í Listen and repeat these words with the sound /0/,

thank you thirsty author birthday fourth

thought Thursday anything athiete worth
thousand thirty-three something math month

Ethan is surprised at some things Beth teus him.

í) 1 Listen to the dialog. One important word stands out in
each sentence. Underline the word that stands out in each
numbered sentence. The other sentences have been done

Beth Kathy Roth is thirty-three.

Ethan Is she? 1 thought she was fbrty-three.
Beth Her birthday was last Thursday.
Ethan Was it? 1 thought it was last month.
Beth Seth is her third husband.
Ethan Is he? 1 thought he was her fourth husband.
Beth Their house is worth three hundred thousand dollars.
Ethan Is it? 1 thought it was worth about one hundred thousand dollars.
Beth Seth is the author of a math book.
Ethan Is he? 1 thought he was an athiete.
Beth I'm so thirsty.
Ethan Are you? 1 thought you had something to drink at Kathy's house.
Beth No. Kathy didn't offer me anything.
Ethan I'fl buy you a drink.
Beth Oh! Thank you.
2 Listen again and check your answers.

To show surprise, you can ask a short question with rising intonation.

fl 1 Listen to these short questions.

A Kathy Roth is thirty-three A Her birthday was last Thursday.

B Is she? B Was it?

158 it4
 To show a contrast, put strong stress on the information that is different.
The stressed syllable of this word sounds loud and s 1 o w.
The intonation changes on this word. In a sentence with failing intonation, the voice
jurnps up on the stressed syllable and then falis.

() 2 Listen and repeat.

A Kathy Roth is thirty-three A Her birthday was last Thursday.

B Is she? 1 thought she B Was it? 1 thought it was

was forty-three, last month.

í" Work with a partner. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Student A says the incorrect
sentence. Student B shows surprise and then corrects the mistake. Listen to this example.
A March is the fburth rnonth of the year.
B Is it? 1 thought it was the third month of the year.
1. August is the seventh month of the year.
2. New York is south ofMiami.
3. There are four feet in a yard.
4. Athens is north ofRome.
5. Agatha Christie was a famous author ofhistory books.
6. Valentine's Day is on January 14th•
7. New Year's Eve is on December 301h
8. Last year was 2005.

The sound /0/is spelled with the letters th. Add more examples below.
th think, thousand, something, rnonth.

í' Listen and repeat these common expressions with the sound /0/.

Thank you. I'rn thirsty.

1 think so. Today is my thirtieth birthday.
Thanks for thinking of me! I'rn free on Tuesdays and Thursdays.

/0/. think 159

 UNIt
the other
1 itLL Weak Pronunciations for the and than

fl Practice the sound /0/.

Use your voice to say //.
Listen and repeat: /ô/.

vu,Le

í) 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1: Id/ Sound 2: /ô/

day they

j.L II
dare there

doze those

ladder lather

breed breathe

2 Listen again and repeat.

160 :ut42
í) 1 Listen to these worci pairs.

Sound 1: Izi Sound 2: //

closing clothing

bays bathe

1)
breeze b reath e

tease teethe

í 2 Listen again and repeat.

ed
fl 1 Listen and circie the word you hear.
1. day / they 3. tease / teethe 5. D's / Z's / these
2. letter / leather 4. closing / clothing 6, breed / breeze / breathe

í) 2 Listen to each sentence and circie the word you hear.

1. The sign said ("Closing" / "Clothing").
2. We waited until (day / they) carne.
3. The child was just (teasing / teething).
4. Try to proiounce (D's / Z's / these) more clearly.
5. They're (breeding / breathing) like rabbits.
6. Did you see the (Ietter / leather)?
3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

/ô/ • the other 161

 1 One word in each column has the sound /0/ and not lôl. Work with a partner. Circie
the words that have the sound /0/.
this there weather Thursclay
that three another rather
together anything smoother
though leather either the other

C) 2 Listen. Repeat the words and check your answers.

Heather is shopping for a newjacket.

1 Work with a partner. Read the dialog. Fui iii the blanks with vorc1s from task D. You
can use a word more than once.
Heather I'd like to buy that jacket in the window.
Salesclerk Well, are three jackets in the window. Do you
want the one with the feather coilar?
Heather No. The other one. The leather one.
Salesclerk The one with the zipper?
Heather No, not ______________ one either. That one over _____________. The one that's
on saie.
Salesclerk Oh, that one. Now, here's ieatherjacket that 1 think you'd like.
Heather But this one is more expensive than the one in the window.
Salesclerk It's a better jacket than the other one. The ______ _______ is smoother.
Heather I'd get the one in the window, though. 1 think that one is better
for cold
Salesclerk Well, fine, if______ _____'s the one you want. But we don't take
out of the window until three o'ciock on Thursday.

í) 2 Listen to the dialog and check your

162 'it42
 The words the and than are normally unstressed and have weak pronunciations.
Before a consonant sound, the is pronounced /a/, with the short, unstressed vowel 1;!.
Before a vowel sound, the is often pronounced Itiy/. The Iiy/ sound is short. Use the /y/
sound iri /iy/ to link the to the foliowing vowel.
Than is pronounced Iõn/, with the short unstressed vowel 1;!.

í Listen and repeat.

the one with the zipper

Itiy1
Lhe others
/nI
better than the others
Which jacket do you think is better than the others?
1 think the one with the belt is better than the others.
The word one begins with a consonant sound 1w!, even though it hegins with a vowel letter o.

Work with a partner. Taik about the fourjackets using words from Lhe list below.

A Which jacket do you think is than the others?

one with the belt
leather jacket is
B 1 think the than the others
one with the zipper looks
jacket for $130
better more attractive more stylish
warmer more comfortable more practical
dressier more expensive more casual

1W • the other 163

 The sound 1W is spelled with the letters th. Add more examples below.
th there, that, another, together,
Careful: The th in clothes is usually silent.

í Listen and repeat these cominon expressions with the sound 7W.

my mother and father either this one or that one

What's the weather like? Did they go there together?
I'd rather not answer that. This one is better than the others.

164 tt42
UbLlt
/1
Review
lyl, 1ff, lvi, 1w!, 1h!, /0/, and /ô/

fl Listen and circ]e the word you hear. You can use a dictionary ifyou like, but you
don't have to understand every word to do this.
1. hest / vest / west 7. tree / free / three
2. berry / ferry / very 8.den/Zen/then
3. fine / vine / wine 9. leap / leaf/ leave
4. 1)001 / fool / who'Il 10. tense / tent / tenth
5.you/few/hue 11. breed / breeze / breathe
6. car / year / hear 12. tease / teeth / teethe

F 1 Listen to B's response in each conversation below and underline the

word that stands out the most. Then put a check '1 next to the sentence
that A probably said.
1. A Do you work in New York?
- L Did you use to live in New York?
B No, but 1 used to work there.
2. A ____ Does he have any brothers or sisters?
1 think he has three brothers.
B He has four brothers.
3. A How long have they lived here?
They've lived here for five years.
B More than five years.
4. A When is her interview?
Her interview is at 1:30.
B 1 think it's at 12:30.
5. A Does he have any brothers or sisters?
1 think he has three brothers.
B He has four brothers.
6. A When is her interview?
Her interview is at 1:30.
B 1 think it's at 12:30.
Review 165
 7. A Do you work in New York?
Did you use to live in New York?
B No, but 1 used to work there.
8. A How long have they lived here?
They've lived here for five years.
B More than five years.

í) 2 Listen and check your answers.

3 Practice the conversations with a partner. For each conversation, one person says one ofA's
sentences. The other person gives B's response, making the correct word stand out.

Circie the word in each une that does not have the sarne consonant sound underllned
in the first word
1. thanks (Jj anything months three
2. very of' view live often
3. funny Iaughed phone thought first
4. how who why hope whole
5. went question one only when
6. that other clothing nothing rather
7. yes computer few quickly rnillion

166 t43
UNIt
me
i.H..' Using Intonation to Change Meaning

í' Close your lips.

Use your voice.
The sound /m/ comes through your nose.
Listen and repeat: /m/.

vOice

fl Listen and repeat these words with the sound /m/.

make summer time
met smafl comes
remember srnart Morn
tomorrow borne homemade

Sam is taiking to his inother. He invited a friend from school

to come to his /iouse for iunch.
1 Work with a partner. Read the dialog. Fui in the bianks
with words from task A.
Sam Mom?
Mom Mm?
Sam Can my friend Tom COfl1C with me for lunch tornorrow?
Mom Mm, 1 guess so. Have 1 -___________ Tom before?
Sam Mm-bm. You met him in the _________. He's small and really
in math.
Mom Mm, 1 - -___________ Tom. His family from Maine, right?
Sam Mrn-hm, that's him. Oh, um, Mom? Can you some
rnuffins tomorrow?
Mom Mm... maybe. If 1 have
Sam But , 1 told Tom about your muffins. That's why he's
corning for lunch
í) 2 Listen to the dialog and check your

/mI'me 167
 Mm can have many meanings. The meaning changes when you change the intonation.

í' Listen.
Mm means "What did you say'?" Mm means "I'm thinking."
Mm means "Yes." Mm means "This is good!" or "This is delicious!"

í) 1 Listen to this conversation. Say which meaning Mm has in B's

A Would you like some homernade muffins? B Mm?
A Would you like some muffins? B Mm,
A Here you go. B (ea.ting) Mm!
A I'm glad you like thern. 1 made them myself.
Would you likejam with them? B Mm?
AJam. BMm...
A They're yummy with jarn Want some? B Mm.
A Here you are. B (eating) Mm!

2 Practice the conversation with a partner.

The sound /m/ is spelled with the letter m.. Add more examples below.
m maybe, family, home, I'in,
mm summer, swimrning, yummy
Other speilings:
mb b is silent: comh, lanib, climb
mn n is silent: autumn, column

í' Listen and repeat these common expressions with the sound Im/.

My name is Have some more.

I'm sorry. Sometimes.
1 don't remember Maybe.

168 .it44
U Lft
/n/ flO
4b Syllabic

fl Put the tip of your tongue on the roof of your

mouthjust behind your top teeth.
Do not dose your lips.
Use your voice.
The sound ml comes through your nose.
voice Listen and repeat: ml.

í) 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1:/mi Sound 2: mi

me knee

o
rn a ii na ii

mine nine

com b cone

g um gun

2 Listen again and repeat.

/fl/•no 169
 Ç 1 Listen and circie the word you hear.
1. mau / nail 3. mine / nine 5. gum / gun
2. me / knee 4. comb / cone 6. M / N
fl 2 Listen to each sentence and circie the word you hear.
1. Can you pick up the (mau / nau)?
2. I'd like two (combs / cones), please.
3. I'Il give you (mine / nine).
4. Be careful - don't step on the (gum / gun)!
5. lsn't the hornework (dumb / done)?
6. Do you spefl that with one (M / N) or two?

3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

C) 1 Listen and repeat these words with the sound ml.

new neighborhood don't
nice rnidnight tenant
noise spend convenient

í) 2 Say /n / clearly at the end of a word. Listen and repeat.

one seven kitchen
nine eleven downtown
fifteen 1 mean train station

fl 3 Link /n / at the end of a word to a foliowing vowel. Listen and repeat.

an apartment an oven on a bus une

Mci rtin. is looking fbr an apartment to rent. Fie is taiking to

° For Rent o
a rentai agent. One- bedroom
í 1 Read the dialog as you listen. Circie the words you hear. apartment
Do you hear two separate words or a contraction?
a o
Martin Good morning. (1 am /cIj) interested in renting
a one-bedroom apartment downtown.
Agent Certainly. (We have / We've) a nice apartment on the comer of Main Street and
Central Avenue. (It has / It's) big windows, a new kitchen, and a very convenient
location. And (it is / it's) only $ 1,120 a month.

170
 Martin 1 (could not / couldn't) pay $ 1,120 a month. (1 am / I'm) a student.
Agent A student, hmrn.. . . How much can you spend?
Martin Well, 1 (did not / didn't) want to spend more than $700 a month.
Agent $700 a month? We (do not / don't) often have apartments as inexpensive as that.
Not in the center of town, anyway. (We have / We've) got one apartrnent for $790 a
month.
Martin (Where is /Where's) it? Is it in the sarne neighborhood?
Agent No, it (is not / isn't). (It is / It's) on Seventh Avenue, near the train station.
Martin 1 (do not / don't) know. 1 inean, 1 need to be near the university.
Agent (It is! It's) on a bus une. 1t has / It's) a kitchen, but the kitchen (does not / doesn't)
have an oven.
Martin No oven? Well, a nice kitchen (is not / isn't) that important to me.
Agent (There is / There's) a garden in the front, but the tenants (cannot / can't) use
it. The landiord lives downstairs. Friends are forbidden in the apartrnent after
rnidnight. No noise and no television after 11:15. No -
Martin No, thank you! 1 want an apartrnent, not a prison!
2 Listen again and check your answers.

Sometimes the sound mi makes a syllable without any vowel sound. This is called
"syllabic ml."
Syllabic /n / occurs only in unstressed syllables.
Syllabic /n / usually comes after another consonant made with the tip of the tongue just
behind your top teeth: /t/, Id!, Is!, or /z/.

í 1 Listen and repeat. Try not to move the tip ofyour tongue between the sound Id!, /z/,
or Itt and the foliowing mi.
garden isn't written
forbidden doesn't gotten
student didn't irnportant
prison couldn't certainly
í) 2 Listen and repeat. The word and is often pronounced as a syllabic lo!.
790 "seven hundred 'n' ninety"
1,120 "eleven hundred 'n' twenty" or "one thousand one hundred 'n' twenty"
Main Street and ('n') Central Avenue
no noise and ('n') no television

/fl/•no 171
 Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions about the diaog. Use short
answers like "No, he didn't" / "No, he isn't" / "Yes, he is."
1. Is Martin looking for a house in the country?
2. Does he want an apartment with two bedrooms?
3. Is Martin a student?
4. Did he want to spend $1,120 a month?
5. Does the second apartrnent have a kitchen?
6. Does the kitchen have an oven?
7. Could Martin make noise after rnidnight?
8. Did Martin rent the apartment?

Practice in a group of three or four people. Tak about the things that are important to you
in renting an apartment. Which things beow are most important to you? Which things are
not important?
no noise • new kitchen near transportation
convenient location • nice neighborhood friends nearby
low rent • nice landiord a garden

The sound lo/ is usually spelled with the letter n. Add more examples below.
n new, narne, downtown, none,
nn funny, dinner, beginning
Other spellings:
kn k is silent: know, knee, knife, knock
gn g is silent: foreign, sign, desiqn
Careful: The letter n is silent in these words: column, auturnn.

í' Listen and repeat these conirnon expressions with the sound ml.

No, 1 didn't. I'll be ready in a minute.

1 don't want to. 1 don't know the answer.
Not now. I'm not done.

172 A45
UIL1t
sing
Weak Pronunciation and Contraction of be

í Touch the back of the roof of your mouth with

( ...
the back of your tongue.
Use your voice.
The sound /rj/ comes through your nose.
Listen and repeat: /r/.
voice

í) 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1: mi Sound 2: IqI

thin thing
o

ban bang

ra n ra n g

fans fangs

wins wings

2 Listen again and repeat.

/q/. sing 173
 í'$ 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound i:/rjk/ Sound 2:/r]/

think thing

BANK
bank bang jÂN6J

sink sing t

rink ring

2 Listen again and repeat.

() 1 Listen to the word pairs. Write S if the two words are the sarne or D if the two words
are different.
1. _____ 2. _____ 4. - 5. ____ 6.

í) 2 Listen to each sentence and circie the word you hear.

1. Don't let him (sink / sing)!
2. They (hanned / banged) the books.
3. Watch out for those (fans / fangs).
4. 1 want (to win / a wing).
5. The (rink / ring) was a perfect circie.
6. They should (ban / bank / bang) it.
3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

174 nit46
í) Listen and repeat these words with the sound /rj/.
string failing sleeping standing
pink running yelling helping
morning taiking tying reaching

L .
Frank is trving to sleep. Ingrici is looking oW the window ai their
neighbors, the Kings.
í) 1 Read the dialog as you listen. If you hear a word that is different
from the word in your book, correct the word. Use the words in task D.
There are 12 words to correct. The flrst one has been done for you.

Frank (angrilv) Bang! Bang! Bang! What are the Kings doing? It's seven o'clock on

Sunday eiernng, and we're trying to sleep!

Ingrid They're singing very Ioudly.

Frank Yes, but what's the banging noise, Ingrid?

Ingrid (looking out the window) Ron is sitting on a ladder and banging some naus into the

wall with a hammer. Now he's hanging some strong rings on the naus.

Frank What's Ann doing?

Ingrid She's bringing something interesting for Ron to drink. Now she's putting it down.

He's asking for the drink and - Oh, no!

Frank What's happening?

Ingrid The ladder is breaking'

Frank Is Ron still standing on it?

Ingrid No, he's... he's hanging from the string. Oh, my goodness. He's holding onto the

string by his fingers and laughing.

Frank Isn't Ann watching him?

Ingrid No. She's waiking toward our house.

/q/ssing 175
 Frank You're joking!

Bel! (Ring! Ring! Ring!)

Ingrid tl'hat's her ringing the bel!!

Frank Well, I'm not answering it. I'm leaving.

2 Listen again and check your answers.

The verb be usua!ly has a weak (unstressed) pronunciation in the middle of a sentence.
Link the weak pronunciation ofbe to the word before it. The weak pronunciation of are
(/r/) sounds like the -er ending in teacher.
After a pronoun, he is almost always contracted to 'm (I'm), 're (you're, we're, they're),
or 's (he's, she's, it's).

í) 1 Listen and repeat.

What are they doing?
They're singing. I'm sleeping.
You're joking! He's reaching for the drink.
We're trying to sleep. What's happening?

fl 2 Taik about these pictures. Use falling intonation on the Wh- questions. Listen.

A What's Ingrid doing?

B She's looking out the window.
'1
Ingrid

1. Ron Ring 2. Ron 3. Ann King

176 ?t
 4. Ron 5. Ann 6. Frank

1 Practice with a partner. Use the phrases below to rnake true sentences about
yourse!f Then listen to your partner's sentences.
Examples: I'm not wearing a ring.
I'm reading an interesting book.
1. wearing a ring
2. reading an interesting book
3. wearing something pink
4. taking a boring class
5. studying more than one language
6. planning a long trip
7. thinking of moving (to a new house or apartment)
2 Te!l the class about the things that are true for both ofyou.
Examples: We're not wearing rings.
We're planning long trips.

1v».

The sound /rj/ is usually spelled with the letters ng. Before a 1k! or /9/ sound, /rj/ is spelled
with the letter n. Add more examp!es below.
ng morning, ring, singing, wrong,
n before 1k!: think, bank, uncle,
before /9/: finger, angry, English, !anguage, hungry, longer, single

í) Listen and repeat these common expressions with the sound /q/.

Good morning. The phone is ringing.

I'm hungry. I've been waiting a long time.
Is something wrong? How !ong have you been studying English?

/r]/'sing 177
 U1ft
/I/ light, fall
Weak Pronunciation and Contraction of will

Í Put the tip of your tongue

/ just behind your front teeth.
- Use your voice.
To make the sound li!, the air goes over the sides
- ofyour tongue and out of your mouth.
voice Listen and repeat: X.

í 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1: mi Sound 2:111

night light
wA-

I
IIUiIIIuuuiiii
no low

nine une

connect collect • I.

snow slow
hxA1h1
2 Listen again and repeat.

178
 () li/ sou nds a little different at the end
of a word or before a consonant.
As you say li!, raise the back of your tongue
toward the roof of your mouth.
Listen and repeat: X.

í) 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1: mi Sound 2: lii

ten teu

pin pili

bone bowi
EEE L 1
mine mile

2 Listen again and repeat.

í) 1 Listen and circie the word you hear.

1. no / low 3. connect / collect 5. bone / bowi
2. night / light 4. ten / teU 6. snow / slow

/1/ • iight, fali 179

 í) 2 Listen Lo each sentence and circie the word you hear.
1. is it (night / light) already?
2. Write it under the (nine / une).
3. 1 dropped a (pin / pili).
4. That's the dog's (bone / bowi).
5. There were (no /low) tables in the room.
6. He (connected / coilected) the pieces.

3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

í 1 Listen and repeat these words with the sound N.

listen a lot coilege eleven o'clock
look late relax alarm clock
helio early usually English class
í) 2 The sound li/ has a different, heavier sound at the end of a word or before a
consonant. Listen and repeat.
cali help trouble almost always
well cold sirnpe fafl asleep
cool people difficult a glass ofmilk

FH
Solve Your Sleep Problems is a radio show. Peopie who
have trouble sleeping can caíl and ask for help.
í 1 Cover the dialog and listen. Then answer the questions.

1. What is Lilly's sleep problem? Check one.

She falis asleep in her English class.
She wakes up too early.
She has trouble failing aslecp.

2. What does Dr. Lopez suggest? Check V ali the

true sentences.
Go to bed eariier. Go to bed later.
Follow a regular schedule. Sleep in a cool room.
Take sleeping pilis. Don't lie in bed looking at the clock.
Turn ali the lights off. Sleep in a comfortable bed.
Watch television in bed. Don't watch television in hed.
Drink a glass of milk. Don't eat a large meal late at night.

2 Listen again and read the dialog. Check your answers to step 1.

180 nít47
 Announcer Weicome to Solve Your Sleep Problems with Dr. Sleep. Dr. Sieep's real name
is Luisa Lopez, and she'll be taking calis from listeners. Do you have trouble
sleeping? Here's our first cailer now.
Dr. Lopez Heilo. Luisa Lopez here. Who's calling, please?
Lilly Helio. My narne is Lilly, and, uh, I'm a coliege student.
Dr. Lopez Heilo, Liily. How weli do you sieep?
Lilly Not weli at ali. 1 have a lot oftroubie failing asleep at night and then in the
morning, 1 need two alarm clocks to wake me! 1 have an English ciass at
eight o'clock, and I'ni aiways late.
Dr. Lopez When do you go to sleep, Lilly?
Lilly 1 usualiy go to bed around, um, eleven o'clock.
Dr. Lopez Maybe eleven o'ciock is too early for you. We ali have a hioiogical clock that
teus us when to sleep. Maybe vour biologicai clock is telling you to go to
bed later.
Lilly Well, if 1 go to bed later, it still takes me a long time to fali asieep. How can 1
fali asleep more quickly?
Dr. Lopez First of ali, you shouid foliow a regular scheduie - aiways go to sleep and get
up at the sarne time. Don't sieep late on the weekend.
Lilly Ali right, I'ii try.
Dr. Lopez And do something relaxing before bed - no ioud music or lively
telephone caiis.
LiIly 1 hardly ever listen to loud music, so that'Il be simpie.
Dr. Lopez Use your bed only for sleeping - not for watching television or reading.
LiIly Weil, that'ii be difficult, because 1 aiways watch teievision in bed.
Dr. Lopez And let's see, what else... Turn ali the lights off. Keep your bedroom cooi -
but not coid. And last but not least, ifyou do have troubie failing asleep, don't
look at the ciock!
LiIly My Mom aiways teus me to drink a giass ofmiik. Does that really help?
Dr. Lopez Yes, it does. Miik has a chemical that helps peopie sleep. A glass of miik is an
excelient idea.
Lilly Ali right. T'ii try ali that.
Dr. Lopez And one last thing: Maybe you should listen to your biological ciock and look
for a later Engiish ciass!

tleai í-ronu nciaUori óiu ricuui ot will

Will is usualiy unstressed and has a weak pronunciation in the middle of a sentence.
After a pronoun, will is usuaily contracted to '11.
In contractions with will, the vowei in the pronoun often sounds weaker or more relaxed.
For example: He'll (sounds like hill) cail bach.

() Listen and repeat.

I'll (/aI/ ) try. She'li (/JiI/ ) be taking calis. That'll (ótl) be more difficuit.

li!. light, fail 181

 A night owl is a person who likes to stay up iate. An early bird likes to get up early.

1 Work with a partner. For fun, take the quiz below. Complete each sentence with one
ofthese words or phrases: always / usuully / occasionally / hardly everi never.
Then listen to your partner's sentences.

1. 1 have trouble falling 1. 1 fali asleep in less

asleep. than ten minutes.
2.1 need an aiarm 2. When 1 wake up, 1
clock to wake up. feel aiert and cheerful.
3. When 1 wake up, 1 3.1 get up when it
feel sleepy and irritable. starts to get light.
4.1 feel most alert in 4. 1 feel hungry early
the early evening. in the morning.
5.1 go to bed after 5.1 go to bed before
twelve o'clock. eleven o'clock.

2 A night owl will answer czlways or usually to most ofthe questions on the left. An
early bird will answer always or usually to rnost ofthe questions on the right. Does
the quiz show that you are a night owl or an early bird? Do you agree?

The sound /1/ is spefled with the letter l. Add more examples below.
1 late, early, sleep, toid, trouble,
11 cali, spell, really, excellent,
Careful: The letter lis sometimes silent when it comes before a consonant: taik, waik, haif,
couid, shouid, wouid, yolk, caim, paim.

í) Listen and repeat these cornmon expressions with the sound N.

Look out! I'm leaving in a little while.

I'll call you later. 1 fel! asleep.
1 don't feel well. Lots of luck!

182 :iit4I
 4LL
/r/ right
L.L .Li Stress in Long Words

í) Turn the tip of your tongue up.

Do not touch the roof of your mouth with the tip
ofyourtongue.
Make your lips a little round.
Listen and repeat: Ir!.
voice

Í' 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1:111 Sound 2:/ri

112

pilot -

,\iIiIlIi111tIO(('

glass grass A\It\il S\SI/ ssiijI\

I\rn\il\ i\
'i,Iiti(l(,f
e.wj WiWiiIiiU(
Iii II/JI//
II\\ji !tI!UlI Iij iiiUiíii

JlVi\\j(1\\\ilj ijjj\\\Ij ty/i//1,

2 Listen again and repeat.

/r/• right 183

 fl 1 Listen to the word pairs. Write S if the words are the sarne or D if the words are
different.
1. _____ 2. _____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 6.

() 2 Listen to each sentence and circie the word you hear.

1 That sentence is (long / wrong).
2. Don't waik on the (glass / grass).
3. Fie was a fttrnous (pilot / pirate).
4. I'm going to (collect / correct) the homework.
5.1 couldn't see because of Lhe (cloud / crowd).
6. Did you take the (light / right) suitcase?

3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

(1 1 Listen and repeat these words with Lhe sound W.

reading rornantic bright rernember
sorry rnarried drawing regards
writer Arnerican interesting require
reporter French creative photographer

í' 2 These words have both the sounds Ir! and N. Listen and repeat.
really practical responsibility library
friendly transiator congratulations librarian
stressful grandchildren electrician air traffic controiler

Rose and Laura are old friends. They haven 't seen each other in
a long time.

1 Cover the dialog and listen. Check / the words in task C

that Rose and Laura use to describe their children. Circie the
jobs that their children have.
Rose Are your children grown up now, Laura?
Laura Oh, yes. Rachei is rnarried and has three children.
Rose You're a grandmother? That's great! Congratulations!
Laura Thanks! But 1 don't see my grandchildren very rnuch. Rachei and her family
live in Paris.

184 .-&it48
 Rose In Paris! Reafly?
Laura Yeah. Rachei is a reporter for an Arnerican newspaper. Her husband is a French
photographer. They met when they were reporting on the sarne story.
Rose How romantic! And what about Grace? Is she married, too? She was such a bright
giri - always reading.
Laura No, she isn't married, but she has a boyfriencl. And she still reads a lot. She's a
librarian at the public library. So, what about your children?
Rose Do you remember Roger?
Laura Of course, 1 rernember Roger. Is he in coilege?
Rose Oh, no. He graduated. Right riow he's working as a transiator, but what he really
wants to do is write.
Laura That's not surprising. Ile was a very creative little boy - always drawing or writing
stories.
Rose You're right - he'd like a job with more creativity.
Laura And what about Brian? He was more practical, if 1 rernember correctly - less of a
dreamer.
Rose Brian is an air traffic controlier in Florida.
Laura Really? Very interesting.
Rose Yeah, it's an interestingjob - but stressful.
Laura Does his job require a lot of travei?
Rose Not reaily. But he has a lot ofresponsibility. I'm sorry, Laura, 1 have to run now. I'rn
late for my train. But I'm really glad 1 ran into you.
Laura Great to see you, too, Rose. Give my regards to everybody!

2 Listen again and read the diaiog. Check your answers to step 1.

' sress rn Long Words

Long words are often built by adding an ending to a shorter word.

When an ending is added to a word, often the stressed syllable in the word does not
change. Endings that do not usualiy change the stress include -er, -or, -fui, -ing, and -ly.
But some endings do change the stressed syllable in a word. When the endings -ian, -ic,
-ical, -ion, and -ity are added to a word, the strong stress usually moves to the syllabie
just before the ending.

íi 1 The stressed syllabie stays the sarne when we add these endings. Listen and repeat.
report + -er = reporter beauty + -fui = beautiful
transiate + -or = transiator probable + -ly = probably
interest + -ing = interesting

Ir! • right 185

 í) 2 Stress moves to the syllable just before the ending in these words. Listen and repeat.
library + -ian = librariari politics + -ical = political
electric + -ian = electrician congratulate + -ions = congratulations
romance + -ic = romantic responsible + -ity = responsibility
3 Try these. Underline the stressed syllaHe in each word.
friendly creativity politician
stressful opportunity artistic
promotion practical surprising

1 Practice in a group of two or three peope. Taik about the things that are most
important to you in ajob. Choose three ofthe items below to complete this sentence:
I'd like a job that...
is interesting has friendly people
isn't very stressful has opportunities for promotion
requires creativity requires working with a group
has a lot of responsibility requires working alone
has flexible hours pays very well
requires problem-solving requires a lot ofwriting
requires travei doesn't require a lot of writing

2 After each person has completed the sentence, discuss the job each person would
probably like to have.

The sound Ir/ is usuafly spelied with the Ietter r. Add more examples below.
r right, repeat, really,
rr sorry, tomorrow, married, correct
Other spellings: wrong, write, rhythm, rhyme

í' Listen and repeat these common expressions with the sound N.

Great! Relax!
Try it. Are you ready?
Ali right. I'm really sorry.

186 Jnit48
 after vowels
Intonation in Polite Questions

fl To say the sound Ir/ after a vowel, curi the tip of

yourtongue up.
Do not touch the roof of your mouth with the tip
ofyourtongue.
Listen and repeat: Ir!.
vorce

í) 1 Listen to these word pairs.

Sound 1:111 Sound 2:/ri

heel hear

pail pear

fali four

file fire

towel tower

2 Listen again and repeat.

Ir! • after vowels 187

 í) 1 Listen and circie the word you hear.
1. fali / four 3. file / fire 5. towel / tower
2. hee / hear 4. pau / pear 6. pooi / poor

í) 2 Listen to each sentence and circie the word you hear.

1. Put this paper in the (ifie / fire).
2. 1 put the (pau / pear) in the kitchen.
3. (Fali / Four) is the best time to go there.
4. Did you find the (towel / tower)?
5. You shouldn't (feel / fear) it.
6. We need more money for the (pool / poor).

3 Practice step 2 with a partner. Say each sentence, choosing a word from the word
pair. Your partner should point to the word you say.

1 Work with a partner. Write each word in the correct column in the table below.
hear chair flrst before clerk
four start morning upstairs clear
far here near worse aren't
thirty there iarge where toward

IWiI7 WLW
keatv cki .Pow

í) 2 Listen. Repeat the words and check your

FLIHT 434

Mary and Aaron are at the airport. Their flight has been deiayed. TU NEIIJ Y0FI
DEPRTURE TIME 12:30
1 Work with a partner. Read the dialog on the next page. Fui in NELIJ DEPRRTURE TIME 4:45
the bianks with words from task C.

188 :nIt49
 Announcement Good . Passengers on Park Airways flight 434,
scheduled to depart for New York at 12:30, there will be a short delay.
That flight will now depart at 4:45. Passengers should remain here at
the airport. We're sorry.
Aaron Did you hear that? It wasn't very
Mary There's going to be a short deay. We leaving until a
quarter to five.
Aaron SHORT delay?! That's more than hours!
Mary Well, I'rn thirsty. Do you know ifthere's a coffee bar here?
Aaron I'rn not sure. Oh, there's an airline clerk. Ask her,
Mary (to the airline c/erk) Pardon me, is a coffee bar here?
Airline clerk A coffee bar? No, sorry. This isn't a very airport. But
there's a cafeteria __________- _________, near the security check.
Mary Thanks.
(toAaron) I'm going upstairs. Corning, dear?
Aaron No. I'in tired. I'm going to find a cornfortable - _______________ and stay
here. (to the airline clerk) Where's the nearest restroom?
Airline clerk Right over there, gate 14.
Aaron Is there a problem with the airplane?
Airline clerk Oh, no, sir. There's a storm moving toward here, and the weather
forecast says it will get ___________________ before it gets better. But it
should clear up in a couple ofhours.
Aaron Are you sure?
Airline clerk Oh, yes, sir. Flight 434 will be the plane to leave after
the storm. Our departure time is 4:45. We'1 start boarding at quarter
after four.

í) 2 Listen to the dialog and check your answers.

j wnatíon in Poite Quesuons

To make a question sound polite, the intonation often starts high, jumps down on the
stressed syllable of the most important word, and then rises at the end of the question.
This intonation can be used for both Yes / No and Wh- questions.
This intonation is often used when asking a stranger a question.

Í' Listen and repeat.

Is there a coffec bar here? Where's the nearest restroom?

Ir! • after vowels 189

 í Practice in a group of three or four people. Take turns asking for directions to places
in your town or neighborhood. Ask about places like the ones below. Listen to these
examples:

A Pardon me. Is there a bookstore near here?

B Yes. There's a bookstore on the comer.
A Where's the nearest tourist office?
B Sorry, I'm really not sure.
a park a bookstore a hairdresser a florist
the airport a hardware store a farmer's market a cafeteria
a tourist office a department store a library

The sound lrr/ is usually spelled with the letters car, eer, or er
ear near, hear, clear
eer cheerful, deer
er cafeteria, serious, experience
Other spellings: here, we're, cashier
The sound lEr/ is usually spelled with the letters air or are.
air air, chair, hair, upstairs
are care, scared, compare
Other spellings: wear, pear, wh, there, their, parent, area
The sound /ur/ is usually spelled with the letters ure or iir
ure sure, pure
ur curious, plural
Other spelling: poor
For the sound lar!, lDrl, and kr/, see Units 10, 11, and 21.

() Listen and repeat these common expressions with the sound Ir/ after vowels.

Take care! Are you sure?

Is it near here? Where are you from?
How far is it from here? Where were you bom?

190 Jmt49
1 Review
/m/, ml, /q/, lii, and Ir!

fl Listen and circie the word you hear. You can use a dictionary ifyou like, but you
don't liave to understand every word to do this.
1. some / sun / sung 7 wait / late / rate
2. ram / ran / rang 8. wide / lied / ride
3. clam / clan / clang 9. he's / heels / hears
4. rum / run / rung 10. sought / salt / sort
5. night / light / right 11 two's / tools / tours
6. connect / collect / correct 12. wide / wild / wired

fl Listen. Circie the question that shows the intonation you hear. Then choose
the most likely explanation for the intonation. The speaker is probably:
a. taiking to someone they know.
b. asking someone to repeat.
c. asking a stranger for information.
Write a, b, or c in the blank.

1. Where's the nearest bank? NP

Where's the nearest bank?

2. When does the plane leave?

When does the plane leave?

When does Lhe plane eave?

3 What Lime does the library dose? -

What time does the library dose?

What time does the library dose?

Review 191
 4. Where can 1 find a restroom?

Where can 1 find a restroom?

Where can 1 find a restroom?

5. Wliat time is it?

What time is it?

What time is it?

6. When does the plane leave?

When does the plane leave?

When does the plane leave?

7. Where's the nearest. bank?

Where's the nearest bank?

Where's the nearest bank?

8. What time is it? --

What time is it?

What time is it?

Circie the word in each une that does not have the sarne stress pattern as the others.
1. require connect asleep o voe n
2. bedroom myself sometirnes midnight
3. remember tornorrow probably apartrnent
4. important forbidden rornantic practical
5. relaxing interesting happening listening
6. responsible cornfortable photographer librarian

192 initSO