Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

FRACTIONS

SYNOPSIS

FRACTIONS:
A fraction is a part of a whole and this whole may consist of a single object or a
group or collection of objects.

Equivalent Fractions :
Fractions that represent the same part of a whole are called equivalent fractions.
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
Example : (i)   (ii)   or   or  
4 42 8 2 22 4 23 6 24 8
This means that by multiply or divide the numerator and denominator of a fraction
by the same natural number, we get an equivalent fraction, i.e., a fraction with
the same part of the whole.
Simplest form of a fraction :
(i) Prime Factorization method
 Breakdown both the numerator and denominator into their prime factors
 Cross out any common factors.
Multiply the remaining numbers to get the reduced numerator and denominator

12 2  2  3 2 32 2  2  2  2  2 8
Examples: (i)   (ii)  
30 2  3  5 5 100 2  2  5 5 25
(ii) H.C.F method
 Find the H.C.F. of the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction.
 Divide the numerator and the denominator by H.C.F to get the given fraction
in simplest form.
72
Example 01: Reduce the following into lowest term
90
Solutions: The H.C.F. of 72 and 90 is 18. So,
we divide the numerator and denominator of the given fraction by 18.
72 72  18 4
   .
90 90  18 5
4
Hence, the given fraction in simplest form is .
5
Narayana CO Programme 1
Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

TYPES OF FRACTIONS
Decimal fraction :
A fraction whose denominator is 10,100,1000 etc....., is called decimal fraction.

3 9
Example : , etc
10 100
Vulgar fraction :
A fraction whose denominator is a natural number, other than 10,100,1000 etc....,
is called Vulgar fraction. (or) A fraction whose denominators are other than
10,100,1000 etc. is called vulgar fraction.

3 7
Example : , etc.,
5 19
Proper Fractions :
A fraction in which numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper
fraction.

1 3 7
Example : , ,
2 4 9
Improper Fraction:
A fraction in which numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator is
called an improper fraction.

5 9 10 5
Example : , , ,
2 4 6 5
Mixed Fraction:
A fraction which can be expressed as a sum of a natural number and a proper
fraction, is called a mixed fraction.

3 3 5 5 1 1
For example : i) 2  2 ii) 4  4 iii) 9 9
5 5 6 6 2 2
Like Fractions :
Fractions that have the same denominators are called like fractions :
4 2
Example : (i) and are like Fractions, they have the same denominator
5 5
Unlike Fractions :
Fractions that have the Different denominators are called unlike fractions :
1 2
Example : and are unlike fractions :
4 3
Unit Fractions :
Fractions which have one as numerator are called as unit fractions

2 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

1 1 1
Example : , ,
2 4 5
Complex Fractions :
A fraction whose one or both the terms are fractions is called a complex fractions.

2 2 2
3,3,3
Example : 5 3 5
4
Invisible Denominator :
If we divide any number by 1, we get the number as result or quotient.
Therefore, any number can be written in the form of fraction by writing 1 as
denominator.
4
Example : 4
1
Writing a denominator with a whole number one does not change the value of the
given number.
Method of Converting unlike Fractions into Like Fractions :
Step 1 : Find the L.C.M of the denominators of the given fractions.
Step 2 : Multiply the numerator and the denominator of each fraction by (L.C.M 
denominator)
3 5 1 4 7
Example 02: Convert the following fractions into like fractions : , , , ,
4 6 8 9 12
Solutions : The denominators of the given fractions are respectively. 4,6,8,9 and
12

2 4,6,8,9,12
2 2,3,4,9,6
3 1,3,2,9,3
1,1,2,3,1

L.C.M of 4,6,8,9,12. = (2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3) = 72
Making each fraction equivalent to a fraction with denominator 72, we get :
3 3  18 54 5 5  12 60
  ;   ;
4 4  18 72 6 6  12 72
1 1 9 9 4 4  8 32 7 7  6 42
  ;   ;   ;
8 8  9 72 9 9  8 72 12 12  6 72

54 60 9 32 42
Hence, , , , , are the required like fractions
72 72 72 72 72

Narayana CO Programme 3
 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

To Convert A Mixed Fraction into An improper Fraction :

 Integral Part  Deno min ator   Numerator

Rule : Mixed Fraction =
Deno min ator
Example 03: Convert each of the following into an improper fraction

3 7 2
i) 5 ii) 6 iii) 15
8 9 3
Solution: We have

3 5  8  3 43 7 6  9  7 61 2 15  3  2 47
i) 5   ii) 6   iii) 15  
8 8 8 9 9 9 3 3 3
To convert an imporper Fraction into A Mixed Fraction ;
Step 1 : Divide the numerator by the denominator to get a quotient and a
Remainder.

 Re mainder 
Step 2 : Required Improper Fraction = Quotient  .
 Deno min ator 
Example 04 : Convert each of the following into a mixed fraction.

23 49 77
i) ii) iii)
7 8 9

23
Solution : i) the given fraction is
7
On dividing 23 by 7, we get Quotient =3, Remainder =2

23 2 2
  3  3
7 7 7

49
ii) The given fraction is
8
On dividing 49 by 8, we get Quotient =6, Remainder =1.

49 1 1
  6  6 .
8 8 8

77
iii) The given fraction is .
9
On dividing 77 by 9. We get Quotient =8. Remainder =5.

77 5 5
 8 8
9 9 9
4 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

COMPARING FRACTIONS :
Comparing fractions means comparing their values to find out which of them is
greater or smaller.
(a) Comparing like fractions with same denominators: As the like fractions have
the same denominator, to compare them, we need to consider only their
numerators. Greater is the numerator, greater will be the fraction.

2 7
Example 05: Compare ,
3 3
Solution: As 2  7

2 7

3 3
(b) Comparing unlike fractions with same numerators
1 1
Example: Compare and
5 6
Sol: As 5  6

1 1

5 6
(c) Comparing unlike fractions with different denominator
Step I : 1) Convert the given fractions to like fractions
2) The fraction with the greater numerator is greater.
8 12
Example: Which of the given fractions is smaller, or ?
15 25
Since, the L.C.M. of denominators 15 and 25 =75
8 8  5 40 12 12  3 36
   and  
15 15  5 75 25 25  3 75
Hence 40  36

40 36 8 12 12
   i.e., is smaller.
75 75 15 25 25
Cross Multiplication Method of Comparison of Fractions

a p
To compare two fractions and , we cross multiply the numerator of first with
b q
denominator of second and the numerator of the second with denominator of the
first. i.e., a × q and p × b. Now check if a × q > p × b

a p a p
if yes then  but if a × q < p × b then 
b q b q
Narayana CO Programme 5
 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

3 2
Example 06: Check which one is greater: or .
8 5

3 2
Solution: 3  5  15 and 2 × 8 = 16. As 15 < 16. So 8  5 .

1 3 1 2
Now,  and 
2 6 3 6
Divide the unit length OA from 0 to 1 into 6 equal parts. Then, each
1
part represents .
6
From 0 move 3 steps to the right and then 2 steps to the right to reach
5
.
6

1 1 3 2 5
     , as shown below.
2 3 6 6 6
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS :
Addition of Fractions:
(a) Addition of like Fractions
While adding like fractions, add the numerators and retain the common
denominator.

Sum of their numerators

Sum of like fractions = .
Common Denominator

a c ac
In, general  
b b b

3 4 3 4 7
Example : Add   
5 5 5 5
(b) Addition of unlike fractions:
While adding unlike fractions, first convert them into like fractions and then add
as like fractions.

3 4 6
Example 07 : Add the unlike fractions , and .
2 7 8
Solutions: First we find the LMC of 2, 7, 8.

6 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

2 2, 7, 8
2 1, 7, 4
2 1, 7, 2
7 1, 7, 17
1, 1, 1

LCM = 2×2×2×7 = 56
3 3  28 84 4 4  8 32 6 6  7 42
Now,   ;   ;  
2 2  28 56 7 7  8 56 8 8  7 56
3 4 6 84 32 42 84  32  42 158 79
Addition the fractions,        
2 7 8 56 56 56 56 56 28
Note: The answer should always be in the lowest form of mixed fraction.
Subtraction of fractions :
Subtraction of Like Fractions
While subtracting like fractions, subtracting the numerators and retain the
common denominator.

Difference of Numerators
Difference of like fractions =
Common Denominator

a c ac
In general,  
b b b

7 5 75 2
Example:   
9 9 9 9
Subtraction of unlike fractions
While subtracting unlike fractions, first convert them into like fractions and find
difference as in like fractions.

3 1  3  1  1  2 3  2 1
Example: (i)    
4 2 4 4 4
Multiplication of fractions :

Productof theNumerators
Product of fractions = Product of theDenominators

a c ac
Thus,  
b d bd

Narayana CO Programme 7
 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

Reciprocal of fraction or multiplicative inverse of a fraction

If the product of two fractions is one then each fraction is called reciprocal of the
other.

a b ab a b
Since   =1 so the reciprocal of is and vice-versa.
b a ba b a
Thus to write the reciprocal of a fraction, we interchange its numerator and
denominator

5 6 1 3
(i) Reciprocal of is (ii) Reciprocal of is
6 5 3 1

1 5 19 7
(iii) Reciprocal of 5 is (iv) Reciprocal of 2 = Reciprocal of =
5 7 7 19
Division of fractions
Definition: Dividing two fractions is the same as multiplying the first fraction by
the reciporcal of second fraction.

a c
Rule : If and be any two fractions, then we define :
b d

a c a  c a d 
    reciprocal of  =   
b d b  d  b c

2 4 2 5 10 1 7 1 5 5
Examples: 1)     2)    
3 5 3 4 12 4 5 4 7 28
H.C.F. and L.C.M of two fractions :

H .C.F .of numerators

H.C.F of fraction =
L.C.M . of Deno min ators

L.C.M .of Numerators

L.C.M of fractions =
H .C.F of Deno min ators

2 8 32 10
Example 08: Find HCF of , , ,
3 9 81 27

Solution : H.C.F of 2,8,32,10 by factorization 2  1, 2  2  2, 2  2  2  2  2, 2  5

 H.C.F=2
L.C.M of denominators 3,9,81,27 is

8 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

3 3,9,81,27
3 1,3,27,9
3 1,1,9,3
3 1,1,3,1
1,1,1

 L.C.M = 3  3  3  3  81

2 8 32 10 H .C.F of 2,8,32,10 2
 HCF of , , , = 
3 9 81 27 L.C .M . of 3,9,81, 27 81

2 8 32 10
Example 09 : Find LCM of , , ,
3 9 81 27
Solution : L.C.M of numerators 2,8,32,10 is

2 2,8,32,10
2 1, 4,16,5
2 1,2,8,5
2 1,1,4,5
2 1,1,2,5
1,1,1,5

 L.C.M= 2  2  2  2  2  5  160
H.C.F Of denominators 3,5,81,27 is 3

2 8 32 10 L.C .M of 2,8,32,10  160

 L.C.M of , , , =
3 9 81 27 H .C.F of 3,9,81, 27 3

WORD PROBLEMS

3
Example 10: A man earns `23200 per month and saves of his income. Find his:
8
(i) monthly (ii) monthly expenditure

3  3
Solution: (i) His monthly saving = of Rs.23200  Rs.  23200    Rs.8700
8  8
(ii) His monthly expenditure = (earning) – (saving)
= Rs.(23200 – 8700) = Rs.14500.

Narayana CO Programme 9
 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

3
Example 11: There are 180 members of a committee. In a meeting, of them were
5
present. How many members were absent?
Solution: Total number of members in the committee = 180
Number of members present in the meeting

3  3
 of 180  180    108.
5  5
Number of absentee = (180 – 108) = 72.
3
Example 12: A drum of water is full. When 9 litres are drawn from it, it is half full.
4
(i) What is the capacity of the drum?
(ii) How much water does the drum hold?
Solution: (i) Clearly, we have
3 1
( of the full drum) – ( of the full drum) = 9 litres.
4 2
3 1
    of the full drum = 9 litres
 4 2

1   3 1   3  2 1 
or of the full drum = 9 litres       
4  4 2 4 4

1
or  (capacity of the drum) = 9 litres
4

 Capacity of the drum =  9  4  litres = 36 litres

3
(ii) Quantity of water in the drum  of 36 litres
4
 3
  36   litres = 27 litres.
 4

2 3
Example 13: A man had some money. He gave of it to his son, of it to his daughter
5 8
and the remaining amount to his wife. If his wife gets Rs. 36000, what
was the total amount?
2
Solution: Part of the money given to his son  .
5
3
Part of the money given to his daughter =  .
8

10 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

Part of the money given to his wife

  2 3     16  15    31   40  31 9
 1       1      1     .
  5 8     40    40  40 40

9 9
 of the total amount = Rs.36000. or  (total amount) = Rs.36000
40 40
 40 
 Total amount = Rs.  36000  9  = Rs. 160000.
 
Hence, the man had an amount of Rs. 160000.
4
Example 14: Rajni spends of her monthly income on her children's education,
15
1 1
on grocery and on miscellaneous items. She saves Rs. 1800 in the
5 2
end. What wat her monthly income?
Solution: Let Raji’s monthly income x
4 1 1
According to question, x  x  x  1800  x
15 5 2
8x  6x  15x 29x
  1800  x   1800  x
30 30
29x 30x  29x x
 1800  x   1800   1800 
30 30 30
 x  1800  30  Rs.54,000

WORKSHEET-3
2 1 1
1. Ascending order of , ,and is
3 2 6
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
1) , , 2) , , 3) , , 4) , ,
6 2 3 3 6 2 6 3 2 3 2 6

6
2. Which of the following fractions is equivalent to fraction with numerator 156?
8

156 156 156 156

1) 2) 3) 4)
300 308 200 208
3. What fraction of numbers from 1 to 20 are prime numbers ?

2 1 7 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 4 20 20
4. If a student scored 15 marks in a mathematics test for 25marks, then the frac-
Narayana CO Programme 11
 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

tion of marks secured is

5 1 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 3 8 5

1 3 5
5.   
3 4 6

5 7 9 11
1) 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) 1
12 12 12 12

1 3
6. Ravi completed of his assessment on Monday and of it on Tuesday. How much
5 4
of his assessment did Ravi complete in the two days?

4 3 19
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
9 20 20

2 2 
7. 30     
 7 21 

143
1) 312 2) 29 3) 28 4) 27
147

4 1
8. What is the fraction of that must be added to itself to make the sum 1 ?
7 14

8 1 4 7
1) 2) 3) 4)
7 7 7 8

33 11
9. By what number should be divided to get ?
8 2

3 4 1 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 2 6

4 6 2 3 5
10. Out of the fractions , , , and , what is the difference between the largest
9 11 5 4 7
and smallest fractions?

6 11 7 7
1) 2) 3) 4)
13 18 18 20

2
11. In a class of 50 students, travel to school by bus, 10 travel by car and the rest
5
walk. What is the fraction of students who walk to school?

1 2 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 5 5 5

12 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

16 26
12. Product of two numbers is . If one of the numbers is , then the other
3 3
number is

8 8 8 8
1) 2)  3)  4)
13 31 13 31
13. Raman bought 36 balloons for his birthday out of which one-third did not blow ?
How many balloons did not blow ?

1) 10 2) 24 3) 12 4) 33

1 2
14. The difference of two fractions is . If the smaller fraction is , then find the
8 7
sum of the two fractions.

3 39 40
1) 2) 3) 4) 21
56 56 21

3 7 2 2
15. Simplify : 4  2 1 
5 9 15 5

14 13 16 12
1) 2) 3) 4)
45 45 45 45

WORKSHEET-3
Single Correct Answer Type:

1
2 x ,
1
1
1. If 1 then the value of x is
3
4
20 21 17 21
1) 2) 3) 4)
17 17 21 17
2. Amina thinks of a number and subtracts 5/2 from it. She multiplies the result by
8. The result now obtained is 3 times the same number she thought of. The
number is

1) 5 2) 4 3) 8 4) 2

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 Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII) Bridge Course

3
3. If a carton contains 16 boxes of nails and each box weighs 4 kg , then carton of
4
nails weigh is
1) 19 kg 2) 76 kg 3) 14 kg 4) 74 kg

25
4. If the numerator of is 65, then its denominator is equal to
35
1) 4 2) 81 3) 105 4) 91

7 15 1
5. Dividing the sum of , , by their multiplication gives _____
8 4 12

22 944 23 23
1) 17 2) 3) 16 4) 17
105 105 105 105

1 1 1
6 5 4 4 ?
5 2 3
1) 14(1/10) 2) 13(1/5) 3) 13/30 4)14(1/30)
7. In a class 3/4th of the students do not know either English or Hindi. But 1/6th of
the students know English. How much students know both English and Hindi if
students who know Hindi are 1/8th of total students in the class?
1) 1/24 2) 100/24 3)10/12 4) 1/4
8. Which of the following is in descending order?
1) 5/8; 9/13; 11/17 2) 5/8; 11/17; 9/13
3) 9/13; 11/17; 5/8 4) 11/17; 9/13; 5/8

1 1 2
9. 8 5 4  ?
6 8 3
1) 17(23/24) 2) 17(4/17) 3) 17(16/48) 4) 4(17/24)
10. An integer is 10 more than its one-third part. The integer is
1) 15 2) 12 3) 18 4) 25

1
1
2
1
11. The value of 3
1 is
4
5

1) 5/46 2) 68/157 3) 157/68 4) 21/110

14 Narayana CO Programme
 Bridge Course Mathematics - Class - VIII (VII going to VIII)

1 2
21
8  5 7
1
12. 2
1 is equal to
6
6

1) 2 2) 4 3) 8 4) 6

13. A fraction is divided by reciprocal of itself. It is then multiplied by the original

fraction. What is the fraction if the answer obtained is 11(25/64)?
1) 9/4 2) 27/8 3) 9/8 4) 2/3
14. Since Raj was not paying attention in class, instead of multiplying M by 2/7, he
divided M by 2/7. Raj’s value was 1(13/14) more than expected value of M. What
is M?
1) 3/5 2) 6/7 3) 3/4 4) 4/3
15. In 3 fractions when the largest fraction is divided by smallest fraction, the re-
sult 5/4 is greater than the middle fraction by 1/2. If sum of the three fractions
is 2(3/12) what will be the difference between largest and smallest fraction?
1) 5/12 2)1/6 3) 7/24 4) 7/12

Narayana CO Programme 15