Designation: E1030 – 05

Standard Test Method for

Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This test method2 provides a uniform procedure for priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiographic examination of metallic castings using radio- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
graphic film as the recording medium. 2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-
rations inherent with cast products, it is necessary to recognize 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio- E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
graphic coverage on castings. Radiography of areas where E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
geometry or part configuration does not allow achievement of and Magnesium Castings
complete coverage with practical radiographic methods shall E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-
be subject to mutual agreements between purchaser and in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
supplier. The use of alternative nondestructive methods for E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
areas that are not conducive to practical radiography shall also for Aerospace Applications
be specifically agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. E272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-
1.3 The radiographic method is highly sensitive to volumet- Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
ric discontinuities that displace a detectable volume of cast E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to
material. Discontinuities that do not displace an appreciable 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
volume of material, however, such as cracks or other planar- E310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
type indications, may not be detected with radiography unless E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
the radiation beam is coincidentally aligned with the planar [51 mm] in Thickness
orientation of the discontinuity. In view of this limitation, it E505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
may be considered appropriate to use the radiographic method and Magnesium Die Castings
in conjunction with additional nondestructive methods that E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
maintain reliable detection capabilities for these types of tive Testing
discontinuities. The use of additional methods shall be specifi- E689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
cally agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier. E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
1.4 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad- Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog- (IQI) Used for Radiology
nized that, for special applications, specific techniques using E802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to
more or less stringent requirements may be required than those 412 in. [114 mm] in Thickness
specified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographic E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and graphic Film Processing
supplier (also see Section 5). E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
as standard. cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the eters
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
1
Industrial Radiographic Films
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published February 2006. Originally
3
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1030 - 00. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E1030-05. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Method SE-1030 in Section II of that Code. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E1030 – 05
E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings 6. Apparatus
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for 6.1 Radiation Sources:
Industrial Radiography 6.1.1 X Radiation Sources—Selection of appropriate X-ray
2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards: voltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi- ing the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4 and economically permissible exposure time. The suitability of
CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive these X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment of
Testing Personnel4 required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with all
2.3 Other Standards: other requirements stipulated herein. Guide E94 contains
NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification and provisions concerning exposure calculations and charts for the
Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel5 use of X-ray sources.
CEN 444 Non-Destructive Testing-General Principles for 6.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources—Isotope sources, when
Radiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X-and used, shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-
Gamma-rays graphic sensitivity.
ISO 5579 Non-Destructive Testing-Radiographic Examina- 6.2 Film Holders and Cassettes—Film holders and cassettes
tion of Metallic Materials by X-and Gamma-rays—Basic shall be light-tight and shall be handled properly to reduce the
Rules likelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexible
vinyl, plastic, or any durable material; or, they may be made
3. Terminology
from metallic materials. In the event that light leaks into the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test film holder and produces images on the film extending into the
method, see Terminology E1316. area of interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film holder
exhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse or
4. Significance and Use
discarded. Film holders and cassettes should be routinely
4.1 The requirements expressed in this test method are examined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.
intended to control the quality of the radiographic images, to 6.3 Intensifying Screens:
produce satisfactory and consistent results, and are not in- 6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:
tended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materials 6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-
or products. ally used for all production radiography. Lead-foil screens shall
be of the same approximate area dimensions as the film being
5. Basis of Application used and they shall be in direct contact with the film during
5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by the exposure.
purchaser and supplier: 6.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser-supplier
5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation—If speci- agreement or within the footnotes below Table 1, the lead foil
fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT) screens in this table shall be used.
agencies shall be qualified and evaluated in accordance with 6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, used for screens
Practice E543. The applicable version of Practice E543 shall be should be visually examined for dust, dirt, oxidation, cracking
specified in the contractual agreement. or creasing, foreign material or other condition that could
5.1.2 Personnel Qualification—NDT personnel shall be render undesirable nonrelevant images on the film.
qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT 6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic, or Other Metallic
personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ Screens:
ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar document. 6.3.2.1 Fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screens
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall may be used. However, they must be capable of demonstrating
be specified in the contractual agreement between the using the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity. Fluorescent or
parties. fluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image quality
5.1.3 Apparatus—General requirements (see 6.1 through (see Test Method E94, Appendix X1.)
6.9) shall be specified. 6.3.2.2 Screen Care—All screens should be handled care-
5.1.4 Requirements—General requirements (see 8.1, 8.2, fully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or dirt on active
8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified. surfaces. Screens that render false indications on radiographs
5.1.5 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3, 9.7.4, and shall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.
9.7.7) shall be specified. 6.3.3 Other Screens—European Standard CEN 444 con-
5.1.6 Records—Record retention (see 12.1) shall be speci- tains similar provisions for intensifying screens as this test
fied. method. International users of these type screens who prefer
the use of CEN 444 or ISO 5579 for their particular applica-
4
tions should specify such alternate provisions within separate
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (ASNT),
1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228.
contractual arrangements from this test method.
5
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye 6.4 Filters—Filters shall be used whenever the contrast
Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. reductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or the

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 E1030 – 05
TABLE 1 Lead Foil Screens
keV Range Front ScreenA Back Screen Minimum
B
0 to 150 keV 0.000 to 0.001 in. [0 to 0.025 mm] 0.005 in. [0.127 mm]
150 to 200 keV; Ir 192, Se-75 0.000 to 0.005 in. [0 to 0.127 mm] 0.005 in. [0.127 mm]C
200 keV to 2 MeV; Co60 0.005 to 0.010 in. [0.126 to 0.254 mm] 0.010 in. [0.254 mm]
2 to 4 MeV 0.010 to 0.020 in. [0.254 to 0.508 mm] 0.010 in. [0.254 mm]
4 to 10 MeV 0.010 to 0.030 in. [0.254 to 0.762 mm] 0.010 in. [0.254 mm]
10 to 25 MeV 0.010 to 0.050 in. [0.254 to 1.27 mm] 0.010 in. [0.254 mm]
A
The lead screen thickness listed for the various voltage ranges are recommended thicknesses and not required thicknesses. Other thicknesses and materials may be
used provided the required radiographic quality level, contrast, and density are achieved.
B
Prepacked film with lead screens may be used from 80 to 150 keV. No lead screens are recommended below 80 keV. Prepacked film may be used at higher energy
levels provided the contrast, density, radiographic quality level, and backscatter requirements are achieved. Additional intermediate lead screens may be used for reduction
of scattered radiation at higher energies.
C
No back screen is required provided the backscatter requirements of 9.5 are met.

extent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on production of written procedures shall be dictated by a purchaser and
radiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure to supplier agreement. The procedure details should include at
meet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements least those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, a
stipulated by the job order or contract (see Guide E94). radiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shall
6.5 Masking—Masking material may be used, as necessary, be prepared similar to that shown in Appendix X1 and shall be
to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting (see available for review during interpretation of the film.
Guide E94). 8.2 Radiographic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by
6.6 Penetrameters (IQI)—Unless otherwise specified by the a purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radiographic
applicable job order or contract, only those penetrameters that coverage shall be the maximum practical volume of the
comply with the design and identification requirements speci- casting. Areas that require radiography shall be designated as
fied in Practice E747 or Practice E1025 shall be used. illustrated in Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 of Appendix X1. When the
6.7 Shims and Separate Blocks—Shims or separate blocks shape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography is
made of the same or radiographically similar materials (as impractical, these areas shall be so designated on drawings or
defined in Method E1025) may be used to facilitate penetram- sketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples of casting
eter positioning. There is no restriction on shim or separate geometries and configurations that may be considered imprac-
block thickness provided the penetrameter and area-of-interest tical to radiograph are illustrated in Appendix X2.
density tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met. 8.3 Radiographic Film Quality—All radiographs shall be
6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification Markers— free of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-
Lead numbers and letters are used to designate the part number ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of any
and location number. The size and thickness of the markers discontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If any
shall depend on the ability of the radiographic technique to doubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited by
image the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule, the film, the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.
markers 1⁄16-in. [1.58-mm] thick will suffice for most low- 8.4 Radiographic Quality Level—The applicable job order
energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography; or contract shall dictate the requirements for radiographic
for higher-energy radiography it may be necessary to use quality level. (See Practice E1025 or Practice E747 for
markers that are 1⁄8-in. [3.17-mm] or more thick. guidance in selection of quality level.)
6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement Apparatus—Either 8.5 Acceptance Level—Radiographic acceptance levels and
a transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison film associated severity levels shall be stipulated by the applicable
shall be used for judging film density requirements. Step contract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplier
wedge comparison films or densitometer calibration, or both, agreement.
shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step-wedge
8.6 Radiographic Density Limitations—Radiographic den-
film traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
sity in the area of interest shall be within 1.5 to 4.0 for either
Technology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordance
single or superimposed viewing.
with Practice E1079.
8.7 Film Handling:
7. Reagents and Materials 8.7.1 Darkroom Facilities—Darkroom facilities should be
7.1 Film Systems—Only film systems having cognizant kept clean and as dust-free as practical. Safelights should be
engineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re- those recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographic
quirements of Test Method E1815 shall be used to meet the materials used and should be positioned in accordance with the
requirements of this test method. manufacturer’s recommendations. All darkroom equipment
and materials should be capable of producing radiographs that
8. Requirements are suitable for interpretation.
8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by 8.7.2 Film Processing—Radiographic film processing shall
the applicable job order or contract, radiographic examination be controlled in accordance with Guide E999.
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure. 8.7.3 Film Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities shall pro-
Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not

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 E1030 – 05
cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radio- [12.7-mm] high) on the rear side of the film holder. If a light
graph. The viewing light shall be of sufficient intensity to image (lower density) of the lead letter “B” appears on the
review densities up to 4.0 and be appropriately controlled so radiograph, it indicates that more back-scatter protection is
that the optimum intensity for single or superimposed viewing necessary. The appearance of a dark image of the lead letter
of radiographs may be selected. “B” should be disregarded unless the dark image could mask or
8.7.4 Storage of Radiographs—When storage is required by be confused with rejectable casting defects.
the applicable job order or contract, the radiographs should be 9.6 Penetrameter (IQI) Placement—Place all penetrameters
stored in an area with sufficient environmental control to (IQI) being radiographed on the source side of the casting.
preclude image deterioration or other damage. The radiograph Place penetrameters (IQI) in the radiographic area of interest,
storage duration and location after casting delivery shall be as unless the use of a shim or separate block is necessary, as
agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. (See Guide specified in 9.7.6.
E1254 for storage information.) 9.7 Number of Penetrameters (IQI):
9. Procedure 9.7.1 One penetrameter (IQI) shall represent an area within
which radiographic densities do not vary more than +30 %
9.1 Time of Examination—Unless otherwise specified by
to –15 % from the density measured through the body of the
the applicable job order or contract, radiography may be
penetrameter (IQI).
performed prior to heat treatment and in the as-cast, rough-
machined, or finished-machined condition. 9.7.2 When the film density varies more than –15 %
9.1.1 Penetrameter (IQI) Selection—Unless otherwise to +30 %, two penetrameters (IQI) shall be used as follows: if
specified in the applicable job order or contract, penetrameter one penetrameter (IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity represent-
(IQI) selection shall be based on the following: if the thickness ing the most dense portion of the exposure, and the second
to be radiographed exceeds the design thickness of the finished penetrameter (IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity representing
piece, the penetrameter (IQI) size shall be based on a thickness the least dense portion of the exposure, then these two
which does not exceed the design thickness of the finished penetrameters (IQI) shall qualify the exposure location within
piece by more than 20 % or 1⁄4 in. [6.35 mm], whichever is these densities, provided the density requirements stipulated in
greater. In no case shall the penetrameter (IQI) size be based on 8.6 are met.
a thickness greater than the thickness to be radiographed. 9.7.3 For cylindrical or flat castings where more than one
9.2 Surface Preparation—The casting surfaces shall be film holder is used for an exposure, at least one penetrameter
prepared as necessary to remove any conditions that could (IQI) image shall appear on each radiograph. For cylindrical
mask or be confused with internal casting discontinuities. shapes, where a panoramic type source of radiation is placed in
9.3 Source-to-Film Distance—Unless otherwise specified in the center of the cylinder and a complete or partial circumfer-
the applicable job order or contract, geometric unsharpness ence is radiographed using at least four overlapped film
(Ug) shall not exceed the following in Table 2. holders, at least three penetrameters (IQI) shall be used. On
9.4 Direction of Radiation—The direction of radiation shall partial circumference exposures, a penetrameter (IQI) shall be
be governed by the geometry of the casting and the radio- placed at each end of the length of the image to be evaluated
graphic coverage and quality requirements stipulated by the on the radiograph with the intermediate penetrameters (IQI)
applicable job order or contract. Whenever practicable, place placed at equal divisions of the length covered. For full
the central beam of the radiation perpendicular to the surface of circumferential coverage, three penetrameters (IQI) spaced
the film. Appendix X2 provides examples of preferred source 120° apart shall be used, even when using a single length of
and film orientations and examples of casting geometries and roll film.
configurations on which radiography is impractical or very 9.7.4 When an array of individual castings in a circle is
difficult. radiographed, the requirements of 9.7.1 or 9.7.2, or both, shall
9.5 Back-Scattered Radiation Protection: prevail for each casting.
9.5.1 Back-Scattered Radiation—(secondary radiation ema- 9.7.5 If the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity does not
nating from surfaces behind the film, that is, walls, floors, etc.) show on any one film in a multiple film technique (see 9.11),
serves to reduce radiographic contrast and may produce but does show in composite (superimposed) film viewing,
undesirable effects on radiographic quality. A 1⁄8-in. [3.17-mm] interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film
lead sheet placed behind the film generally furnishes adequate viewing for the respective area.
protection against back-scattered radiation. 9.7.6 When it is not practicable to place the penetrameter(s)
9.5.2 To detect back-scattered radiation, position a lead (IQI) on the casting, a shim or separate block conforming to the
letter “B” (approximately 1⁄8-in. [3.17-mm] thick by 1⁄2-in. requirements of 6.7 may be used.
TABLE 2 Source-to-Film Distance
Material Thickness Ug MaximumA
Under 1 in. [25.4 mm] 0.010 in. [0.254 mm]
1 through 2 in. [25.4 through 50.8 mm] 0.020 in. [0.508 mm]
Over 2 through 3 in. [over 50.8 through 76.2 mm] 0.030 in. [0.762 mm]
Over 3 through 4 in. [over 76.2 through 101.6 mm] 0.040 in. [1.016 mm]
Greater than 4 in. [greater than 101.6 mm] 0.070 in. [1.778 mm]
A
Geometric unsharpness values shall be determined (calculated) as specified by the formula in Guide E94.

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 E1030 – 05
9.7.6.1 The penetrameter (IQI) shall be no closer to the film 9.11 Multiple Film Techniques—Two or more films of equal
than the source side of that part of the casting being radio- or different speeds in the same cassette are allowed, provided
graphed in the current view. prescribed quality level and density requirements are met (see
9.7.6.2 The radiographic density measured adjacent to the 9.7.2 and 9.7.5).
penetrameter (IQI) through the body of the shim or separate 9.12 Radiographic Techniques:
block shall not exceed the density measured in the area of 9.12.1 Single Wall Technique—Except as provided in
interest by more than 15 %. The density may be lighter than the 9.12.2, radiography shall be performed using a technique in
area of interest density, provided acceptable quality level is which the radiation passes through only one wall.
obtained and the density requirements of 8.6 are met. 9.12.2 Double Wall Technique—For castings with an inside
9.7.6.3 The shim or separate block shall be placed at the diameter of 4 in. or less, a technique may be used in which the
corner of the film holder or close to that part of the area of radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed
interest that is furthest from the central beam. This is the worst for acceptance on the same film. An adequate number of
case position from a beam angle standpoint that a discontinuity exposures shall be taken to ensure that required coverage has
would be in. been obtained.
9.7.6.4 The shim or separate block dimensions shall exceed 9.13 Safety—Radiographic procedures shall comply with
the penetrameter (IQI) dimensions such that the outline of at applicable city, state, and federal regulations.
least three sides of the penetrameter (IQI) image shall be 10. Radiograph Evaluation
visible on the radiograph.
10.1 Film Quality—Verify that the radiograph meets the
9.7.7 Film Side Penetrameter (IQI)—In the case where the
quality requirements specified in 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 9.5.2 and 9.7.
penetrameter (IQI) cannot be physically placed on the source
10.2 Film Evaluation—Determine the acceptance or rejec-
side and the use of a separate block technique is not practical,
tion of the casting by comparing the radiographic image to the
penetrameters (IQI) placed on the film side may be used. The
agreed upon acceptance criteria (see 8.5).
applicable job order or contract shall dictate the requirements
for film side radiographic quality level (see 8.4). 11. Reference Radiographs
9.8 Location Markers—The radiographic image of the lo- 11.1 Reference Radiographs E155, E186, E192, E272,
cation markers for the coordination of the casting with the film E280, E310, E446, E505, E689, E802, and E1320 are graded
shall appear on the film, without interfering with the interpre- radiographic illustrations of various casting discontinuities.
tation, in such an arrangement that it is evident that the These reference radiographs may be used to help establish
required coverage was obtained. These marker positions shall acceptance criteria and may also be useful as radiographic
be marked on the casting and the position of the markers shall interpretation training aids.
be maintained on the part during the complete radiographic
cycle. The RSS shall show all marker locations. 12. Report
9.9 Radiographic Identification—A system of positive iden- 12.1 The following radiographic records shall be main-
tification of the film shall be used and each film shall have a tained as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier:
unique identification relating it to the item being examined. As 12.1.1 Radiographic standard shooting sketch,
a minimum, the following additional information shall appear 12.1.2 Weld repair documentation,
on each radiograph or in the records accompanying each 12.1.3 Film,
radiograph: 12.1.4 Film interpretation record containing as a minimum:
(1) Identification of organization making the radiograph, 12.1.4.1 Disposition of each radiograph (acceptable or re-
(2) Date of exposure, jectable),
(3) Identification of the part, component or system and, 12.1.4.2 If rejectable, cause for rejection (shrink, gas, etc.),
where applicable, the weld joint in the component or system, 12.1.4.3 Surface indication verified by visual examination
and (mold, marks, etc.), and
12.1.4.4 Signature of the film interpreter.
(4) Whether the radiograph is an original or repaired area.
9.10 Subsequent Exposure Identification— All repair radio- 13. Precision and Bias
graphs after the original (initial) shall have an examination 13.1 No statement has been made about either the precision
status designation that indicates the reason. Subsequent radio- or bias of this test method since the result merely states
graphs made by reason of a repaired area shall be identified whether there is conformance to the criteria for success
with the letter “R” followed by the respective repair cycle (that specified in the procedure.
is, R-1 for the first repair, R-2 for the second repair, etc.).
Subsequent radiographs that are necessary as a result of 14. Keywords
additional surface preparation should be identified by the 14.1 castings; gamma-ray; nondestructive testing; radio-
letters “REG.” graphic; radiography; X-ray

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 E1030 – 05
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH (RSS)

X1.1 The radiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS) sketch(es) of the casting: the instruction sheet specifies the
provides the radiographic operator and the radiographic inter- radiographic equipment, materials, and technique-acceptance
preter with pertinent information regarding the examination of parameters for each location; the sketch(es) illustrate(s) the
a casting. The RSS is designed to standardize radiographic location, orientation, and the source and film arrangement for
methodologies associated with casting examination; it may each location. Figs. X1.1-X1.3 of this appendix provide a
also provide a means of a purchaser and supplier agreement, typical instruction sheet and sketch sheets. As a minimum, the
prior to initiation of the examination on a production basis. The RSS should provide the following information. All spaces shall
use of a RSS is advantageous due to the many configurations be filled in unless not applicable; in those cases, the space shall
associated with castings and the corresponding variations in be marked NA.
techniques for examination of any particular one. The RSS X1.2.1 The instruction sheet should provide the following:
provides a map of location marker placement, directions for X1.2.1.1 Company preparing RSS and activity performing
source and film arrangement, and instructions for all other radiography.
parameters associated with radiography of a casting. This X1.2.1.2 Casting identification including:
information serves to provide the most efficient method for
(1) Drawing number,
controlling the quality and consistency of the resultant radio-
(2) Casting identification number,
graphic representations.
(3) Descriptive name (for example, pump casting, valve
X1.2 The RSS usually consists of an instruction sheet and body, etc.),

FIG. X1.1 Sample Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS)

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 E1030 – 05

FIG. X1.2 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches (RSS)

Views Illustrating Layout of Source and Film Placement

(4) Material type and material specification, (11) Applicable radiographic severity level.
(5) Heat number, and X1.2.2 The sketch(es) should provide the following:
(6) Pattern number. X1.2.2.1 Location marker placement.
X1.2.1.3 Surface condition at time of radiography (as cast, X1.2.2.2 Location of foundry’s identification pad or symbol
rough machined, finished machined). on the casting.
X1.2.1.4 Spaces for approval (as applicable). X1.2.2.3 Designation of areas that require radiography (as
X1.2.1.5 Radiographic Technique Parameters for Each Lo- applicable).
cation: X1.2.2.4 Designation of areas that are considered impracti-
(1) Radiographic location designation, cal or very difficult to radiograph (see 1.2 and 8.2).
(2) Source type and size, X1.2.2.5 Radiographic source and film arrangement and
(3) Finished thickness, radiation beam direction for each location.
(4) Thickness when radiographed,
(5) Penetrameters, NOTE X1.1—The RSS should designate the involved locations and
(6) Source to film distance, stipulate that the technique for those locations is typical, for sections of the
(7) Film type and quantity, casting on which a continuing series of locations are to be radiographed
with the same basic source and film arrangement for each location.
(8) Film size,
(9) Required penetrameter (IQI) quality level, X1.2.3 Fig. X1.1 of this appendix provides a sample RSS
(10) Radiographic acceptance standard, and that has been developed for a typical production application,

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 E1030 – 05

FIG. X1.3 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches (RSS)

Views Illustrating Layout and Extent of Coverage

and Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 provide sample RSS sketches that of the radiographic methodology prior to performing produc-
have been developed for a typical production application. tion radiography. This generally entails the demonstration of
X1.2.4 The RSS may not provide what is considered to be the adequacy of the methodology by submitting the proposed
the most effective means of technique control for all radio- technique parameters and a corresponding set of pilot radio-
graphic activities, but, in any event, some means of technique graphs to the purchaser for review. Purchaser approval of the
standardization should be employed. As a general rule, it is a technique shall be addressed in the applicable job order or
beneficial practice for the supplier to solicit purchaser approval contract.

X2. PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT FOR FLANGE RADIOGRAPHY AND EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT
ARE CONSIDERED IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH

X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment for Flange geometric configuration of these areas require. The following
Radiography—The effective use of radiography for assessing figures (see Figs. X2.1-X2.3) describe source and film align-
material soundness in casting areas where a flange joins a body ments that can be employed and discusses the limits and
is somewhat limited by the source and film alignment that the benefits of each.

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NOTE 1—For general application, this alignment provides the most effective compromise of quality radiography and maximum obtainable coverage.
FIG. X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment

NOTE 1—This alignment provides a suitable alternative when other casting appendages (bosses, flanges, etc.) project into the radiation path as
illustrated in Fig. X2.2 when this alignment is used, additional losses in coverage (as opposed to Fig. X2.1) should be expected and noted accordingly
on the applicable RSS.
FIG. X2.2 Permissible Source and Film Alignment when Fig. X2.1 Cannot Be Applied Due to Casting Geometry

NOTE 1—This alignment is permissible if the radiation source energy and film multi-load capabilities are sufficient to afford compliance with the
technique requirements stipulated herein. This alignment will generally require the use of filters or masking to reduce the influence of radiation that
undercuts the thicker areas and reduces overall radiographic quality.
FIG. X2.3 Allowable Source Film Alignment as Governed by Source Energy and Multi-Film Load Acceptable Density Latitude

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X3. EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH

X3.1 Certain casting geometry configuration are inacces-

sible for conventional source and film arrangements that will
provide meaningful radiographic results. These areas generally
involve the juncture of two casting sections. The following
illustrations (see Fig. X3.1 and Fig. X3.2) provide typical
examples of such areas.

FIG. X3.1 Areas Involving Flanges

FIG. X3.2 Areas Involving Other Junctures

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