperm: ​the male reproductive cell, or gamete.
Follicular phase: ​is the phase of the estrous cycle during which follicles in the ovary mature. Spinal cord: ​the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue which is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all
Gamete: ​sex cell, sperm or egg. parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.
Gland: ​an organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body Synapse: ​a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass.
or for discharge into the surroundings. System: ​a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network.
Hormone: ​a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap Target cell: ​a cell which bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule, or is the focus of contact by a virus,
to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. phagocyte, nerve fiber, etc.
Immune system: ​complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection. Testes: ​an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells).
Immunity:​ the capability of multicellular organisms to resit harmful microorganisms from entering it. Tissue: ​any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their
Involuntary muscle: ​smooth muscles, are muscles in the human body whose contraction is controlled by the products.
autonomic nervous system. Ureter:​ the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca.
Joint:​ a structure in the human body or animal body at which two parts of the skeleton are fitted together. Urethra: ​the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys
Kidney: ​each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, excreting urine. semen.
Luteal phase: ​the time between ovulation and before the start of menstruation, when the body prepares for a Uterus: ​the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate
possible pregnancy. before birth; the womb.
Marrow: ​a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced (often taken as Vaccination: ​treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease; inoculation.
typifying strength and vitality). Vagina: ​the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in women and most female mammals.
Mechanical digestion: ​involves physically breaking food into smaller pieces, begins in the mouth as the food is Vas deferens: ​the duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
chewed. Vein: ​any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood
Menopause: ​a natural decline in reproductive hormones when a woman reaches her 40s or 50s. toward the heart.
Menstruation:​ ​the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at Ventricles: ​each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right.
intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until menopause, except during pregnancy. Villi: ​any of the fingerlike or threadlike projections from the surface of certain membranous structures, typically serving to
Muscular system: ​organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, permits movement of the increase surface area and facilitate the passage of fluid or nutrients.
body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body. Zygote:​ a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
9. Evolution and Genetics
Evolution and Genetics
Vertical Alignment Standard Essential Questions and Digital Resources Sample Questions
“I Can” Statements

7.L.2 Understand the relationship of the 7.L.2.1 Explain why offspring that result from 7.L.2.1 Videos How is a gamete different from other types of
mechanisms of cellular reproduction, sexual reproduction (fertilization and Essential Questions Amoeba Sisters, Natural Selection cells in a person's body?
patterns of inheritance and external factors meiosis) have greater variation than What is the difference between fertilization A. It has no chromosomes.
to potential variation and survival among offspring that result from asexual and mitosis and meiosis? Reading B. It has half the number of chromosomes.
offspring. reproduction (budding and mitosis). CK-12 Flexbook - Life Science for Middle C. It has twice the number of chromosomes.
What is the difference between asexual and School D. It has four times the number of
Teacher Notes: sexual reproduction? National Geographic, Biology Resources chromosomes
5th Grade The way an organism looks and behaves
5.L.3 Understand why organisms differ from makes up its phenotype. The phenotype of a “I Can” Statements A homozygous dominant black angelfish (BB)
Simulations
or are similar to their parents based on the tall plant is tall, regardless of the genes it I can differentiate between fertilization, is crossed with a homozygous recessive
characteristics of the organism. contains. The gene combination an organism mitosis, and meiosis. StudyJams!, The Human Body goldfish (bb). What is the probability their
5.L.3.1​ Explain why organisms differ contains is known as its genotype. You cannot offspring will be gold?
from or are similar to their parents always know an organism’s genotype simply I can differentiate between mitosis and Apps A. 0%
based on the characteristics of the by looking at its phenotype. meiosis. Science News Magazine B. 25%
organism. C. 75%
5.L.3.2 ​Give examples of likenesses Cultivated plants are plants that have been I can differentiate between asexual and D. 100%
that are inherited and some that are changed somewhat to promote survival in sexual reproduction.
not. different conditions due to intentional human Person X and person Y both smoked the same
activity. Agriculture, forestry and horticulture 7.L.2.2 brand and amount of cigarettes for 20 years.
 8th Grade use these cultivated plants. Essential Questions Person Y develops lung disease while person
8.l.4 Understand the evolution of organisms How do you use Punnett squares to X does not. Which statement ​best​ compares
and landforms based on evidence, theories 7.L.2.2 Infer patterns of heredity using determine the probability of offspring both people?
and processes that impact Earth over time. information from Punnett squares and phenotypes and genotypes? A. The genetic makeup of person X allowed
8.L.4.1 ​Summarize the use of pedigree analysis. for a higher tolerance to chemicals in tobacco
evidence drawn from geology, How can you apply knowledge of Punnett than person Y.
fossils, and comparative anatomy to Teacher Notes: squares to a pedigree? B. Person X is a woman and thus more likely
form the basis for biological Reginald Punnett was an English Geneticist to develop lung disease.
classification systems and the theory who discovered some very basic principles of “I Can” Statements C. The genetic makeup of person X allowed
of evolution. genetics including the determination of sex I can use Punnett squares to determine for a lower tolerance to chemicals in tobacco
8.L.4.1 ​Explain the relationship and linkage. His work involved using the color probability of offspring phenotypes and than person Y.
between genetic variation and an characteristics of a chicken’s feathers, genotypes. D. Person X is a man and thus more likely to
organism’s ability to adapt to its efficiently separating the female gender of develop lung disease.
environment. the chicken from the male. I can analyze a pedigree.
The offspring of many species of amoeba are
7.L.2.3 Explain the impact of the 7.L.2.3 genetically identical to their parents, while
environment and lifestyle choices on Essential Questions the offspring of most mammal species are
biological inheritance (to include common How does the environment impact genetically different from their parents.
genetic diseases) and survival. inheritance of genetic diseases? Which ​most likely​ explains the genetic
differences in the offspring of amoebas and
Teacher Notes: What are the symptoms of common genetic mammals?
Changes in environmental conditions can diseases? A. Amoebas reproduce asexually, but
affect the survival of individual organisms and mammals reproduce sexually.
entire species. Analysis of the patterns of “I Can” Statements B. Amoebas reproduce sexually, but
genetic traits enhances the understanding of I can identify genetic diseases and common mammals reproduce asexually.
genetic diseases and allows for predictions to symptoms. C. Amoebas reproduce more slowly than
be made by studying pedigrees. Some traits mammals.
are inherited and others result from I can relate genetic diseases and symptoms to D. Amoebas reproduce faster than mammals.
interactions with the environment, lifestyle the environment.
choices, and environmental influence human
characteristics that may or may not be passed
onto future generations.

Standard Vocabulary

Adaptation: ​the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment. Heredity: ​the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
Allele: ​any of two or more genets that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome Heterozygous: ​having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.
Asexual reproduction: ​reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of Homozygous: ​having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.
chromosomes. Limiting factor: ​the factor that limits the reaction rate in any physiological process governed by many variables.
Budding: ​a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of Meiosis: ​division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells.
the parent organism. Mitosis: ​a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical
Carrier: ​organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but usually does not display that daughter cells.
trait or show symptoms of the disease. Mutation: ​an alteration in the genetic material of a cell or a living organism.
Daughter cells: ​the cells produced after a single cell undergoes cell division. Offspring: ​a person’s child or children, an animal’s young, the product or result of something.
Diploid: ​containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Pedigree: ​the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family.
DNA: ​deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main Phenotype: ​the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype
constituent of chromosomes. with the environment.
Dominant trait: ​a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it. Punnett square: ​a diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
Fertilization:​ the fusion of haploid gametes, sperm and egg, to form the diploid zygote. Recessive trait: ​a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles.
Fission: ​the action of dividing or splitting something into two or more parts. Regeneration: ​the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems
Fusion: ​the process of combining two or more distinct entities into a new whole. resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
Gene:​ ​a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of Reproduction: ​the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.
the offspring. Selective breeding:​ artificial selection, a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable
Genetics:​ the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. characteristics.
Genotype:​ the genetic constitution of an individual organism. Variation:​ the difference in DNA among individuals.
Gregor Mendel:​ developed three principles of inheritance that describe the transmission of genetic traits, “The Father
of Genetics”.
Haploid: ​having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.