ABSTRACT

This project illustrates a precarious industrial environment monitoring and

control for this monitoring information concerning safety and security. The
proposed system uses a combination sensor network node with a system
architecture and concept implementation, which are described mainly for an
industrial safety monitoring scenario. The information is gathered by the
deployed sensor network with focus on four main conditions: gas leakage and
oil. This Project also enables an easy to use user interface and the accessibility
of data through standards-based web server technologies. It is the most effective
and most economical means of equipment safety monitoring. The Raspberry Pi
Pico W serves as the central control unit, running the software application
responsible for collecting sensor data, processing it, and controlling the
connected devices. It communicates with the Gas sensor (MQ2) to detect the
presence of harmful gases in the environment. If the gas concentration exceeds
a predefined threshold, indicating potential danger, the Buzzer is triggered to
emit an audible alarm, alerting the residents

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURE v

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring

System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks
2

2.2 GSM based industrial security system 3

2.3 Industry Based Security System Using 3
Gsm And Arduino

2.4 LPG Leakage Detector using Arduino 4

with SMS Alert and Sound Alarm

2.5 Microcontroller Based LPG Gas Leakage 4

Detector Using GSM Module

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System 5

3.1.1.Disadvantages Of Existing System 5

3.2 Proposed System 5

ii
 3.2.1 Advantages Of Proposed System 5

4 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

4.1 Hardware Requirements 6

4.2 Software Requirements 6

5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 Python 7

5.2 Introducton For Iot 12

5.2.1 Definition 12

5.2.2 Categories of IoT 13

5.2.3 IoT Advantage 13

6 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 Raspberry pi PICO 14

6.2. 16x 2 LCD MODULES 23

6.3 node MCU 24

6.4 Power Supply 25

6.5 Transformer 29

6.6 Voltage Regulator 30

6.6.1. Electronic Voltage Regulators 31

6.6.2. Electromechanical Regulators 32

6.7 Gsm Module 33

iii
 6.8 Relay 34

6.8.1 Circuit diagram 35

6.9 Gas Sensor 36

6.10 Oil sensor 36

7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7.1. Circuit Diagram 39

7.2 Working 39

7.3.Screen Shots 40

8 CONCLUSION & FUTURE

ENCHANCEMENT

8.1 Conclusion 43

8.2 Future Enhancements 43

REFERENCES 44

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

6.1 Raspberry pi PICO 16

6.2 16x 2 Lcd Modules 23
6.3 Node MCU 25
6.5 Transformer circuit 29
6.6 Voltage regulator 31

v
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The environmental care has become one of the prime concerns for almost every
country in the last decades. Even though the number of industrial accident has
been increasing in the last few decades, the current scenarios in the industry
have not improved. They tend to be more a dangerous environment rather than a
safe one even with a wide range of modern technologies. Recently the current
industries have been demanding sophisticated instrumentation for monitoring
and control of environmental risk parameters in the danger-prone areas. Human
safety and property losses are the essential to maintain a balance between
industry and industrial environments. Five main components are the reasons for
an accident to occur: the fire, gas leakage, radiation, over voltage and high
temperature. An industrial accident usually occurs individually to the above-
mentioned factors or as the result of their combined effects. In this paper
propose, combining the virtual monitoring technology with hazardous risk
management together, a wireless multi-sensory monitoring system of hazardous
site environment. wireless sensor network architecture is adopted and based on
virtual instrument technology, Virtual instrumentation environment. In this
project we propose a combination of the real time monitoring technology with
the sensors to keep a time to time track of the various factors which are
recognised to cause an accident on site. In addition to this, internet of things
wireless sensor network architecture are adopted. The function of real-time
monitoring is to provide remote-distance hazardous parameters information,
display the data, analyze, identify when the parameters cross threshold, provide
warning in case of an accident. A wide range of industrial IoT applications have
been developed and deployed in recent years. In an effort to understand the
development of IOT in Industries.

1
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Cloud storage

Wi-Fi Module

Android
app

Buzzer
indication
Gas Sensor

Raspberry pi PICO
oil Sensor
RELAY

Exhaust fan

Power Supply

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITEATURE SURVEY

2.1 Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor

Networks
Author:Daudi S. Simbeye
Environmental conditions have a major impact on our well-being, comfort and
productivity. Present state of the air quality control in almost all manufacturing
industries in our country is based on taking samples one or few times a day,
which means that there is no information about time distribution of polluted
materials intensity during day. This paper proposes an industrial air pollution
monitoring system based on wireless sensor network system that enables sensor
data to be delivered within time constraints so that appropriate observations can
be made or actions taken. Obtaining these accurate real-time results in-situ
allows regulatory agency to take necessary action whenever pollution occurs.
The analysis focuses on six substances, known as criteria air pollutants – ozone,
particulate matter, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead.
The sensors self-organize themselves in a radio network using a routing
algorithm, monitor the area to measure the gas levels in air and transmit the data
to a central node, sometimes called a pollution server or base station (interfaced
with coordinator), or sink node, that collects the data from all of the sensors.
With the results from the data acquisition system in hand, the regulatory agent
need to implement a number of decisions based on the final statistics. The data
obtained from the experiments were analysed in real-time analysis and the
results from two sensor nodes taken for a 24 hours period were promising. The
usage of this system will reduce human health effects of industrial air pollutants
and potential damage to other aspects of the environment.
2.2 GSM based industrial security system
Author:Kashmira Thul, Priti Dhote, Ashwini Chokole

3
Security and automation is a prime concern in our day-to-day life. The approach
to home and industrial automation and security system design is almost
standardized nowadays. In this paper, we have tried to increase these standards
by combining new design techniques and developed a low cost home and
industrial automated security systems. Everyone wants to be as much as secure
as possible. The design of simple hardware circuit enables every user to use this
wireless home security system with PIR sensor, Gas sensor, Smoke sensor and
Main fuse Failure Detector at Home & Industries
2.3 Industry Based Security System Using Gsm And Arduino
Author:Shubham Raut, Avinash Gaikwad, Mudaliyar Raghurajan,
the design of a simple low cost GSM based security monitoring system using
GSM technique. The security monitoring system using GSM undergoes analog
to digital converter and with GSM Modem the message is send to mobile. ADC
is used because Arduino works with digital inputs. GSM modem can be used at
the transmitter side, the user sends an SMS to the GSM modem using. The fire
sensor is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to detect the fire. The fire
sensor is connected to Arduino and varying fire condition is sent to GSM
modem, which is simultaneously performs the operation of sending message to
a particular SIM number. GSM technology provides users with high quality
signal, giving them access to high quality digital communication. GSM network
operators can provide their customers with cheaper text messing options.The
approach to industrial automation and security system design is almost
standardized nowadays. We have tried to increase these standards by combining
new design techniques and developed a low cost industrial automated security
systems. Everyone wants to be as much as secure as possible. The design of
simple hardware circuit enables every user to use this wireless industrial
security system with vibration sensor, Motion sensor, Fire sensor, Door sensor
and Main fuse Failure Detector at Industries.

4
2.4 LPG Leakage Detector using Arduino with SMS Alert and Sound
Alarm
AUTHORS: Rhonnel S. Paculanan, Israel Carino
LPG leakages are a mutual hindrance in household and manufacturing
nowadays. It is very life threatening if you will not distinguish and modified
right away.The idea behind our project is to give a solution by power cut the
gas provision as soon as a gas leakage is perceived apart from activating the
sounding alarm.In addition to this, the authorized person will receive a message
informing him about the leakage With the increase of natural gas productions in
the last 10 years:Philippines gas industry has really taken its toll. However,the
Bureau of Fire Protection prompted the society to yield preventive and security
measures against defective electrical cabling and dissolved petroleum gas leaks
regardless of fire alarming incidents in the first half of 2017.
2.5 Microcontroller Based LPG Gas Leakage Detector Using GSM Module
AUTHORS: Ankit Sood, Babalu Sonkar, Atul Ranjan and Mr. Ameer Faisal
Introduced by presents a research work which is easty to use and gives remote
indication to the user. The sensor used in this Research Work has excellent
sensitivity combined with a quick fast response time. The system is highly
reliable, tamper-proof and secure. In the long run the maintenance cost is very
less when compared to the present system. It is possible to get instantaneous
results and with high accuracy.

5
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among
others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to
eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to
developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and
also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response
which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert.

3.1.1 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• Very low range of connectivity

• Require more time and space to operate.

• Data can’t be accessed on time if there are any internet issues

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system uses a combination sensor network with a system
architecture and concept implementation, which are described mainly for an
industrial safety zone monitoring scenario. The information is gathered by the
deployed sensor network with focus on two main conditions: gas leakage and
Oil . This project also enables an easy to use user interface and the accessibility
of data through standards-based web server technologies.

3.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Faster Response Time

• More secured.
• Accuracy is high

6
 CHAPTER - 4
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
4.1. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Raspberry pi PICO

 RSPM OIL HAZARD Sensor

 So2 GAS Sensor

 Power supply

 LCD

 Relay

 Fan

 Buzzer

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Python IDE

2. Python Language

3. Webpage Server php

4. Adaboost Algorithm

5. Php

7
 CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 PYTHON

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language.

Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented,
and functional programming. Python is often described as a "batteries included"
language due to its comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are
available for many operating systems. A global community of programmers
develops and maintains C Python, an open source reference implementation.
A non-profit organization, the Python Software Foundation, manages and
directs resources for Python and C Python development.

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting

language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords
frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer
syntactical constructions than other languages.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the

interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing it.
This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and
interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or
technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the
beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide

8
 range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to
games.
History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early
nineties at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer
Science in the Netherlands.

Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C+

+, Algol-68, Small Talk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.

Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the
GNU General Public License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although

Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

Python Features

Python's features include −

 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a

clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language
quickly.
 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the
eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable
and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which
allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and
has the same interface on all platforms.

9
  Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter.
These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to
be more efficient.
 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial
databases.
 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be
created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems,
such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large
programs than shell scripting.
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features,
few are listed below −

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as

OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for
building large applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.
 It supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and
Java.
Python is available on a wide variety of platforms including Linux and
Mac OS X. Let's understand how to set up our Python environment.

Development

Python's development is conducted largely through the Python

Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing
major new features, collecting community input on issues and documenting

10
Python design decisions. Python coding style is covered in PEP 8. Outstanding
PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the
steering council.

Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython

reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for
the language's development. Specific issues are discussed in the Roundup bug
tracker maintained at python.org. Development originally took place on a self-
hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved
to GitHub in January 2017.

C Python's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which

part of the version number is incremented:

 Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and

need to be manually ported. The first part of the version number is
incremented. These releases happen infrequently for example, version 3.0
was released 8 years after 2.0.
 Major or "feature" releases, about every 18 months, are largely
compatible but introduce new features. The second part of the version
number is incremented. Each major version is supported by bugfixes for
several years after its release.
 Bugfix releases, which introduce no new features, occur about every 3
months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed
upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in
these releases. The third and final part of the version number is
incremented.
Many alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews and
for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each
release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python's development

11
team monitors the state of the code by running the large unit test suite during
development, and using the Build Bot continuous integration system.

The community of Python developers has also contributed over

86,000 software modules (as of 20 August 2016) to the Python Package
Index (Py PI), the official repository of third-party Python libraries.

The major academic conference on Python is P y Con. There are also special
Python mentoring programmers, such as P y ladies.

5.2 CATEGORIES OF IoT

(1). People to people,
(2) People to machine /things,
(3) Things /machine to things /machine, interacting through internet.
5.2.1 IOT ADVANTAGE
1. Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-
spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains
passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective
engagement with audiences.
2. Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which
improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more
potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional
and field data.
3. Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current
analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information
leading to more effective management of resources.
4. Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and
places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows
an accurate picture of everything.

12
 CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
6.1 RASPBERRY PI PICO
Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board built on silicon designed by
Raspberry Pi. Microcontrollers are computers stripped back to their bare
essentials. You don’t use monitors or keyboards, but program them to take their
input from, and send their output to the input/output pins. Using these
programmable connections, you can light lights, make noises, send text to
screens, and much more.
The ultra-light, ultra-small Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller board is ideal for
embedding inside digital projects. Raspberry Pi Pico represents two major firsts
for Raspberry Pi: it’s the first microcontroller development board from
Raspberry Pi; it’s also the first device to use a silicon chip designed by
Raspberry Pi’s in-house Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) team.

Raspberry Pi Pico is a development board built around this powerful yet low-
cost RP2040 microcontroller.Like Raspberry Pi computers, Raspberry Pi Pico
features a pin header with 40 connections, along with a new debug connection

13
enabling you to analyse your programs directly from another computer
(typically by connecting it directly to the GPIO pins on a Raspberry Pi).

Raspberry Pi Pico is a brand new, low-cost, yet highly flexible development

board designed around a custom-built RP2040 microcontroller chip designed by
Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi Pico – ‘Pico’ for short – features a dual-core Cortex-M0+

processor (the most energy-efficient Arm processor available), 264kB of
SRAM, 2MB of flash storage, USB 1.1 with device and host support, and a
wide range of flexible I/O options.

 Two megabytes of flash memory on the RP2040 microcontroller;

 A micro-USB type B connection for power and data (and for
reprogramming the Flash)
 40-pin, 2151 "DIP"-style PCB with 0.1" through-hole pins and edge
castellations, 1 mm thick
• Displays 26 3.3V GPIO that can be used for a variety of purposes.
• There are 23 digital GPIO and 3 analog-to-digital converter ones.
• Designed to be put on a flat surface like a module
 Serial Wire Debug (SWD) interface for ARM with a three-pin connector
A very flexible power supply design that is both simple and scalable
• Easily run the device on micro-USB, external power, or batteries.
 High Availability, Low Price, and Excellent Quality
 Full software development kit (SDK), including with code samples and
documentation
• Up to 133MHz on a dual-core cortex M0+

 Core frequency can be adjusted thanks to the on-chip PLL.

• High-performance, multi-bank SRAM with 264 kilobytes of storage

14
• 16kB on-chip cache and external Quad-SPI flash memory with eXecute In
Place (XIP)

It is made of a high-performance, full-crossbar bus fabric.

6.2. 16x 2 LCD MODULES

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of
both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a
temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they
would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a
crystal.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand
witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates is coated with
transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be
displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined
orientation angle. One each polarizer is pasted outside the two glass panels.
These polarizers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite
angle, in a particular direction.When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are
rotated by the two polarizers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come
out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears
transparent.. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s
have long life and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the display
size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s more
customer friendly.

Figure: 6.2. 16x 2 Lcd Modules

15
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about
internal structure of a LCD.

FEATURES

1)Wide viewing angle and high contrast.

2)57 dot character matrix with cursor.

3)Interfaces with 4-bit or 8-bit MPUs.

4)Displays up to 226 characters and special symbols.

5)Custom character patterns are displayed with the character RAM.

6)Abundant instruction set including clear display, cursor on/off, and character
blinking.

7)Compact and light weight for easy assembly to the host instrument.

8)Operable on single 5 V power supply.

9)Low power consumption.

6.3 Node MCU

NodeMCU is an open source IoT stage. It incorporates firmware which keeps

running on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Expressive Systems, and equipment
which depends on the ESP-12 module. The term NodeMCU typically refers to
the firmware, whereas the board is termed Devkit. NodeMCU Devkit 1.0
consists of associate ESP-12E on a board that facilitates its use. It additionally
contains a transformer, a USB interface. The expression "NodeMCU" of course

16
alludes to the firmware as opposed to the improvement units. The firmware
utilizes the Lua scripting dialect

The NodeMCU (Node Micro Controller Unit) is an open source software and
hardware development environment that is built around a very inexpensive
System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is designed and
manufactured by Express, contains all crucial elements of the modern computer:
CPU, RAM, networking (wi-fi), and even a modern operating system and SDK.
When purchased at bulk, the ESP8266 chip costs only $2 USD a piece. That
makes it an excellent choice for this system design. The NodeMCU aims to
simplify ESP8266 development. It has two key components.

i. An open source ESP8266 firmware that is built on top of the chip

manufacturer's proprietary SDK. The firmware provides a simple
programming environment based on eLua (embedded Lua), which is a
very simple and fast scripting language with an established developer
community. For new comers, the Lua scripting language is easy to learn.
And to add on NodeMCU can be programmed with the Android IDE too.

ii. A development kit board that incorporates the ESP8266 chip on a standard
circuit board. The board has a built-in USB port that is already wired up with
the chip, a hardware reset button, Wi-Fi antenna, LED lights, and standard-sized
GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins that can plug into a bread board.
Figure 2 below shows the NodeMCU development board..

17
 Figure:6.3. Node MCU

There are various platforms for IoT system one of them is NodeMCU. It
provides lower level control on devices which is known as firmware. These
control runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, which hardware is based on ESP-12
module.Esp8266 is a Wi-Fi based communication system’s microchip. It uses
TCP/IP protocol for communicating with internet through router. It uses
802.11b/g/n slandered technology for Wi-Fi communication. It is a Tensilica
L106 32-bit RISC instruction unite microprocessor with 32 KB instruction
RAM, 32KB instruction Cache RAM, 80KB Data memory.ESP8266 (Pin) and
Arduino Mega’s (Pin) common pins are GND TX (0)-3.3V, RX (0), 3.3V. For
running the ESP8266 on Arduino platform we need to install ESP8266 package
in Arduino IDE. As a board is using, we need to give the additional board manager.

6.4 POWER SUPPLY

We are using linear regulated power supply having 5V output which will be
useful for driving the other components in the circuit like microcontroller.
A module should not be inserted or removed from a live circuit. The ground
terminal of the power supply must be isolated properly so that no voltage is
induced in it. The module should be isolated from the other circuits, so that
stray voltages are not induced, which could cause a flickering display

Types of Power Supply:

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics
circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of
blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

18
Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

 Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit
diagram and a graph of their output:

 Transformer only
 Transformer + Rectifier

 TransforTransformer onlymer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator Transformer only

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC
motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier
and a smoothing capacitor.

Further information: Transformer

19
 Transformer + Rectifier

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

Further information: Transformer | Rectifier

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.
Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

20
The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.
Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing | Regulator
Transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss
of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage.

Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously
high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked
by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns
on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply,
and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output
voltage.

6.5 TRANSFORMER

21
Transformer circuit symbol

Figure:6.5. Transformer circuit

The transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR

rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the
receiver varies depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation
cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator
circuit. Here an operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM 339 is used as
comparator circuit.

When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting
input goes higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC (LM339).
Thus the output of the comparator goes low, but the LED does not glow. When
the IR receiver module receives signal to the potential at the inverting input
goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED
starts glowing. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330) are used to ensure
that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to
adjust the output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the
sensitivity of the circuit Diagram. Read more about IR sensors.

6.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC voltage

independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations. A
voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative

22
feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more
AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power

supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants,
voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power
distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of
how much power is drawn from the line.

The circuit consists of following four parts.

 Reference voltage circuit

 Error amplifier

 Series pass transistor

 Feedback network

Figure 6.6. voltage regulator

6.6.1. ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

A simple voltage/current regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a

diode (or series of diodes). Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves,
the voltage across the diode changes only slightly due to changes in current
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drawn or changes in the input. When precise voltage control and efficiency are
not important, this design may be fine. Since the forward voltage of a diode is
small, this kind of voltage regulator is only suitable for low voltage regulated
output. When higher voltage output is needed, a zener diode or series of zener
diodes may be employed. Zener diode regulators make use of the zener diode's
fixed reverse voltage, which can be quite large.

Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to

some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control
the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a
negative feedback control loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase
regulation accuracy but reduce stability. (Stability is avoidance of oscillation, or
ringing, during step changes.) There will also be a trade-off between stability
and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low
(perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the
regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output
voltage–by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators and
buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-
type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation
element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However,
many regulators have over-current protection, so that they will entirely stop
sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output current is too
high, and some regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a
given range .

6.6.2. ELECTROMECHANICAL REGULATORS

In electromechanical regulators, voltage regulation is easily accomplished by

coiling the sensing wire to make an electromagnet. The magnetic field produced
by the current attracts a moving ferrous core held back under spring tension or
gravitational pull. As voltage increases, so does the current, strengthening the

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magnetic field produced by the coil and pulling the core towards the field. The
magnet is physically connected to a mechanical power switch, which opens as
the magnet moves into the field. As voltage decreases, so does the current,
releasing spring tension or the weight of the core and causing it to retract. This
closes the switch and allows the power to flow once more.If the mechanical
regulator design is sensitive to small voltage fluctuations, the motion of the
solenoid core can be used to move a selector switch across a range of
resistances or transformer windings to gradually step the output voltage up or
down, or to rotate the position of a moving-coil AC regulator.

More modern designs now use solid state technology (transistors) to perform
the same function that the relays perform in electromechanical regulators.

6.7 RELAY
INTRODUCTION:

By using a level sensor we will get the level of feed water. This signal controls
the feed water valve for maintaining a constant level. In our project we are
using an ON-OFF control valve i.e. solenoid valve. The advantage of using ON-
OFF control valve is

1. There is no dead time

2. There is no transfer lag.
6.7.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In this circuit transistor BC547 is used as a switch. The control signal is given to
the base terminal of the transistor. The collector is attached to the relay coil.
Relays are electromechanical devices. There are two types of relays.

1. Normally closed
2. Normally opened
We are using normally opened type relay. When the controller output from the
PC is high the transistor will be in the ON state, so relay is energized. When the

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controller output from the PC is low the transistor will be in the OFF state, so
relay is de-energized the valve will open. When the relay is de-energized the
valve will close. So according to the controller output the valve will open or
close and thus level is maintained.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by
a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.

Figure : 6.7 Relay

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor.Solid-state relays control
power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to
perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
6.9 Gas Sensor

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The analog Smoke/LPG/CO Gas Sensor (MQ2) module utilizes an MQ-2 as the
sensitive component and has a protection resistor and an adjustable resistor on
board. The MQ-2 gas sensor is sensitive to LPG, i-butane, propane, methane,
alcohol, Hydrogen and smoke. It could be used in gas leakage detecting
equipments in family and industry. The resistance of the sensitive component
changes as the concentration of the target gas changes.

Figure:6.9 Gas Sensor

6.8. Oil Sensor

Oil level indicator is a system that relays information back to a control panel to indicate
whether a body of oil has a high or low oil level. Some oil level indicators use a combination
of probe sensors or float switches to sense oil levels. “The oil Level Indicator employs a
simple mechanism to detect and indicate the oil level in an overhead tank or any other oil
container.Basic level sensors can be used to identify the point at which a liquid falls below a
minimum or rises above a maximum level.Some types use a magnetic float, which rise and
fall with the liquid in the container. Once the liquid, and by extension, the magnet, reach a
certain level, a reed magnetic switch is activated.

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 Figure: 6.10 Fire Sensor

6.11 BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric(piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers, train and confirmation of user input such
as a mouse click or keystroke.

An audio signalling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or

piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the
signal from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and
used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the

28
various designs, it can generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell &
siren.The pin configuration of the buzzer is shown below.It includes two pins
namely positive and negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with
the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This terminal is powered through 6Volts
whereas the negative terminal is represented with the ‘- ‘symbol or short
terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal

6.12 FAN

A fan is a powered machine used to create a flow of air. A fan consists of a

rotating arrangement of vanes or blades, generally made of wood, plastic, or
metal,which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as
an impeller, rotor, or runner.Usually, it is contained within some form of
housing,or case.This may direct the airflow, or increase safety by preventing
objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric
motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors,
hand cranks, and internal combustion engines.

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 CHAPTER – 7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7.1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

7.2 WORKING

The system comprises of a base station and a Wireless sensor node. An

microprocessor acts as a base station. oil, air Pollution and gas leakage sensors
with associated signal conditioners attached to Raspberry pi PICO. Fig. 1 shows
the block diagram of the system. In this project we are measuring the vital
parameters. Any leakage of poisonous gases can be detected and if oil is
increased beyond certain limit it will intimate the concerned person. Similarly,
if fire accidents occur then it will intimate to the owner through GSM which
commonly called IOT protocol along with a message through Cloud server. If
Gas leakage occurs we can on the power to the Exhaust fan .In addition to this
we use a buzzer and a display for intimating the other workers about the
accidents.

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7.3.SCREEN SHOTS

31
32
 CHAPTER - 8

CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

8.1 CONCLUSION
Our project was to provide a safe environment for the workers several
industrial accident like oil and gas, the incidents of unauthorized access can be
resolved using our system A simple system to improve the standards is
developed. It is a real time monitor able system developed with simple
hardware which simplifies the possibility of error free security system. This IOT
system can be easily implemented with maximum reliability and high security
with low cost, It is a special enhancement.

8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Voice announcement system can be added to indicate Status of a device. If

we can add voice announcement system with the call alert so if there are
hazardous parameters then that problem is easily detected then accordingly
respective voice message will be announced.

 Integration of additional sensors for detecting a wider range of hazards,

such as gas leaks or pressure fluctuations.

 Implementation of machine learning algorithms for more advanced

hazard prediction and decision-making capabilities.

 Development of a mobile application for remote monitoring and alerts.

 Incorporation of cloud connectivity for data storage, analysis, and real-

time collaboration

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