Angle of Contact

Angle of Contact:
The angle between the tangent to the liquid
surface at the point of contact and the solid
surface, inside the liquid, for that pair of
liquid and solid.

Superhydrophobicity:-
✓ Superhydrophobic surfaces are highly hydrophobic, i.e., extremely difficult to wet
✓ The contact angles of a water droplet on a superhydrophobic material exceeds 150 o
✓ Many natural surfaces, such as plant leaf, insects, etc. exist around us 1
 Expression of Angle of Contact ()
Where the two surfaces meet, they form a contact angle, θ, which is
the angle the tangent to the surface makes with the solid surface.

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 Spreading Co-efficient
Cohesive force:- It is the force of attraction between molecules of same kind.

Adhesive force:- It is the force of attraction between molecules of different kind.

Spreading co-efficient:- If a small quantity of an immiscible liquid ‘A’ be placed over another immiscible
liquid ‘B’ then whether ‘A’ will spread over ‘B’ or not depends on magnitude of
adhesive and cohesive work. The difference between adhesive and cohesive
work is known as spreading co-efficient ().

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 Excess Pressure
(a) Excess pressure inside an air-bubble in a liquid:-

✓ Radius of the bubble = r

✓ Surface area of the bubble = 4  r2
✓ The excess pressure inside the bubble will try to increase the volume of the
bubble as well as the surface area of the bubble outwardly.
✓ Initial surface energy = 4  r2 
✓ It can be proved that the excess pressure (Pex) to increase the radius of bubble
can be given by;

(b) Excess pressure inside a soap bubble:-

✓ A soap bubble forms two liquid surfaces in contact with air, one inside the
bubble and the other outside the bubble.

✓ Thus,

What will be the pressure inside an air bubble of 0.2 mm diameter situated just below the surface of water?
[water = 0.072 N/m]

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 Temperature Dependence of Surface Tension
Generally, for a liquid:   with T  ✓ With T , vaporization 
✓ Number density in the vapour phase 
✓ Number density in the liquid phase 
✓ Thus, the difference in force of attractions between
a surface molecule-vapour molecule and surface
molecule-liquid molecule in the bulk is diminished

✓ Theoretically,  = 0 at Tc as no demarcation can be done between a liquid and a vapour phase at and
above Tc.
✓ Thus, no surface tension exists at Tc
✓ Experimentally,  = 0 at a temperature below 6o of Tc
✓ Indicated in Eötvös-Ramsay-Shields relation
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 Measurement of Surface Tension
Methods:- (1) Capillary rise method
(2) Drop-wet method
(3) Drop-counting method
(4) The ring detachment method

(1) Capillary rise method:-

Thus, the measurement of h and r with a knowledge of the liquid density at a particular temperature
will enable us to determine the surface tension. 6
 Viscosity of Gases

✓ Viscosity of gases

✓ Definition of Viscosity Co-efficient ()

✓ Relation between viscosity co-efficient and mean free path (l):

✓ Effect of temperature on the viscosity of gases:

The expression of viscosity of gases from the kinetic model shows that viscosity of a

gas increases with increase of temp.,

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 Viscosity
Streamline or Laminar Flow:-
✓ Velocity at each and every point remains almost the same in magnitude and direction
✓ The path followed by a particle in streamline flow is called streamline
✓ No two streamline would intersect each other
✓ Reynolds’ number ranges from 0-2000
Example: Flow of a fluid through a capillary tube

Turbulent Flow:-
✓ Velocity at different point may vary with time in direction and magnitude
✓ There are rotatory motion involved within the flow
✓ The path of the flow is known as turbulent
✓ Two turbulent line can cross each other
✓ Reynolds’ number is above 2000
Example: Flow of a fluid through water pipe

Reynold’s Number (R):-

✓ Reynold number is a number to characterize a flow as steady or turbulent. It depends on;
(i) Viscosity co-efficient of liquid ()
(ii) Density of the liquid ()
(iii) Diameter of the tube through which the liquid is flowing (d)

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 Viscosity
Cause of Viscosity:-

Newtonian Fluid:-
✓ If flow of a fluid is such that the tangential force or viscous force or frictional force per unit area is proportional to
velocity gradient then it is known as Newtonian fluid.
✓ Examples: Flow of any homogeneous fluid such as water, alcohol, etc.

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 Poiseuille’s Equation
Assumptions:-
✓ Fluid is Newtonian, i.e., shearing stress (tangential force per unit area) is proportional to the velocity gradient.
✓ The liquid layer in contact with the tube wall is considered to be at rest.
✓ Pressure difference at the two end of the tube is maintained so that the fluid flows with a uniform velocity.
✓ Pressure is same at all points along the radius, i.e., there is no radial flow.
✓ Motion is streamline and parallel to the axis of the tube.

P1 > P2
Poiseuille’s Equation:

Fluidity ():-
Fluidity () is the reciprocal of viscosity co-efficient () of a liquid:

Hence, it is a measure of flowing capacity of a liquid. Fluidity depends on several factors;

(1) Liquid having heavier and longer molecules flow less easily than lighter and smaller molecules.
(2) Liquids with spherical molecules flow more easily than that having planar molecules.
(3) Presence of any impurity changes fluidity.
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 Temperature Dependence of  of a Liquid
✓ When a molecule in a liquid flows, it has to acquire sufficient energy to squeeze past other molecules overcoming
the force of intermolecular attraction.
✓ This minimum energy is known as viscosity activation energy.
✓ The number of molecules having this energy or greater than that is given by Boltzmann factor;

✓  of liquids decrease with rise in temperature

Experimental Determination of :-

(1) Using falling sphere viscometer
(2) By Ostwald viscometer
(3) Rotating cylinder method
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etc.
 Various Types of Viscosities
✓ Viscometry
✓ Not an absolute method

Table: Dilute Solution Viscosity Designations

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